Universidade Federal De Santa Catarina Centro De Comunicação E Expressão Curso De Pós-Graduação Em Literatura

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Universidade Federal De Santa Catarina Centro De Comunicação E Expressão Curso De Pós-Graduação Em Literatura UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE SANTA CATARINA CENTRO DE COMUNICAÇÃO E EXPRESSÃO CURSO DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM LITERATURA Felipe Augusto Vicari de Carli O MATRIARCADO NO PROGRAMA ANTROPOFÁGICO: Oswald de Andrade, leitor de Bachofen FLORIANÓPOLIS 2016 Felipe Augusto Vicari de Carli O MATRIARCADO NO PROGRAMA ANTROPOFÁGICO: Oswald de Andrade, leitor de Bachofen Dissertação apresentada ao Curso de Pós-Graduação em Literatura, área de concentração em Teoria Literária, linha de pesquisa Teoria da Modernidade, da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), como requisito parcial para a obtenção do título de Mestre em Literatura. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Raúl Antelo FLORIANÓPOLIS 2016 Pourquoi les hommes doivent marcher toujours comme ça ? Et pas faire d’autres gestes ? Isadora Duncan, em pergunta para Oswald de Andrade Agradecimentos Agradeço, primeiramente, ao professor Raúl Antelo, cujas aulas e textos promoveram um fascínio singular neste aluno de literatura, por ensinar que o exercício de leitura é o de formar constelações de sentidos que se sustentam sempre em uma rede precária e aberta a novas tessituras, a uma ficcionalização produtiva e alegre, para além da interpretação obediente e servil. Agradeço também aos professores Ana Luíza Andrade e Carlos Eduardo Schmidt Capela pelas críticas e sugestões feitas na banca de qualificação. Ainda, agradço à professora Ana Luíza a valiosíssima sugestão bibliográfica de Jean-Joseph Goux; e ao professor Capela a lembrança do número 22 do Boletim de Pesquisas do NELIC, em que se fez um Dossiê a respeito de Furio Jesi com textos seus indispensáveis para a conclusão deste trabalho. Não posso deixar de agradecer ao amigo e agora professor Alexandre Nodari, que me instigou a formular o projeto de pesquisa – que leu e a que fez numerosas contribuições – e a submetê-lo ao programa de Pós- Graduação em Literatura da UFSC. É também Nodari o responsável pelo meu interesse pela Antropofagia de Oswald de Andrade, que antes eu praticamente ignorava. Estudar na UFSC, morando e trabalhando em Curitiba, foi bastante difícil e desafiador, mas Nodari provou estar certo, por ser o lugar mais adequado, sob a orientação do professor Raúl, para desenvolver esta pesquisa. Agradeço à querida amiga Flávia Cera, que, com Nodari, me recebeu em sua casa várias vezes em Florianópolis com a mais digna hospitalidade. A ela devo também uma conversa decisiva no momento de maior ansiedade na escritura dessa dissertação. Aos amigos e colegas da pós, Raquel Azevedo, Camila, Fernando Bastos e Gustavo Ramos, pela companhia nos dias de aula em Florianópolis, e pelo diálogo que sempre fez proliferar os sentidos do mundo. Também agradeço à colega Joana Corona (in memoriam), com quem tive pouco contato mas o suficiente para admirá-la. Aos outros amigos de Florianópolis, Marcos Matos, Diego Cervelin, Fernando Scheibe e Leonardo D’Ávila, e os de Curitiba, Marco Valentim e Juliana Fausto, de cujas espantosas inteligência e beleza do pensar aprendo sempre quão vasta e intensa é a terra. Aos amigos e companheiros de jornada Rondinelly, Deborah, Paulo, Zé Márcio, Allyson e Eduardo: seres-tão e sertões de vida e alegria. Ainda fundaremos aquele projeto secreto vocês sabem onde. Aos queridos amigos do Barril, João Paulo, Maria, Inês, e também a Joana, que viram nascer este projeto, e ouviram os choros de angústia do primeiro sopro deste texto e lhe embalaram os primeiros entusiasmos. Gratidão é sempre pouca para vocês. À Piazada da Alegria, mais o Weiss, que não me apoiou em nada porque amigo à vera se ocupa mais com cerveja, futebol e política que com essas coisas da academia. Davam por sentado este trabalho, sucesso garantido, porque nos enganamos sempre juntos. À mulher-enigma inesgotável, solo em que me desencontrei, despido e devorado, terror sagrado em que se condensa o disparate da vida. Minha dor, minha alegria. De tudo fica um pouco, e mal desconfia, Fada, o imenso de você que fica nas páginas que aqui seguem escritas. A meus pais e à minha irmã, sempre. Especialmente à matriarca, que acompanhava com angústia redobrada cada angústia minha. Resumo Em 1861, Johann Jakob Bachofen escreve Das Muterrecht, obra erudita de fôlego em que arrolava mitos, lendas e etnografias da Antiguidade nos quais recolhe vestígios da existência de um matriarcado primitivo que precedeu ao patriarcado clássico. Esta obra foi parcialmente lida por Oswald de Andrade na década de 40 do século passado, e foi definitiva para a retomada da Antropofagia dos anos 20, que havia sido renegada com a adesão do escritor brasileiro ao Partido Comunista Brasileiro. A partir de Bachofen, Oswald postula uma “Errática”, a ciência dos vestígios errantes, que identifica na nossa moderna, demasiadamente moderna civilização os vestígios de um fundo arcaico da linguagem e da religião, sobrevivências daquilo que sempre opõe resistência às figuras da transcendência, que é, para ele, patriarcal e messiânica, como o pai, Deus, o Ser, o Estado, o dinheiro, em benefício de uma experiência sempre renovada da vida. Oscilando entre Bachofen e Oswald, este trabalho coloca em ressonância recíproca as trajetórias intelectuais dos autores e de sua fortuna, para investigar o papel da ideia de matriarcado no programa antropofágico. Abstract In 1861, Johan Jakob Bachofen wrote Das Muterrecht, a monumental work wherein he listed myths, legends and ethnographies of the Antiquity where he gathered vestiges of an ancient matriarchy that preceded classical patriarchy. This book has been partialy read by Oswald de Andrade in the 1940s, and it was crucial for the resumption of the Anthropophagy of the 1920s, the avant-garde movement that had been disowned when the brazilian writer joined the Brazilian Comunist Party. From his readings of Bachofen, Oswald postulates an “Erratics”, the sciene of the erratic vestiges, which identifies in our modern, all too modern civilization the traces of an archaic background of language and religion whose subsistence always resists against transcendence – patriarchal and messianic - and its avatars - father, God, Being, State, money – to the benefit of an ever-renewing experience of life. Swaying between Bachofen and Oswald, this work puts in ressonance the intelectual courses of these authors and of their fortune, in order to investigate the role of matriarchy in the anthropophagic program. SUMÁRIO 1. Apresentação ............................................................ 17 2. Bachofen: de antimoderno a mal-comportado ..... 57 A crise poética: Baudelaire e Hugo · Basileia muda! · Crise do jusnaturalismo positivista · Bachofen, o diletante antimoderno · Crise do Patriarcado: o isolamento do diletante e do artista infeliz · Catábase bachofenina: polêmica com Mommsen · Tradição, símbolo e mito · Visão e conversão · Renascimento protofascista de Bachofen · Reconciliação com o mito: Benjamin (e um pouco de Oswald), leitor de Bachofen · O fundamento arcaico da linguagem. Morte estéril e morte fértil · Natureza: dominação e legalidade imanente · Bachofen, o arqueólogo mal-comportado 3. O Matriarcado de Pindorama .............................. 200 Tarsivwald: o Abaporu e o Manifesto Antropófago · Acefalia: saúde antropófoga · Índio: antimodelo · A escritura primitivista · A humanidade monstruosa: figura · O Matriarcado: fundo · Castração e a fórmula antropofágica · Exogamia e liberação sexual · O enigma mulher 4. Errática e hetairismo primitivo: Oswald leitor de Bachofen ..................................................................... 332 Morte e vida da Antropofagia · A polarização simbólica: o feminino e o masculino · O direito materno: consequências éticas, econômicas e religiosas · Dioniso e Apolo · Civilização: degradação da mulher e autossuficiência masculina · A nova ordem jurídica: o Estado e a escravidão · O sacerdócio e a teologia monoteísta ·Hetairismo: antropologia matriarcal · Autossuficiência masculina: anestesia e censura ·Homogeneidade e comensurabilidade: contra o hetairismo ontológico · O drama do poeta · Sentimento órfico e rítmica participante 5. Bibliografia ............................................................. 525 17 1. Apresentação Há poucos anos, eu não tinha ideia do que era ou de que se tratava a Antropofagia, o movimento de vanguarda que veio após as ebulições da Semana de Arte Moderna de 1922. Não que não tivesse tido notícias, não houvesse lido o Manifesto Antropófago e Macunaíma, livro que a Antropofagia reivindica para sua, digamos, tradição, ou os poemas de Oswald de Andrade. Que não conhecesse as obras de Tarsila do Amaral. Tinha noção da importância do Modernismo como um todo para a desativação de certo establishment literário beletrista e oficioso – mas como se não houvesse fraturas e divergências entre os próprios, digamos também, modernos. Chegava a confundir a Antropofagia com a Semana. Tanto que, nas obrigatórias de Literatura Brasileira que frequentei no curso de Letras, sequer se chegou a falar dos antropófagos: entre Monteiro Lobato e Graciliano Ramos, Macunaíma, entre os simbolistas ou parnasianos e Carlos Drummond de Andrade, Os sapos e o Prefácio Interessantíssimo. E só. A Antropofagia parecia apenas um desvio humorístico, uma blague 18 informalizante, digna sim de nota, mas talvez não mais do que de uma nota. O Manifesto Antropófago era, aliás, incompreensível para mim. Tinha a impressão de que se tratava apenas de um desbunde, de um amontoado irresponsável de invectivas que talvez não merecesse leitura mais detida. A coisa começou a mudar quando li Verdade Tropical, de Caetano Veloso, um livro que me deixou absolutamente
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