136 JOURNAL OF CALIFORNIA AND GREAT BASIN ANTHROPOLOGY Loendorf, Lawrence L. Reflections on the United States 1984 Documentation of Rock Art at Petroglyph Canyon, Montana. University of North Da­ National Museum-Gates kota, Department of Anthropology and Ar­ Expeditions to the American chaeology, Contribution 207. Southwest, 1901 and 1905 1990 A Dated Rock Art Panel of Shield Bearing Warriors m Southcentral Montana. Plains MAX G. PAVESIC Antiiropologist 35(127):45-54. Dept. of Anthropology, Boise State Univ., Boise, ID 83725. 1994 Traditional Archaeological Methods and Thek Applications at Rock Art Sites. In: New Light on Old Art, David S. Whitiey American archaeology has reached a level and Lawrence L. Loendorf, eds., pp. 95- of intellectual maturity which allows the study 103. Los Angeles: University of Califor­ and analysis of its development. While most nia, Los Angeles, Institute of Archaeology studies have stressed the growth of the disci­ Monograph 6. pline, few have emphasized the sociohistorical Paik, John A. context or the motivations of the individuals in­ 1990 The Sknanton Peooglypb HUl Site (24PH- volved. The United States Natioruil Museum- 2072): A Ceremonial Complex in North- Gates Southwest expeditions serve as a focus of em Montana. Archaeology In Montana these historical variables, and this report dis­ 31(2):41-49. cusses community lifestyle, expedition partici­ pants, and financial agreements to clarify the Rabiega, Greer organization and success of the endeavors. MS A Study of the Artifacts and Debitage Created During the Production of Indirect Percussion Petroglyphs. MS m possession of the author. TURN of the centuty American archaeology wit­ Schaafsma, Polly nessed a shift in regional studies from the 1980 Indian Rock Art of the Southwest. Albu­ "Moundbuilder" controversy of the Eastern querque: University of New Mexico Press. Woodlands to the American Southwest (Willey Steinbring, J. H. and Sabloff 1980). The Soutiiwest offered tiie MS The Herschel Rock Art Project. Manu­ study of sedentaty, pottety-producing Pueblo so­ script in possession of the authors. cieties as part of a historical continuum in a spec­ Tumer, Christy tacular natural setting. Early archaeologists tended 1%3 Petroglyphs of the Glen Canyon Region. Flagstaff: Museum of Northem Arizona, to view the archaeological record as a mirror of Bulletin 38. contemporaty Pueblo culture (Gumerman 1991: von Werlhof, Jay C. 102), thereby establishing a focused direction to 1%5 Rock Art of Owens Valley, California. areal sttidies. This period (ca. 1875 to 1920) Berkeley: Reports of the University of "played an important role in the professionaliza- California Arcbaeolc^cal Survey No. 65: tion of anthropology" (Parezo 1987:4) and in the 1-128. large archaeological and ethnographic museum Walker, Danny N., and Julie E. Francis collections established throughout the countty. 1989 Legend Rock PeOoglyph Site (48H04), WyMning: 1988 Archaeological Investiga­ While the United States National Museum-Gates tions. Report on fUe at the Wyoming State (hereinafter referred to as USNM-Gates) expedi­ Archaeologist's Office, Laranue, Wyom- tions were a part of this practice, little is known of mg. the background of this effort. As Hinsley (1986: Whitiey, David S., Ronald I. Dom, Joseph M. Si­ 231) observed: mon, Robert Rechtman, and Tamara K. Whitiey MS Sally's Rockshelter and the Archaeology Curiously, we know very littie of those who of the Vision Quest. MS in possession of paid for so much American archaeology: their mo­ the authors. tivations, expectations, or influences on its devel- REPORTS 137

Peter Goddaid Gates (no date given, photog­ 2. Gertmde Lewis Gates, ca. 1895 (photog­ rapher unknown). (Mary Lemon Brown col­ rapher unknown). (Mary Lemon Brown col­ lection, courtesy of the Community Library, lection, courtesy of the Community Library, Ketchum, IdalK).) Ketchum, Idaho.)

opment. The subject has a special claim to at­ THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA SCENE tention, for k connects the "internal" history of this scientific and humanistic enterprise-one that By the late 1800s, affluent conmiunities in has traditionally enjoyed a broad base of public southem California, such as South Pasadena, be­ sympathy and mterest- with the larger sociological conditions of its growth. came bastions of the arts and social experimenta­ tion. In these settings, Victorian ideals began to This report provides a reconstmction of the meld with an overlay of new attitudes and artistic historical and social contexts of the USNM-Gates expressions. This was also tiie time that the United expeditions, identifies the personalities involved, States was experiencing vast industrialization, and briefly summarizes expedition findings. Par­ rapid urbanization, the opeiung of new western ticular emphasis is placed on the influence of the frontiers, and the creation of the Euroamerican "Arts and Crafts" movement on southem Cali­ myth of the southwestern and southem Califomia fornia expedition financiers and participants, in­ ideals (Higham 1965; Lash 1965; Starr 1973). cluding Peter Goddard Gates, Gertmde Lewis The late Victorian period has been characterized as Gates, and Adam Clark Vroman (see Figs. 1 and an age of peace and posterity, particularly for the 2). American upper ntiddle class, people who buUt 138 JOURNAL OF CALIFORNL\ AND GREAT BASIN ANTHROPOLOGY

large houses, fumishmg and decoratmg them with The Pasadena embodiment of the Craftsman the arts and crafts of the tkne. . . . Emulating the ideal was locally centered in the "Arroyo Culture" European nobUity with thek private museum rooms, the middle class had their own versions in (Winter 1980a). The Arroyo Seco drainage in Pas­ the parlors [Gogol 1985:20]. adena, South Pasadena, and Highland Park was lined with bungalows, including many designed by Native American baskets, mgs, and pottety be­ the famous Greene brothers (Winter 1980b). In came part of the Victorian furnishings incorporat­ this region, the blendkig of architecture and nature ed into an expanding commercial "ethnic art" had a conscious style: market(Wade 1985:167). Looming on the horizon was a new artistic movement spurred on by the Now the use of this woodsy Craftsman style 1876 Centennial Exposition ki Philadelphia. Amer­ was no simple coincidence of time and fortune. It has an ideological, even moral significance. On ican artistic self-confidence was manifest in the cre­ one level the material and the fiision of styles indi­ ation of dozens of arts and crafts societies between cate a feeling for the envkonment of the Arroyo, 1893 and 1901 (Anscombe and Gere 1978:9). an attempt to associate well known picturesque hu­ man contrivances with the picturesque natural The Arts and Crafts (or Craftsman) movement landscape [Wmter 1980a: 14]. evolved in England as a reaction to the fine arts and industrialization. A philosophy demanding Therefore, the Arroyo's natural setting and im­ recognition of applied and decorative arts was posed architecture was an outward expression of championed by Thomas Carlyle and transformed a particular lifestyle: into action under John Ruskin and the fiety, re­ The Arroyo style was suitable for artists and formed bourgeois socialist William Morris (Stan- literaiy pecple wiiose ambience included the Cole­ sky 1985): man Chamber Music concerts and the Pasadena Playhouse. As at Beikeley, the other great Cali­ Ruskin was concerned that the iron hand of fomia center of Craftsman architecture, the simple the machine was enslaving, rather than freeing sm^ed bungalow, enriched with the most discrim- man, that specialization was fragmenting rather matkig taste m pamting and handcrafts, was buUt dian making him whole. He pictured art as a ne­ by inteUectuals, not necessarily people endowed cessity to life, and the hand and commitment of with genius but the California variety of intellec­ the artist as necessary to art. He viewed creative tual, productive, m tune with liberal ideas, cosmo- labor as a fulfUlment rather than a curse. Medi­ poUtan, and at the same time in touch with nature, evalism and the Guild system recurred as ideals even folksy ki his attimdes toward famUy and the towards a Utopian social order [Moore 1980:7]. good Hfe [Wmter 1980a: 15]. These ideals eventually found expression in Cali­ The southem Califomia Arts and Crafts motif fomia: further blended with a raising humanitarian con­ sciousness (witness Helen Hunt Jackson's Ramo- It is my belief that the ideas of Carlyle and Ruskin, expressed and enlarged on by Morris, rm) and insights into historical preservation, espe­ seeped into the (ptknistic consciousness of turn of cially the Spanish missions and Native American the century Califomia and found perhaps thek values. Local protagonists included George Whar­ broadest and most diverse expressions. ... It is a ton James and Charles Fletcher Lummis. Lununis tradition of life style, aesthetic value judgements and kivolvement with materials. It is expressive, was of particular importance to the local scene and e^qierimental, and as diverse as the visions of the was wifliout doubt the dominant crasading force of artists [Moore 1980:9]. tiie Arroyo scene (Walker 1950; Gordon 1972): The American Arts and Crafts expression, like In Southem Califomia, Lummis' dynamism the EngHsh, flourished in architecture and evety- quickly led to the organization of small groups of men and women determined to advance new un­ day material culture items, such as furniture, derstanding and new consideration for the Indians glass, weaving, and pottety (Clark 1972). of die Southwest. Among the most effectively per- REPORTS 139

suasive of these reformers were A. C. Vroman's ticipant, they formed the corpus of the 1901 ex­ Mends, Peter G. and Beatrice [sic] Gates. It was pedition (Vroman and Gertmde Gates did not par­ mdeed natural that many of the most sensitive and compassionate spirits in the smaU southem Cali­ ticipate in tiie 1905 fieldeffort) . The 1901 field fomia communities would be drawn to such hu­ work was designed around previous work con­ manistic in^irations. They reflected the mUitant ducted by J. Walter Fewkes (1898) in northeastern idealism of many Utq>ian-minded individuals and Arizona, while the 1905 season was centered south groups that settied in Southem Califomia in the 187C^ and 1880s. Lending themselves to causes of the White Mountains in Arizona and New Mex­ ficnn Theosof^y to socialism, these Southem Cal­ ico, where Hough (1914:1) had earlier worked ifomia radicals injected vigorous life into efforts with Fewkes in 1896. to assist Southwest Indians [Webb and Wekistein 1973:9]. Peter Gates, a wealthy timber magnate, was a resident of South Pasadena at the time of his in­ Lummis' anthropological accompUshments in­ volvement with the USNM. Bom in Iowa, Gates, clude establishment of the Southwest Society, a along with his father and brothers, acquired a for­ branch of the Archaeological Institute of Ameri­ tune in timber land holdings and wood milling ca, which led to the development of the Southwest operations, primarily withki Arkansas. The Gates Museum (Lummis 1928). He organized the lumber empire had interests in six mills and con­ Sequoya League for the pursuit of human rights trolled 485,000 acres of forest land, grossing an and Native American land claims, which began at estimated four billion board feet of yellow pine Downey Ranch and continued with the investiga­ and hardwood by the turn of the centuty (Anony­ tion of Superintendent Burton at Hopi (Lummis mous 1904:43-44). Upon relocating in Califor­ 1902; Watkkis 1944). He also had a role ki tiie nia, Peter and his brother, Howard, became early devel(^ment of the School of American Research supporters of the Troop Institute of Technology in Santa Fe (Fiske and Lumnus 1975). (now Califomia Institute of Technology), Occi­ Residents of the Pasadena commimity maiu- dental College, and other civic endeavors (Hill fested a keen interest in native peoples, 1929; The Adams 1969; Goodstein 1991). particularly those of the American Southwest and Peter was also adventurous and an apparent southem California's mission populations. They lover of the outdoors. He seemingly preferred the promoted Utopian ideals and were financially life of the landed gentty and amateur anthropolo­ capable and willing to pursue their dreams and gist to lumbering, as he visions. Peter Goddard Gates, Gertmde Lewis gave vp active wotic in 1899 and since then has di­ Gates, and A. C. Vroman were active players in rected a great deal of bis time to archaeological the community, and together they pursued their and ethnological investigations, giving two sea­ kiterests ki the American Southwest. sons to that work, one season with the United States National Museum [Anonymous 1904:51]. EXPEDITION PLAYERS It has been suggested that F. W. Hodge of the The USNM-Gates expeditions involved four Smkhsonian Institution agreed to endorse a Peter key participants, three of whom—Peter Gates, G. Gates southwestern expedition (Weinstein 1989: Gertmde Gates, and A. C. Vroman—were part of 4), possibly through their mutual friendship with the Southland's intellectual scene and were active­ Vroman (Klyver 1989:11). It does appear, how­ ly involved and interested in Native American is­ ever, that Gates took the initiative during a visit to sues. The Gateses were philanthropists and col­ Washington, D.C., where he met with William lectors, Vroman was an estabUshed photographer Henty Holmes, Walter Hough's superior at the and, along witii Walter Hough of the United USNM, and the following day made an offer to States National Museum (USNM), the fourth par­ finance an expedition with Hough (Gates 1901). 140 JOURNAL OF CALIFORNIA AND GREAT BASIN ANTHROPOLOGY

In a return correspondence to Gates from the Her proselytizing activities, however, led to Smithsonian Institution, Secretaty S. P. Langley her separation and divorce from Peter in 1904. stated: Gertmde continued her interest in contemporaty Puebloans, particularly the Hopi, and resided in I have accepted your proposition, made m letter dated February 21, 1901, to conduct, con- Keams Canyon before remming to Idaho (M. L. joindy with this Institution, certain archaeological Brown, personal communication 1973). explorations m the Pueblo country. The under­ Adam Clark Vroman, whose many Southwest­ standing is that Mr. Hough is to jom you in carry­ ern and southem Califomia contributions have ing on the woik, contributing his knowledge and experience, whUe you assume the financial re- been documented in historical perspective (Ma- sponsibUity, excepting transportation to and firom hood 1961; Webb and Weinstein 1973), was die Washington, at the same time taking an active third Pasadena resident involved in the 1901 part in the field work and its conduct [Langley 1901a]. USNM-Gates expeditions. He has been described as This agreement was the beginning of two joint a railroad man, a fine book collector and success­ USNM-Gates expeditions kivolvkig Walter Hough ful book merchant, an amateur archaeologist and in 1901 and 1905. historian of the American Southwest, a distin­ Gertmde Lewis Gates, a graduate of Mount guished collector of Orientalia and Southwestem Indian artifacts, a public-spirited citizen of note, Holyoke College and a deeply religious individ­ and a serious photographer of uncommon sensitiv­ ual, was a native Idahoan and the daughter of 1.1. ity [Wemstem 1989:3]. Lewis, one of the early founders of the communi­ ty of Ketchum. Gertmde met Peter while he was His photographic accomplishments remain a conducting a timber survey in Idaho. Her inter­ standard today in their realism and sensitivity that ests in the American Southwest were focused on stand ki drastic opposition to the staid, posed, ro­ the Pueblo peoples but were not specifically ar­ manticized visions of Native American people as chaeological in nature. She assisted in ethnobo- depicted by many of his contemporaries. Between tanical research during the first Gates expedition 1897 and 1904, Vroman made several trips to the (Hough 1903:288), but spears to have been more pueblos of Arizona and New Mexico, as well as to interested in Indian education reform and prosely­ Navaho countty, where he took photographs at tizing. Her residency in South Pasadena led to Enchanted Mesa (Weinstein 1989:4). her kivolvement with the Sequoya League, during A connoisseur of native southwestem craft which time she defended Charles Lummis's in­ arts, Vroman was noted for his fine collection, vestigation of Hopi Superintendent Charles E. which was considered equal to those of Lummis, Burton during the infamous "hair-cutting" trial George Wharton James, and Artiiur J. Eddy (Win­ (see Lununis 1968). Lummis (1968:120) charac­ ter 1980a: 17). In fact, it is believed that a portion terized her as follows: of the mg collection of well-known Southwest trader Thomas Keams may have been passed on to Mrs. Peter Goddard Gates is a serious smdent Vroman (Webb and Weinstein 1973:35). of ethnology ^^4Io has been pursuing her smdies in Arizona for several years. She is deeply and sane­ Walter Hough was also a participant in the ly interested in the Indians, and is an authorized USNM-Gates expeditions. Hough served for 50 and trusted agent of the Sequoya League. A years at the USNM in capacities rangkig from woman of highest refinement and of spotless char­ copyist ki the division of ethnology to assistant for acter, she is no less noted for thoroughness, un­ derstanding and common sense. She has been a Otis T. Mason (Hinsley 1981:91), to Head Cura­ ray of bqie to die Hopi, and a valued aid to those tor of Anthropology (Judd 1936). Hough was trying to "make better Indians." known for his encyclopedic knowledge, his avid REPORTS 141 interest in all things anthropological (Judd 1968: gling alliances." I do not mean to refuse my as­ 57), and his thoughts about fire as a human agent sent to this, but I think k wUl be better that it should not be so far assumed as a matter of course, (Judd 1936:474). Like Mason, he paid meticu­ as to have the preparations for the expedition made lous attention to the replication of material culture before any consultation with the Secretary [Lang­ (Hinsley 1981:91). He also had a deep interest in ley 1901b]. Hopi material culture and physical environment Nevertheless, the expeditions proceeded on sched­ (Hough 1918). Hough's contributions also in­ ule and Hough was instmcted to cluded various archaeological field projects he pioneered in Arizona and New Mexico (Judd proceed to the Pueblo region for the purpose of conducting ethnological and archaeological explo­ 1967:71; Martin 1973:11-12). rations, according to the plan already agreed upon The USNM-Gates expeditions reflected both . .. Eariy ki June you are expected to joki Mr. Pe­ individual commitment to the American South­ ter G. Gates at Silver City, New Mexico, to enter with him upon joint exploration of archaeological west and to the kistitutional kiterests of the Smith­ sites. The expenses of subsistence and field work sonian. Peter Gates, for example, has been de­ are to be borne by Mr. Gates, the product of the scribed as "a vigorous enthusiast of Indian life exploration bekig divided equally between the Mu­ and an avid collector of Indian artifacts" (Wein­ seum and Mr. Gates. At the close of each separate portion of the exploration the artifacts secured are stein 1989:4). Likewise, the 1901 expedition to be divided into two equal portions by the joint provided Vroman an avenue to continue his in­ explorers and assigned by lot, one portion to the vestment in Southwest photography (Klyver Museum, and one to Mr. Gates [Ratiibun 1901b]. 1989), and allowed Gertmde Gates to pursue her Gates ftmded only a portion of the archaeology interest ki contemporaty Pueblo peoples (Rathbun (June through August) as Hough was also instmct­ 1902).' The USNM carried on its institutional ed to secure ethnographic collections from the bias of gathering artifacts for public display, es­ White Mountaki and Palomas Apache, Havasupai, pecially between 1879 and 1919, as well as the and other Gila Valley tribes and conduct addition­ practice of "salvage ethnography" via material al archaeological exploration under the direct aus­ objects (Gmber 1970; Parezo 1986). pices of the museum (Rathbun 1901b). A similar EXPEDITIONS AND COLLECTIONS arrangement, "one-half of all material collected," was also secured during the 1905 expedition The USNM-Gates expeditions were primarily (Rathbun 1905). Obviously, the arrangements collecting forays. During the 1901 and 1905 en­ proved workable to all participants, as "in appre­ deavors, all participants shared in the spoils. The ciation for making the project possible. Dr. Smithsonian's interest centered on expanding the Hough, the expedition leader, gave P.G. samples USNM's archaeological and ethnological collec­ of rare Indian handcraft and artifacts which in­ tions, a tradition characteristic of early Southwest cluded an Indian mummy" (Thompson 1969:8). expeditions (Cordell 1984:50), and was further The results of the 1901 expedition appear as­ spurred on by Chicago's Columbian Exposition in tounding by today's standards, as the purpose was 1893 (Kidder 1962; Martin and Plog 1973). Al­ to enhance museum collections. Centered in though the Gates expeditions were not unique northeastem Arizona near the Petrified Forest and (Rathbun 1901a:22), k remains uncertain how of­ at Jeddito Wash, in four months 55 pueblos were ten the museum utilized private support in its field visited and 18 were "excavated" (Hough activities, as the initial 1901 agreement was made 1903:358). A total of 2,500 archaeological speci­ with some trepidation: mens was recovered for the USNM. Several hun­ I need hardly remind you of the warning we dred pieces, now housed at the Soutiiwest Muse­ have just had about the dangers of such "entan­ um, constituted Gates's share (B. Btyan, personal 142 JOURNAL OF CALIFORNIA AND GREAT BASIN ANTHROPOLOGY communication 1972), where they have been used on an archaeological area that has not heretofore primarily for display purposes (R.M.G. 1927). been scientifically explored [Hough 1914:1]. The Gateses also collected ethnographic material Vroman was not a participant in the second ef­ at Hopi during the 1901 field season. Gertmde fort, nor was Gertmde Gates, as she and Peter had Gates's portion was donated to the College of divorced in 1904. Overall, all of the participants Idaho (now Albertson College of Idaho) by her of the 1901 and 1905 expeditions seemed to have niece, Helen Lloyd, in 1945. Many of her other had specific objectives in mind. They covered a estate items did not fare as well; books and letters vast territoty and made extensive archaeological were either destroyed or sold upon her death (M. and ethnographical collections for the USNM, L. Brown, personal communication 1972). Gates, and Vroman. While it is easy to be judg­ One of the most important outcomes of the mental using today's field standards, the number 1901 expedition is the photographs by Vroman. of sites visited and sampled, along with the recov­ Vroman's role in the expedition appears well de­ ered object count, remains impressive. fined: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION First, he was creating works of art for him­ self Secondly, he was documenting the work of By the late 1800s, the United States was ex­ the archaeologists, although this was a relatively periencing r^id economic expansion and vast so­ minor rolea s Walter Hough and Peter Gates were cial changes. In southem Califomia, part of the also photogr^bing die sites. Thirdly, he was cre- nation's culmral metamorphosis focused on social atkig a duplicate set of negatives which would be given to Peter Gates apparendy in retum for experimentation. As a haven for many of the na­ Gates's support of the expedition [Klyver 1989: tion's nouveau riche, many residents of Pasadena 11; also see Mabood 1961; Webb and Weinstein and South Pasadena were involved in the Arts and 1973]. Crafts movement, which was known locally as the A second, and possibly a third, set of negatives Arroyo Culture. Thus, the association between was created by Vroman.^ Gates's set of negatives Peter and Gertmde Gates, A. C. Vroman, and was eventually transferred to the Southwest Mu­ Charles Lummis is not difficult to envision, given seum and Vroman's set went to the Los Angeles their shared interest in the American Southwest, County Museum of Natural Histoty (Klyver with its idyllically portrayed Pueblo Indian life­ 1989). Additionally, Vroman also indulged in style, a spiritual and intellectual topic of the time. collecting Hopi material culture for his personal Peter Gates's support of Walter Hough and the collection (Kenagy 1989). The 1905 expedition USNM must be judged successful, since it does traveled to the Blue, San Francisco, and Tularosa not appear that the expeditions were beset with basins and included work at the well-known site personal, financial, or overwhelming logistical of Tularosa Cave (Martin et al. 1952), surpassing problems. The number of ancient pueblo mins the archaeological success of the earlier effort: explored and recorded in relatively imknown ar­ chaeological zones is an important contribution to The results of the second Gates-Museum Ex­ early Southwest archaeology. As a result of these pedition are perhaps even more knportant than expeditions, not only were new mkis charted and diose of die expedition of 1901. Of objective ma­ terial the results comprise a collection of several a large number of artifacts recovered, but a great thousand artifacts, and especially valuable be­ deal of information was provided regarding vari­ cause of its richness in perishable objects which ous impacts to the archaeological record, includ- had been preserved in caves or other protective kig natural agents, looting, and grave desecration situations. The smdy of this series in connection with the field notes, plans of the sites, and natural (Hough 1903, 1914). history coUections is expected to throw much light Furthermore, over time, Vroman's photo- REPORTS 143 graphic contributions appear to be the most im­ Cordell, Lkida S. portant legacy of the USNM-Gates efforts (Ma- 1984 Prehistoiy of the Southwest. Orlando: Aca­ hood 1961; Webb and Wekisteki 1973). Vroman's demic Press. images captured a wealth of Pueblo material cul­ Fewkes, Jesse Walter 1898 Prelkninary Account of an Expedition to ture, as well as architectural and ritual information the Pueblo Ruins Near Winslow, Arizona, (Patton 1982:14). Likewise, the recovered ethno­ ki 18%. In: Bureau of American Ethnolo­ graphic materials are an important contribution to gy Annual Report, 1896, pp. 517-539. the development of various museum collections, Washington: Smithsonian Instimtion. yet remain the least studied portion of the USNM- Fiske, Turbese Lummis, and Keith Lununis Gates expeditions. 1975 Charles F. Lummis, The Man and His West. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. NOTES Gates, Peter G. 1. At the time of the USNM-Gates expeditions, 1901 Letter to W. H. Hoknes, February 21. Richard Rathbun was the Assistant Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution Archives, Record Smithsonian Institution, ki charge of the United States Unit 305, FUe No. 38480. National Museum, and William A. Jones was the Commissioner of Indian Affairs. Gogol, John M. 2. The Pasadena Public Library also houses a col­ 1985 1900-1910, the Golden Decade of Collect­ lection of A. C. Vroman glass negatives. ing Indian Basketiy. American Indian Bas- ketty 5(1): 12-29. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Goodstein, Judith R. I express my appreciation to a number of people 1991 MUlikan's School, A History of die Califor­ nia Institute of Technology. New York: W. and institutions who have offered help and encourage­ W. Norton & Company. ment during the preparation of this report. Thanks are extended to the staffs of the National Anthropological Gordon, Dudley Archives and Smithsonian Institution Archives, espe- 1972 Charles F. Lummis: Cmsader in Corduroy. ciaUy Ashley Wyant. I also thank Carolyn Gamer of Los Angeles: Cultural Assets Press. the Pasadena Public Library, and various staff mem­ Gmber, Jacob W. bers of the Southwest Museum, Ketchum Community 1970 Ethnographic Salvage and the Shapkig of Library, Idaho State Archives, Idaho State Museum of Anthropology. American Anthropologist Natural History, Albertson College of Idaho, and the 72(6): 1289-1299. Arkansas History Commission, along with many indi­ viduals too numerous to list. 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