DOCSLIB.ORG

Rare Earth Element Geochemistry of the Sediments, Ferromanganese Nodules and Crusts from the Indian Ocean

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Rare Earth Element Geochemistry of the Sediments, Ferromanganese Nodules and Crusts from the Indian Ocean RARE EARTH ELEMENT GEOCHEMISTRY OF THE SEDIMENTS, FERROMANGANESE NODULES AND CRUSTS FROM THE INDIAN OCEAN SUBMITTED TO THE GOA UNIVERSITY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY BY BEJUGAM NAGENDER NATH NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OCEANOGR RESEARCH GUIDE I „ R.R. NAIR \ 111 DEPUTY DIRECTOR AND HEA 0 A ..30"" GEOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY DIVISION- 5-5 1 .46 N f / RAd NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OCEANOGRAPHY DONA PAULA, GOA - 403 004, INDIA. OCTOBER, 1993 "THESE ELEMENTS (REE) PERPLEX US IN OUR RESEARCHES, BAFFLE US IN OUR SPECULATIONS, AND HAUNT US IN OUR VERY DREAMS. THEY STRETCH LIKE AN UNKNOWN SEA BEFORE US - MOCKING, MYSTIFYING AND MURMURING STRANGE REVELATIONS AND POSSIBILITIES" SIR WILLIAM CROOKES, 1887 (as quoted in Elderfield, 1988) CERTIFICATE Mr. B. Nagender Nath has been working under my guidance since 1991. The Ph.D. thesis entitled "Rare earth element geochemistry of the sediments, ferromanganese nodules and crusts from the Indian Ocean", submitted by him contains the results of his original investigation of the subject. This is to certify that the thesis has not been the basis for the award of any other research degree or diploma of other University. ____.---,_ --- 0 ".„..--,.... ., o. ( :At \ / ( R. R. NAIR ) \\N \s \ ." ..„_. __- -*/ Research Guide ,,, G_ 0 puty Director and Head, Geb j eanography Division National Institute of Oceanography Dona Paula, GOA - 403 004. CONTENTS CONTENTS Page No. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS LIST OF FIGURES iv-xi LIST OF TABLES xii-xiii CHAPTER 1 1-23 INTRODUCTION 1.1. Occurrence and abundance 2 1.2. Historical aspects 3 1.3. General chemistry of REE 5 1.31. Electronic configuration 5 1.32. Ionic radii and lanthanide contraction 6 1.33. Oxidation states 7 1.4. Mineralogy of the rare-earth elements 8 1.41. REE bearing mineral groups 8 1.42. Co-ordination numbers 10 1.43. Isomorphic / elemental substitution 11 1.5. Presentation of REE data 11 1.6. Distribution of REE in marine environment 13 1.61. REEs in oceans / seawater 13 1.62. REE in sediments 15 1.7. Objectives of the work 17 1.8. Details of the samples studied 20 TABLES 23 CHAPTER 2 24-47 RARE EARTH ELEMENTS IN THE NEARSHORE SEDIMENTS SEDIMENTS OF INDIA 2.1. Introduction 24 2.2. Study area 27 2.21. Geology of the Hinterland 28 2.22. Index of geoaccumulation (I geo) / Degree of pollution in sediments 29 2.3. Sample selection criteria 30 Page No. 2.4. Materials and methods 31 2.5. Results and discussion 32 2.51. Filtering effect of Estuaries on the geochemistry of marine sediments 32 2.52. Cerium anomalies 33 2.53. Diagenetic effects 33 2.54. REE fractionation and its origin 34 2.55. REE fractionation related to changes in mineralogy 36 2.56. Fractionation related to physico-chemical condition of the Environment 37 2.57. Control of adsorption / coagulation and complexation processes on the fractionation 38 2.58. Significance of HREE depletion in the nearshore sediments compared to shales 39 2.59. How do these REE values reflect the composition of the average upper continental crust? 40 2.6. Conclusions 42 TABLES 44-47 CHAPTER 3 48-61 RARE EARTH ELEMENTS IN THE DEEP-SEA SEDIMENTS OF CENTRAL INDIAN BASIN 3.1. Introduction 48 3.2. Details of the study area 49 3.21. Tectonic setting 49 3.22. Sample description 50 3.3. Materials and methods 51 3.31. REE determination 51 3.4. Results 52 3.41. REE in terrigenous clays 53 3.42. REE in siliceous clays (nodule free) 53 3.43. REE in siliceous oozes / clays associated with manganese nodules 54 3.44. REE in calcareous oozes / clays 54 3.45. REE in pelagic / red clay sediments 55 3.46. Fractionation indices 55 56 3.47. LaeXOBSS Page No. 3.5. Discussion 56 3.51. Lithological control of REE patterns 56 3.52. Relation between REE patterns and diagenetic processes 57 3.53. Ce fractionation related to bottom water hydrography 58 3.6. Conclusion 60 TABLE 61 CHAPTER 4 62-106 RARE EARTH ELEMENTS IN THE FERROMANGANESE DEPOSITS OF THE INDIAN OCEAN 4.1. Introduction 62 4.2. General features of the study area 65 4.3. Material and methods 67 4.4. Results and discussion 70 4.41. Top-bottom fractionation or REE zonation 70 4.42. Interelement relations and their implications 73 4.43. Cerium anomaly variations 78 4.431. Variation of cerium in oxide and nucleating material 78 4.432. Cerium in nodule nuclei and their implications 80 4.433. Cerium in aluminosilicate phase (2M HCI leach) 82 CERIUM IN BULK NODULES 4.434. Mineralogical control 83 4.435. Diagenetic effects on Ce anomalies 85 4.436. Cerium relationship with Fe and P and their implications 86 4.437. Cerium anomaly variation in the light of nodule forming processes 87 4.44. Gadolinium-terbium anomalies 89 4.45. HREE enrichment in sample 320 A 91 4.5. Summary 93 TABLES 94-106 CHAPTER 5 107-135 RARE EARTH ELEMENTS IN HYDROTHERMAL CRUSTS 5.1. Introduction 107 5.2. Description of the study areas and samples 112 5.21. Hydrothermal Crusts 113 5.211. Southeastern seamount, East Pacific Rise (EPR) 113 5.212. Valu Fa Ridge, Lau Basin 114 5.213. Galapagos Spreading Center 115 5.214. Indian Ocean Triple Junction 116 Page No. 5.22. Hydrogenous crusts 117 5.221. Central Pacific 117 5.222. Central Indian Basin 118 5.3. Analytical methods 118 5.4. Results and discussion 118 5.41. REE contents 118 5.42. REE patterns 120 5.43. HREE enrichment 121 5.44. Cerium anomalies 122 5.45. Significance of Eu anomalies in hydrothermal crusts 123 5.46. REE and other geochemical constraints on the hydrothermal mineralization in the Indian Ocean area 124 5.47. REE - major element associations - discrepancy in the sorption experiment results 129 5.5. Summary 131 TABLES 132-135 CHAPTER 6 136-139 COMPARISON OF THE REE UPTAKE BEHAVIOUR BY VARIOUS AQUEOUS SEDIMENTARY PHASES IN THE INDIAN OCEAN 6.1 Enrichment Factors 136 6.2 Cerium as an additional resource from manganese nodules 138 CHAPTER 7 140-149 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES 150-173 LIST OF AUTHORS PUBLICATIONS 174-176 Bebirateb In mu Mauro parents tutlo gam, me life nub g000 eburation 8c to mu Kate &nth gabn Elamobar for tlis tlelp During mg tligtler eburation ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The work presented in this thesis is carried out under the guidance of Shri. R.R. Nair. I am indebted to him for his guidance and sustained encouragement throughout the course of this work. My sincere thanks are also to him as the Head of the Geological Oceanography Division and also to the Director, NIO for providing facilities and allowing to me pursue this topic. I record a deep-sense of gratitude to Late Padmashri Dr. H.N. Siddiquie for insisting me to undertake a geochemistry topic. Thoughful and constructive comments by my chemical oceanography division colleague Dr. M. Dileep Kumar are very much appreciated. Much of the data used in this work has been generated during my stay in Germany on a DAAD fellowship. And for a successful stay at Germany, the credit goes to Dr. Walter L. Pluger, Privat Dozent, my German supervisor. He was generous enough to provide facilities which are very expensive at Europe. Prof. G. Friedrich has kindly provided a placement in his institute. During my stay, Neef, Frau Wiechowsky, Frau Siebel and Deissman have run their instruments for hundreds of my samples. Graduate students Thomas Bohm, Christopher Mamet, Ralf Buffler, Sabina Lange, Sven Petersen have spent many hours either in the laboratory helping me with my analyses or drawing my figures. Many thanks to them. Dr. I. Roelandts, University of Liege, Belgium and Dr. H. Kunzendorf of Riso National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark have generated high quality REE data in their laboratories. My profound thanks to II both of them for showing keen interest in the topics suggested by me. Dr. P. Herzig has been a source of encouragement for me who always has a scientific atmosphere around him. I thank DAAD for providing the fellowship and CSIR for a deputation. My sincere thanks to Shri. N.P.C. Reddy and Prof. Y.L. Dora for my Kerala coast sampling and geologists, geophysicists, marine surveyors, electronic and mechanical engineers of the PMN Project for the deep-sea sampling. Thanks are also due to Dr. U. von Stackelberg (BGR, Hannover), E. Fouquet (IFREMER), Dr. K.P. Becker (Aachen), Prof. G. Friedrich who have provided me the ferromanganese crusts from the Pacific. Constant encouragement and help rendered by my colleagues Mr. M. Sudhakar, Mr. M. Shyam Prasad, Dr. V. Purnachandra Rao, Shri. K.A. Kamesh Raju, Dr. B. Chakraborty and Dr. V.N. Kodagali is gratefully acknowledged. My roommates Dr. R. Mukhopadhyay and Mr. N.H. Khadge always had a word of appreciation for the scientific progress in our room. Dr. V. Balaram, Scientist at NGRI has kindly allowed me to use their ICP-MS facility. Much of sampling and laboratory work has been carried out under the financial support from the Department of Ocean Development, Government of India under their programme 'Polymetallic Nodule Surveys'. I could not have brought out the thesis in this shape but for the untiring help rendered by my colleague Shri. S. Jai Shankar. His skill with the computer was most useful and beneficial to me. Mrs. Alison Sudhakar typed some parts of this thesis and my thanks to her. iii Back at home (Warangal), my parents, brother, maternal uncles (Late Yada Damodar, Vaikuntam and Krishna Murthy), cousins (Madan, Shyam and Srinivas) and my childhood friend Kedareshwar have always taken interest in my adventures with sea and boosted my morale.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Université Du Québec À Chicoutimi
    UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À CHICOUTIMI MÉMOIRE PRÉSENTE À L'UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À CHICOUTIMI COMME EXIGENCE PARTIELLE DE LA MAÎTRISE EN SCIENCES DE LA TERRE PAR ALEXANDRE AUBIN BSc. Ing THE SCHAKALSBERG SEAMOUNT: PHYSICAL VOLCANOLOGY, STRUCTURE, ALTERATION AND MINERALIZATION FEVRIER 2004 UIUQAC bibliothèque Paul-Emile-Bouletj Mise en garde/Advice Afin de rendre accessible au plus Motivated by a desire to make the grand nombre le résultat des results of its graduate students' travaux de recherche menés par ses research accessible to all, and in étudiants gradués et dans l'esprit des accordance with the rules règles qui régissent le dépôt et la governing the acceptation and diffusion des mémoires et thèses diffusion of dissertations and produits dans cette Institution, theses in this Institution, the l'Université du Québec à Université du Québec à Chicoutimi (UQAC) est fière de Chicoutimi (UQAC) is proud to rendre accessible une version make a complete version of this complète et gratuite de cette œuvre. work available at no cost to the reader. L'auteur conserve néanmoins la The author retains ownership of the propriété du droit d'auteur qui copyright of this dissertation or protège ce mémoire ou cette thèse. thesis. Neither the dissertation or Ni le mémoire ou la thèse ni des thesis, nor substantial extracts from extraits substantiels de ceux-ci ne it, may be printed or otherwise peuvent être imprimés ou autrement reproduced without the author's reproduits sans son autorisation. permission. 11 RÉSUMÉ Les montagnes du Schakalsberg du Sperrgebiet en Namibie sont considérées comme partie intégrante de la Ceinture Néo protérozoïque de Gariep (745-550 Ma), qui est connue pour le gisement de métaux de base de Rosh Pinah (30 millions de tonnes, Zn-Pb- Cu-Ag).
    [Show full text]
  • Cu–Mn–Fe Alloys and Mn-Rich Amphiboles in Ancient Copper Slags
    Journal of African Earth Sciences 101 (2015) 70–83 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of African Earth Sciences journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jafrearsci Cu–Mn–Fe alloys and Mn-rich amphiboles in ancient copper slags from the Jabal Samran area, Saudi Arabia: With synopsis on chemistry of Fe–Mn(III) oxyhydroxides in alteration zones ⇑ Adel A. Surour Department of Mineral Resources and Rocks, Faculty of Earth Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80206, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Egypt article info abstract Article history: In the Jabal Samran area (western Saudi Arabia), secondary copper mineralization in a NE-trending shear Received 15 July 2014 zone in which the arc metavolcanic host rocks (dacite–rhyodacite) show conjugate fractures and exten- Received in revised form 27 August 2014 sive hydrothermal alteration and bleaching. The zones contain frequent Fe–Mn(III) oxyhydroxides Accepted 2 September 2014 (FeOH–MnOH) that resulted from oxidation of pyrite and Mn-bearing silicates. In the bleached part, Available online 16 September 2014 the groundmass is represented by Fe-bearing interstratified illite–smectite with up to 4.02 wt% FeOt. FeOH–MnOH are pre-weathering phases formed by hydrothermal alteration in a submarine environment Keywords: prior to uplifting. Five varieties of FeOH are distinguished, four of them are exclusively hydrothermal Fe–Mn(III) oxyhydroxide with 20 wt% H O whereas the fifth contains 31–33 wt% H O and might represent reworking of earlier Synthetic Mn-rich amphiboles 2 2 Cu prills hydrothermal FeOH phases by weathering. FeOH fills thin fractures in the form of veinlets and crenulated Slags laminae or as a pseudomorph for pyrite, goethite and finally ferrihydrite, and this oxyhydroxide is char- acterized by positive correlation of Fe2O3 with SiO2 and Al2O3.
    [Show full text]
  • Diffuse, Low-Temperature Hydrothermal Deposits on the Juan De Fuca Ridge and Plate
    DIFFUSE, LOW-TEMPERATURE HYDROTHERMAL DEPOSITS ON THE JUAN DE FUCA RIDGE AND PLATE Catherine Erma Channing B.Sc., Carleton University, 2001 A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE In the Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences O Catherine E. Channing, 2004 University of Victoria All rights reserved. This thesis may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without permission of the author. Supervisor: Dr. Kathryn M. Gillis ABSTRACT Hydrothermal circulation in ocean crust results in significant geochemical exchanges between hydrosphere and lithosphere. This process begins at the mid-ocean ridge and continues as basaltic crust ages and is subducted, significantly altering the chemical composition of both fluid and rock. In the on-axis environment, heated crustal fluids with a composition altered from that of seawater vent as either high temperature (> 100 C), focused flow or low temperature (< 100 oC) diffuse flow. Reaction between warm fluids and basalt results in the alteration of the rock, manifested as the breakdown of glass and primary minerals and the deposition of secondary minerals. In the off-axis environment (crust > 1 Ma), crustal fluids discharge locally at seamounts, where extensive manganese oxides can precipitate. Both types of mineral deposits record the time-integrated history of diffuse fluid-rock interaction, and in addition, Mn-oxide deposits are useful for estimating the longevity of hydrothermal activity. The effects of low-temperature diffuse fluids on the basaltic crust was examined at both young (Axial Volcano) and mature (Main Endeavour field) on-axis hydrothermal sites.
    [Show full text]
  • Download (1614Kb)
    Received: 15 October 2019 | Revised: 31 March 2020 | Accepted: 27 April 2020 DOI: 10.1111/ter.12468 RESEARCH ARTICLE Origin of isolated seamounts in the Canary Basin (East Atlantic): The role of plume material in the origin of seamounts not associated with hotspot tracks Xiaojun Long1 | Jörg Geldmacher1 | Kaj Hoernle1,2 | Folkmar Hauff1 | Jo-Anne Wartho1 | C.-Dieter Garbe-Schönberg2 1GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany Abstract 2Institute of Geosciences, Kiel University, In contrast to seamount chains, small solitary seamounts/seamount groups have Kiel, Germany rarely been sampled despite their large number and therefore their origins remain 40 39 Correspondence enigmatic. Here we present new Ar/ Ar, trace element and Nd-Hf-Pb isotope data Xiaojun Long, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre from the solitary Demenitskoy Seamount, the isolated Tolkien seamount group and for Ocean Research Kiel, Wischhofstrasse 1-3, 24148 Kiel, Germany. the Krylov Seamount and Ridge in the Canary Basin, Central Atlantic Ocean. Their Email: [email protected] chemical compositions range from intraplate ocean-island-basalt (Demenitskoy) to Funding information mid-ocean-ridge-basalt (Tolkien and Krylov) types. Lavas from all three seamount China Scholarship Council, Grant/Award groups, however, show geochemical evidence for involvement of enriched Canary/ Number: [2015]0672 Cape Verde plume material. Seismic tomography shows that large areas around these mantle plumes consist of dispersed low-velocity material, which could represent dif- fusely-upwelling plume mantle. Melts from such upwelling mantle could form isolated seamounts. Diffuse upwelling of plume material is likely to be extremely widespread but has been poorly studied to date. Significance Statement: A fundamental question concerns the origin of the hundreds of thousands of solitary seamounts and small isolated clusters of such seamounts on the seafloor of the world's ocean basins.
    [Show full text]
  • Natural Speciation of Mn, Ni and Zn at the Micrometer Scale in a Clayey Paddy Soil Using X-Ray Fluorescence, Absorption, and Diffraction
    Natural speciation of Mn, Ni and Zn at the micrometer scale in a clayey paddy soil using X-ray fluorescence, absorption, and diffraction. Alain Manceau, Caterina Tommaseo, Sophie Rihs, Nicolas Geoffroy, Daniel Chateigner, Michel Schlegel, Delphine Tisserand, Matthew A. Marcus, Nobumichi Tamura, Zueng-Sang Chen To cite this version: Alain Manceau, Caterina Tommaseo, Sophie Rihs, Nicolas Geoffroy, Daniel Chateigner, et al.. Natural speciation of Mn, Ni and Zn at the micrometer scale in a clayey paddy soil using X-ray fluorescence, absorption, and diffraction.. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Elsevier, 2005, 69/16, pp.4007-4034. 10.1016/j.gca.2005.03.018. hal-00107092 HAL Id: hal-00107092 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00107092 Submitted on 17 Oct 2006 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. 1 Natural speciation of Mn, Ni and Zn at the micrometer scale in a clayey paddy soil using X-ray fluorescence, absorption, and diffraction Alain Manceau1,*, Caterina Tommaseo1, Sophie Rihs2, Nicolas Geoffroy1, Daniel Chateigner3, Michel Schlegel4, Delphine Tisserand1, Matthew A. Marcus5, Nobumichi Tamura5, Zueng-Sang Chen6 1 Environmental Geochemistry Group, Maison des Géosciences, Univ. J. Fourier, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
    [Show full text]
  • Ifm-Geomar Report
    FS POSEIDON Fahrtbericht / Cruise Report P379/2 Mid-Atlantic-Researcher Ridge Volcanism (MARRVi) Mindelo - Fort-de-France 15.02.-08.03.2009 IFM-GEOMAR REPORT Berichte aus dem Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissenschaften an der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel Nr. 29 June 2009 FS POSEIDON Fahrtbericht / Cruise Report P379/2 Mid-Atlantic-Researcher Ridge Volcanism (MARRVi) Mindelo - Fort-de-France 15.02.-08.03.2009 Berichte aus dem Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissenschaften an der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel Nr. 29, June 2009 ISSN Nr.: 1614-6298 Das Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissenschaften The Leibniz-Institute of Marine Sciences is a ist ein Institut der Wissenschaftsgemeinschaft member of the Leibniz Association Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (WGL) (Wissenschaftsgemeinschaft Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz). Herausgeber / Editor: Svend Duggen IFM-GEOMAR Report ISSN Nr.: 1614-6298 Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissenschaften / Leibniz Institute of Marine Sciences IFM-GEOMAR Dienstgebäude Westufer / West Shore Building Düsternbrooker Weg 20 D-24105 Kiel Germany Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissenschaften / Leibniz Institute of Marine Sciences IFM-GEOMAR Dienstgebäude Ostufer / East Shore Building Wischhofstr. 1-3 D-24148 Kiel Germany Tel.: ++49 431 600-0 Fax: ++49 431 600-2805 www.ifm-geomar.de Cruise Report POS379/2 (MARRVi) – MAR-Researcher Ridge 15. Feb. – 8. Mrz. 2009 Table of Contents Chapter 1: Scientific Party and Crew 2 Chapter 2: Introduction and Scientific Background 3 Chapter 3: Methods 8 3.1. The ELAC multi-beam system 3.2. The chain sack dredge 3.3. Magnetotellurics Chapter 4: Regional Geology and Preliminary Results 12 4.1. Isolated Seamounts 4.2. Mid-Atlantic Ridge 4.3. Researcher Ridge Chapter 5: Cruise Narrative 17 Chapter 6: Station Summary 23 Chapter 7: Sample Description 25 7.1.
    [Show full text]
  • Investigating the Potential Recovery of REY from Metalliferous Sediments in a Seafloor Analogue; the Troodos Ophiolite, Cyprus
    UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences Ocean and Earth Science Investigating the potential recovery of REY from metalliferous sediments in a seafloor analogue; The Troodos ophiolite, Cyprus by Pierre Josso Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Submitted 16th of January 2017 UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON ABSTRACT FACULTY OF NATURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Ocean and Earth Science Geochemistry Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy INVESTIGATING THE POTENTIAL RECOVERY OF REY FROM METALLIFEROUS SEDIMENTS IN A SEAFLOOR ANALOGUE; THE TROODOS OPHIOLITE, CYPRUS Pierre Josso The perceived supply risk for essential materials used in the development of green energy and other state-of-the art technologies creates the need for investigation of new sources for these raw materials. Many of these raw materials are characterized as “critical” given supply risks posed by geographic location, the economic and political stability of producing countries, potential substitution and opportunities for recycling [European Commission, 2014]. At present, 20 raw materials are listed by the EU as critical and this inventory is likely to grow in the coming years as the world population increases, driven by the development of India, China, Africa, Brazil and others. Among these critical elements, the rare earth elements and yttrium (REY) form a group of 15 metals essential for the development of wind turbines, cell phones and batteries among other applications and their production has been under Chinese domination for the last three decades. More than 95 % of the consumed REY worldwide originated in China during the last thirty years, a monopole that reflects economical constrains rather than the unequal distribution of REY resources across the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Ore Geology Reviews 87 (2017) 41–61
    Ore Geology Reviews 87 (2017) 41–61 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Ore Geology Reviews journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/oregeorev Strategic and rare elements in Cretaceous-Cenozoic cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts from seamounts in the Canary Island Seamount Province (northeastern tropical Atlantic) E. Marino a,b,c,⁎,F.J.Gonzáleza, L. Somoza a,R.Lunarb,c,L.Ortegab,J.T.Vázquezd,J.Reyesa,E.Bellidoa a Geological Survey of Spain, (IGME), C/Ríos Rosas, 23, 28003 Madrid, Spain b Crystallography and Mineralogy Department, Complutense University of Madrid, C/Jose Antonio Novais, 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain c Instituto de Geociencias IGEO (CSIC, UCM), Madrid, Spain d Instituto Español de Oceanografía, C.O. de Málaga, Puerto Pesquero s/n, 29649 Fuengirola, Spain article info abstract Article history: Thick ferromanganese (Fe-Mn) crusts from four Cretaceous seamounts (The Paps, Tropic, Echo and Drago) at the Received 1 April 2016 southern Canary Island Seamount Province (CISP) in the northeastern tropical Atlantic were recovered along the Received in revised form 20 September 2016 flanks and summits from 1700 to 3000 m water depths. CISP is composed of N100 seamounts and submarine Accepted 7 October 2016 hills, is likely the oldest hotspot track in the Atlantic Ocean, and is the most long-lived of known hotspots globally. Available online 13 October 2016 The Fe-Mn crusts grow on basalt-sedimentary rock substrates below the northeastern tropical Atlantic core of the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) with a maximum thickness of 250 mm at a water depth of 2400 m. The mineral- Keywords: Ferromanganese crusts ogical and chemical composition of these Fe-Mn crusts indicate a hydrogenetic origin.
    [Show full text]
  • 127-137 Distribution of Rees and Yttrium Among Major Geochemical
    Author version: Chem. Geol., vol.312-313; 2012; 127-137 Distribution of REEs and yttrium among major geochemical phases of marine Fe-Mn-oxides: Comparative study between hydrogenous and hydrothermal deposits L. Surya Prakasha, Durbar Raya*, Anil L. Paropkaria, Abhay V. Mudholkara, M. Satyanarayananb, B. Sreenivasb, D. Chandrasekharamc, Dalayya Kotaa, K. A. Kamesh Rajua, Sujata Kaisarya, V. Balaramb, Tripti Guravc aCSIR - National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa-403004, India bCSIR - National Geophysical Research Institute, Uppal Road, Hyderabad-500007, India cIndian Institute of Technology, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India Abstract Mineralogy and geochemistry of the ferromanganese oxides collected from two seamounts in the Andaman Sea have been investigated with special reference to the solid phase partitioning behavior of rare earth elements (REEs). Bulk elemental compositions indicate that the oxides from a volcanic cratered seamount, CSM, are hydrothermal while those from another seamount, SM2, are hydrogenous in origin. The distributions of REEs and yttrium in four geochemical phases (viz. easily exchangeable, Mn-oxide, Fe-oxyhydroxide and residual) of CSM-oxides were distinctly different from that of SM2- oxides. In CSM-oxides, the REEs and yttrium are mainly associated with Fe-oxyhydroxide phase while in SM2-oxides, both Mn-oxide and Fe-oxyhydroxide phases contain the major fraction of these elements. The exchangeable and residual phases of both hydrothermal and hydrogenous oxides have extremely low REE-content. The shale normalized negative Ce-anomalies and relative enrichment of heavy REE, characteristic of hydrothermal oxides, are retained in Fe-oxyhydroxide phase. In hydrogenous oxides, the positive Ce-anomalies occurred in both Fe and Mn-oxide phases while negative Y-anomalies were found only in Fe-oxyhydroxide phase.
    [Show full text]
  • DEPARTMENT of the INTERIOR U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Geological, Geochemical, Geophysical, and Oceanographic Data and Interpretatio
    DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Geological, Geochemical, Geophysical, and Oceanographic Data and Interpretations of Seamounts and Co-rich Ferromanganese Crusts from the Marshall Islands, KORDI- USGS R.V. Farnella Cruise F10-89-CP by James R. Heinl, Jung-Keuk Kang2, Marjorie S. Schulz*, Byong-Kwon Park2, Herbert Kirschenbaum3, Suk-Hoon Yoon2, Renee L. Olsonl, Virginia K. Smith*, Dong-Won Park2, George O. Riddle*, Paula J. Quinternol, Yoon-Oh Lee5, Alice S. Davis1 , Seong Ryul Kim2, Malcolm S. Pringle*, Dong-Lim Choi2, LedaBeth Pickthornl, Seymour O. Schlanger6, Frederick K. Duennebier?, Douglas D. Bergersen?, and Jonathan M. Lincoln6 Open File Report 90-407 This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with the U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards or with the North American Stratigraphic Code. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. 1U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, CA 2Korea Ocean Research and Development Institute, Seoul 3U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA 4U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, CO 5Korea Research Institute of Energy and Resources, Seoul ^Northwestern University, Evanston, IL ^University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI INTRODUCTION From 6 September to 3 October 1989, the Korea Ocean Research and Development Institute (KORDI) and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) participated in a cooperative cruise (F10-89-CP) to the Marshall Islands (Figs. 1, 2). Eight scientists from Korea, twelve from the United States, and one observer from the Republic of the Marshall Islands comprised the scientific staff (Table 1). The two main purposes of this cruise were: 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Polymetallic Massive Sulphide Deposits at the Modern Seafloor
    Polymetallic Massive Sulphides and Cobalt-Rich Ferromanganese Crusts: Status and Prospects ISA Technical Study: No.2 International Seabed Authority Polymetallic Massive Sulphides and Cobalt-Rich Ferromanganese Crusts: Status and Prospects This report contains the full text of four presentations originally given at an international workshop on deep ocean mineral resources beyond the limits of national jurisdiction held in Kingston, Jamaica in June 2000. International Seabed Authority 3 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the International Seabed Authority concerning the legal status of any country or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimination of its frontiers or maritime boundaries. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Applications for such permission with a statement of purpose and extent of the reproduction should be addressed to the Secretary-General, International Seabed Authority, 14-20 Port Royal Street, Kingston, Jamaica. National Library of Jamaica Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Polymetallic massive sulphides and cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts : status and prospects. p. : ill., maps; cm. – (ISA technical study ; no.2) Includes bibliography. ISBN: 976-610-467-0 1. Oceanography
    [Show full text]
  • Hydrogenetic, Diagenetic and Hydrothermal Processes Forming Ferromanganese Crusts in the Canary Island Seamounts and Their Influ
    minerals Article Hydrogenetic, Diagenetic and Hydrothermal Processes Forming Ferromanganese Crusts in the Canary Island Seamounts and Their Influence in the Metal Recovery Rate with Hydrometallurgical Methods Egidio Marino 1,2,3,* , Francisco Javier González 1 , Thomas Kuhn 4 , Pedro Madureira 5, Anna V. Wegorzewski 4, Jose Mirao 5, Teresa Medialdea 1 , Martin Oeser 6, Catarina Miguel 5, Jesús Reyes 7, Luis Somoza 1 and Rosario Lunar 2,3 1 Marine Geology Division, Geological Survey of Spain (IGME), Ríos Rosas, 23, 28003 Madrid, Spain 2 Mineralogy and Petrology Department, Geology Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Jose Antonio Novais, 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain 3 Geosciences Institute (IGEO-UCM-CSIC), Severo Ochoa 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain 4 Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR), Stilleweg 2, D-30655 Hannover, Germany 5 HERCULES Laboratory, Évora University, Largo Marquês de Marialva, 8, 7000-809 Évora, Portugal 6 Leibniz Universität Hannover Institut für Mineralogie. Callinstraße, 3, 30167 Hannover, Germany 7 Central Laboratories, Geological Survey of Spain (IGME), C/La Calera, 1, 28760 Tres Cantos—Madrid, Spain * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 10 May 2019; Accepted: 13 July 2019; Published: 17 July 2019 Abstract: Four pure hydrogenetic, mixed hydrogenetic-diagenetic and hydrogenetic-hydrothermal Fe-Mn Crusts from the Canary Islands Seamount Province have been studied by Micro X-Ray Diffraction, Raman and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy together with high resolution Electron Probe Micro Analyzer and Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry in order to find the correlation of mineralogy and geochemistry with the three genetic processes and their influence in the metal recovery rate using an hydrometallurgical method.
    [Show full text]