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Youth Unemployment in South Africa

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Youth Unemployment in South Africa 2015 Youth Unemployment in South Africa KHULUVHE KHAUKANANI ANDREW STATISTICS SOUTH AFRICA Table of Contents Contents Chapter 1 ............................................................................................................................................................. 3 1.1 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND ................................................................................................... 3 1.2 Statement of the problem ......................................................................................................................... 4 1.3 Research Questions ................................................................................................................................... 7 1.4 Research Objective .............................................................................................................................. 7 Chapter 2 ............................................................................................................................................................. 9 2 METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................................................... 9 2.1 Study Design ........................................................................................................................................ 9 2.2 Variable Definitions ............................................................................................................................. 9 2.2.1 Dependent Variables ................................................................................................................... 9 2.2.2 Independent Variables .............................................................................................................. 12 2.3 Hypotheses ........................................................................................................................................ 13 CHAPTER 3 ......................................................................................................................................................... 14 3 RESULTS .......................................................................................................................................................... 14 3.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. 14 3.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RESPONDENTS .............................................................................................. 14 3.2.1 Socio-demographic Characteristics of the Respondents ........................................................... 14 4.2.2 Labour Force Characteristics of the Respondents ..................................................................... 16 3.3 BIVARIATE ANALYSIS RESULTS ................................................................................................................. 24 Education Level and Unemployment of Youth .......................................................................................... 24 CHAPTER 4 ......................................................................................................................................................... 30 4 MULTIVARIATE ANALYSES .............................................................................................................................. 30 4.1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 30 4.2 MULTIPLE LOGISTIC REGRESSION MODELLING RESULTS ........................................................................ 31 Level Of Education ..................................................................................................................................... 33 Gender ....................................................................................................................................................... 33 Age ............................................................................................................................................................. 33 Population Group ...................................................................................................................................... 34 Province ..................................................................................................................................................... 34 CHAPTER 5 ......................................................................................................................................................... 36 1 DISCUSSION ....................................................................................................................................................... 36 5.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RESPONDENTS .............................................................................................. 36 Crosstabulation of Labour Force Participation and Education Level ........................................................ 38 5.2 BIVARIATE ANALYSIS................................................................................................................................ 38 5.3 MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................ 39 CHAPTER 6 ......................................................................................................................................................... 42 6 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...................................................................................................... 42 6.1 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................................... 42 6.2 RECOMMENDATIONS .............................................................................................................................. 43 Building Skills and Capabilities .................................................................................................................. 43 Promoting Public-Private Partnerships and making Curriculum more Relevant ...................................... 44 Offering a Second Chance So That No One Is Left Behind ........................................................................ 45 7 References ...................................................................................................................................................... 46 Appendix one ..................................................................................................................................................... 50 2 CHAPTER 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND The continuing debate on who is a ‘youth’ in Africa has not resolved the confusion surrounding the concept. Not surprising, therefore, the concept of ‘youth’ has been understood and used differently by different governments, NGOs and the public in general in many African countries and elsewhere in the world (Mkandawire, 1996). In much of Africa, for instance, laws define ‘adulthood’ as commencing from the age of 21, although in recent years there has been an attempt to lower this age to 18 years (Curtain, 2000; Mkandawire, 1996). However, for most countries, 21 years still remains the age at which many of the activities and responsibilities of ‘adulthood’ are assumed legally. South Africa has an acute problem of youth unemployment that requires a multi-pronged strategy to raise employment and support inclusion and social cohesion. High youth unemployment means young people are not acquiring the skills or experience needed to drive the economy forward. This inhibits the country’s economic development and imposes a larger burden on the state to provide social assistance. Closely associated with skills development is the burning issue of unemployment. South Africa’s rate of unemployment is high by world standards and is associated with a range of social problems such as poverty, inequality and crime. The Quarterly Labour Force Survey for the third quarter of 2010 published by Statistics South Africa summarised the following about youth employment: About 42 per cent of young people under the age of 30 are unemployed compared with less than 17 per cent of adults over 30. Secondly, the results shows Employment of 18 to 24 year olds has fallen by more than 20 per cent (320 000) since December 2008. Lastly, Unemployed young people tend to be less skilled and inexperienced – almost 86 per cent do not have formal further or tertiary education, while two-thirds have never worked. 3 1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Youth unemployment in South Africa has reached critical proportions: it was measured at 53.6% in 2013, and in 2014, youth comprised 41.8% of the total national unemployment rate of 25.4%. Socioeconomic inequality and inadequate education are two factors that drive such high unemployment rates; rates that disguise how the situation disproportionately affects black youths.(2) Youth unemployment is a chronic problem too, which dates back two decades under democratic government. Between 1995 and 1999, unemployment for high school graduates entering the job market jumped by 10 percentage points, from 28% to 38.4%,(3) and the youth unemployment rate was actually a shade higher in 2005 (48.4%) than it was amid the global financial crisis in 2009 (48.2%). In South Africa, the educational system has become the primary means of preparing young people for
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