DOCSLIB.ORG

Boston Men'on the Northwest Coast: the American Maritime Fur Trade, 1788-1844 Mary Malloy Kingston, Ontario, and Fairbanks, Alaska: Limestone, 1998

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Boston Men'on the Northwest Coast: the American Maritime Fur Trade, 1788-1844 Mary Malloy Kingston, Ontario, and Fairbanks, Alaska: Limestone, 1998 94 BC STUDIES He asserts that "the Xwelitem arrived Overall, I commend Carlson for his in Stô:lô territory and started taking presentation, especially his chronicle possession of Stô:lô and and resources" of smallpox and his presentation of (54). Such an assertion could have im­ Cheam's history. He has compiled his plications for land claims. The work meticulously and thoroughly, Xwelitem in fact started excluding each although he still measures Sto:lô his­ other, but there is no documentation tory as a response to colonialism, thus in Sto:lô(or any other) records of Stô:lô echoing European values. He cites Stô:lô land and resources being ceded. The history as though it were relevant only Stô:lôpeople, from historical times to to the past and speaks of Stô:lôpeople the present, resist the appropriation of as though they were objects of the past. their land and resources, to which they Perhaps, with the continued parti­ still assert title, as is evident in Carlsons cipation of the Stô:lô Nation, he will own documentation (as well as in the be able to assist in defining the Stô:lô recent news). The centrepiece photo­ people as a living part of - as parti­ graph (75-6) provides a graphic example cipating subjects in - Canada's future of recognition of title and rights from history and to view Canada as part of the Indigenous perspective. Stôilô history. Boston Men'on the Northwest Coast: The American Maritime Fur Trade, 1788-1844 Mary Malloy Kingston, Ontario, and Fairbanks, Alaska: Limestone, 1998. 232 pp. US$28 cloth. By Jim Delgado Vancouver Maritime Museum HE MARITIME FUR TRADE of histories of the trade, written by mariner the Northwest Coast has been William Dane Phelps just a few Tthe subject of a number of decades after the events he recorded. works in both the United States and Mary Malloy's "Boston Men' is a Canada over the last century. Recent focused, detailed study that examines studies include James R. Gibson's the nature of American involvement Otter Skins, Boston Ships, and China in the trade. It builds on a number of Goods (1992), Richard Somerset earlier works, integrating new Mackie's Trading Beyond the Mountains: scholarship, a detailed examination of The British Fur Trade on the Pacific, a number of original ship's logs and 1793-1843 (1997), and Fur Traders from journals, and an anthropological per­ New England: The Boston Men in the spective on the nature of American North Pacific, iySy-1800 (1997), edited shipboard society, Native societies, and by Briton C. Busch and Barry M. their interactions. The maritime fur Gough, which presents one of the first trade was characterized as dangerous Book Reviews 95 and violent in American popular cul­ The second part of the book offers ture of the nineteenth century; Malloy an encyclopaedic listing of American assesses this perception and finds that vessels engaged in the trade and a it unfairly colours the real nature of the gazetteer of Native villages, landmarks, trade as a mercantile venture plagued and trade centres. There are a few more by an uncertain market for trade minor errors, such as the assertion that goods among the Native peoples than the Hudson's Bay Company esta­ by vessel seizure and attack. blished Fort Taku in 1811, fourteen The book is divided into two parts. years before it established any presence The first part offers a historiographical on the Coast. But these are quibbles review of the literature in the intro­ and do not interfere with the value of duction, "In the Wake of the Boston the work. The second part, due to its Men," which is followed by Chapters sheer page count (63-204), dominates 1 and 2, "Boston Trade on the North­ the book. It represents significant re­ west Coast" and "Shipboard Society search and a considerable contribution and Northwest Coast Indian Society," to the historiography of the maritime respectively. In Chapter 2, Malloy's fur trade, building on F.W. Howay's long association with the maritime landmarks List of Fur Trading Vessels world (as a scholar, educator, and in the Maritime Fur Trade, 1785-1825, museum professional) enables her to edited by Richard A. Pierce and provide the reader with an under­ republished by Limestone Press in standing of the nuances and realities 1973- of shipboard life, routine, discipline, Malloy's insights, and the ency­ and technology. She shows how these clopaedic nature of the book, make things influenced the sailors, their "Boston Men" a worthy addition to the officers, and the people with whom literature and a must for the scholar's they traded. library. ifer Go/</zSjoV The Founding of British Columbia Netta Sterne Pullman: Washington State University Press, 1998. 187 pp. Illus., maps. US$19.95 paper. By Daniel P. Marshall University of British Columbia T LONG LAST a book has been (in excess of 30,000) into the traditional written about the most cata­ lands of First Nations peoples. As a A clysmic event ever to have descendant of Cornish miners who occurred in British Columbia's history joined in the 1858 rush, I have always - the Fraser River gold rush and the found it puzzling that the Fraser rush massive invasion of non-Native miners has received so little attention, con­.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • First Nations Perspectives on Sea Otter Conservation in British Columbia and Alaska: Insights Into Coupled Human Àocean Systems
    Chapter 11 First Nations Perspectives on Sea Otter Conservation in British Columbia and Alaska: Insights into Coupled Human ÀOcean Systems Anne K. Salomon 1, Kii’iljuus Barb J. Wilson 2, Xanius Elroy White 3, Nick Tanape Sr. 4 and Tom Mexsis Happynook 5 1School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada, 2Skidegate, Haida Gwaii, BC, Canada, 3Bella Bella, BC, Canada, 4Nanwalek, AK, USA, 5Uu-a-thluk Council of Ha’wiih, Huu-ay-aht, BC, Canada Sea Otter Conservation. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-801402-8.00011-1 © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 301 302 Sea Otter Conservation INTRODUCTION: REGIME SHIFTS AND TRANSFORMATIONS ALONG NORTH AMERICA’S NORTHWEST COAST One of our legends explains that the sea otter was originally a man. While col- lecting chitons he was trapped by an incoming tide. To save himself, he wished to become an otter. His transformation created all otters. Alutiiq Museum and Archaeological Repository (2005) Human interactions with sea otters and kelp forest ecosystems have spanned millennia ( Figure 11.1 ; Rick et al., 2011 ). In fact, archeological evidence suggests that the highly productive kelp forests of the Pacific Rim may have sustained the original coastal ocean migration route of maritime people to the Americas near the end of the Pleistocene ( Erlandson et al., 2007 ). Similarly, many coastal First Nations stories speak of ancestors who came from the sea (Boas, 1932; Brown and Brown, 2009; Guujaaw, 2005; Swanton, 1909). Yet this vast and aqueous “kelp highway,” providing food, tools, trade goods, and safe anchorage for sophisticated watercraft, would have been highly susceptible to overgrazing by sea urchins had it not been FIGURE 11.1 Sea otter pictographs from Kachemak Bay, Alaska.
    [Show full text]
  • Island of the Blue Dolphins the Golden Round
    Island of the Blue Dolphins The Golden Round Grade Level Middle School: Sixth Grade through Eighth Grade High School: Ninth Grade through Twelfth Grade Subject Social Studies Common Core Standards 6–8.RH.1, 6–8.RH.2, 6–8.RH.4, 6–8.RH.7, 6–8.RH.9; 9–10.RH.1, 9–10.RH.2, 9– 10.RH.4, 9–10.RH.7, 9–10.RH.9; 11–12.RH.1, 11–12.RH.2, 11–12.RH.4, 11–12.RH.7, 11–12.RH.9 Background Information The goal of this lesson is to help students learn about the lasting human, environmental, and financial impact of the nineteenth-century Pacific trade, which involved the exchange of goods and the spread of disease between and among the people of the Northwest Coast, California, Hawaii, Canton (Guangzhou), and numerous Pacific islands and urban centers (e.g., Boston, Philadelphia, New York) on the east coast of the United States. Students will trace nineteenth-century maritime trade routes, gaining familiarity with Pacific geography and understanding of how the sea otter trade that is featured in Island of the Blue Dolphins figured as part of a much larger network of exchange. Most students of American history have learned about the Triangle Trade, the name given to the movement of ships, raw materials, processed goods, and people (enslaved Africans) between Africa, the Caribbean, and New England (one triangle) and between Western Europe, the Americas, and Africa (a second triangle) before the importation of enslaved people was outlawed in the early nineteenth century.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Download
    SOCIAL POWER AND CULTURAL CHANGE IN PRE-COLONIAL BRITISH COLUMBIA1 COLE HARRIS rom the first White contacts along the Coast in the 1770s to the establishment of British colonies in the mid-nineteenth Fcentury, outside involvement in the territory that is now the province of British Columbia turned primarily on imperial geopolitical claims and the spatial momentum of commercial capital. Exogenous diseases accompanied — in some cases slightly preceded — these explicit interests. All such introductions reached into space that, along parts of the Coast and the major salmon rivers, probably supported as dense non-agricultural populations as anywhere in the world. The numerous peoples of the northern Cordillera responded to these introductions in ways that have been subject to renewed scrutiny in recent years, part of a worldwide interest in contact processes and in the strategies and tactics of colonialism and resistance. It seems useful, therefore, to review current under­ standings of the major new vectors of power in the northern Cordillera during these years and, in this light, to consider what generalizations can now be offered about social power and cultural change during the better part of a century between the first appearance of Europeans and the creation of colonies. The crew of brilliant anthropologists and ethnographers who first studied the Native cultures of the Northwest Coast in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries rarely raised questions about cultural change and social power during the early contact years. Franz Boas and others of his and the next generation gathered ethnographic information from elderly informants and sought to record traditional 1 I thank Daniel Clayton, Robert Galois, Richard Mackie, and two anonymous reviewers for comments on a draft of this essay.
    [Show full text]
  • The Fur Trade and Early Capitalist Development in British Columbia
    THE FUR TRADE AND EARLY CAPITALIST DEVELOPMENT IN BRITISH COLUMBIA RENNIE WARBURTON, Department of Sociology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, V8W 2Y2. and STEPHEN SCOTT, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1S 5B6. ABSTRACT/RESUME Although characterized by unequal exchange, the impact of the fur trade on the aboriginal societies of what became British Columbia involved minimal dis- ruption because the indigenous modes of production were easily articulated with mercantile capitalism. It was the problems arising from competition and increasing costs of transportation that led the Hudson's Bay Company to begin commodity production in agriculture, fishing and lumbering, thereby initiating capitalist wage-labour relations and paving the way for the subsequent disast- rous decline in the well-being of Native peoples in the province. Bien que characterisé par un échange inégale, l'impact du commerce de fourrure sur les societiés aborigonaux sur ce qui est devenu la Colombie Britanique ne dérangèrent pas les societés, car les modes indigènes de production était facile- ment articulés avec un capitalisme mercantile. Ce sont les problèmes qui venaient de la competition et les frais de transportation qui augmentaient qui mena la Companie de la Baie d'Hudson à commencer la production de commodités dans les domaines de l'agriculture, la pêche et l'exploitement du bois. Par ce moyen elle initia des rapports de salaire-travail capitalist et prépara les voies pour aboutir å une reduction catastrophique du bien-être des natifs dans cette province. THE CANADIAN JOURNAL OF NATIVE STUDIES V, 1(1985):27-46 28 R E N N I E W A R B U R T O N / S T E P H E N S C O T T INTRODUCTION In the diverse cultures in British Columbia prior to and after contact with the Europeans, economic activity included subsistence hunting, fishing and gathering as well as domestic handicrafts.
    [Show full text]
  • The Fur Trade Era, 1770S–1849
    Great Bear Rainforest The Fur Trade Era, 1770s–1849 The Fur Trade Era, 1770s–1849 The lives of First Nations people were irrevocably changed from the time the first European visitors came to their shores. The arrival of Captain Cook heralded the era of the fur trade and the first wave of newcomers into the future British Columbia who came from two directions in search of lucrative pelts. First came the sailors by ship across the Pacific Ocean in pursuit of sea otter, then soon after came the fort builders who crossed the continent from the east by canoe. These traders initiated an intense period of interaction between First Nations and European newcomers, lasting from the 1780s to the formation of the colony of Vancouver Island in 1849, when the business of trade was the main concern of both parties. During this era, the newcomers depended on First Nations communities not only for furs, but also for services such as guiding, carrying mail, and most importantly, supplying much of the food they required for daily survival. First Nations communities incorporated the newcomers into the fabric of their lives, utilizing the new trade goods in ways which enhanced their societies, such as using iron to replace stone axes and guns to augment the bow and arrow. These enhancements, however, came at a terrible cost, for while the fur traders brought iron and guns, they also brought unknown diseases which resulted in massive depopulation of First Nations communities. European Expansion The northwest region of North America was one of the last areas of the globe to feel the advance of European colonialism.
    [Show full text]
  • Alaska Natives and the Power of Perseverance: the Fight for Sovereignty and Land Claims in Southeast Alaska, 1912-1947
    UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones 8-1-2015 Alaska Natives And The Power Of Perseverance: The Fight For Sovereignty And Land Claims In Southeast Alaska, 1912-1947 Bridget Lee Baumgarte University of Nevada, Las Vegas Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/thesesdissertations Part of the Indigenous Studies Commons, and the United States History Commons Repository Citation Baumgarte, Bridget Lee, "Alaska Natives And The Power Of Perseverance: The Fight For Sovereignty And Land Claims In Southeast Alaska, 1912-1947" (2015). UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones. 2466. http://dx.doi.org/10.34917/7777294 This Thesis is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by Digital Scholarship@UNLV with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Thesis in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Thesis has been accepted for inclusion in UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones by an authorized administrator of Digital Scholarship@UNLV. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ALASKA NATIVES AND THE POWER OF PERSEVERANCE: THE FIGHT FOR SOVEREIGNTY AND LAND CLAIMS IN SOUTHEAST ALASKA, 1912-1947 By Bridget L. Baumgarte Bachelor
    [Show full text]
  • VIOLENCE, CAPTIVITY, and COLONIALISM on the NORTHWEST COAST, 1774-1846 by IAN S. URREA a THESIS Pres
    “OUR PEOPLE SCATTERED:” VIOLENCE, CAPTIVITY, AND COLONIALISM ON THE NORTHWEST COAST, 1774-1846 by IAN S. URREA A THESIS Presented to the University of Oregon History Department and the Graduate School of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts September 2019 THESIS APPROVAL PAGE Student: Ian S. Urrea Title: “Our People Scattered:” Violence, Captivity, and Colonialism on the Northwest Coast, 1774-1846 This thesis has been accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Arts degree in the History Department by: Jeffrey Ostler Chairperson Ryan Jones Member Brett Rushforth Member and Janet Woodruff-Borden Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School Original approval signatures on file with the University of Oregon Graduate School. Degree awarded September 2019 ii © 2019 Ian S. Urrea iii THESIS ABSTRACT Ian S. Urrea Master of Arts University of Oregon History Department September 2019 Title: “Our People Scattered:” Violence, Captivity, and Colonialism on the Northwest Coast, 1774-1846” This thesis interrogates the practice, economy, and sociopolitics of slavery and captivity among Indigenous peoples and Euro-American colonizers on the Northwest Coast of North America from 1774-1846. Through the use of secondary and primary source materials, including the private journals of fur traders, oral histories, and anthropological analyses, this project has found that with the advent of the maritime fur trade and its subsequent evolution into a land-based fur trading economy, prolonged interactions between Euro-American agents and Indigenous peoples fundamentally altered the economy and practice of Native slavery on the Northwest Coast.
    [Show full text]
  • Geopolitics and Environment in the Sea Otter Trade
    UC Merced UC Merced Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Soft gold and the Pacific frontier: geopolitics and environment in the sea otter trade Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/03g4f31t Author Ravalli, Richard John Publication Date 2009 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California 1 Introduction Covering over one-third of the earth‘s surface, the Pacific Basin is one of the richest natural settings known to man. As the globe‘s largest and deepest body of water, it stretches roughly ten thousand miles north to south from the Bering Straight to the Antarctic Circle. Much of its continental rim from Asia to the Americas is marked by coastal mountains and active volcanoes. The Pacific Basin is home to over twenty-five thousand islands, various oceanic temperatures, and a rich assortment of plants and animals. Its human environment over time has produced an influential civilizations stretching from Southeast Asia to the Pre-Columbian Americas.1 An international agreement currently divides the Pacific at the Diomede Islands in the Bering Strait between Russia to the west and the United States to the east. This territorial demarcation symbolizes a broad array of contests and resolutions that have marked the region‘s modern history. Scholars of Pacific history often emphasize the lure of natural bounty for many of the first non-natives who ventured to Pacific waters. In particular, hunting and trading for fur bearing mammals receives a significant amount of attention, perhaps no species receiving more than the sea otter—originally distributed along the coast from northern Japan, the Kuril Islands and the Kamchatka peninsula, east toward the Aleutian Islands and the Alaskan coastline, and south to Baja California.
    [Show full text]
  • Yakutat Tlingit and Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve: an Ethnographic Overview and Assessment
    National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve Copper Center, Alaska Yakutat Tlingit and Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve: An Ethnographic Overview and Assessment Appendix A: Annotated Bibliography Compiled by Rachel Lahoff, Thomas Thornton, and Douglas Deur Portland State University Department of Anthropology And incorporating excerpts from D. Theodoratus, Hoonah Tlingit Use of Glacier Bay: Annotated Bibliography. August 2015 Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve PO Box 439/Mile 106.8 Richardson Highway Copper Center AK 99573 www.nps.gov/wrst Completed under Cooperative Agreement H8W0711000, Task Agreement J8W07100006, between Portland State University and the National Park Service, Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve. Introduction The following annotated bibliography was compiled as part of a project to develop an ethnographic overview and assessment for Yakutat Tlingit and Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve, which is available as a separate document. While this annotated bibliography is meant to serve as a guide for the research for the aforementioned ethnographic overview and assessment, it also serves as a standalone product that can be used as a resource for both agency and tribal representatives, as well as other individuals interested in researching the Wrangell-St. Elias lands, Yakutat Tlingit, historical narratives related to the region and a variety of other related topics. While the sources listed and annotated in this bibliography were reviewed specifically for references to Wrangell-St. Elias and Yakutat Tlingit, they were also reviewed for the purpose of developing a more general understanding of the cultural and historical context in which Yakutat Tlingit existed and evolved from the pre-contact era into the contemporary period.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Download
    Chapter Three: THE NON-NATIVE PRESENCE The first contacts between the Nuu-chah-nulth and suggests that Barkley Sound had a population of outsiders occurred north of the study area, outside over 8500 people, as the Spanish had estimated Nootka Sound. An initial brief encounter with a that Clayoquot Sound was home to about that Spanish vessel under the command of Juan Pérez number (Wagner 1933:145–6). The map produced in 1774 was followed four years later by the arrival by the 1791 expedition (B.C. Archives, Maps and month-long stay of Captain James Cook. This Collection CM/A1414; see McMillan 1999:189) event was to have major repercussions all along shows the general outline of the sound with the the Northwest Coast. The discovery that the soft two major clusters of islands. Five Nuu-chah-nulth brown sea otter pelts obtained from the Nuu-chah- villages were noted on the map, with the only one nulth could be exchanged for enormous profits in the Broken Group clearly being the village of in China led to an influx of trading vessels along Huumuuwa on Effingham Island. No settlement the west coast. For a few brief decades, until the was indicated for Benson Island. inevitable depletion of the sea otter populations, In 1793 Captain Josiah Roberts arrived in the the Nuu-chah-nulth were in frequent contact with Jefferson and began trading, visiting a number of European and American traders. During this time villages throughout the sound. The shipʼs crew they acquired great quantities of European goods, wintered over near the head of Toquart Bay, on with those of metal being particularly in demand.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Manitoba in Partial Fulfillment
    FURS ALONG THE YUKON: HUDSONIS BAY COMPANY - NATIVE TRADE rN THE YUKON RIVER BASIN, 1830-1893 A Thesis Presented to the Ðepartment of History University of Manitoba In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts by Kenneth Stephen Coates December L979 FURS ALONG THE YUKON: HUDSON'S BAY COMPANY - NATIVE TRADE IN THT YUKON RIVER BASIN, I83O-I893 BY KENNETH STEPHEN COATES A thesis subrnitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of the U¡riversity of Martitoba irr partial ftrlfillment of the reqttirentetrts of the degree of I4ASTER OF ARTS þ o$1980 Per¡lission has been granted to the LIBRARY OF THE UNIVER- SITY OF MANITOBA to lend or sell copies of this thesis' to the NATIONAL LIBRARY OF CANADA to nricrofilm this thesis and to lend ôr sell copies of the filnl, and UNIVERSITY MICROFILMS to publish an abstract of this tltesis. The at¡thor reserves other publication rights, alld neither tlte thesis nor extensive extracts frollt it ntay be ¡rrinted or other- wise reproduced without the author's writtell perntissiott. l,j ACKNOVÍLEpcEMpNTS A number of indíviduals have provided valuable assistance at various stages of"'this project, and I would be remiss if I did not take this opportunlty to acknowledge, their aid. The staff of the Hudsonrs Bay company Archives cheerfully and ably i -. :l handled my. nr¡merous and often. confusing requests, and r would ,:: like also tq thank. i the.'governor and. committee permission, ,i for to r-l.rl l consult the company record.s. I extend my appreciation as well to Brian underhill of vancouver, who kindly drew the maps for the thesis.
    [Show full text]
  • Aja 11(1-2) 2013
    Alaska Journal of Anthropology Volume 11, Numbers 1&2 2013 Alaska Journal of Anthropology © 2013 by the Alaska Anthropological Association: All rights reserved. ISSN 1544-9793 editors alaska anthropological association Kenneth L. Pratt Bureau of Indian Affairs board of directors Erica Hill University of Alaska Southeast Rachel Joan Dale President research notes Jenya Anichtchenko Anchorage Museum Anne Jensen UIC Science April L. G. Counceller Alutiiq Museum book reviews Robin Mills Bureau of Land Amy Steffian Alutiiq Museum Management Molly Odell University of Washington correspondence Jeffrey Rasic National Park Service Manuscript and editorial correspondence should be sent (elec- tronically) to one or both of the Alaska Journal of Anthropology other association officials (AJA) editors: Vivian Bowman Secretary/Treasurer Kenneth L. Pratt ([email protected]) Sarah Carraher Newsletter Editor University of Alaska Erica Hill ([email protected]) Anchorage Rick Reanier Aurora Editor Reanier & Associates Manuscripts submitted for possible publication must con- form with the AJA Style Guide, which can be found on membership and publications the Alaska Anthropological Association website (www. For subscription information, visit our website at alaskaanthropology.org). www.alaskaanthropology.org. Information on back issues and additional association publications is available on page 2 of the editorial board subscription form. Please add $8 per annual subscription for postage to Canada and $15 outside North America. Katherine Arndt University of Alaska Fairbanks Don Dumond University of Oregon Design and layout by Sue Mitchell, Inkworks Max Friesen University of Toronto Copyediting by Erica Hill Bjarne Grønnow National Museum of Denmark Scott Heyes Canberra University Susan Kaplan Bowdoin College Anna Kerttula de Echave National Science Foundation Alexander King University of Aberdeen Owen Mason GeoArch Alaska Dennis O’Rourke University of Utah Katherine Reedy Idaho State University Richard O.
    [Show full text]