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Research Collection Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Ecological and evolutionary dynamics in natural populations of co-existing sexual and asexual lineages Author(s): Paczesniak, Dorota Olga Publication Date: 2012 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-009795048 Rights / License: In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted This page was generated automatically upon download from the ETH Zurich Research Collection. For more information please consult the Terms of use. ETH Library DISS. ETH NO. 20790 ECOLOGICAL AND EVOLUTIONARY DYNAMICS IN NATURAL POPULATIONS OF CO‐EXISTING SEXUAL AND ASEXUAL LINEAGES A dissertation submitted to ETH ZURICH for the degree of Doctor of Sciences presented by DOROTA OLGA PACZESNIAK MSc in Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland born 28.08.1982 citizen of Poland accepted on the recommendation of Prof. Dr. Jukka Jokela Prof. Dr. Maurine Neiman Prof. Dr. Janis Antonovics 2012 ECOLOGICAL AND EVOLUTIONARY DYNAMICS IN NATURAL POPULATIONS OF CO-EXISTING SEXUAL AND ASEXUALL LINEAGES DOROTA PACZESNIAK cover illustration by Sibylle Lauper Diss. ETH No. 20790 Table of Contents Summary 5 Zussamenfassung 7 Introduction 11 Chapter I: Wide variation in ploidy level and genome size in a New Zealand freshwater snail with coexisting sexual and asexual lineages 19 Chapter II: Phylogeographic discordance between nuclear and mitochondrial genomes in asexual lineages of the freshwater snail Potamopyrgus antipodarum 47 Chapter III: Temporal dynamics of clonal structure are greater in habitats where risk of infection is high as predicted by the parasite hypothesis for sex 77 Chapter IV: Fitness distribution of asexual lineages in a natural population of coexisting sexuals and asexuals 111 Concluding remarks 135 Acknowledgments 139 Summary Theory predicts that asexually reproducing organisms should have a two-fold reproductive advantage over their sexual counterparts, which invest half of their reproductive potential into male offspring. The implications are that the descendants of a single asexual mutant can potentially replace a coexisting sexual population within tens of generations. On the other hand, asexual lineages are expected to be short-lived on evolutionary time scales because they lack mechanisms that rapidly generate new genetic diversity and are thus limited in their ability to adapt to changing environments. In this thesis, I focused on understanding 1) the spatial and temporal scales at which ecological and evolutionary processes favouring sexual reproduction occur and 2) the evolutionary origins and diversity of asexual lineages. As a model system I used a freshwater snail Potamopyrgus antipodarum that is characterized by frequent coexistence between diploid sexual and polyploid asexual individuals in its native New Zealand. Previous research on the P. antipodarum system has established that negative frequency-dependent selection by parasites provides a selective advantage to rare (e.g., sexually produced) genotypes and almost certainly plays an important role in the maintenance of sex and the coexistence of sexual and asexual individuals. To assess the extent to which asexual P. antipodarum actually realize the predicted two-fold reproductive advantage, I measured reproductive output of sexual families and multiple different asexual lineages in a natural lake population using experimental enclosures. I found that the reproductive output of several asexual lineages is as high as the best sexual families, which implies that sexuals do pay the full “cost of sex” relative to some asexual lineages and that the coexistence of sexual and asexual lineages in the populations where sexuals and asexuals coexist and where asexual lineage fitness is high must involve factors giving sexuals a short-term selective advantage. To assess the variation in ploidy level and genome size among asexual lineages, which were presumed to be triploid and nearly all female, an extensive survey aimed at characterizing ploidy-level variation was performed at a large geographic scale. The widespread occurrence 5 and multiple origins of polyploid males and individuals with higher than triploid ploidy level have been found, and the results indicate that they are likely to be descended from asexual females. The survey also suggested the existence of extensive variation in genome size. These results highlight the importance of considering ploidy level variation while investigating the origins and diversity of asexual lineages. I addressed the questions of how the diversity of asexual lineages is generated by examining the evolutionary history of both mitochondrial and nuclear genetic markers across 16 lakes across the native New Zealand range of the P. antipodarum While the nuclear data suggest that asexual lineages are usually derived from coexisting sexual populations within lakes, the mitochondrial data is largely discordant with this pattern. In particular, the presence of a very common and widespread mitochondrial haplotype strongly associated with asexuality and paired with many different nuclear backgrounds indicates it had spread in parthenogenetic population due to selective advantage, and implies a more complex scenario of origin of new asexual lineages. Finally, I examined the spatial variation and temporal dynamics of the genetic structure in a mixed sexual/asexual P. antipodarum population featuring a cline in the intensity of parasitism between two time points over a four-year interval. In habitats where parasite pressure is high, the genetic structure of asexual population (identities and frequencies of clones) changed significantly, while in the habitat where parasite pressure is low, it did not. The genetic structure of the sexual population also remained stable. These results are consistent with the Red Queen hypothesis for the maintenance of sex, which predicts that parasite mediated selection should disproportionately affect asexual genotypes when they become common, and give advantage to rare genotypes, therefore maintaining sex. Overall, my results emphasize the importance of linking ecological, genetic and phylogeographic concepts and approaches when evaluating the evolution of reproductive modes in nature. 6 Zussamenfassung Laut Theorie haben Organismen, die sich asexuell fortpflanzen, einen doppelten Vorteil gegenüber sich sexuell Vermehrenden, da diese die Hälfte ihres Reproduktionspotentials in Männchen investieren müssen. Dies führt dazu, dass die Nachkommen einer einzigen asexuellen Mutante eine koexistierende sexuelle Population innerhalb weniger Generationen ersetzen könnten. Andererseits, über einen evolutionären Zeitraum gesehen, sollten asexuelle Fortpflanzungslinien kurzlebiger sein als sexuelle Linien. Asexuelle Linien haben keine geeigneten Mechanismen zur schnellen Erzeugung genetischer Diversität, die zur Anpassung an sich ändernde Umweltbedingungen aber nötig ist. In dieser Arbeit konzentriere ich mich 1) auf das Verständnis räumlicher und zeitlicher Dimensionen, in denen ökologische und evolutionäre Prozesse die sexuelle Reproduktion favorisieren und 2) auf das Verständnis des evolutionären Ursprungs und der genetischen Diversität asexueller Linien. Als Modellsystem diente mir die Süsswasserschnecke Potamopyrgus antipodarum, da diese in ihrer Heimat Neuseeland häufig in gemischten Populationen aus diploiden sexuellen und polyploiden asexuellen Individuen vorkommt. Frühere Forschungen an P. antipodarum haben gezeigt, dass negativ frequenzabhängige Selektion durch Parasiten einen selektiven Vorteil für seltene (z.B. sexuell produzierte) Genotypen bietet und zweifelsohne sowohl eine wichtige Rolle in der Erhaltung sexueller Fortpflanzung als auch in der Koexistenz von asexueller und sexueller Fortpflanzung spielt. Um das Ausmass zu bestimmen, in welchem asexuelle P. antipodarum tatsächlich den theoretischen zweifachen Vorteil nutzen, habe ich die Reproduktionsleistung asexueller Linien mit der sexueller Familien verglichen, die in experimentellen Käfigen einem Freilandversuch in ihrer natürlichen Umgebung gehalten wurden. Dabei fand ich, dass die Reproduktionsleistung mehrerer asexueller Linien höher war als die der besten sexuellen Familien. Daraus ergibt sich, dass sexuelle Familien tatsächlich die doppelten Kosten für sexuelle Reproduktion zahlen. Um die Koexistenz von sexuellen und asexuellen Linien mit 7 hoher Fitness innerhalb einer Population erklären zu können, müssen sexuelle Familien einen kurzfristigen selektiven Vorteil haben. Um die Variabilität im Ploidiegrad und in der Genomgrösse zwischen asexuellen Linien bestimmen zu können, habe ich eine umfassende Erhebung über einen grossen geographischen Raum durchgeführt. Man geht davon aus, dass asexuelle Linien triploid sind und fast ausschliesslich aus Weibchen bestehen. Die Studie hat gezeigt, dass polyploide Männchen und Individuen mit höheren Ploidiegraden als Triploidie weiträumig verbreitet und multiplen Ursprungs sind. Dies deutet darauf hin, dass sie wahrscheinlich von asexuellen Weibchen abstammen. Ich konnte ebenfalls zeigen, dass die Variabilität in der Genomgrösse erheblich sein kann. Diese Ergebnisse betonen die Wichtigkeit, bei der Untersuchung des Ursprungs und der genetischen Diversität von asexuellen Linien die Variabilität im Ploidiegrad zu beachten. Weiterhin untersuchte ich die Frage, wie die genetische Diversität asexueller Linien generiert wird, indem ich die evolutionäre Geschichte von sowohl mitochondrialen als auch nukleären genetischen Markern in 16 über das gesamte Verbreitungsgebiet von P. antipodarum in Neuseeland
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