DOCSLIB.ORG

773593683.Pdf

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
773593683.Pdf LAKE AREA CHANGE IN ALASKAN NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGES: MAGNITUDE, MECHANISMS, AND HETEROGENEITY A DISSERTATION Presented to the Faculty of the University of Alaska Fairbanks In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY By Jennifer Roach, B.S. Fairbanks, Alaska December 2011 iii Abstract The objective of this dissertation was to estimate the magnitude and mechanisms of lake area change in Alaskan National Wildlife Refuges. An efficient and objective approach to classifying lake area from Landsat imagery was developed, tested, and used to estimate lake area trends at multiple spatial and temporal scales for ~23,000 lakes in ten study areas. Seven study areas had long-term declines in lake area and five study areas had recent declines. The mean rate of change across study areas was -1.07% per year for the long-term records and -0.80% per year for the recent records. The presence of net declines in lake area suggests that, while there was substantial among-lake heterogeneity in trends at scales of 3-22 km a dynamic equilibrium in lake area may not be present. Net declines in lake area are consistent with increases in length of the unfrozen season, evapotranspiration, and vegetation expansion. A field comparison of paired decreasing and non-decreasing lakes identified terrestrialization (i.e., expansion of floating mats into open water with a potential trajectory towards peatland development) as the mechanism for lake area reduction in shallow lakes and thermokarst as the mechanism for non-decreasing lake area in deeper lakes. Consistent with this, study areas with non-decreasing trends tended to be associated with fine-grained soils that tend to be more susceptible to thermokarst due to their higher ice content and a larger percentage of lakes in zones with thermokarst features compared to study areas with decreasing trends. Study areas with decreasing trends tended to have a larger percentage of lakes in herbaceous wetlands and a smaller mean lake size which may be indicative of shallower lakes and enhanced susceptibility to iv terrestrialization. Terrestrialization and thermokarst may have been enhanced by recent warming which has both accelerated permafrost thawing and lengthened the unfrozen season. Future research should characterize the relative habitat qualities of decreasing, increasing, and stable lakes for fish and wildlife populations and the ability of the fine- scale heterogeneity in individual lake trends to provide broad-scale system resiliency. Future work should also clarify the effects of terrestrialization on the global carbon balance and radiative forcing. v Table of Contents Page Signature Page ..................................................................................................................... i Title Page ............................................................................................................................ ii Abstract .............................................................................................................................. iii Table of Contents ................................................................................................................ v List of Figures .................................................................................................................... xi List of Tables ................................................................................................................... xiv List of Appendices .......................................................................................................... xvii Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................ xviii Chapter 1: General Introduction .................................................................................... 1 References ..................................................................................................................... 4 Chapter 2: Mechanisms influencing changes in lake area in Alaskan boreal forest .. 7 Abstract ......................................................................................................................... 7 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 8 Heterogeneous Changes in Lake Area .................................................................... 9 Potential Sources of Heterogeneity ........................................................................ 9 Study Design ......................................................................................................... 11 Materials and Methods ................................................................................................ 13 vi Page Study Design ......................................................................................................... 13 Study Areas ........................................................................................................... 14 Lake Area Change Analysis and Lake Pair Selection .......................................... 14 Scenario Expectations ........................................................................................... 16 Variable 1: 18O Enrichment ............................................................................ 17 Variable 2: Electrical Conductivity ................................................................ 19 Variable 3: Surface:Volume Index ................................................................. 20 Variable 4: Bank Slope ................................................................................... 21 Variable 5: Floating Mat Width ...................................................................... 22 Variable 6: Peat Depth .................................................................................... 22 Variable 7: Thaw Depth at Shoreline .............................................................. 22 Variable 8: Thaw Depth at Forest Boundary .................................................. 24 Supplemental Variable 9: Tree Age ................................................................ 24 Transect Sampling ................................................................................................ 25 Statistical Analysis of Differences in Lake Characteristics .................................. 28 Results ......................................................................................................................... 30 Discussion ................................................................................................................... 34 Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................... 41 References ................................................................................................................... 41 vii Page Chapter 3: Comparison of three methods for estimating number and area of boreal lakes from TM/ETM+ Landsat imagery ...................................................................... 73 Abstract ....................................................................................................................... 73 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 74 Objectives .............................................................................................................. 76 Methods....................................................................................................................... 77 Study Area ............................................................................................................. 77 Imagery ................................................................................................................. 77 Classification Methods.......................................................................................... 78 Training Data........................................................................................................ 79 Quantitative Method/Band Combination Comparisons........................................ 81 Evaluation of Method Performance ................................................................ 81 Statistical Analyses ......................................................................................... 83 Minimum Size Criteria ................................................................................... 84 Comparison of Methods After Applying Optimal Minimum Size Criteria .... 86 Qualitative Comparisons ...................................................................................... 87 Results ......................................................................................................................... 87 Quantitative Method/Band Combination Comparisons........................................ 87 Comparison of Band Combinations ................................................................ 87 Comparison of Three Methods ....................................................................... 89 Minimum Size Criteria ................................................................................... 90 viii Page Comparison of Methods After Applying Optimal Minimum Size Criteria .... 90 Qualitative Comparisons ...................................................................................... 91 Discussion ..................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • HO Hartley Publications by Year
    APPENDIX H.O. Hartley Publications by Year (1935-1980) BOOKS Pearson, ES; Hartley, HO. Biomtrika Tables for Statisticians, Vol. I. Biometrika Publications, Cambridge University Press, Bentley House, London, 1954 Greenwood, JA; Hartley, HO. Guide to Tables in Mathematical Statistics, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1961 Pearson, ES; Hartley, HO. Biomtrika Tables for Statisticians, Vol. II. Biometrika Publications, Cambridge University Press, Bentley House, London, 1972 PEER- REVIEWED PUBLISHED MANUSCRIPTS 1935 *Hirshchfeld, HO. A Connection between Correlation and Contingency. Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society (Math. Proc.) 31: 520-524 1936 *Hirschfeld, HO. A Generalization of Picard’s Method of Successive Approximation. Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 32: 86-95 *Hirschfeld, HO. Continuation of Differentiable Functions through the Plane. The Quarterly Journal of Mathematics, Oxford Series, 7: 1-15 Wishart, J; *Hirschfeld, HO. A Theorem Concerning the Distribution of Joins between Line Segments. Journal of the London Mathematical Society, 11: 227-235 1937 *Hirschfeld, HO. The Distribution of the Ratio of Covariance Estimates in Two Samples Drawn from Normal Bivariate Populations. Biometrika 29: 65-79 *Manuscripts dated from 1935 to 1937 are listed under born name of Hirschfeld, Hermann Otto. Manuscripts dated from 1938 -1980 are listed under changed name of Hartley, Herman Otto. 1938 Hunter, H; Hartley, HO. Relation of Ear Survival to the Nitrogen Content of Certain Varieties of Barley – With a Statistical Study. Journal of Agricultural Science 28: 472-502 Hartley, HO. Studentization and Large Sample Theory. Supplement to the Journal of the Royal Statistical Society 5: 80-88 1940 Hartley, HO. Testing the Homogeneity of a Set of Variances.
    [Show full text]
  • A Simple but Accurate Excel User-Defined Function to Calculate Studentized Range Quantiles for Tukey Tests
    A Simple but Accurate Excel United States Department of User-Defined Function to Agriculture Calculate Studentized Range Agricultural Quantiles for Tukey Tests Research Service K. Thomas Klasson Southern Regional Research Center Technical Report June 2019 Revised February 2020 The Agricultural Research Service (ARS) is the U.S. Department of Agriculture's chief scientific in-house research agency. Our job is finding solutions to agricultural problems that affect Americans every day from field to table. ARS conducts research to develop and transfer solutions to agricultural problems of high national priority and provide information access and dissemination of its research results. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, and where applicable, sex, marital status, familial status, parental status, religion, sexual orientation, genetic information, political beliefs, reprisal, or because all or part of an individual's income is derived from any public assistance program. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA's TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write to USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20250-9410, or call (800) 795-3272 (voice) or (202) 720-6382 (TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. K. Thomas Klasson is a Supervisory Chemical Engineer at USDA-ARS, Southern Regional Research Center, 1100 Robert E. Lee Boulevard, New Orleans, LA 70124; email: [email protected] A Simple but Accurate Excel User-Defined Function to Calculate Studentized Range Quantiles for Tukey Tests K.
    [Show full text]
  • The Complete Script
    Feb rua rg 1968 North Cascades Conservation Council P. 0. Box 156 Un ? ve rs i ty Stat i on Seattle, './n. 98 105 SCRIPT FOR NORTH CASCAOES SLIDE SHOW (75 SI Ides) I ntroduct Ion : The North Cascades fiountatn Range In the State of VJashington Is a great tangled chain of knotted peaks and spires, glaciers and rivers, lakes, forests, and meadov;s, stretching for a 150 miles - roughly from Pt. fiainier National Park north to the Canadian Border, The h undreds of sharp spiring mountain peaks, many of them still unnamed and relatively unexplored, rise from near sea level elevations to seven to ten thousand feet. On the flanks of the mountains are 519 glaciers, in 9 3 square mites of ice - three times as much living ice as in all the rest of the forty-eight states put together. The great river valleys contain the last remnants of the magnificent Pacific Northwest Rain Forest of immense Douglas Fir, cedar, and hemlock. f'oss and ferns carpet the forest floor, and wild• life abounds. The great rivers and thousands of streams and lakes run clear and pure still; the nine thousand foot deep trencli contain• ing 55 mile long Lake Chelan is one of tiie deepest canyons in the world, from lake bottom to mountain top, in 1937 Park Service Study Report declared that the North Cascades, if created into a National Park, would "outrank in scenic quality any existing National Park in the United States and any possibility for such a park." The seven iiiitlion acre area of the North Cascades is almost entirely Fedo rally owned, and managed by the United States Forest Service, an agency of the Department of Agriculture, The Forest Ser• vice operates under the policy of "multiple use", which permits log• ging, mining, grazing, hunting, wt Iderness, and alI forms of recrea• tional use, Hov/e ve r , the 1937 Park Study Report rec ornmen d ed the creation of a three million acre Ice Peaks National Park ombracing all of the great volcanos of the North Cascades and most of the rest of the superlative scenery.
    [Show full text]
  • Rediscover the Suiattle: Hikes and Sights
    Le Conte Chaval, Mountain Rediscover the Suiattle:Mount Hikes and Sights Su ia t t l e R o Crater To Marblemount, a d Lake Sentinel Old Guard Hwy 20 Peak Bi Buckindy, Peak g C reek Mount Misch, Lizard Mount (not Mountain official) Boulder Boat T Hurricane e Lake Peak Launch Rd na Crk s as C en r G L A C I E R T e e Ba P E A K k ch e l W I L D E R N E S S Agnes o Mountain r C Boulder r e Lake e Gunsight k k Peak e Cub Trailhead k e Dome e r Lake Peak Sinister Boundary e C Peak r Green Bridge Put-in C y e k Mountain c n u Lookout w r B o e D v Darrington i Huckleberry F R Ranger S Mountain Buck k R Green Station u Trailhead Creek a d Campground Mountain S 2 5 Trailhead Old-growth Suiattle in Rd Mounta r Saddle Bow Grove Guard een u Gr Downey Creek h Mountain Station lp u k Trailhead S e Bannock Cr e Mountain To I-5, C i r Darrington c l Seattle e U R C Gibson P H M er Sulphur S UL T N r S iv e uia ttle R Creek T e Falls R A k Campground I L R Mt Baker- Suiattle d Trailhead Sulphur Snoqualmie Box ! Mountain Sitting Mountain Bull National Forest Milk n Creek Mountain Old Sauk yo Creek an North Indigo Bridge C Trailhead To Suiattle Closure Lake Lime Miners Ridge White Road Mountain No Trail Chuck Access M Lookout Mountain M I i Plummer L l B O U L D E R Old Sauk k Mountain Rat K Image Universal C R I V E R Trap Meadow C Access Trail r Lake Suiattle Pass Mountain Crystal R e W I L D E R N E S S e E Pass N Trailhead Lake k Sa ort To Mountain E uk h S Meadow K R id Mountain T ive e White Chuck Loop Hwy ners Cre r R i ek R M d Bench A e Chuc Whit k River I I L Trailhead L A T R T Featured Trailheads Land Ownership S To Holden, E Other Trailheads National Wilderness Area R Stehekin Fire C Mountain Campgrounds National Forest I C Beaver C I F P A Fortress Boat Launch State Conservation Lake Pugh Mtn Mountain Trailhead Campground Other State Road Helmet Butte Old-growth Lakes Mt.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 7 Seasonal Snow Cover, Ice and Permafrost
    I Chapter 7 Seasonal snow cover, ice and permafrost Co-Chairmen: R.B. Street, Canada P.I. Melnikov, USSR Expert contributors: D. Riseborough (Canada); O. Anisimov (USSR); Cheng Guodong (China); V.J. Lunardini (USA); M. Gavrilova (USSR); E.A. Köster (The Netherlands); R.M. Koerner (Canada); M.F. Meier (USA); M. Smith (Canada); H. Baker (Canada); N.A. Grave (USSR); CM. Clapperton (UK); M. Brugman (Canada); S.M. Hodge (USA); L. Menchaca (Mexico); A.S. Judge (Canada); P.G. Quilty (Australia); R.Hansson (Norway); J.A. Heginbottom (Canada); H. Keys (New Zealand); D.A. Etkin (Canada); F.E. Nelson (USA); D.M. Barnett (Canada); B. Fitzharris (New Zealand); I.M. Whillans (USA); A.A. Velichko (USSR); R. Haugen (USA); F. Sayles (USA); Contents 1 Introduction 7-1 2 Environmental impacts 7-2 2.1 Seasonal snow cover 7-2 2.2 Ice sheets and glaciers 7-4 2.3 Permafrost 7-7 2.3.1 Nature, extent and stability of permafrost 7-7 2.3.2 Responses of permafrost to climatic changes 7-10 2.3.2.1 Changes in permafrost distribution 7-12 2.3.2.2 Implications of permafrost degradation 7-14 2.3.3 Gas hydrates and methane 7-15 2.4 Seasonally frozen ground 7-16 3 Socioeconomic consequences 7-16 3.1 Seasonal snow cover 7-16 3.2 Glaciers and ice sheets 7-17 3.3 Permafrost 7-18 3.4 Seasonally frozen ground 7-22 4 Future deliberations 7-22 Tables Table 7.1 Relative extent of terrestrial areas of seasonal snow cover, ice and permafrost (after Washburn, 1980a and Rott, 1983) 7-2 Table 7.2 Characteristics of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets (based on Oerlemans and van der Veen, 1984) 7-5 Table 7.3 Effect of terrestrial ice sheets on sea-level, adapted from Workshop on Glaciers, Ice Sheets and Sea Level: Effect of a COylnduced Climatic Change.
    [Show full text]
  • The Structure and Composition of Vegetation in the Lake-Fill Peatlands of Indiana
    2001. Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science 1 10:51-78 THE STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION OF VEGETATION IN THE LAKE-FILL PEATLANDS OF INDIANA Anthony L. Swinehart 1 and George R. Parker: Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907 Daniel E. Wujek: Department of Biology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan 48859 ABSTRACT. The vegetation of 16 lake-fill peatlands in northern Indiana was systematically sampled. Peatland types included fens, tall shrub bogs, leatherleaf bogs and forested peatlands. No significant difference in species richness among the four peatland types was identified from the systematic sampling. Vegetation composition and structure, along with water chemistry variables, was analyzed using multi- variate statistical analysis. Alkalinity and woody plant cover accounted for much of the variability in the herbaceous and ground layers of the peatlands, and a successional gradient separating the peatlands was evident. A multivariate statistical comparison of leatherleaf bogs from Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, New York, New Jersey and New Hampshire was made on the basis of vegetation composition and frequency and five climatic variables. The vascular vegetation communities of Indiana peatlands and other peatlands in the southern Great Lakes region are distinct from those in the northeastern U.S., Ohio and the northern Great Lakes. Some of these distinctions are attributed to climatic factors, while others are related to biogeo- graphic history of the respective regions. Keywords: Peatlands, leatherleaf bogs, fens, ecological succession, phytogeography Within midwestern North America, the such as Chamaedaphne calyculata, Androm- northern counties of Illinois, Indiana and Ohio eda glaucophylla, and Carex oligospermia of- 1 represent the southern extent of peatland com- ten make "southern outlier peatlands ' con- munities containing characteristic plant spe- spicuous to botanists, studies of such cies of northern or boreal affinity.
    [Show full text]
  • 180 in Siberian Syngenetic Ice-Wedge Complexes
    14C AND 180 IN SIBERIAN SYNGENETIC ICE-WEDGE COMPLEXES YURIJ K. VASIL'CHUK Department of Cryolithology and Glaciology and Laboratory of Regional Engineering Geology, Moscow State University, Vorob'yovy Gory, 119899 Moscow, Russia and The Theoretical Problems Department, Russian Academy of Sciences, Denezhnyi pereulok, 12, 121002 Moscow, Russia and ALLA C. VASIL'CHUK Institute of Cell Biophysics, The Russian Academy of Sciences, 142292, Pushchino Moscow Region, Russia ABSTRACT. We discuss the possibility of dating ice wedges by the radiocarbon method. We show as an example the Seyaha, Kular and Zelyony Mys ice wedge complexes, and investigated various organic materials from permafrost sediments. We show that the reliability of dating 180 variations from ice wedges can be evaluated by comparison of different organic mate- rials from host sediments in the ice wedge cross sections. INTRODUCTION Permafrost covers 60% of the Russian territory and a large part of North America. During the glacial period, almost all of Europe was also covered by permafrost, with temperatures close to the present ones in the north of western Siberia and Yakutia (Vasil'chuk and Vasil'chuk 1995a). That permafrost melted not more than 10,000 yr ago. This enables radiocarbon dating of paleopermafrost sediments from Europe and North America. Hydrogen and oxygen stable isotopes in syngenetic ice wedges of northern Eurasia and North America permafrost zones yield paleoclimatic parameters, such as paleotemperature. The oxygen isotope composition of a recently formed syngenetic ice wedge together with present winter temper- atures of surface air (Vasil'chuk 1991) made it possible to use stable isotope variations in ancient syngenetic ice wedges as a quantitative paleotemperature indicator (to make sure that the same dependence took place in the past).
    [Show full text]
  • WDFW Washington State Recovery Plan for the Lynx
    STATE OF WASHINGTON March 2001 LynxLynx RecoveryRecovery PlanPlan by Derek Stinson Washington Department of FISH AND WILDLIFE Wildlife Program Wildlife Diversity Division WDFW 735 In 1990, the Washington Fish and Wildlife Commission adopted procedures for listing and delisting species as endangered, threatened, or sensitive and for writing recovery and management plans for listed species (WAC 232-12-297, Appendix C). The lynx was classified by the Washington Fish and Wildlife Commission as a threatened species in 1993 (Washington Administrative Code 232-12-011). The procedures, developed by a group of citizens, interest groups, and state and federal agencies, require that recovery plans be developed for species listed as threatened or endangered. Recovery, as defined by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, is “the process by which the decline of an endangered or threatened species is arrested or reversed, and threats to its survival are neutralized, so that its long-term survival in nature can be ensured.” This document summarizes the historic and current distribution and abundance of the lynx in Washington, describes factors affecting the population and its habitat, and prescribes strategies to recover the species in Washington. The draft state recovery plan for the lynx was reviewed by researchers and state and federal agencies. This review was followed by a 90 day public comment period. All comments received were considered in preparation of this final recovery plan. For additional information about lynx or other state listed species, contact: Manager, Endangered Species Section Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife 600 Capitol Way N Olympia WA 98501-1091 This report should be cited as: Stinson, D.
    [Show full text]
  • Does Soil Fertility Influence the Vegetation Diversity of a Tropical Peat Swamp
    Does soil fertility influence the vegetation diversity of a tropical peat swamp forest in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia? By Leanne Elizabeth Milner Dissertation presented for the Honours degree of BSc Geography Department of Geography University of Leicester 24 th February 2009 Approx number of words (12,000) 1 Contents Page LIST OF FIGURES I LIST OF TABLES II ABSTRACT III ACKNOWLEGEMENTS IV Chapter 1: Introduction 1 1.1 Aim 2 1.2 Objectives 2 1.3 Hypotheses 2 1.4 Scientific Background and Justification 3 1.5 Literature Review 7 1.5.1 Soil Fertility and Vegetation Species Diversity 7 1.5.2 Tropical Peatlands 7 1.5.3 Vegetation and Soil in tropical peatlands 8 1.5.4 Hydrology 14 1.5.5 Phenology and Rainfall 15 Chapter 2 : Methodology 17 2.1 Study Site and Transects 18 2.2 Soil Analysis 21 2.3 Chemical Analysis 22 2.4 Tree Data 25 2.5 Phenology Data 25 2.6 Rainfall Data 26 2.7 Data Analysis 26 2.7.1 Soil Data Analysis 26 2.7.2 Tree Data Analysis 26 2.7.3 Phenology Data Analysis 28 2 2.7.4 Rainfall Data Analysis 28 Chapter 3: Analysis 29 3.1 Tree and Liana Analysis 30 3.1.1 Basal Area and Density 31 3.1.2 Relative Importance Values 33 3.2 Peat Chemistry Analysis 35 3.3 Tree Phenology Analysis 43 3.4 Rainfall Analysis 46 Chapter 4: Discussion 47 4.1 Overall Findings 48 4.2 Peat Chemistry 48 4.3 Vegetation and Phenology 51 4.4 Peat Depth and Gradient 53 4.5 Significance of the Water Table 54 4.6 Limitations and Areas for further Research 56 Chapter 5: Conclusion 59 5.0 Conclusion 60 REFERENCES 62 APPENDICES 67 Appendix A: Soil Nutrient Analysis 68 Appendix B: Regression Outputs 70 Appendix C: Tree Data ON CD Appendix D: Phenology Data ON CD 3 List of Figures Figure 1 – Distribution of tropical peatlands in South East Asia and location of the study area.
    [Show full text]
  • Periglacial Processes, Features & Landscape Development 3.1.4.3/4
    Periglacial processes, features & landscape development 3.1.4.3/4 Glacial Systems and landscapes What you need to know Where periglacial landscapes are found and what their key characteristics are The range of processes operating in a periglacial landscape How a range of periglacial landforms develop and what their characteristics are The relationship between process, time, landforms and landscapes in periglacial settings Introduction A periglacial environment used to refer to places which were near to or at the edge of ice sheets and glaciers. However, this has now been changed and refers to areas with permafrost that also experience a seasonal change in temperature, occasionally rising above 0 degrees Celsius. But they are characterised by permanently low temperatures. Location of periglacial areas Due to periglacial environments now referring to places with permafrost as well as edges of glaciers, this can account for one third of the Earth’s surface. Far northern and southern hemisphere regions are classed as containing periglacial areas, particularly in the countries of Canada, USA (Alaska) and Russia. Permafrost is where the soil, rock and moisture content below the surface remains permanently frozen throughout the entire year. It can be subdivided into the following: • Continuous (unbroken stretches of permafrost) • extensive discontinuous (predominantly permafrost with localised melts) • sporadic discontinuous (largely thawed ground with permafrost zones) • isolated (discrete pockets of permafrost) • subsea (permafrost occupying sea bed) Whilst permafrost is not needed in the development of all periglacial landforms, most periglacial regions have permafrost beneath them and it can influence the processes that create the landforms. Many locations within SAMPLEextensive discontinuous and sporadic discontinuous permafrost will thaw in the summer months.
    [Show full text]
  • CHEMICAL and PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS of SHALLOW GROUND WATERS in NORTHERN MICHIGAN BOGS, SWAMPS, and Fensl
    Amer. J. Bot. 69(8): 1231-1239. 1982. CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SHALLOW GROUND WATERS IN NORTHERN MICHIGAN BOGS, SWAMPS, AND FENSl 2 4 CHRISTA R. SCHWINTZER ,3 AND THOMAS J. TOMBERLIN The University of Michigan Biological Station," Pellston, Michigan 49769, Harvard University, Harvard Forest, Petersham, Massachusetts 01366, and Department of Statistics! Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 ABSTRACT Fifteen chemical and physical characteristics were examined in samples of shallow ground water taken in midsummerat 15-30em below the surface in six bogs, 15 swamps, and six fens. The wetland types were identified on the basis of their vegetation. Three groups of covarying water characteristics were identified by factor analysis. Factor I included Ca, Mg, Si, pH, alkalinity, conductivity and to a much lesser extent Na, and reflects the degree of telluric water influence in the wetland. Factor 2 included reactive-P, total-P, NH,,-N, and to a lesser extent K, and consists of elements that primarily enter interstitial water via organic matter decom­ position. Factor 3 included Na, Cl, and to a much lesser extent K. The wetlands formed two distinct groups with respect to water chemistry: weakly minero­ trophic (pH 3.8-4.3) including all bogs and moderately to strongly minerotrophic (pH 5.5-7.4) includingall swamps and fens. The bogs had very low values for Factor 1 characteristics and moderate values for the remaining characteristics. The swamps and fens had moderate to high values for Factor I characteristics and showed considerable overlap in this respect. The fens had consistently low values for Factor 2 characteristics but overlapped with some swamps which also had low Factor 2 scores.
    [Show full text]
  • Studentized Range Upper Quantiles
    A Table of Upper Quantile Points of the Studentized Range Distribution This is a table of upper quantile points of the studentized range distribution, values that are required by several statistical techniques including the Tukey wsd and the Newman-Keuls multiple comparison procedures. The table entries are given to four significant digits, in the style of the classic table for this distribution (Harter, 1960; Harter & Clemm, 1959). 2 Suppose that X(1) and X(r) are the smallest and largest order statistics in r independent N(µ, σ ) random variables. That is, X(1) and X(r) are the minimum and maximum values in a simple random sample of size r from the normal distribution with mean µ and variance σ2. The (externally) studentized range is a variable of the form X − X Q = (r) (1) S 2 2 2 where νS /σ is a χ (ν) random variable that is independent of X(r) − X(1). The p-th quantile qp(r; ν)ofthe distribution of Q satisfies Pr(Q ≤ qp(r; ν)) = p; where 0 <p<1: That is, the area to the right of qp(r; ν) under the density function of Q is 1 − p. This table includes 4944 values of qp(r; ν), at all combinations of the following parameters: • p =0:50; 0:75; 0:90; 0:95; 0:975; 0:99; 0:995; 0:999 • r = 2(1)20; 30; 40(20)100 • ν = 1(1)20; 24; 30; 40; 60; 120; ∞ except that no values are provided for ν =1atp =0:50 or p =0:75.
    [Show full text]