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Phase 1 Archaeological Impact Assessment for the Proposed

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Phase 1 Archaeological Impact Assessment for the Proposed 0 PHASE 1 ARCHAEOLOGICAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT FOR THE PROPOSED BREIDBACH CROSS CATCHMENT TRANSFER PUMPING SCHEME (SEWER PIPELINE), BREIDBACH, KING WILLIAMS TOWN, AMATHOLE DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY. Prepared for: Makhetha Environmental Office no. 1 The Hub, Allied Business Centre Beacon Bay East London, 5200 Telephone: + 27 43 748 4849 Mobile: +27 82 619 8203 Facsimile: + 27 43 748 4833 E-mail: [email protected] Contact person: Ms Robyn Thomson Compiled by: Ms Celeste Booth t/a Booth Heritage Consulting 8 Frances Street Oatlands Grahamstown 6140 Tel: 082 062 4655 Email: [email protected] Contact person: Ms Celeste Booth Date: July 2019 1 CONTENTS 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3. 1.1. Purpose of the Study 3. 1.2. Brief Summary of Findings 3. 1.3. Recommendations 4. 2. DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE 5. 3. SUMMARY OF SPECIALIST EXPERIENCE 5. 4. INTRODUCTION 5. 4.1. BACKGROUND INFORMATION 5. 4.1.1. Type of Development 5. 4.2. Applicant 6. 4.3. Environmental Assessment Practitioner (EAP) 6. 5. SCOPE OF WORK / TERMS OF REFERENCE 6. 6. LEGISLATIVE AND POLICY FRAMEWORK 7. 7. ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND 7. 7.1. Early Stone Age (ESA) - 1.5 million to 250 000 years ago 8. 7.2. Middle Stone Age (MSA) – 250 000 – 30 000 years ago 9. 7.3. Later Stone Age (LSA) – 30 000 years ago – recent (100 years ago) 9. 7.4. Last 2 000 years – Khoekhoen Pastoralism 11. 7.5. Last 2 000 Years - The Iron Age 11. 7.6. Human Remains 14. 7.7. Rock Art (Paintings and Engravings) 14. 7.8. Historical Period (Last 500 years) 14. 7.8.1. Brief Historical Overview of the Establishment of King Williams Town 14. 7.8.2. Brief Historical Overview of Kaffrian German Settlers (1856 – 1877) 16. 8. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPERTY 17. 8.1. Location data 17. 8.2. Map 17. 9. ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION 24. 9.1. Methodology 24. 9.2. Results of the Archaeological Investigation 24. 10. COORDINATES AND SITES FOR THE PROPOSED BREIDBACH CROSS CATCHMENT TRANSFER PUMPING SCHEME (SEWER PIPELINE), BREIDBACH, KING WILLIAMS TOWN, AMATHOLE DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY 37. 11. CULTURAL LANDSCAPE 38. 11.1. Concept of Cultural Landscape 38. 11.2. Archaeological Landscape 40. 11.3. Historical and Contemporary Landscape 41. 12. RECOMMENDATIONS 41. 13. CONCLUSION 42. 14. REFERENCES 42. 15. RELEVANT ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HERITAGE IMPACT ASSESSMENTS 47. 16. GENERAL REMARKS AND CONDITIONS 48. LIST OF APPENDICES APPENDIX A: HERITAGE LEGISLATIVE REQUIREMENTS 49. APPENDIX B: GRADING SYSTEM 57. 2 APPENDIX C: IDENTIFICATION OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL FEATURES AND MATERIAL FROM COASTAL AND INLAND AREAS: guidelines and procedures for developers 58. LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. 1:50 000 topographic map 3227 CD KING WILLIAMS TOWN (2005 edition) showing the location of the proposed Cross Catchment Transfer Pumping Scheme (Sewer Pipeline), Breidbach, near King Williams Town. 18. Figure 2. Google Earth generated map of the location of the proposed showing the location of the proposed Cross Catchment Transfer Pumping Scheme (Sewer Pipeline), Breidbach, near King Williams Town. 19. Figure 3. Close-up aerial view of the location of the proposed Cross Catchment Transfer Pumping Scheme (Sewer Pipeline), Breidbach, near King Williams Town. 20. Figure 4. View of the proposed Cross Catchment Transfer Pumping Scheme (Sewer Pipeline) including the pump station to be situated in Breidbach showing the survey track and location of archaeological and other heritage resources. 21. Figure 5. View of the archaeological and other heritage sites documented along the route for the proposed Breidbach Sewer Pumpstation and pipeline (map courtesy of Makhetha Environment Consultants (PTY) LTD. 22. Figure 6. View of a section of the proposed Cross Catchment Transfer Pumping Scheme (Sewer Pipeline) showing the survey track and location of the bridge (BB_BE1) and the ruins (BB_BE2). 23. Figure 7. View of the general landscape of the area around the proposed location of the pump station and pipeline route. 25. Figure 8. View of the general landscape of the area around the proposed location of the pump station and pipeline route. 26. Figure 9. View of the general landscape of the area around the proposed location of the pump station and pipeline route. 26. Figure 10. View of the general landscape of the area around the proposed location of the pump station and pipeline route. 27. Figure 11. View of the general landscape of the area around the proposed location of the pump station and pipeline route. 27. Figure 12. View of the general landscape of the area around the proposed location of the pump station and pipeline route. 28. Figure 13. View of the foot bridge between Breidbach and Acorn Valley that the pipeline route will follow. 28. Figure 14. View of the pipeline routes from the foot bridge along the access road to Acorn Valley. 29. Figure 15. View of the pipeline route along Welkom Road towards Zwelitsha showing the general landscape. 29. Figure 16. View of the pipeline route along Welkom Road towards Zwelitsha showing the general landscape. 30. Figure 17. View of the pipeline route along Welkom Road towards Zwelitsha showing the general landscape. 30. Figure 18. View of the pipeline route along Welkom Road towards Zwelitsha showing the general landscape. 31. Figure 19. View of the pipeline route along Welkom Road towards Zwelitsha showing the general landscape. 31. Figure 20. View of the pipeline route along Welkom Road towards Zwelitsha showing the general landscape. 32. Figure 21. View of the pipeline route along Welkom Road towards Zwelitsha showing the general landscape. 32. Figure 22. View of the dedication to the opening of the footbridge between Breidbach and Acorn Valley in 2003 situated on the edge of the proposed area for the pump station. 33. Figure 23. View of the bridge along the access road to Acorn Valley built in 1948. 33. Figure 24. View of the ruins near the corner of Welkom Road. 34. Figure 25. View of the ruins near the corner of Welkom Road. 34. Figure 26. View of a built environment structure along Welkom Road. 35. Figure 27. View of a road marker along the Welkom Road. 35. Figure 28. View of the mound situated outside the proposed area for the pump station. 36. Figure 29. View of the mound situated outside the proposed area for the pump station. 36. Figure 30. View of a mound situated along the route of the pipeline next to Welkom Road. 37. LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Coordinates and sites for the proposed Breidbach Cross Catchment Transfer Pumping Scheme (Sewer Pipeline), Breidbach, King Williams Town, Amathole District Municipality 37. 3 THE PROPOSED BREIDBACH CROSS CATCHMENT TRANSFER PUMPING SCHEME (SEWER PIPELINE), BREIDBACH, KING WILLIAMS TOWN, AMATHOLE DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY. NOTE: The phase 1 archaeological impact assessment was conducted as a requirement of the National Heritage Resources Act 25 of 1999, Section 38 (1)(a), (c)(i): 38. (1) Subject to the provisions of subsections (7), (8) and (9), any person who intends to undertake a development categorized as – (a) the construction of a road, wall, power line, pipeline, canal or other similar form of linear development or barrier exceeding 300 m in length; (c) any development or other activity which will change the character of the site – (i) exceeding 5 000 m2 in extent, This report follows the minimum standard guidelines required by the South African Heritage Resources Agency (SAHRA) and the Eastern Cape Provincial Heritage Resources Agency (ECPHRA) for compiling a full Phase 1 Archaeological Impact Assessment (AIA). 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1.1. Purpose of the Study The purpose of the study was to conduct a phase 1 archaeological impact assessment for the proposed Breidbach Cross Catchment Transfer Pumping Scheme (Sewer Pipeline), Breidbach, King Williams Town, Amathole District Municipality. The survey was conducted to establish the range and importance of the exposed and in situ archaeological heritage material remains, sites and features; to establish the potential impact of the development; and to make recommendations to minimize possible damage to the archaeological heritage. 1.2. Brief Summary of Findings One stone artefact (BB_SA1) was observed along the footpath and an unidentified large mound (BB_G1) resembling an informal burial with some stone packing was identified within the originally intended area proposed for the pump station between Breidbach and the N2 National Road to the south. The mound does not resemble a dumping area and no historical information, until submission for the report, was acquired that could give further information on whether it may be a burial. The proposed location of the pump station has since been relocated to the western end of Pieter Swartz Close. The remains of ruins of a stone packed structure (BB_BE2), most likely older than 60 years, was documented along the road that runs from Welkom Road to Acorn Valley. 4 The bridge at entrance to Acorn Valley is dated to 1948. Both heritage resources (BB_BE1 and BB_BE2) are protected under Section 34 of the NHRA 25 of 1999 (see Appendix A, Section 34 for more heritage legislation information). 1.3. Recommendations and Mitigation The area is considered as having a low archaeological heritage significance. The built environment structures are protected under Section 34 of the NHRA. Development may proceed as planned; however, the following recommendations must be considered during the planning phase for proposed development: 1. The bridge (BB_BE1) dated to 1948 is protected under Section 34 of the National Heritage Resources Act, therefore if the proposed pipeline is to impact on the bridge, the developer must apply for a permit to conduct such work. The permit application can be completed and submitted to the Eastern Cape Provincial Heritage Resources Authority (ECPHRA) Built Environment permitting committee. 2. It is unlikely that the ruins of the structure (BB_BE2) situated near the corner of Welkom Road will be negatively impacted during the construction activities for the proposed pipeline.
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