Taith Gerdded Treftadaeth Menywod: Aberystwyth Women’s Heritage Walk: Aberystwyth

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Content / Cynnwys Starting point / man cychwyn: Queen’s Square, opposite town library. This is a flat straight walk on a hard surface along the promenade and through part of the town and should take 1-1½ hours. Man dechrau gyferbyn â llyfrgell y dref. Taith gerdded wastad, syth ar wyneb caled ar hyd y promenâd a rhan o’r dref ac a gymer tua 1-1½ awr yw hon.

No / Women remembered / y Menywod a Landmark / Tirnod Rhif goffeir 1. Marguerite Jervis Sgwâr y Frenhines / Queen’s Square 2. Olive Gale Theatr y Coliseum Theatre, Amgueddfa Ceredigion Museum 3. Iris De Freitas Neuadd Alexandra Hall, Rhodfa Fuddug/Victoria Terrace 4. Lily Newton Neuadd Alexandra Hall, Rhodfa Fuddug/Victoria Terrace 5. Mabel Pakenham Walsh Y Prom / The Prom 6. Mary Emerson Thomas and Mary Marles Ysgol Glan Môr y De / Thomas (Adpar) South Beach School 7. Mari Gwendoline Ellis Maes Laura Place 8. Elizabeth Crebar Heol y Wig / Pier Street 9. Cranogwen (Sarah Jane Rees) Stryd y Ffynnon Haearn / Chalybeate Street 10. Iola Gregory Banc Nat West Bank. Gt Darkgate Street/y Stryd Fawr

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Women’s Heritage Walks / Teithiau Cerdded Treftadaeth Menywod

Welcome to Women’s Archive Wales’ Aberystwyth Women’s Heritage Walk. This booklet is one of a series designed to promote an understanding of women’s history in Wales. Women’s history has often been hidden, ignored or neglected. The aim of Women’s Archive Wales is to re-discover the women who have contributed so much to our history and to restore them to their rightful place. In this booklet we have chosen to focus on ten women or groups of women whose stories can be told while walking along this specific route. It is an eclectic mix of women from all classes and backgrounds. Enjoy! Croeso i Daith Gerdded Treftadaeth Menywod Aberystwyth Archif Menywod Cymru. Mae’r llyfryn hwn yn un o gyfres a gynlluniwyd i hyrwyddo dealltwriaeth o hanes menywod yng Nghymru. Mae hanes menywod yn aml yn guddiedig, wedi’i anwybyddu neu’i esgeuluso. Nod Archif Menywod Cymru yw ail-ddarganfod y menywod hynny sydd wedi lliwio ein hanes ac adfer iddynt eu lle priodol ynddo. Ar gyfer y llyfryn hwn rydym wedi dewis hanesion deg o fenywod neu grwpiau o fenywod y gellir dweud eu hanes wrth gerdded y llwybr arbennig hwn. Ceir casgliad eclectig o fenywod o bob dosbarth a chefndir. Mwynhewch! This booklet can be downloaded from our website by anyone who wishes to interpret women’s history on this Aberystwyth Heritage walk. Gellir lawrlwytho’r llyfryn hwn o’n gwefan gan unrhyw un sy’n dymuno dehongli hanes menywod ar daith gerdded Treftadaeth Aberystwyth.

www.womensarchivewales.org

Authors / Awduron: Gwyneth Roberts, Catrin Edwards, Catrin Stevens, Mary Thorley, Kate Sullivan

2021

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1: MARGUERITE JERVIS (1886 – 1964) Writer - Awdures

The plaque on Queens Square House records that the writer Caradoc Evans lived there; it doesn’t mention his wife, Marguerite Jervis (aka Countess Barcynska, Oliver Sandys, Marguerite Florence Barclay and Olive Bree) who was a prolific romantic novelist from before WWI to the late 1940s as well as a screenwriter, actress and theatre company manager. From 1933-37 she ran ‘Rogues and Vagabonds’, a theatre company based at the Quarry Theatre in Aberystwyth, which toured widely in Ceredigion performing plays by popular dramatists of the time (Noel Coward, Emlyn Williams and Ivor Novello among them). She hoped to use a hall in Aberystwyth for performances, but one of the management committee was concerned that “repertory” meant “naughty plays”; in the end she acquired a garage at the back of the Queen’s Hotel and converted it into a theatre. Her husband Caradog directed the plays, she and her son – and her dog - sometimes acted in them. She was ready to subsidise the company from her earnings as a writer, but the performances usually broke even and sometimes made a profit. Marguerite said her work with the company was rewarded by “the gratitude of a play-starved, play-loving people”.

Caradoc Evans yw’r gŵr enwog sydd â’i enw ar y plac ar dŷ ar Sgwâr y Frenhines. Does dim sôn am ei wraig, Marguerite Jervis (aka Countess Barcynska, Oliver Sandys, Marguerite Florence Barclay, Olive Bree), y nofelydd rhamantau. Ysgrifennai hi o ddechrau’r 20fed ganrif hyd ddiwedd y 1940au. Bu’n sgriptwraig ffilm, yn actor ac yn rheolydd cwmni theatr y Quarry yn y dref. Teithiai’r cwmni hwn ledled Ceredigion yn perfformio dramâu rhai o ddramodwyr enwog y cyfnod: yn eu plith Noel Coward, Emlyn Williams ac Ivor Novello. Roedd hi’n gobeithio defnyddio neuadd yn Aberystwyth i berfformio ynddi ond roedd aelod o’r pwyllgor yn amau bod ‘repertory’ yn golygu ‘dramâu di-chwaeth’. Sicrhaodd hi garej yng nghefn Gwesty’r Queens a’i throi’n theatr. Caradoc fyddai’n cyfarwyddo, a’i wraig a’i mab - ac weithiau eu ci - fyddai’n actio ynddynt. Roedd hi’n hapus i enillion ei nofelau ariannu’r fenter hon. Ond doedd dim eu hangen. Credai Marguerite fod gwaith ei chwmni theatr ar ei ennill oherwydd ‘the gratitude of a play-starved, play-loving people”.

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2: OLIVE GALE (1888 – 1965) Menyw fusnes - Buisnesswoman

The Coliseum Cinema and Theatre played an important part in the cultural and social life of the town. In 1932, the lease was taken by Harold and Olive Gale. After Harold’s death in 1935 Olive ran the Coliseum until her own death 30 years later, aged 77. In 1936 she received an award from Colombia Pictures for the publicity she organised for one of their films, The King Steps Out. The Coliseum was used for concerts and pantomimes as well as films, with the slogan ‘Amusement without Vulgarity’. It was open every day of the year except Sundays from 1932 to 1955, in which year it closed on Christmas Day as well. Usually films were shown for three days, although very popular ones were shown for a week.

Mae Theatr a Sinema’r Coliseum yn rhan o Amgueddfa Ceredigion erbyn hyn ac wedi chwarae rhan bwysig ym mywyd diwylliannol a chymdeithasol y dref. Yn 1932, cymerodd Harold ac Olive Gale brydles yr adeilad. Wedi marw Harold yn 1935, Olive fu’n gofalu am y Coliseum am dros 30 mlynedd nes ei marwolaeth hithau yn 77 oed. Yn 1936, enillodd wobr Colombia Pictures am yr hysbysrwydd a drefnodd am un o’i ffilmiau, The King Steps Out. Yn y Coliseum, cynhelid cyngherddau a phantomeimiau yn ogystal â dangos ffilmiau. Ei slogan oedd ‘Amusement without Vulgarity’. Rhwng 1932 a 1955 roedd ar agor bob dydd o’r flwyddyn heblaw ar y Suliau. Caeodd ar Ddydd Nadolig yn 1955 hefyd. Byddai’r ffilmiau’n cael eu dangos am dri diwrnod ar y tro, a’r rhai poblogaidd am wythnos gyfan.

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3: IRIS DE FREITAS (1896-1989) Lawyer - Cyfreithwraig

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Alexandra Hall, at the north end of the prom, was a hall of residence for women students in Aberystwyth from 1890 – 1986. One of its most notable students was Iris de Freitas, who studied at the University from 1919 to 1927, gaining first a BA and then a Bachelor of Law degree. She returned to British Guiana to practise law, becoming the first female barrister and the first woman prosecutor in a murder trial, in the whole of the Caribbean, the first woman of colour to achieve these distinctions. Her career in British Guiana made her a pioneer for women with ambitions to enter the exclusively male legal profession. When she died in 1989 she was described as someone who “blazed the trail for women lawyers in the Caribbean”.

Un o fyfyrwyr nodedig Neuadd Alecsandra, ar ben gogleddol y prom, fu yma’n astudio rhwng 1919 ac 1927, oedd Iris de Freitas o British Guiana. Enillodd ddwy radd - BA ac LlB. Dychwelodd adre i ymarfer y gyfraith a daeth yn fargyfreithwraig gyntaf y wlad honno a’r ddynes gyntaf i erlyn achos o lofruddiaeth – y gyntaf yn y Caribî yn gyfan gwbl – a’r ddynes ddu gyntaf i gyrraedd yr uchelfannau hyn. Yn British Guiana, paratodd y ffordd i fenywod uchelgeisiol gyrraedd proffesiwn a berthynai cyn hynny i ddynion yn unig. Pan fu farw yn 1989 disgrifiwyd hi yn un a oedd wedi “blazed the trail for woman lawyers in the Caribbean”.

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4. LILY NEWTON (1893 – 1981) Scientist and teacher – Gwyddonydd ac athrawes

Lily Newton is sitting in the middle of the second row wearing a corsage Mae Lily Newton yn eistedd yng nghanol yr ail res yn gwisgo tusw o flodau

Lily Newton had one of the most successful academic careers of any woman at the University in the first half of the 20th century. Originally from Somerset, she came to Aberystwyth as a lecturer in Botany, later becoming the first female professor then the first female Vice-Principal. Her Handbook of British Seaweeds (1933) remained the standard book on the subject for fifty years. She also analysed and helped to rectify the pollution of the River Rheidol, which had been badly affected by lead and zinc mining in the nineteenth century.

Cafodd Lily Newton un o yrfaoedd academaidd mwyaf llwyddiannus menywod yn y Brifysgol yn hanner cyntaf yr ugeinfed ganrif. Yn wreiddiol o Wlad yr Haf, daeth i Aberystwyth yn ddarlithydd Botaneg. Yn ddiweddarach, daeth yn Athro benywaidd cyntaf ac yn Is-brifathro benywaidd cyntaf Coleg Prifysgol Cymru Aberystwyth. Parhaodd ei Handbook of British Seaweeds (1933) yn destun safonol y pwnc am hanner can mlynedd. Dadansoddodd Lily lygredd yr Afon Rheidol yn dilyn mwyngloddio plwm a sinc y 19eg ganrif a helpodd i’w glirio.

From her book on plant distribution in the Aberystwyth area / o’i llyfr ar ddosbarthiad planhigion yn ardal Aberystwyth: “Few seats of learning are more beautifully placed than Aberystwyth and its hinterland.”

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5: MABEL PAKENHAM WALSH Walsh (1937 – 2013) Wood Sculptor – Cerflunydd Pren

The Prom is closely connected with Mabel Pakenham Walsh, who spent a lot of her time there chatting to passers-by and watching the sea. Born in Lancaster, she moved to Wales in the 1970s. She produced wood-carvings inspired by Welsh myths and legends as well as biblical stories and the Beatles. She donated more than 40 of her works to Plascrug Leisure Centre, and the National Library holds many of her drawings. As a young woman she worked at Pinewood and Shepperton Studios and made the chaise-longue used by Elizabeth Taylor in the film Cleopatra. In later life she suffered from bad health and while arthritis limited her creative work in the last years of her life she still managed to draw every day and to campaign for disabled people to have access to all public buildings.

Menyw enwog a gerddai’r Prom yn rheolaidd oedd Mabel Pakenham Walsh. Ganwyd hi yng Nghaerhirfryn a symudodd i Gymru yn y 1970au. Byddai’n creu cerfluniau mewn pren wedi eu hysbrydoli gan chwedlau Cymreig a straeon Beiblaidd yn ogystal â rhai o’r Beatles. Rhoddodd dros 40 o’i gweithiau i Ganolfan Hamdden Plascrug ac mae llawer o’i lluniau yn y Llyfrgell Genedlaethol. Pan oedd yn ifanc, bu Mabel yn gweithio yn stiwdios ffilm Pinewood a Shepperton. Hi wnaeth chaise-longue ffilm Cleopatra, y chwaraeodd Elizabeth Taylor ran ynddi. Wedi iddi heneiddio dioddefai Mabel iechyd gwael ac er i grydcymalau gyfyngu ar ei gwaith creadigol yn ystod y blynyddoedd hyn, llwyddai i dynnu lluniau bob dydd ac i ymgyrchu dros hawliau pobl anabl i gael mynediad i adeiladau cyhoeddus.

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6: MARY EMERSON THOMAS (1870-1934) and MARY MARLES THOMAS (1836-1903), ADPAR Educators, Enfranchised Campaigners, Women's Rights’ Champions/ Addysgwyr, Ymgyrchwyr dros y Bleidlais i Fenywod a thros Hawliau Menywod

Mary Emerson Marles was the daughter of Mary Marles-Thomas, founder of the Girls’ Collegiate School in Carmarthen. In 1895, the school moved to Aberystwyth and, after Mary’s’ death in 1903, her daughter Mary Emerson Marles ran the Somerville Boarding and Day School on South Beach with her cousin Edith. Like its predecessor in Carmarthen, it provided education of the highest standard for young women that would lay the foundation for the university colleges. Like her mother, Mary was politically active in the Liberal Women’s Association and became a champion of the women’s suffrage movement in Aberystwyth. She was one of the organizers of the procession which led to the 'trouble on the beach' in August 1909. Mary was deeply involved in philanthropic and social movements, and women and children from Aberystwyth Workhouse were frequently invited to her house in South Marine Terrace, where they were ‘entertained to tea and supper’. Mary Emerson continued to be an active campaigner, lecturing locally on such topics as ‘The Position of Women in the Empire at the Present Day,’ and remained in the Aberystwyth area until her death at Devil’s Bridge in December 1934 aged 64.

Roedd Mary Emerson Marles yn ferch i Mary Marles-Thomas, sylfaenydd yr Ysgol Golegol i Ferched yng Nghaerfyrddin. Ym 1895, symudodd yr ysgol i Aberystwyth ac, ar ôl marwolaeth Mary ym 1903, rhedai ei merch Mary Emerson Marles y Somerville Boarding and Day School yng Nglan Môr y De gyda’i chyfnither Edith. Fel ei rhagflaenydd yng Nghaerfyrddin, darparai addysg o'r safon uchaf i ferched ifanc a fyddai'n gosod y sylfaen ar gyfer y colegau prifysgol. Fel ei mam, roedd Mary yn weithgar yng Nghymdeithas Menywod y Blaid Ryddfrydol, a daeth yn hyrwyddydd mudiad y bleidlais i ferched yn Aberystwyth ac yn un o drefnwyr yr orymdaith a arweiniodd at ‘yr helbul ar y traeth' ym mis Awst 1909. Roedd hi'n ymwneud llawer â mudiadau dyngarol a chymdeithasol, a byddai menywod a phlant o Wyrcws Aberystwyth yn aml yn cael eu gwahodd i'w thŷ yng Nglan Môr y De, lle caent eu 'difyrru i de a swper'. Parhaodd Mary Emerson i fod yn ymgyrchydd gweithredol, gan ddarlithio’n lleol ar bynciau fel ‘The Position of Women in the Empire at the Present Day,’ ac arhosodd yn ardal Aberystwyth hyd at ei marwolaeth yn Mhontarfynach ym mis Rhagfyr 1934 yn 64 oed.

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7: MARI GWENDOLINE ELLIS (1913-2015) Churchwoman, author and scholar – Eglwyswraig, awdur, ysgolhaig

Mari Ellis was born in Montgomeryshire in 1913 and educated at the University College of North Wales, Bangor. She became a librarian and worked at the National Library of Wales, Aberystwyth. In 1949, she married T. I. Ellis, son of Liberal MP Thomas Edward Ellis and Annie Ellis (later Annie Hughes Griffiths). Mari supported her husband’s work with Undeb Cymru Fydd and, after his death, edited several of his books for publication. She wrote and reviewed for Welsh periodicals, editing the women’s columns of Y Llan and Y Cymro and inspiring many women to write for the first time. In Aberystwyth, she was prominent in Merched y Wawr, the Mothers' Union and St Mary's Church, and campaigned for a Welsh-medium secondary school. A devout Anglican, she wrote the standard work on the 'Old Literary Clerics’. She died in Aberystwyth in 2015.

Ganwyd Mari Ellis, yn Sir Drefaldwyn yn 1913 ac addysgwyd hi yng Ngholeg Prifysgol Gogledd Cymru, Bangor. Gweithiodd yn Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Cymru ac yn 1949, priododd T. I. Ellis, mab yr AS Rhyddfrydol Thomas Edward Ellis ac Annie Ellis (Hughes Griffiths yn ddiweddarach). Cefnogodd Mari waith ei gŵr gydag Undeb Cymru Fydd a golygodd nifer o’i lyfrau i’w cyhoeddi. Ysgrifennai ac adolygai ar gyfer cylchgronau Cymraeg gan olygu colofnau i fenywod yn Y Llan a’r Cymro, gan ysbrydoli sawl menyw i ysgrifennu am y tro cyntaf a chyfrannai at bapur bro Yr Angor yn ei nawdegau. Roedd yn flaenllaw gyda Merched y Wawr, Undeb y Mamau, ac Eglwys y Santes Fair, a bu’n ymgyrchu dros ysgol gyfrwng-Cymraeg uwchradd. Yn Eglwyswraig bybyr, ysgrifennodd y gwaith safonol ar ‘Yr Hen Bersoniaid Llengar’. Bu farw yn Aberystwyth yn 2015.

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8. ELIZABETH CREBAR (1754- 1833) Poet - Bardd

Elizabeth Crebar, poet, was the daughter of Lewis Morris, poet and antiquarian of Ynys Môn, and Anne Lloyd, of the Penbryn Estate near Goginan, where Elizabeth was raised. Elizabeth self-published two editions of her Poems, Religious and Moral (in 1811 and 1821), and she lived in Pier Street for a large part of her adult life. She wrote in both English and Welsh, and several of her poems focus on births, marriages and deaths among the local gentry. She also wrote ‘On Aberystwyth Sea Shore’, a poem which presents Aberystwyth as a health resort, mentions the local fishing industry, and refers to several places in or near the town. When she published her poems, she was in her sixties, a widow twice over, and very poor; one of her poems was written to beg Roderick Richards of Penglais Hall to send her some firewood so that she wouldn’t have to spend the winter without a fire to keep warm and cook by.

Bardd oedd Elizabeth Crebar, merch y bardd a’r hynafiaethydd Lewis Morris o Ynys Môn ac Anne Lloyd, o ystâd Penbryn ger Goginan, lle magwyd Elizabeth. Ysgrifennai yn Saesneg a Chymraeg. Hunan-gyhoeddodd y gyfrol Poems, Religious and Moral ddwywaith (y tro cyntaf yn 1811 ac eto yn 1821). Ei thestunau oedd genedigaethau, priodasau a marwolaethau aelodau’r teuluoedd bonheddig lleol. Crefydd oedd ei hoff destun Cymraeg. Yn y gerdd ‘On Aberystwyth Sea Shore’, mae’n canmol Aberystwyth fel lle glan môr iachus, y diwydiant pysgota a’r gwahanol safleoedd yn y dre. Roedd yn ei 60au cyn iddi gyhoeddi ei barddoniaeth, yn weddw ddwywaith, ac yn go dlawd. Mae un o’i cherddi yn erfyn ar Roderick Richards, Plas Penglais, i ddanfon coed tân ati, fel na fyddai’n rhaid iddi fod heb wres i’w chadw’n gynnes ac i goginio dros y gaeaf.

‘On Aberystwyth Sea Shore’ – greeting the sun / yn cyfarch yr haul:

Hail thou majestic, grand, celestial sign Set for a seal of covenant divine

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9: CRANOGWEN (SARAH JANE REES) (1839– 1916) A multi-faceted woman – Menyw amlochrog

Cranogwen was a poet, journalist, schoolmistress, seafarer, preacher, lecturer and teacher of navigation. She was editor of a women’s Welsh-language magazine, Y Frythones, and founded the Temperance Union of the Women of South Wales. She won the prize for poetry at the National Eisteddfod in Aberystwyth, beating two famous male poets of the period. A navigation school in Chalybeate Street/Alexandra Road in the 1860s was known as ‘Cranogwen’s Sailing School’, apparently because she taught there, and a ‘Cranogwen Scholarship’ was established at the University College of Wales Aberystwyth. She urged women not to sit at home but to use the talents they’d been born with and refuse to let their lives be limited by the rules of polite society.

Roedd Cranogwen yn fardd, yn newyddiadurwraig, yn forwraig, yn bregethwraig, yn ddarlithydd ac yn addysgydd mordwyaeth. Yn ei harddegau, hwyliodd y môr gyda’i thad, a oedd yn gapten llong. Golygodd Y Frythones a sefydlodd Undeb Dirwest Merched De Cymru. Yn 1865, enillodd wobr am farddoniaeth yn Eisteddfod Genedlaethol Aberystwyth, gan guro dau fardd gwrywaidd enwocaf y cyfnod. Galwyd yr ysgol fordwyaeth ar gornel Stryd y Ffynnon Haearn a Ffordd Alecsandra tua 1869 yn ‘Ysgol Hwylio Cranogwen’, am ei bod yn addysgu ynddi mae’n debyg; Sefydlwyd ‘Ysgoloriaeth Cranogwen’ ym Mhrifysgol Aberystwyth. Byddai’n annog menywod i beidio ag eistedd gartre ond i ddefnyddio’u talentau cynhenid a gwrthod gadael i’w bywydau gael eu cyfyngu gan reolau cymdeithas.

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10: Eirian Iola Gregory (1946 – 2017) Actor, teacher, director, dramatist, campaigner / actor, athrawes, cyfarwyddwraig, dramodydd, ymgyrchydd and/a Millicent Gregory (1915 – 1994) Teacher, campaigner /athrawes, ymgyrchydd

When her family moved to Aberystwyth in the 1960s, Iola Gregory appeared ‘exotic’ to her fellow pupils at Ysgol Ardwyn. Born and raised in London and Birkenhead, it was rumoured she’d ‘gone out’ with one of the Beatles! Iola’s father Oliver was a bank manager and her mother Millicent a campaigner for Welsh language rights, nicknamed ‘Militant’ Gregory by some and according to her grandchildren “principled, stubborn, a bit of a dragon.” Iola trained at the Welsh College of Music and Drama and at Trinity College Carmarthen. She campaigned for Welsh language rights and was sent to prison more than once - initially for removing English only road signs and then for contempt of court. After college Iola worked as a professional actor in theatre, television and film, and 1977 she joined a group of actors and musicians to form Theatr Bara Caws.

Pan symudodd ei theulu i Aberystwyth ar ddechrau’r 1960au, ymddangosai Iola Gregory’n ‘egsotig’ i’w chyd-ddisgyblion yn Ysgol Ardwyn. Ganwyd a magwyd hi dros y ffin yn Llundain a Phenbedw, ‘roedd ‘na sôn ei bod hi wedi ‘mynd mas’ ‘da un o’r Beatles! Roedd Oliver, tad Iola’n rheolwr banc a’i mam Millicent yn ymgyrchydd tanbaid dros yr iaith Gymraeg - galwyd hi’n ‘Militant’ Gregory gan rai ac, yn ôl ei hwyresau, roedd yn “egwyddorol, yn styfnig, ac yn dipyn o ddreiges”. Hyfforddwyd Iola yng Ngholeg Cerdd a Drama Cymru a Choleg y Drindod Caerfyrddin. Roedd hi’n ymgyrchu dros yr iaith ac fe’i danfonwyd i’r carchar fwy nag unwaith - y tro cyntaf am dynnu arwyddion ffordd Saesneg yn unig ac wedyn am ddirmyg llys. Ar ôl gadael coleg, gweithiodd Iola fel actor proffesiynol ym myd y theatr, teledu a ffilm, ac yn 1977 ymunodd â chriw o actorion a cherddorion i gychwyn Theatr Bara Caws.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY / LLYFRYDDIAETH

Liz Jones, The Queen of Romance: Marguerite Jervis, a Biography, Honno, 2021 Mary Thorley, ‘The Marles-Thomas Family,’ Ceredigion, Vol./Cyf. XVIII, No./Rhif. 4, 2021 Gerallt Jones, Cranogwen: Portread Newydd, Gwasg Gomer, 1981 Mari Ellis ‘1954: Excerpts from a Diary’ in/yn Changing Times, ed./gol. Deirdre Beddoe, Honno, 2003 Mari Ellis (gol.) Ffenest y Gegin, Gwasg Gee, 1964

Copyright / Sources / Hawlfraint / Ffynonellau: Thanks to the following for their help and support / Diolch yn fawr am eu help a’u cefnogaeth i: Jane Aaron, Julie Archer (Prifysgol Aberystwyth University), Eurwen Booth, Carrie Canham (Amgueddfa Ceredigion Museum), Neil Evans, Helen Palmer (Archifdy Ceredigion Archives), Catrin Stevens, Catrin Edwards, Mary Thorley, Ryland Wallace.

Image and Extract Copyright / Hawfraint Delweddau a Thestun: BBC Cymru Wales, Amgueddfa Ceredigion Museum, Archifdy Ceredigion Archives, Gwasg Gomer, Prifysgol Aberystwyth University, Llyfrgell Genedaethol Cymru – National Library of Wales, Cyngor Sir Ceredigion County Council, teulu/family Ellis, teulu/family Gregory, teulu/family Pakenham Walsh.

Every attempt has been made to note the copyright / source of material used in this booklet. Please contact us if we need to amend this list. / Gwnaethpwyd pob ymdrech i nodi hawlfraint / ffynhonnell y defnyddiau a geir yn y llyfryn hwn. Cysylltwch â ni os oes angen cywiro’r rhestr hon.

www.womensarchivewales.org www.archifmenywodcymru.org Charity number / Rhif elusen :1158204 Email/ Ebost [email protected]

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NOTES / NODIADAU

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MAP

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