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Engaging Boys and Men in Gender Transformation: Engaging Boys and Men in Gender Transformation: the Group Education Manual

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Engaging Boys and Men in Gender Transformation: Engaging Boys and Men in Gender Transformation: the Group Education Manual Engaging Boys and Men in Gender Transformation: Engaging Boys and Men in Gender Transformation: The Group Education Manual The ACQUIRE Project Promundo c/o EngenderHealth Rua México, 31/1502 440 Ninth Avenue Rio De Janeiro - RJ New York, NY 10001 U.S.A. Zip Code: 20031-144 Telephone: +1-212-561-8000 Brazil Fax: +1-212-561-8067 Phone/Fax: +55 (21) 2544-3114 e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] www.acquireproject.org www.promundo.org.br This publication was made possible by the generous support of the American people through the Office of Population and Reproductive Health, U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), under the terms of cooperative agreement GPO-A-00-03-00006-00. The contents are the responsibility of the ACQUIRE Project and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government. Design and typesetting: LimeBlue Cover design: LimeBlue ISBN 978-1-885063-77-9 © 2008 The ACQUIRE Project/EngenderHealth and Promundo. All rights reserved. Acknowledgements A number of individuals contributed to the creation of this manual. EngenderHealth staff members Kent Klindera, Andrew Levack, and Manisha Mehta and Promundo staff members Christine Ricardo and Fabio Verani wrote the manual. Many sections and activities were taken or adapted from the Program H Working With Young Men Series produced by Promundo, ECOS, PAPAI, and Salud y Genero and the Men As Partners: A Program for Supplementing the Training of Life Skill Educators, 2nd Edition curriculum produced by EngenderHealth. We would like to acknowledge Megan McKenna and Dulcy Israel, who edited the manual, and LimeBlue in South Africa for designing the manual. We also appreciate the assistance of Laura Skolnik, Sara Wilhemsen, and Patricia McDonald, who provided feedback on the manual. Finally, we would like to thank all the participants who attended the group education workshops in Namibia and Ethiopia, where we pretested this manual. The U.S. President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief through the interagency Gender Technical Working Group’s Male Norms Initiative led to the development of this package. For more information, contact: Manisha Mehta Christine Ricardo Team Leader, Gender Initiative Coordinator, Gender and Health Program EngenderHealth/ACQUIRE Project Promundo 440 Ninth Avenue Rua México, 31/1502 New York, NY, 10001 U.S.A. Rio De Janeiro – RJ, Brazil, 20031-144 + 1 (212) 561-8394 +55 (21) 2544-3114 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Table of Contents I. Introduction 11 II. About the Manual 17 III. Guide to Training Male Engagement (ME) Facilitators 23 IV. Sample Agendas 43 V. Introductory Activity: Talking Stick 57 1. Gender and Power 61 1.1. Looking at our Attitudes 61 1.2. Learning about Gender 65 1.3. Act Like a Man 69 1.4. Persons and Things 73 1.5. I’m Glad I Am…If I Were… 77 1.6. Gender Fishbowl 79 1.7. Labeling (Diversity and Rights) 81 1.8. Looking at Oppression 85 2. Sexuality 91 2.1. Understanding Sexuality 91 2.2. The Erotic Body 97 2.3. Messages about Sexuality 99 2.4. Common Concerns about Sexuality 103 2.5. Pleasure Brainstorm 109 2.6. Want…Don’t Want…Want…Don’t Want 111 2.7. HIV Related Rights and Responsibilities 117 2.8. Sexual Orientation 119 3. Men and Health 125 3.1. Caring for Oneself: Men, Gender, and Health 125 3.2. Men’s and Women’s Bodies 129 3.3. Men’s Health 141 4. Substance Use 145 4.1. What Are Drugs? 145 4.2. Drugs in Our Lives and Communities 151 4.3. The Risks of Alcohol Abuse and HIV 157 4.4. Pleasures and Risks 163 4.5. Decision Making and Substance Use 167 5. Healthy Relationships 171 5.1. It’s About Me: Developing a Personal Ad 171 5.2. It’s About Them: Defining the Ideal Partner 175 5.3. From Violence to Respect in Intimate Relationships 177 5.4. Effective Communication 181 5.5. Sexual Consent 185 5.6. Sexual Harassment 187 5.7 Healthy and Unhealthy Relationships 191 5.8. Expressing My Emotions 195 6. STI and HIV Prevention 199 6.1. Burning Questions About STIs 199 6.2. STI Problem Tree 203 6.3. HIV and AIDS Myths and Facts 205 6.4. Positive or Negative 211 6.5. Levels of HIV Risk 215 6.6. Taking Risks/Facing Risks 219 6.7. Multiple Sexual Partners, Cross-Generational Sex, and Transactional Sex 223 6.8. Alphabets of Prevention 225 6.9. Prevention of HIV Transmission in Infants and Young Children 227 6.10. Defining Abstinence 231 6.11. Learning About Condoms 233 6.12. Talking About Using Condoms 239 6.13. Getting Tested for HIV 243 6.14. Male Circumcision as an HIV-Prevention Strategy 245 7. Living with HIV 249 7.1. Positive Life 249 7.2. Living Positively— Digital Stories 253 7.3. Men Living Positively 257 7.4. Stigma Problem Tree 261 7.5. Disclosure Role Plays 263 7.6. Mapping the Existing Services for PLWHA 265 7.7. The Facts: Understanding ARVs from Someone 267 Taking Them 7.8. The Facts: Understanding ARVs 269 7.9. HIV Treatment as a Human Right 277 7.10. Men, Women, and Caregiving 279 8. Fatherhood 285 8.1. Gender Roles: Division of Labor and Childcare 285 in the Home 8.2. Thinking About Fatherhood 287 8.3. You’re Going to Be a Father 289 8.4. Fatherhood (Digital Stories) 293 8.5. Family Care 297 9. Violence 301 9.1. What is Violence? 301 9.2. Sexual Violence in the Daily Routine 307 9.3. Men As Victims of Violence 309 9.4. Understanding the Cycle of Violence 311 9.5. What to Do When I Am Angry 315 9.6. Reducing the Impact of Violence in Our Communities 319 10. Making Change, Taking Action 323 10.1. Men’s Role in Health Promotion 323 10.2. New Kinds of Courage 325 10.3. Don’t Stand By, Take Action 329 10.4. Men Holding Men Accountable 333 10.5. Movements to End Violence 337 10.6. Making Changes in Our Lives and in Our 343 Communities Appendix 1: 347 Observation and Feedback Tool Appendix 2: 351 Pre and Post-test Questionnaire Appendix 3: 355 Gender-Based Violence Resources Introduction Introduction Why focus on boys and men? For many years, we have made assumptions about boys and men when it comes to their health—that they are doing well and have fewer needs than women and girls. In addition, we have assumed that they are difficult to work with, are aggressive, and are unconcerned with their health. We have often seen them as the perpetrators of violence— violence against women, against other men, and against themselves—without stopping to understand how our socialization of boys and men encourages this violence. However, new research and perspectives are calling for a more careful understanding of how men and boys are socialized, what they need in terms of healthy development, and how health educators and others can assist them in more appropriate ways. Furthermore, in the past 20 years, as numerous initiatives have sought to empower women and redress gender inequities, many women’s rights advocates have learned that improving the health and well-being of adult and young women also requires engaging men and boys. The 1994 International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) and the 1995 Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing provided a foundation for including men and boys in efforts to improve the status of women and girls. The ICPD Program of Action, for example, seeks to “promote gender equality in all spheres of life, including family and community life, and to encourage and enable men to take responsibility for their sexual and reproductive behavior and their social and family roles.” There has also been increased recognition, in the past few years, of how dearly men and boys pay for rigid constructions of masculinity—including higher rates of death for men than for women from traffic accidents, suicide, and violence, as well as higher rates of alcohol and substance use. These problems confirm that rigid social norms simultaneously make men and women more vulnerable. In this context, addressing the health and development vulnerabilities of men and women requires applying a gender perspective to programming.1, 2 But, what does it mean to apply a “gender perspective” to working with men? Gender— as opposed to sex—refers to the ways that we are socialized to behave and dress as men and women; it is the way these stereotyped roles are taught, reinforced, and internalized. We sometimes assume that the way that men and boys behave is “natural,” that “boys will be boys.” However, many of men’s behaviors—whether it’s negotiating with partners about abstinence or condom use, caring for the children they father, or using violence against a partner—are rooted in the way they are raised. In many settings, men and boys may learn that being a “real man” means being strong and aggressive and having multiple sexual partners. They may also be conditioned not to express their emotions and to use violence to resolve conflicts in order to maintain their “honor.” Changing how we raise and view men and boys is not easy, but it is a necessary part of promoting healthier and more equitable communities. 1 World Health Organization. 2000. What about boys?: A literature review on the health and development of adolescent boys. Geneva, Switzerland. 2 World Health Organization. 2002. World report on violence and health. Geneva, Switzerland.
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