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Natura 2000 Sites for Reefs and Submerged Sandbanks Volume II: Northeast Atlantic and North Sea
Implementation of the EU Habitats Directive Offshore: Natura 2000 sites for reefs and submerged sandbanks Volume II: Northeast Atlantic and North Sea A report by WWF June 2001 Implementation of the EU Habitats Directive Offshore: Natura 2000 sites for reefs and submerged sandbanks A report by WWF based on: "Habitats Directive Implementation in Europe Offshore SACs for reefs" by A. D. Rogers Southampton Oceanographic Centre, UK; and "Submerged Sandbanks in European Shelf Waters" by Veligrakis, A., Collins, M.B., Owrid, G. and A. Houghton Southampton Oceanographic Centre, UK; commissioned by WWF For information please contact: Dr. Sarah Jones WWF UK Panda House Weyside Park Godalming Surrey GU7 1XR United Kingdom Tel +441483 412522 Fax +441483 426409 Email: [email protected] Cover page photo: Trawling smashes cold water coral reefs P.Buhl-Mortensen, University of Bergen, Norway Prepared by Sabine Christiansen and Sarah Jones IMPLEMENTATION OF THE EU HD OFFSHORE REEFS AND SUBMERGED SANDBANKS NE ATLANTIC AND NORTH SEA TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I LIST OF MAPS II LIST OF TABLES III 1 INTRODUCTION 1 2 REEFS IN THE NORTHEAST ATLANTIC AND THE NORTH SEA (A.D. ROGERS, SOC) 3 2.1 Data inventory 3 2.2 Example cases for the type of information provided (full list see Vol. IV ) 9 2.2.1 "Darwin Mounds" East (UK) 9 2.2.2 Galicia Bank (Spain) 13 2.2.3 Gorringe Ridge (Portugal) 17 2.2.4 La Chapelle Bank (France) 22 2.3 Bibliography reefs 24 2.4 Analysis of Offshore Reefs Inventory (WWF)(overview maps and tables) 31 2.4.1 North Sea 31 2.4.2 UK and Ireland 32 2.4.3 France and Spain 39 2.4.4 Portugal 41 2.4.5 Conclusions 43 3 SUBMERGED SANDBANKS IN EUROPEAN SHELF WATERS (A. -
Université Du Québec À Chicoutimi
UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À CHICOUTIMI MÉMOIRE PRÉSENTE À L'UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À CHICOUTIMI COMME EXIGENCE PARTIELLE DE LA MAÎTRISE EN SCIENCES DE LA TERRE PAR ALEXANDRE AUBIN BSc. Ing THE SCHAKALSBERG SEAMOUNT: PHYSICAL VOLCANOLOGY, STRUCTURE, ALTERATION AND MINERALIZATION FEVRIER 2004 UIUQAC bibliothèque Paul-Emile-Bouletj Mise en garde/Advice Afin de rendre accessible au plus Motivated by a desire to make the grand nombre le résultat des results of its graduate students' travaux de recherche menés par ses research accessible to all, and in étudiants gradués et dans l'esprit des accordance with the rules règles qui régissent le dépôt et la governing the acceptation and diffusion des mémoires et thèses diffusion of dissertations and produits dans cette Institution, theses in this Institution, the l'Université du Québec à Université du Québec à Chicoutimi (UQAC) est fière de Chicoutimi (UQAC) is proud to rendre accessible une version make a complete version of this complète et gratuite de cette œuvre. work available at no cost to the reader. L'auteur conserve néanmoins la The author retains ownership of the propriété du droit d'auteur qui copyright of this dissertation or protège ce mémoire ou cette thèse. thesis. Neither the dissertation or Ni le mémoire ou la thèse ni des thesis, nor substantial extracts from extraits substantiels de ceux-ci ne it, may be printed or otherwise peuvent être imprimés ou autrement reproduced without the author's reproduits sans son autorisation. permission. 11 RÉSUMÉ Les montagnes du Schakalsberg du Sperrgebiet en Namibie sont considérées comme partie intégrante de la Ceinture Néo protérozoïque de Gariep (745-550 Ma), qui est connue pour le gisement de métaux de base de Rosh Pinah (30 millions de tonnes, Zn-Pb- Cu-Ag). -
Depositional Patterns Constrained by Slope Topography Changes On
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Depositional patterns constrained by slope topography changes on seamounts Dewen Du1,2,3*, Shijuan Yan1, Gang Yang1, Fengdeng Shi1, Zhiwei Zhu1, Qinglei Song1, Fengli Yang1, Yingchun Cui1 & Xuefa Shi1 Slope topography is known to control the spatial distribution of deposits on intraplate seamounts; however, relatively little is known about how slope topography changes constrain those depositional patterns. In this study, we analyse data on four lithotypes found on seamount slopes, including colloidal chemical deposits comprising mainly cobalt-rich crusts, and examine the relationships between the spatial distribution of these lithotypes and current slope topography. We use these relationships to discuss depositional patterns constrained by slope topography changes. Some depositional units in drill core samples are interpreted to have resulted from past topographic changes that created the current slope topography. Two or more types of deposits that accumulated at the same location implies that the slope topography changed over time and that the depositional patterns on seamount slopes are constrained by changes in slope topography. Seamounts are frst-order deep-sea morphological elements 1 and have important oceanographic research value. Cobalt-rich crust deposits that may contain several strategic metals and thus be considered mineral resources are widely distributed on seamount slopes2–5. Terefore, many scientists have surveyed and explored seamounts since the 1980s6–9, acquiring a large amount of data and knowledge on seamounts. However, some questions, such as how topographical changes to seamounts constrain depositional patterns on their slopes and how to interpret depositional sequences in sections of shallow drill samples taken from seamount slopes, remain unanswered. -
The Underlying Causes of Morocco-Spain Maritime Dispute Off the Atlantic Coast
Policy Paper The Underlying Causes of Morocco-Spain Maritime Dispute off the Atlantic Coast By Samir Bennis 27 January 2020 Introduction The question of the delimitation of maritime boundaries between Morocco and Spain has always been a hot topic in the relations between the two countries. Because of the complexity of the issue and its legal and political ramifications, there are no formal maritime boundaries between Morocco and Spain, whether in the Mediterranean or off the Atlantic coast. The existence of a territorial dispute between Morocco and Spain over the Spanish enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla is just one of the factors at play that have made it impossible for the two countries to reach an agreement on the delimitation of their maritime boundaries in the Mediterranean. In waters off the Atlantic coast, however, the main bone of contention is the delimitation of the two countries’ respective Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ) and their continental shelves. The existence of an overlap between Rabat and Madrid’s continental shelves, as well as their diverging views on which method should govern the delimitation process has doomed all attempts by the two countries to delimit their respective maritime boundaries to failure. While Spain calls for the application of the method of equidistance and median line, Morocco calls for the application of the method of equity, and stresses that any delimitation should result in an equitable outcome, in line with international law. What has made negotiations between the two countries more arduous is the fact that the overlap between their continental shelves lies in the water off the Sahara, which have been under Morocco’s de facto sovereignty since 1975. -
Compilation of Submissions
CBD Distr. GENERAL CBD/EBSA/WS/2019/1/2 18 September 2019 ENGLISH ONLY REGIONAL WORKSHOP TO FACILITATE THE DESCRIPTION OF ECOLOGICALLY OR BIOLOGICALLY SIGNIFICANT MARINE AREAS IN THE NORTH-EAST ATLANTIC OCEAN AND TRAINING SESSION ON ECOLOGICALLY OR BIOLOGICALLY SIGNIFICANT MARINE AREAS Stockholm, 22-27 September 2019 COMPILATION OF SUBMISSIONS OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION TO DESCRIBE AREAS MEETING THE SCIENTIFIC CRITERIA FOR ECOLOGICALLY OR BIOLOGICALLY SIGNIFICANT MARINE AREAS (EBSAS) IN THE NORTH-EAST ATLANTIC OCEAN Note by the Executive Secretary 1. The Executive Secretary is circulating herewith a compilation of scientific information in support of the Regional Workshop to Facilitate the Description of Ecologically or Biologically Significant Marine Areas (EBSAs) in the North-East Atlantic Ocean. 2. This compilation was prepared drawing on submissions made by Parties, other Governments and relevant organizations in response to notification 2019-050 (ref. no. SCBD/SPS/SBG/AS/JA/JG/88146), dated 28 May 2019 (https://www.cbd.int/doc/notifications/2019/ntf-2019-050-marine-ebsa-en.pdf). Submissions were received from Denmark, Germany, Iceland, Portugal, Spain, BirdLife International, Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Global Ocean Biodiversity Initiative, Institute of Marine Research – University of Azores / ATLAS Project, IUCN Joint SSC/WCPA Marine Mammal Protected Areas Task Force, International Seabed Authority and International WWF-Centre for Marine Conservation. They are made available through hyperlinks in the tables below. 3. The present compilation consists of the following: (a) scientific information submitted using the EBSA template (compiled in Table 1); and (b) scientific information submitted in the form of scientific articles, reports or websites (compiled in Table 2), as inputs to the workshop discussion. -
Submarine Alteration of Seamount Rocks in the Canary
Examensarbete vid Institutionen för geovetenskaper Degree Project at the Department of Earth Sciences ISSN 1650-6553 Nr 442 Submarine Alteration of Seamount Rocks in the Canary Islands: Insights from Mineralogy, Trace Elements, and Stable Isotopes Undervattensomvandling av basaltiska bergarter från Kanarieöarna: insikter från mineralogi, spårämnen och stabila isotoper Aduragbemi Oluwatobi Sofade INSTITUTIONEN FÖR GEOVETENSKAPER DEPARTMENT OF EARTH SCIENCES Examensarbete vid Institutionen för geovetenskaper Degree Project at the Department of Earth Sciences ISSN 1650-6553 Nr 442 Submarine Alteration of Seamount Rocks in the Canary Islands: Insights from Mineralogy, Trace Elements, and Stable Isotopes Undervattensomvandling av basaltiska bergarter från Kanarieöarna: insikter från mineralogi, spårämnen och stabila isotoper Aduragbemi Oluwatobi Sofade ISSN 1650 - 6553 Copyright © Aduragbemi Oluwatobi Sofade Published at Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University (www.geo.uu.se), Uppsala, 2018 Abstract Submarine Alteration of Seamount Rocks in the Canary Islands: Insights from Mineralogy, Trace Elements, and Stable Isotopes Aduragbemi Oluwatobi Sofade Seamounts play an important role in facilitating the exchange of elements between the oceanic lithosphere and the overlying seawater. This water-rock interaction is caused by circulating seawater and controls the chemical exchange in submarine and sub-seafloor rocks and also plays a major role in determining the final composition of these submarine rocks. This investigation is designed to evaluate the (i) degree of alteration and element mobility, (ii) to identify relations between alteration types and (iii) to characterise the chemical processes that take place during seafloor and sub-seafloor alteration in the Central Atlantic region. The investigated submarine rocks are typically altered and comprise calcite and clay minerals in addition to original magmatic feldspar, olivine, pyroxene, quartz, biotite, and amphibole. -
Cu–Mn–Fe Alloys and Mn-Rich Amphiboles in Ancient Copper Slags
Journal of African Earth Sciences 101 (2015) 70–83 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of African Earth Sciences journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jafrearsci Cu–Mn–Fe alloys and Mn-rich amphiboles in ancient copper slags from the Jabal Samran area, Saudi Arabia: With synopsis on chemistry of Fe–Mn(III) oxyhydroxides in alteration zones ⇑ Adel A. Surour Department of Mineral Resources and Rocks, Faculty of Earth Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80206, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Egypt article info abstract Article history: In the Jabal Samran area (western Saudi Arabia), secondary copper mineralization in a NE-trending shear Received 15 July 2014 zone in which the arc metavolcanic host rocks (dacite–rhyodacite) show conjugate fractures and exten- Received in revised form 27 August 2014 sive hydrothermal alteration and bleaching. The zones contain frequent Fe–Mn(III) oxyhydroxides Accepted 2 September 2014 (FeOH–MnOH) that resulted from oxidation of pyrite and Mn-bearing silicates. In the bleached part, Available online 16 September 2014 the groundmass is represented by Fe-bearing interstratified illite–smectite with up to 4.02 wt% FeOt. FeOH–MnOH are pre-weathering phases formed by hydrothermal alteration in a submarine environment Keywords: prior to uplifting. Five varieties of FeOH are distinguished, four of them are exclusively hydrothermal Fe–Mn(III) oxyhydroxide with 20 wt% H O whereas the fifth contains 31–33 wt% H O and might represent reworking of earlier Synthetic Mn-rich amphiboles 2 2 Cu prills hydrothermal FeOH phases by weathering. FeOH fills thin fractures in the form of veinlets and crenulated Slags laminae or as a pseudomorph for pyrite, goethite and finally ferrihydrite, and this oxyhydroxide is char- acterized by positive correlation of Fe2O3 with SiO2 and Al2O3. -
Diffuse, Low-Temperature Hydrothermal Deposits on the Juan De Fuca Ridge and Plate
DIFFUSE, LOW-TEMPERATURE HYDROTHERMAL DEPOSITS ON THE JUAN DE FUCA RIDGE AND PLATE Catherine Erma Channing B.Sc., Carleton University, 2001 A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE In the Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences O Catherine E. Channing, 2004 University of Victoria All rights reserved. This thesis may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without permission of the author. Supervisor: Dr. Kathryn M. Gillis ABSTRACT Hydrothermal circulation in ocean crust results in significant geochemical exchanges between hydrosphere and lithosphere. This process begins at the mid-ocean ridge and continues as basaltic crust ages and is subducted, significantly altering the chemical composition of both fluid and rock. In the on-axis environment, heated crustal fluids with a composition altered from that of seawater vent as either high temperature (> 100 C), focused flow or low temperature (< 100 oC) diffuse flow. Reaction between warm fluids and basalt results in the alteration of the rock, manifested as the breakdown of glass and primary minerals and the deposition of secondary minerals. In the off-axis environment (crust > 1 Ma), crustal fluids discharge locally at seamounts, where extensive manganese oxides can precipitate. Both types of mineral deposits record the time-integrated history of diffuse fluid-rock interaction, and in addition, Mn-oxide deposits are useful for estimating the longevity of hydrothermal activity. The effects of low-temperature diffuse fluids on the basaltic crust was examined at both young (Axial Volcano) and mature (Main Endeavour field) on-axis hydrothermal sites. -
Limited IOC-IHO/GEBCO SCUFN-XIV/3 English Only
Distribution : limited IOC-IHO/GEBCO SCUFN-XIV/3 English only INTERGOVERNMENTAL INTERNATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC HYDROGRAPHIC COMMISSION (of UNESCO) ORGANIZATION Japan Oceanographic Data Center Tokyo, Japan 17-20 April 2001 SUMMARY REPORT IOC-IHO/GEBCO SCUFN-XIV/3 Page intentionally left blank IOC-IHO/GEBCO SCUFN-XIV/3 Page i ALPHABETIC INDEX OF UNDERSEA FEATURE NAMES CONSIDERED AT SCUFN XIV AND APPEARING IN THIS REPORT (*=new name approved) Name Page Name Page ABY Canyon * 19 ARS Canyon * 94 AÇOR Bank * 26 ATHOS Canyon * 93 AÇOR Fracture Zone 26 'ATI'APITI Seamount 98 AÇORES ESTE Fracture Zone * 26 AUDIERNE Canyon * 90 AÇORES NORTE Fracture Zone 26 AUDIERNE Levee * 90 AÇORES-BISCAY Cordillera 26 AVON Canyon * 78 AEGIR Ridge 23 BAOULÉ Canyon * 19 AEGIS Spur * 87 BEAUGÉ Promontory * 85 AGOSTINHO Seamount * 26 BEIJU Bank * 58 AIGUILLON Canyon * 94 BEIRAL DE VIANA Escarpment * 6 AIX Canyon * 94 BELLE-ILE Canyon * 92 AKADEMIK KURCHATOV 12 BERTHOIS Spur * 86 Fracture Zone * AKE-NO-MYOJO Seamount * 52 BIJAGÓS Canyon * 11 ALBERT DE MONACO Ridge * 27 BIR-HAKEIM Bank 96 ALVARO MARTINS Hill * 27 BLACK Hole * 71 AMAMI Rise 62 BLACK MUD Canyon * 86 AMANOGAWA Seamounts * 69 BLACK MUD Levee * 89 AN-EI Seamount * 74 BLACK MUD SUPERIEUR 95 Seachannel ANITA CONTI Seamounts * 18 BLACK MUD INFERIEUR 95 Seachannel ANNAN Seamount 10 BOGDANOV Fracture Zone * 81 ANTON LEONOV Seamount * 11 BORDA Seamount * 27 ANTONIO DE FREITAS Hill * 27 BOREAS Abyssal Plain 23 ARAKI Seamount * 65 BOURCART Spur 97 ARAMIS Canyon * 93 BOURÉE Hole * 27 ARCACHON Canyon * 92 BRENOT Spur -
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Received: 15 October 2019 | Revised: 31 March 2020 | Accepted: 27 April 2020 DOI: 10.1111/ter.12468 RESEARCH ARTICLE Origin of isolated seamounts in the Canary Basin (East Atlantic): The role of plume material in the origin of seamounts not associated with hotspot tracks Xiaojun Long1 | Jörg Geldmacher1 | Kaj Hoernle1,2 | Folkmar Hauff1 | Jo-Anne Wartho1 | C.-Dieter Garbe-Schönberg2 1GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany Abstract 2Institute of Geosciences, Kiel University, In contrast to seamount chains, small solitary seamounts/seamount groups have Kiel, Germany rarely been sampled despite their large number and therefore their origins remain 40 39 Correspondence enigmatic. Here we present new Ar/ Ar, trace element and Nd-Hf-Pb isotope data Xiaojun Long, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre from the solitary Demenitskoy Seamount, the isolated Tolkien seamount group and for Ocean Research Kiel, Wischhofstrasse 1-3, 24148 Kiel, Germany. the Krylov Seamount and Ridge in the Canary Basin, Central Atlantic Ocean. Their Email: [email protected] chemical compositions range from intraplate ocean-island-basalt (Demenitskoy) to Funding information mid-ocean-ridge-basalt (Tolkien and Krylov) types. Lavas from all three seamount China Scholarship Council, Grant/Award groups, however, show geochemical evidence for involvement of enriched Canary/ Number: [2015]0672 Cape Verde plume material. Seismic tomography shows that large areas around these mantle plumes consist of dispersed low-velocity material, which could represent dif- fusely-upwelling plume mantle. Melts from such upwelling mantle could form isolated seamounts. Diffuse upwelling of plume material is likely to be extremely widespread but has been poorly studied to date. Significance Statement: A fundamental question concerns the origin of the hundreds of thousands of solitary seamounts and small isolated clusters of such seamounts on the seafloor of the world's ocean basins. -
Rare Earth Element Geochemistry of the Sediments, Ferromanganese Nodules and Crusts from the Indian Ocean
RARE EARTH ELEMENT GEOCHEMISTRY OF THE SEDIMENTS, FERROMANGANESE NODULES AND CRUSTS FROM THE INDIAN OCEAN SUBMITTED TO THE GOA UNIVERSITY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY BY BEJUGAM NAGENDER NATH NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OCEANOGR RESEARCH GUIDE I „ R.R. NAIR \ 111 DEPUTY DIRECTOR AND HEA 0 A ..30"" GEOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY DIVISION- 5-5 1 .46 N f / RAd NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OCEANOGRAPHY DONA PAULA, GOA - 403 004, INDIA. OCTOBER, 1993 "THESE ELEMENTS (REE) PERPLEX US IN OUR RESEARCHES, BAFFLE US IN OUR SPECULATIONS, AND HAUNT US IN OUR VERY DREAMS. THEY STRETCH LIKE AN UNKNOWN SEA BEFORE US - MOCKING, MYSTIFYING AND MURMURING STRANGE REVELATIONS AND POSSIBILITIES" SIR WILLIAM CROOKES, 1887 (as quoted in Elderfield, 1988) CERTIFICATE Mr. B. Nagender Nath has been working under my guidance since 1991. The Ph.D. thesis entitled "Rare earth element geochemistry of the sediments, ferromanganese nodules and crusts from the Indian Ocean", submitted by him contains the results of his original investigation of the subject. This is to certify that the thesis has not been the basis for the award of any other research degree or diploma of other University. ____.---,_ --- 0 ".„..--,.... ., o. ( :At \ / ( R. R. NAIR ) \\N \s \ ." ..„_. __- -*/ Research Guide ,,, G_ 0 puty Director and Head, Geb j eanography Division National Institute of Oceanography Dona Paula, GOA - 403 004. CONTENTS CONTENTS Page No. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS LIST OF FIGURES iv-xi LIST OF TABLES xii-xiii CHAPTER 1 1-23 INTRODUCTION 1.1. Occurrence and abundance 2 1.2. Historical aspects 3 1.3. General chemistry of REE 5 1.31. -
Policy Implications of the Atlas Project
CONTACT Project Coordinator: Project Management Communication: J Murray Roberts Team: Annette Wilson [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] @eu_ ATLAS @EuATLAS ATLAS-Deep Discoveries EU_ ATLAS POLICY IMPLICATIONS OF THE ATLAS PROJECT OCTOBER 2020 Designed by AquaTT Designed by This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 678760 (ATLAS). This output reflects only the author’s view and the European Union WWW.EU-ATLAS.ORG cannot be held responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein. © Ifremer POLICY IMPLICATIONS OF THE ATLAS PROJECT POLICY IMPLICATIONS OF THE ATLAS PROJECT PREFACE This document is a synthesis of the ATLAS report on “Policy implications on the governance This high-level summary brings together the key policy-relevant results of the four- regime for the North Atlantic and articulation with global and regional instruments resulting year, European Union Horizon 2020 ATLAS Project: A trans-Atlantic assessment and from changing deep-sea dynamics”, ATLAS Deliverable 7.8: DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4064242 deep-sea ecosystem-based spatial management plan for Europe (May 2016 – October Lead Authors: Phillip J. Turner, David E. Johnson, J. Murray Roberts 2020). The importance of these results to decision makers as well as their relevance Contributing Authors: Claire Armstrong; Sophie Arnaud-Haond; Bich Xuân Bui; Jens Carlsson; to established policy objectives and on-going policy discussions is highlighted, with Marina Carreiro-Silva; Hermione Cockburn; Stuart Cunningham; Pablo Durán Muñoz; Julia discussion focusing on five main themes: Eighteen; Alan Fox; Ana García-Alegre; Matthew Gianni; Ronnie Glud; Anthony Grehan; Lea- Anne Henry; Clare Johnson; Georgios Kazanidis; Ellen Kenchington; Godwin Kofi Vondolia; 1.