Pre-Scoping Report (Draft) Bali - Nusa Tenggara Economic Corridor

SEA for Indonesian Master Plan for Accelerated Economic Development (MP3EI)

Pre-scoping Report (Draft) Bali - Nusa Tenggara Economic Corridor

Ministry Of Foreign Affairs Of Denmark Draft Report

December 2013

This report has been prepared under the DHI Business Management System certified by DNV to comply with Occupational Health and Quality Management Environmental Management Safety Management ISO 9001 ISO 14001 OHSAS 18001

SEA for Indonesian Master Plan for Accelerated Economic Development (MP3EI), Pre-scoping Report / JAMA / 2013-13

SEA for Indonesian Master Plan for Accelerated Economic Development (MP3EI)

Pre-scoping Report (Draft) Bali - Nusa Tenggara Economic Corridor

Prepared for Ministry Of Foreign Affairs Of Denmark

Represented by Mr Peter Oksen

Project manager Joshua Jon van Berkel

Project number 61800814 Prepared by Adi Wiyana, James Edwards Machin Final Draft submitted 12/2013 Approval date Revision Classification Open/Restricted/Confidential

DHI Water & Environment (S) Pte Ltd• 1 Cleantech Loop • #03-05 CleanTech One • Singapore• 637141 Telephone: +65 67776330 • Telefax: +65 67773537 • [email protected]•

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SEA for Indonesian Master Plan for Accelerated Economic Development (MP3EI), Pre-scoping Report / JAMA / 2013-13

CONTENTS

1 Introduction ...... 1 1.1 Background on MP3EI SEA ...... 1 1.2 SEA Process for Economic Corridors and Current Phase ...... 1 1.3 Pre-scoping Activities ...... 2 1.3.1 Early Stakeholder Discussions ...... 2 1.3.2 Review the MP3EI Planning for Bali – Nusa Tenggara EC, Provincial Spatial Plans and Development plans ...... 3 1.3.3 Developing Preliminary List of Key Potential Issues in Bali – Nusa Tenggara EC ...... 3 1.3.4 Stakeholder Mapping ...... 3 1.3.5 Organizing Pre-scoping and Data Collection Workshop ...... 3 1.3.6 Finalizing and Disseminating Pre-Scoping Report ...... 4 1.4 Further Steps ...... 4

2 Overview of MP3EI planning in the Economic Corridor ...... 5 2.1 Delineation of Economic Corridor ...... 5 2.2 MP3EI Planning for EC ...... 6 2.2.1 Main Planned Economic Activities ...... 6 2.2.2 Main MP3EI Policies and Regulations ...... 7 2.2.3 Main Planned Infrastructure ...... 7 2.3 Overview of Autonomous Provincial Planning ...... 8 2.3.1 Bali Provincial Planning ...... 9 2.3.2 Nusa Tenggara Barat Provincial Planning ...... 9 2.3.3 Nusa Tenggara Timur Provincial Planning ...... 9 2.4 Overview of Major Ongoing/To-be-implemented Projects ...... 9

3 Summary of Relevant Baseline Features...... 13 3.1 Environmental Quality ...... 13 3.1.1 Water ...... 13 3.1.2 Air and Climate...... 15 3.1.3 Land and Soil ...... 16 3.2 Ecosystems ...... 17 3.2.1 Biodiversity ...... 17 3.2.2 Forests ...... 19 3.2.3 Coastal Degradation ...... 21 3.3 Socio and Economic Aspects ...... 25 3.3.1 Human Health ...... 25 3.3.2 Livelihood ...... 26 3.3.3 Industry and Mining ...... 27 3.3.4 Energy and Waste ...... 27 3.4 Environmental Management ...... 28 3.4.1 Protected Areas ...... 28 3.4.2 Environmental Conflicts ...... 28 3.4.3 Coastal Management ...... 28 3.4.4 Planning Coordination ...... 29 3.4.5 Compliance to Environmental Law and Regulations ...... 29

4 Preliminary Overview of the Potential Issues for EC ...... 31 4.1 Deforestation/Degradation of Forests Functions ...... 31 4.2 Human Health Risks ...... 31 4.3 Livelihood Opportunities ...... 32 4.4 Land and Soil Degradation ...... 32

4.5 Water Pollution ...... 33 4.6 Air and Climate ...... 33 4.7 Loss of Biodiversity ...... 34 4.8 Coastal Degradation ...... 34 4.9 Environmental Management Problems...... 35

5 Main Conclusions and Preliminary Recommendations ...... 37 5.1 Main Conclusions...... 37 5.2 Initial Recommendation ...... 38

6 References ...... 39

FIGURES

Figure 2.1 Delineation Map of Bali – Nusa Tenggara Economic Corridor ...... 5 Figure 2.2 Main planned infrastructure in Bali-NT EC ...... 8

APPENDICES

A MP3EI Planning Information in Bali – Nusa Tenggara EC

A.1 List of Economic Development Projects

A.2 List of Main Planned Infrastructure Projects

A.3 Planned Policy/Regulation and infrastructure in Bali – Nusa Tenggara EC

A.4 List of KPI and its Allocation for Economic Activities

A.5 Updated number of KPI in Bali – Nusa Tenggara EC

B Supporting Information on Prescoping Activities

B.1 List of Relevant Stakeholders for Bali – Nusa Tenggara EC

B.2 Minutes of Consulative Meeting

B.3 Minutes of Prescoping & Baseline Workshop

B.4 List of Attendance

B.5 Indicative Spatial Dimension of Key Issues

B.6 Invitation and Agenda

ii SEA for Indonesian Master Plan for Accelerated Economic Development (MP3EI), Pre-scoping Report / JAMA / 2013-13

Introduction

1 Introduction

1.1 Background on MP3EI SEA

In 2011, the Government of Indonesia introduced the first version of the Master Plan for Acceleration and Expansion of Indonesia Economic Development 2011-2025 (MP3EI). The MP3EI represents a core of Indonesia’s long-term development strategy with its prime objective “to realize the Indonesia 2025 vision to create a self-sufficient, advanced, just, and prosperous Indonesia and to transform Indonesia into a developed country by 2025”. The MP3EI includes a strategic focus on 22 economic activities (i.e. the Policy) and the implementation of these activities in the defined Economic Corridors (ECs).

While executing the recently released updated version of the MP3EI, however, it was realised that the MP3EI and associated National Medium Term Development Plan (RPJMN) needed to deepen their consideration of social and environmental factors to assure the overall vision of sustainability in Indonesia. Thus, along with several other initiatives, the Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) was chosen as a method for realizing the required level of integrated policy and planning development. The SEA is required by Indonesian legislation for policy, planning and program development.

To accomplish the required SEA Greening, Bappenas, together with the Ministry of Economic Coordination – a key MP3EI coordinating body of the Government of Indonesia (KP3EI), was charged with developing an appropriate SEA approach. This approach entails the execution of one MP3EI ‘Policy’ SEA and six Economic Corridor (EC) SEAs. Further, Bappenas approached the Royal Danish Embassy and DANIDA for assistance via the third instalment of the Environmental Support Program (ESP3).

The project MP3EI SEA was launched in June 2013 and shall last until July 2014. This document consists of the pre-scoping reporting of one of the six EC SEAs.

1.2 SEA Process for Economic Corridors and Current Phase

In accordance with general objectives of SEA i.e. addressing the strategic levels of decision- making to effectively minimise risks to environmental resources and human health likely resulting from policy, plan or program implementation, whilst providing opportunities for growth and sustainable development options, the MP3EI SEA intends to provide creditable strategic environmental analyses of the MP3EI Policy and Economic Corridor Planning and, where necessary, recommendations on how to minimize or avoid associated negative effects and how to maximize the positive effects. Optimally, the SEAs shall foster the integrated evolution of a truly sustainable MP3EI, along with the associated planning procedures (e.g. RPJMN and provincial planning) as well as – to the extent possible – individual projects.

The SEA process for the Economic Corridor includes following analytical steps:

• Pre-scoping involves the initial analysis of the Economic Corridor (EC) Plans and related baseline features to focus the SEAs and provides likely feedback on the key issues – this step includes also first consultations with the relevant stakeholders through workshops in each EC.

• Scoping Analysis involves comprehensive identification of the key strategic issues via structured expert analyses and stakeholders´ consultations for each EC.

• Analysis of likely effects of proposed activities in ECs involves the verification of an identified issue is strategic through appropriately developed qualitative and (semi) quantitative analysis techniques.

• Formulation of Mitigation Measures is based on the characterisation of the strategic issues and likely impacts identified from the previous stage. This will allow for experts to, as far as possible, pinpoint feasible and implementable measures to avoid or mitigate likely adverse impacts as well as to enhance potential positive ones.

• Compilation of the SEA Report to summarize all findings including conclusions from consultations with relevant stakeholders and formulate final set of the recommendations.

This document, as provided above, presents the initial pre-scoping EC feedback and is the current stage of the SEA EC process. It has been conducted during September – October 2013 and involved initial preliminary analysis of the likely strategic issues for the Bali – Nusa Tenggara EC. It has been carried out by the MP3EI SEA Team experts, with support from consultation with the central authorities and national NGOs; as well as the information obtained from the Pre-scoping & Baseline Workshop MP3EI SEA for Bali – Nusa Tenggara EC (Denpasar, October 17th, 2013 – see Appendix B.2 for detailed information). Besides analytical work and consultations, the data collection – especially provincial Spatial and Development Plans – has also been undertaken as part of pre-scoping tasks.

This report summarizes findings from the pre-scoping analyses and consultations, i.e. provides an overview of the preliminary scope of assessment, baseline data and relevant plans´ review. Findings from pre-scoping will provide a basis for further and detailed analysis of the key strategic issues in the scoping phase.

1.3 Pre-scoping Activities

The pre-scoping activities of Bali – Nusa Tenggara EC were performed to assist definition of the preliminary scope of the assessment of the EC (i.e. to produce the list of the key strategic issues) in order to support subsequent scoping analysis and, as deemed necessary, provide data for further analytical work.

Activities to carry out the aforementioned are described in the following subsections.

1.3.1 Early Stakeholder Discussions A number of pre-scoping issues were discussed with the main stakeholders related to Bali – Nusa Tenggara EC. Introductory discussion with KP3EI, Bappenas, Ministry of Tourism (leading ministry for Bali – Nusa Tenggara EC) focused on following issues:

• Obtaining a list of projects initiated and to be initiated, stages of completion for implemented projects; selection criteria for projects (if applied) in Bali and Nusa Tenggara provinces

• Identifying what KP3EI/Bappenas/KLH consider as key environmental and social concerns and problems related to the implementation of the MP3EI within Bali – Nusa Tenggara EC.

• Assess the accessibility of provincial level data and information (both from the GOI and other stakeholders)

• Identify potential stakeholders within and outside government that should be invited to the pre-scoping workshop.

A couple of meetings were held with officials of the Directorate General of Regional Development of the Ministry of Home Affairs to obtain copies of provincial spatial and development plans relevant to Bali – Nusa Tenggara EC, as well as to obtain information regarding provincial contacts in connection with provincial spatial and development planning.

2 SEA for Indonesian Master Plan for Accelerated Economic Development (MP3EI), Pre-scoping Report / JAMA / 2013-13

Introduction

With regard to spatial and development plans in the three provinces in the EC, we learned that: (a) all RTRWs have been completed and enacted; (b) drafts RPJPDs are completed; and (3) all current RPJMDs expire in the year of 2013 and the new ones are being developed.

1.3.2 Review the MP3EI Planning for Bali – Nusa Tenggara EC, Provincial Spatial Plans and Development plans A review of the MP3EI Economic Activities proposed for Bali – Nusa Tenggara EC and the provincial plans within the EC has also been undertaken during the pre-scoping phase in order to assist the scoping process with a full understanding of the objectives of the relevant plans, proposed developments and constraints for each area. However, since most planning documents are available in the provincial level, only the information regarding the status of the plans are presented at this stage.

1.3.3 Developing Preliminary List of Key Potential Issues in Bali – Nusa Tenggara EC Using the master list of key strategic issues identified for the MP3EI Policy SEA, a more specific overview has been developed for Bali – Nusa Tenggara EC using secondary literature (e.g. Environmental Yearbook, etc.). The information has been briefly summarised in line with the following principles:

• Highlighting existing environmental and social issues of importance in Bali – Nusa Tenggara EC

• Specification of detailed problems and concerns for each issue within Bali – Nusa Tenggara

• Identification of needs for further data/information

• Identification of key stakeholders relevant to specific issues in Bali – Nusa Tenggara

1.3.4 Stakeholder Mapping With assistance from the project stakeholders, the SEA team have prepared an initial list of relevant stakeholders for Bali – Nusa Tenggara EC during the pre-scoping phase. The initial list of relevant stakeholders in Bali – Nusa Tenggara EC can be viewed in detail in Appendix B.

1.3.5 Organizing Pre-scoping and Data Collection Workshop A workshop was organized in Denpasar on October 17th, 2013, in order to:

• Obtain feedback on proposed issues, concerns and problems relevant to Bali – Nusa Tenggara EC

• Obtain information on on-going and planned development

• Obtain baseline data from provincial agencies

Conclusions from the discussions and main comments received are summarized in Appendix B.2 of this Report.

1.3.6 Finalizing and Disseminating Pre-Scoping Report Considering findings from the activities above, the Pre-Scoping Report has been drafted and open for additional comments through the MP3EI SEA Project website.

1.4 Further Steps

The next immediate step after pre-scoping is to undertake scoping activities. This will include a number of activities, such as:

a. Collection of additional data and information needed as identified in the pre-scoping phase

b. Literature review of data and information collected for supporting the list of potential key issues in the Economic Corridor

c. Undertaking internal scoping among the SEA experts

d. Undertaking SEA Scoping Workshop with stakeholders

e. Completing and submitting final Scoping Report.

4 SEA for Indonesian Master Plan for Accelerated Economic Development (MP3EI), Pre-scoping Report / JAMA / 2013-13

Overview of MP3EI planning in the Economic Corridor

2 Overview of MP3EI planning in the Economic Corridor

This section outlines the main aspects of the overall MP3EI planning in the Bali – Nusa Tenggara EC Plan. It is acknowledged that the presented information is based on the current content of the MP3EI document, which is however still under development, and thus might be a subject of change.

2.1 Delineation of Economic Corridor

Figure 2.1 Delineation Map of Bali – Nusa Tenggara Economic Corridor

Bali - Nusa Tenggara Economic Corridor (EC) plans delineation includes Bali, West Nusa Tenggara (NTB) and East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) provinces where Zones of Investment Focus or also known as Kawasan Perhatian Investasi (KPI) and major projects are planned. For national strategic areas (KSN), the EC includes 1 KSN in Bali Island and 5 KSN located in Nusa Tenggara.

The MP3EI Masterplan document does not identify the number and locations of the KPIs in the EC. A newer document received (maps) shows the names and locations of the KPIs. This document also shows the expected investment values of each priority KPI, but not the potential KPIs. The document indicates that there are 23 KPIs in the EC (8 priority KPIs and 15 potential KPIs). The KPIs represent the main economic zones in each EC that consist of production centres/investment activities concentrated in specified geographical locations. The selection criteria for a location to become a KPI, include total investment value (the most significant), Government and local government support towards the local production centres, suitability to broader strategic interests (social, economy and political impact), and directives from the Government. The list of the 23 KPIs with the proposed designations for specific main economic activities within the economic corridor can be viewed in Appendix A. An updated list of projects was received. In addition to the names of projects, this list also shows expected investment value for individual projects, locations of the projects in the KPIs. It should be noted, however, that thare is a mismatch regarding names and locations of KPIs among the

documents received, and this should be further clarified. The complete information regarding the KPI and their designation can be viewed in detail in Appendix A.

Figure 2.1 above indicates the delineation of the economic corridor. The areas in grey indicate the locations of planned development and the numbered points represent types of KPIs. The delineation of economic activities (adopted from the Master plan document), is presented with specific colouring further indicates the planned economic activities, as follows:

• Animal husbandry activities indicated with grey, with main concentration areas Lombok, Sumbawa, Ngada, and Florest Timur

• Tourism activities indicated in yellow, with the main concentration in Bali and Lombok

• Fishery activities are planned in the area indicated with blue node, with main designated areas in Kupang and Ngada.

2.2 MP3EI Planning for EC

The objective of economic development in Bali-Nusa Tenggara Economic Corridor/EC is designated for Gateway for Tourism Industry and National Food Support.

The economic development in Bali - Nusa Tenggara EC is dominated by main economic activities: tourism, fishery and animal husbandry. Figure 2.1 indicates the location/node where each of economic activities is planned in specific colour. Sub-section 2.2.1 elaborates further regarding the objectives of the planned development of each of these economic activities.

The agglomeration of economic activities is combined within 23 Zones of Investment Focus (KPI) spread out geographically within the corridor. Section 1.4 will discuss further about the KPI information and allocation/designation.

The Bali-Nusa Tenggara EC comprises of 4 main economic centres: Denpasar, Lombok, Kupang and Mataram, all supported by main existing and planned infrastructure development within the EC. The list of main planned infrastructure developments is presented in Appendix A.

2.2.1 Main Planned Economic Activities The main planned economic activities in Bali – Nusa Tenggara EC are predominantly related to sectors of tourism, fishery, and animal husbandry. The following sub-sections outline the key objectives of each planned development. Tourism Tourism development activities aim to:

• Accelerate Tourism development on 9 National Tourism Destinations (or known as Destinasi Pariwisata Nasional/DPN): DPN Bali-Nusa Lembongan, DPN Lombok-Gili Tramena, DPN Moyo-Tambora, DPN Komodo-Ruteng, DPN Kelimutu-Meumere, DPN Sumba-Waikabubak, DPN Alor-Lembata, DPN Kupang-Rotendao.

• Increase the number of foreign tourists visit to 20 million per annum by 2025 (National Tourism Development Master Plan/Ripparnas 2011-2025)

• Increase services and facilities for the tourists including improved infrastructure such as water supply, electricity, transportation and communication.

6 SEA for Indonesian Master Plan for Accelerated Economic Development (MP3EI), Pre-scoping Report / JAMA / 2013-13

Overview of MP3EI planning in the Economic Corridor

Fishery Fishery activities in Bali-Nusa Tenggara EC aim to:

• Increase fishery production of fisheries products, which include tuna catching, shrimp and seaweed cultivation

• Increase the production of high value-added processed fishery by developing fishery industrial clusters, cooperation with foreign consumers and provision of technical assistance to SMEs

• Increase the production of salt by optimizing land with potential development (salt centers planned development in East Nusa Tenggara).

Animal Husbandry Animal Husbandry activities aim to:

• Develop beef cattle products by increasing value-added activities (diversification of products)

A number of specific projects are envisaged to realize the investments in these above mentioned main economic activities in Bali – Nusa Tenggara EC. The updated list of projects prepared by KP3EI secretariat listed a total number of 12 tourism projects; 4 in Badung and Benoa areas in Bali, 5 in Lombok and Sumbawa in Nusa Tenggara Barat, and 3 in Kupang area in Nusa Tenggara Timur.

Salt Production Industry to support the fishery economic activities is envisaged to be established in Kupang Bay, Nusa Tenggara Timur.

Three projects in the animal husbandry sector to develop and diversify beef cattle products by increasing value-added activities are envisage to be undertaken in Denpasar (Bali) and Ngada and Sumba Timur in Nusa Tenggara Barat. The projects include: (a) development of food security industrial complex; (b) expansion of cattle through cattle ranches; and (c) processing and preservation of meat industry. A complete list of economic development projects together with an indication of implementation time-frame can be viewed in detail in Appendix A.

2.2.2 Main MP3EI Policies and Regulations In order to achieve the objective of the economic development in Bali – Nusa Tenggara EC, several policies, regulations and infrastructure developments are planned within each designated economic priorities. A number of planned regulations are aimed to enhance the implementation of MP3EI projects development (i.e. improvement of spatial plan status) while several others are dedicated to control and manage the economic activities (i.e. improved tourism services, marketing of fishery products, cooperation between salt industry and salt farmers). The detail planned policy/regulation can be seen in Appendix A.

2.2.3 Main Planned Infrastructure To support the economic activities in Bali – Nusa Tenggara EC, the EC plan also identifies several infrastructure projects to be implemented in the EC within the period of 2011-2014.1

In line with the anticipated development and distribution of economic activities, expansion and development of Ngurah Rai International Airport and development of Lombok International

1 The MP3EI is prepared with perspective to the year of 2025. However, the working version of the MP3EI document also indicates infrastructure projects to be implemented in 2011-2014. The current status of the implementation needs to be clarified.

Airport are underway or completed, and development of port in Kupang is planned. In addition, development of railroad to support tourism industry in Bali is also envisioned for the future.

In addition to the airport, port, and railway developments, two power plants are to be constructed in Bedugul in Bali and Lombok. The Bedugul power plant (Capacity 10 MW) is planned to be developed by PT Bali Energy, and the Lombok steam power plant (Capacity 2x 50 MW) by PT PLN.

Lastly, development and rehabilitation of fiber optic coverage & backbone will be handled by the Ministry of Communication.

The main planned infrastructure components are illustrated in Figure 2.2, while the complete list of infrastructure can be seen in Appendix A.

Figure 2.2 Main planned infrastructure in Bali-NT EC

2.3 Overview of Autonomous Provincial Planning

Along with the MP3EI planned development in Bali – Nusa Tenggara EC, it is also important to acknowledge the information regarding autonomous provincial plans such as RPJPD (Long Term Regional Development Plans), RPJMD (Mid-Term Regional Development Plans) and RTRWP (Provincial Spatial Plans). Considering the key components and priorities of these provincial plans in the EC in following SEA steps will further help to identify the likely potential conflict between the MP3EI planning within the corridor and the provincial planning, which are in various stages of completion and implementation.

To provide a clearer understanding, the overview of autonomous provincial planning status is indicated for each province by highlighting the status and key information on the plans relevant to the MP3EI planned development.

8 SEA for Indonesian Master Plan for Accelerated Economic Development (MP3EI), Pre-scoping Report / JAMA / 2013-13

Overview of MP3EI planning in the Economic Corridor

2.3.1 Bali Provincial Planning Bali’s RPJPD, legalized by Provincial Regulation No. 6/2009, runs for the period of 2005-2025 and outlines a twenty-year development policy and strategy which is further elaborated into four five-year development plans. The existing 2008-2013 RPJMD of Bali expires in 2013. Currently, the Provincial Government is developing its new RPJMD for 2013-2018.

Bali’s RTRWP was completed and legalized through Provincial Regulation No. 16/2009. It contains the province’s plan for infrastructure, land-use, and strategic area development plans for the period of 2009-2029. In addition, the RTRW describes the proposed first five-year projects.

2.3.2 Nusa Tenggara Barat Provincial Planning The RPJPD of NTB sets out the province’s long-term regional development plan for 2005-2025. The current 2009-2013 RPJMD, that is legalized through the Provincial Regulation No. 1/2009, will expire in 2013. The provincial government will soon need to develop a new RPJMD.

The RTRWP of NTB was completed and legalized through Provincial Regulation No. 3/2010. It contains the province’s plan for infrastructure, land-use, and strategic area development plans, for the period of 2009-2029. In addition, the RTRW describes the proposed first five-year projects.

2.3.3 Nusa Tenggara Timur Provincial Planning The RPJPD and current RPJMD of NTT do not seem to be legalized through a provincial regulation yet. The current RPJMD sets five-year development plans for the period of 2009- 2013. The up-coming RPJMD (2014-2019) should be under preparation soon.

The RTRWP of NTT was completed and legalized through Provincial Regulation No. 1/2011. It contains the province’s plan for infrastructure, land-use, and strategic area development plans, for the period of 2009-2029. In addition, the RTRW describes the proposed first five-year projects.

2.4 Overview of Major Ongoing/To-be-implemented Projects

For all of the three provinces in the EC, the provincial governments are currently developing their medium-term development plans for the period of 2013-2018, and drafts are not available yet. All of the provincial governments have completed the respective spatial plans and formalized the plans through provincial regulations (Perda), namely Perda No. 16/2009 for Bali for its Spatial Plan of 2009-2029, Perda No. 3/2010 for NTB for its Spatial Plan of 2009-2029, and Perda No. 1/2011 for NTT for its Spatial Plan of 2010-2030.

From initial review of the Spatial Plans of Bali, NTB, and NTT, there are a number of major infrastructure projects, as follows:

Province of Bali

Land acquisition and construction of intercity toll roads by the national government as follows:

• Kuta-Tanah-Lot-Soka (26,25 km) • Canggu-Beringkit-Purnama (31,08 km) • Tohpati-Kusamba-Padang Bai (31,92 km) • Pekutatan-Soka (23,90 km) • Negara-Pekutatan (23,00 km)

• Gilimanuk-Negara (31,70 km)

Land acquisition and construction of internal-city toll roads by the national government as follows:

• Serangan-Tanjung Benoa (7,50 km) • Serangan-Tohpati (10,40 km) • Kuta- Ngurah Rai Airport (4,20 km) • Kuta-Denpasar-Tohpati (10,70 km)

Development of new roads (primary collector functions) as follows:

• Mengwi-Singaraja, financially shared by national, provincial, and district/city budgets.

Development of new provincial roads as follows:

• Strategic outer provincial ring-roads in Nusa Penida, financially shared by provincial and district budgest.

• Primary collector road Kintamani-Belantih, financially shared by the provincial and district budgets.

Construction of new ports (Amed and Gunaksa)

Province of NTB

a. Development of Land, Air, and Sea Transportation system including:

- Provincial roads, namely Trans-Lombok (northern and southern Lombok) and Trans- Sumbawa (northern and southern Sumbawa).

- Type B Terminal in Tanjung, Praya, Selong, Taliwang, Dompu, and Woha; Feeder Port in Bangsal Pemenang, Labuhan Haji, Tanjung Luar, Benete, Badas, Calabai, Kempo, Waworada, Cempi, and Sape.

- Inter-Islands/District Ports in Labuhan Lombok, Telongelong, Pototano, Benete, Pulau Moyo, Lua Air.

- Passenger Port in the coastal area of Kota Mataram; and

- Central Feeder Airport in Brang Biji and Sekongkang.

Province of NTT

a. National strategic road network which includes: (1) Wailebe-Waiwadan-Kolilanang-Sagu- Waiwuring in Adonara Island, Kabupaten Flores Timur; (2) Lewoleba-Balauring in Lembata Island; (3) Baranusa-Kabir in Pantar Island, Kabupaten Alor; (4) Batuputih-Panite-Kalbano- Oinlasi-Boking-Wanibesak-Besikama-Webua-Motamasin-Border of Timor-Leste In Timor Island; (5) Bolok-Tenau to the Airport in Kabupaten Kupang; (6) Mesara-Seba-Bolow di Pulau Sabu; (7) Batutua-Baa-Pantebaru-Papela-Eakun di Pulau Rote; (8) Nggorang- Kondo-Hita-Kendidi and Reo-Pota-Waikelambu- Riung-Mboras-Danga-Nila-Aeramo- Kaburea-Nabe-Ronokolo-Maurole-Kotabaru-Koro-Magepanda-Maumere in Flores Island; and (9) Waingapu-Melolo-Ngalu-Baing in Sumba Island.

b. Primary artery roads network (national status): (1) Trans-Flores Island; (2) Trans-Timor Island.

10 SEA for Indonesian Master Plan for Accelerated Economic Development (MP3EI), Pre-scoping Report / JAMA / 2013-13

Overview of MP3EI planning in the Economic Corridor

c. Primary feeder roads network (Q1-national status): (1) Trans-Flores Island; (2) Trans- Timor Island; (3) Trans- Sumba Island; (4) Trans- Alor Island.

d. Border roads network: (1) Wini-Maubesi-Sakato-Wini-Atapupu; (2) Ruas Mota’ain-Atapupu- Atambua; (3) Napan-Kefamenanu; (4) Motamasin-Halilulik; (5) Haekesak-Atambua; (6) Ba’a-Papela; (7) Kalabahi-Taramana-Maritaing; (8) Seba-Bollow; and (9) Haumeni Ana- Soe.

e. Type A Terminal in Kabupaten Kupang; Type B Terminal in Waingapu (Kabupaten Sumba Timur), Soe (Kabupaten Timor Tengah Selatan), Ruteng (Kabupaten Manggarai), Kefamenanu (Kabupaten Timor Tengah Utara), and Ende (Kabupaten Ende); and Type C Terminal in Kalabahi, Maumere, Ende, and Bajawa.

f. International Port in Nusa Lontar-Tenau for supporting transportation of passengers and goods, exports, container.

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12 SEA for Indonesian Master Plan for Accelerated Economic Development (MP3EI), Pre-scoping Report / JAMA / 2013-13

Summary of Relevant Baseline Features

3 Summary of Relevant Baseline Features

This section outlines the strategic baseline features in Bali – Nusa Tenggara EC structured in following categories: Environmental Quality (includes Water, Air & Climate, Land & Soil); Ecosystem (Biodiversity, Forests, Coastal degradation); Socio-Economic Aspects (Human health, livelihood, Industry and mining, Energy & waste) and Environmental Management. This introductory analysis based on literature and elementary statistical data interpretation and focuses on the strategic baseline categories and is aimed to assist to the process of identification of key issues relevant for the EC SEA. Further analytical activities, including GIS mapping, are currently being undertaken to further improve the scoping process.

3.1 Environmental Quality

3.1.1 Water The Provinces of Bali, NTB, and NTT are comprised of relatively small islands with limited water resources, compared to the growing needs of water for domestic and economic activities. Water resource potentials in the EC generally include river systems, lakes, dams and embungs (ponds), springs, and ground water. Water resources in terms of both quality and quantity are increasingly become a major issue in the Bali-Nusa Tenggara EC. Continously increasing population growth and economic activities in these provinces require increased use of water, and at the same time result in reduced water quantity and quality.

A DANIDA-assisted SEA was undertaken in Bali (DANIDA, 2010) with a focus solely on water resources issues. Water resource issues identified in the Bali SEA includes: (a) reduced debit of surface water (springs, rivers, lakes, embung, waduk); (b) reduced quality of surface water due to pollution (waste water and solid waste); (c) agricultural land conversion to other uses; (d) high level exploitation of ground water; and (e) intrusion of sea water in many areas.

Figure 3.1 Aquifers in Nusa Tenggara Barat

Another DANIDA-assisted SEA was undertaken for the development of Metropolitan City of Mataram in NTB in 2011 and it also identified water resources as a key issue, including: reduced debit of water, availability of clean/potable water, water for irrigation, water quality/pollution, reduced number of water springs, drought in the dry season but flood during rainy season. These key issues might be relevant to the whole NTB province. Figure 3.1 above

shows the scarcity of ground water in NTB where aquifers are absence in a big proportion of the provincial areas. In the case of NTT, the province is even drier and more barren than Bali and NTB. KOMPAS (October 1, 2013) reported that water is a major problem in the province, where the dry season runs for 9 months annually. In certain rural areas in the Island of Flores, people have to spend hours to walk to and from a river just to obtain potable water enough for the day, thus significantly reducing their productivity. The Bali – Nusa Tenggara Eco-region environmental status document (KLH, 2012) indicates that surface water in the EC generally are polluted in terms of a number of parameters including BOD, COD, DO and Total Coliform.

As an illustration to specific concerns, locations, and causal factors contributing to water resource issues in the EC in general, and Bali in particular, the table below is a result of SEA scoping sessions in the Bali Water resource SEA mentioned above.

Table 3.1 Water resource issues in Bali

No Specific Concerns Locations Driving Factors Likely Impacts Forest degradation, land use change, Lowered level of Springs, rivers, lakes, dams Droughts in dry 1. sedimentation, surface water and embung (ponds) in Bali seasons decreased water catchment areas

Lowered quality of Lowered usability of Low community surface water water, emergence awareness, weak law 2. because of pollutions All rivers and lakes in Bali of deceases, enforcement, limited (solid waste and floods, disturbed locations for solid waste waste water) water biota

Reduced open Population growth, Increased land use areas, reduced investment pressure, change from catchment areas, 3. All districts/cities in Bali weak spatial planning agriculture to non- reduced (land use) control, lack agriculture environmental of land policy carrying capacity

Denpasar, Badung Selatan, Limited water supply Badung Tengah, Tourism capacity to the public, areas in Karangasem, Lovina Lowered ground Increased exploitation inexpensive cost for 4. and Kota Singaraja, Kec. water table/level, of ground water ground water extraction, Melaya, Kec. Negara and Kec. land subsidence good quality of ground Jembrana, Payangan, Ubud, water Sukawati, Gianyar, Blahbatuh

Denpasar Selatan, Kuta, Legian, Seminyak, Nusa Dua, Sea water intrusion in Reduced quality Tanjung Benoa, Jimbaran, Over-exploitation of 5. a number of areas in and quantity of Canggu, Seseh, Cemagi, ground water Bali ground water Lebih, Kota Singaraja, Lovina, Perancak, Loloan, Gilimanuk

Kec. Rendang and Selat, Kintamani, Sukasada, Economic and High incidence of Gerokgak, Melaya, Destruction of investment pressure, forest destruction Belimbingsari, Nusasari, hydrology system, 6. lack of alternative (state forests and Pupuan, Baturiti, Jatiluwih, decreased employment community forests) Petang, around TPA Suwung biodiversity opportunities and TNBB (West Bali National Park)

Law enforcers lacking Weak law discipline and High incidence of enforcement in water 7. All districts/cities in Bali commitment, law violations, absence resource enforcement system not of deterrent effects management yet optimal

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No Specific Concerns Locations Driving Factors Likely Impacts Badung: Bukit, Pecatu, Unfulfilled Petang; Buleleng: Gerokgak, Lack of water resources, community needs, Kubutambahan; Bangli: Un-equitable topography, inadequate disturbed Kintamani; Karangasem: Kubu, distribution of and distribution community/human 8. western part of Abang, eastern public access to infrastructure and health, persistence part of Karangasem, water resources inadequate storage of of poverty, slowed- Klungkung: Nusa Penida; water down economic Gianyar: Desa Kertha growth (Payangan)

Competition on the use Unrest in the of limited water communities, Conflicts on water resources, unclear 10. All districts/cities in Bali disturbed security, resources use distribution system, one- destroyed water sided acquisition of resources water resources

Incentive-disincentive Accumulated program in the Kab. Bangli, Badung, Tabanan, Lack of policy 11. degradation in upstream districts not Karangasem, Buleleng regulations upstream districts optimal

Source: Final SEA Report on Water Resource Management in Bali (DANIDA, 2010)

3.1.2 Air and Climate

Urban Air Pollution It could be summarized from the Bali-Nusa Tenggara Eco-region environmental status document (KLH, 2012) that air quality in the EC is still good, with exception regarding particulate matter (PM10) parameter in Bali and noise level parameter in Kupang, Nusa Tenggara Timur. The PM10 parameter in 3 monitoring points (terminal, harbor, traffic jam) in Bali highly exceeds 3 the allowable level. The allowable level for PM10 in Bali is 150 μg/Nm , whereas in other big 3 cities in the world is 70 μg/Nm . PM10 is highly dangerous to human health. WHO, as referenced in the KLH document) warns that PM10 parameter that exceeds the allowable level could increase death risk to 15% in a given population. It was reported that in EU countries, particulate matter (PM2,5) could life expectancy to 8,6 months in a population.

The Jakarta Post (August 05 2004) reported that a high number of people have been treated for respiratory problems, which are reportedly caused by increasing air pollution on the island. Pollution watchdog, the Foundation of Focus on Bali, in a report based on medical records from Sanglah public hospital, said that air pollution in Bali, particularly in Denpasar, needed to be seriously addressed. Data indicate that the number of patients that suffered respiratory problems as a result of air pollution stood at around 6,000 a year from 2001 to 2003. In 2001, 6,364 people with respiratory problems were treated at the hospital. Of that number, 129 patients were hospitalized. The following year, new cases of respiratory problems rose to 7,549, with 104 patients needing to stay in hospital. The number of new patients with respiratory problems dropped slightly to 6,446 in 2003, with 108 patients admitted. Motorized vehicles and garbage incineration were mostly to blame for air pollution, but vehicles were the greatest contributor. Data at the Bali Police's vehicle registration office show that there were 1,158,057 motorized vehicles on the island. Of this number, about 628,929 of those are registered in Denpasar. It is estimated that 1.25 million tons of carbon monoxide is emitted yearly by vehicles on Denpasar's roads. The air is also polluted by 553 thousand tons of hydro carbon released yearly. Compared with the condition of vehicles in Greater Jakarta, where random emission tests were conducted the year before, the condition of vehicles in Bali or Denpasar was not much different. What was reported by the Jakarta Post above is further amplified with another report (http://balipod.com) saying that Denpasar has shown a steady increase of air pollution resulting in deteriorating living conditions in the city. The level of carbon monoxide in 2007 was a shocking 19 times higher than in 2006. The colourless, odourless but very poisonous gas was mostly released by motorized vehicle exhaust, while the level of particulate matter (PM10) was

1.3 times higher -- from 135 mg/m3 to 182 mg/m3. Ubung, which has the island's largest bus 3 terminal and a large number of industrial plants, had a PM10 level of 386.900 mg/m , a lead level of 0,984 mg/m3 and a carbon monoxide level of 23,884.580 mg/m3.

In the City of Kupang, monitoring activities were undertaken (KLH, 2010) and it was found that noise pollution level during day and night times in housing and settlement areas was above the allowable level, set up by the national government (55 dB(A)). Noise pollution is caused by urban transportation vehicles that generally are equipped with a loud sound system to attract passengers.

Climate The climate in Bali and Nusa Tenggara is tropical with two seasons, wet and dry. Bali’s local climate varies greatly from one area to another with rainfall ranging from 1400mm per annum on the northern coast to over 3000mm per annum in the mountains. Annual temperature variations across the island range from an average minimum of 24 degrees Centigrade to an average maximum of 31 degrees, with diurnal variations between 6 and 10 degrees Centigrade (http://www.istp.murdoch.edu.au/ISTP/, 2010). Further to the east to Nusa Tenggara, the climate is drier and dry seasons are longer. The Jakarta Post (June 20, 2013) reported that Bali and Nusa Tenggara have become more vulnerable to severe impacts from climate change. According to a recent map, titled “The Atlas of Climate Change Vulnerabilities in Java, Bali and Nusa Tenggara”, published by the Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics Agency (BMKG), some areas in the regions have become more prone to natural disasters, compared to 30 years ago, such as torrential downpours and extreme dry spells, which are partially linked to climate change. The map explores trends of three key climate parameters, consisting of “dry spells” or periods of time when there is no rain; “wet spells” or uninterrupted rain over a particular period of time; and the frequency of 50-mm-plus rain per day. BMKG now relied on changes in rainfall patterns as a basis for the map, and studies on the three parameters show that significant, characteristic changes in climate have taken place in Bali and Nusa Tenggara between1970 to 2010. Some areas on Bali, such as Bangli, Gianyar and Karang Asem, for example, are now more prone to long dry spells compared with three decades ago. Meanwhile, other areas, such as Buleleng and Tabanan, are tending to be wetter during the dry season. Seasonal changes will impact many sectors, especially agriculture, as for most farmers it’s no longer easy to decide when is the best time to start planting primary crops.

3.1.3 Land and Soil The soil of Bali Island is dominated by soil of medium texture and that only minor areas have fine or rough texture. Soils with fine texture can be found at Nusa Dua while soil with rough texture can be found on the island of Nusa Penida which is still a part of Klungkung Regency. Soil types include: (a) latosol that covers 44.59% of the total area ; (b) regosol soil which covers 39.92% of the area; (c) mediterranean soil, that contains hardened calcium and iron and has deep permeability and sticky structure but in spite of this has medium to high fertility, can be found at Nusa Penida and Nusa Dua; (d) aluvial soil that covers 4.87% of the land area is mostly found in the western coastal areas; and (e) andosol soil found around Lakes Buyan, Tamblingan and Brittan is of a type of Black soil. (http://atanitokyo.blogspot.com/2009).

Bali has two massive calderas and four caldera lakes formed from ancient catastrophic geologic events. Both calderas have freshwater lake systems, the largest being Lake Batur (1718ha) in the Mt. Batur caldera. Mt. Sangiyang to the west has three smaller unconnected lakes, the largest being Buyan (370ha). Bali’s second most significant landscape is the coastal plains which are generally deeply dissected by the numerous perennial rivers of Bali. Two subdivisions of the coastal plain can be identified: the Elevated Coastal Plain which is found in southern central Bali and the lowlying coastal plain which occurs throughout. There are numerous river courses passing through this system and the generally undulating topography is typically on moderate slopes of up to 10 percent. This system is positioned between the lowlying coastal plain that extends to 50 metres above sea level, and the foothills to the volcanic mountains that begin at the 250-metre contour. Its importance is directly related to its highly productive and fertile soils and it is in this system that the majority of Bali’s wet rice agriculture takes place. The low-lying coastal plain occupies a narrow belt of land throughout the island, with the exception of

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the limestone cliff areas. To the south, where the majority of Bali's inhabitants live, the coastal plain is extensive in comparison to the very narrow strip along the northern coastline, where the slopes of the major volcanic peaks descend sharply to the sea. The soils of the coastal plain are varied, comprising fluvisols and latosols in the south and one area of cambisols in the north. Slope angles in this region average 2 - 5 percent and although the stream channels remain narrow, stream flow is considerably reduced by the time the rivers meet the ocean. (http://www.istp.murdoch.edu.au/ISTP, 2000). The Figure 3.2 below shows landuse and location of critical lands in Bali.

Estate Forest; crops; 23,19% 20,97% Other, 0.16

Dry Land; Rice Fld; 26,92% 14,53% Non- Agricultur, 14,23%

Figure 3.2 Landuse and Critical Land in Bali

In Bali, erosion appears to be still manageable, but soil pollution which contains hazardous and taxic substances could be a threat in the long run (BLHD Bali Province 2012).

Landuse in Nusa Tenggara The topography of Nusa Tenggara is mostly hilly and mountainous, with limited plain areas. The physical conditions of land vary in terms of topography, slope, soil fertility and water tidal river. Land use in the districts also varies. Because of the high potential of erosion, land resource degradation pace is high. Resettlement is scattered around in coastal areas and pockets of plain areas in the mountainous areas. This poses is an obstacle to development and delivery of public services and causes high-cost economy. The topography, combined with semi-arid climate, formed dominantly young soils, such as ordo entisol, alfisol and inceptisol. Other common soil types are vertisol and molisol. Generally, these soils have high capacity of cation exchange and low-to-medium nutrients. Soil textures vary from heavy, in the case of vertisols, to light, in the case of entisol and alfisol. Another important feature of the soil is the depth of solum. Most soils have very shallow solum (<30 cm). Shallow-solum soils have limited ground-water retention. Plants on this type of soil are highly prone to insufficient rain-falls. (RPJMD NTT 2009-2013). Forestry and agriculture sectors are the mainstay of Nusa Tenggara. Wetlands are found in coastal areas. Coastal rivers and tidal rice fields are rainfed. Dryland agriculture including lowland and the slopes are at the foot of mountains. (http://regionalinvestment.bkpm.go.id).

Coastal erosion in Nusa Tenggara is common especially as a result of the opening-up of mangroves for fish/shrimp pond cultivation that overtime becomes unproductive and then converted into salt ponds. These small-holder salt ponds overtime also become unproductive and then left as neglected land (http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/ag127e/ag127e09.htm (coastal

erosion).

3.2 Ecosystems

3.2.1 Biodiversity Bali is rich of its frora and fauna. According to the Bali-Nusa Tenggara Eco-region environmental status document published by KLH in 2012, Bali has the following flora and fauna that are already known: 64 mammal species, 201 bird species, 23 reptile species, 4 amphibian species,

972 fish species, 25 smail species, 57 insect species and 35 plant species (BKSDA Bali, 2011, Provinical Forest Agency, 2011, BPDAS Unda Anyar, 2011, Provincial Marine Affairs and Fisheries Agency, 2011). Many of the species of flora and fauna above are classified as protected, according to Government Regulation No. 7/1999, including 39 mammal species, 201 bird species, 10 reptile species, 4 smail species, insect species, and 22 plant species.

Most of the species above exist in Bali’s conservation areas, namely: Batukau Flora and Fauna Nature Reserve, Penelokan Nature Tourism Park, Sangeh Nature Tourism Park, Buyan- Tamblingan Lake Nature Tourism Park, West Bali National Park, Ngurah Rai Taman Hutan Raya (Forest Park).

The Bali-Nusa Tenggara Eco-region environmental status document (KLH in 2012) indicates tha Lombok Island in the Province of Nusa Tenggara Barat has 4 types of forest ecosystem that are rich of biodiversity, namely low-land rainforests, up-land tropical forests, low-land monsoon forests, and savanah and grass field. Lobok has rich flora that are unique. The geological complication and the geographical isolation of the island drove an evolution that produced various endemic species, the existance of most of which is concentrated in the Mount Rinjani National Park. In addition, Lombok is home of 4 types of fauna, namely mammals, birds, insects, reptiles, and amphibians. Birds and insects have high number of species, while amphibians and reptiles have low number of species. Under mammals, bats have high number of species, but the most important species are deer and senggah. The existence of a number of bird species are threatened because they are very rarely found in their natural habitats. A number of endangered bird species include Philemon buceroides, Ciconia episcopus, Lichmera lombokia, Megapodius reinwardt, Nectarinia solaris. A mammal in Nusa Tenggara Barat that need to be proliferated is the deer, because its population is continuously decreasing due to over poaching. Various efforts have been taken to increase the population of the timor deer (Cervus timorensis) through both in situ and ex situ. In Lombok, the timor deer and the endemic sanggah are almost extinct. The decreased populations of deer, sanggah, and a number of bird species are caused by poaching as well as habitat degradation and fragmentation.

Nusa Tenggara Timur has high-level and specific biodiversity (KLH 2012) including a number of endemic flora and fauna species, including the Komodo dragon (Varanus comodoensis) that already made the province known internationally. The Komodo dragon exists in the Komodo National Park that has been designated as World Heritage. Another specific biodiversity example in the province is the ampupu (Eucalyptus urophylla) forest ecosystem, the largest in the country or approximately 12.000 Ha) that exists in the districts of Timor Tengah Selatan (TTS) and Timor Tengah Utara (TTU). The Komodo National Park not only does it to conserve the Varanus comodoensis and its habitat, but it also protect other endemic fauna such as Gosong bird (Megapodius reinwardt), Rinca mice (Rattus rintjanus), Timor deer (Cervus timorensis), Cobra snake (Naja naja sputatrix), Russel snake (Viperia russeli), green tree snake (Trimeresurus albolabris), and Kadal dragon (Seinidae). In addition, the marine area of the Komodo National Park one of the richest ecosystems in the world, housing around 1.000 fish species, 260 coral reef species, 70 porifera speices, 10 dolphin (Dugong dugon) species, 6 shark speicies, and green turtle (Chelonia mudas). The specific ecosystems in the islands of Komodo, Rinca, and Padar as well as the small islands around them also contribute to the various genetics of the flora and fauna therein. It is this rich biodiversity that attracks domestic and international tourists to come and stay in Kabupaten Manggarai Barat.

In addition, the province also has three other national parks, namely Kelimutu National Park (5.340,00 ha) in Kabupaten Ende, and Lawanggi-Wanggameti and Manupeu-Tanadaru National Parks located in Sumba Island. In the latter two national parks, there exist hundreds of bird species, 8 of which are endemic spesies of Sumba such as rangkong (Aceros everetti), red- crested cacatoo (Cacatua sulphurea citrinoeristata), Sumba quail bird (Turnix everetti), Sumba pigeon (Treron teysmani), Walik Rawamanu bird (Ptilonopus dohertyii), Sumba Honey bird (Nektarina buettikoferi), red-headed myzomela (Myzomela erythrocephala), Sikatan Sumba bird (Ficedula harteti) and Pungguk Wangi (Ninox rudolfi). Other wild animals live in this ecosystem, like Timor deer (Cervus timorensis), wild boar (Sus sp), long-talied monkey (Macaca fascicularis), and 57 butterfly species (3 of which are endemic).

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One important type of flora in Nusa Tenggara Timur of prime importance in the past is the Cendana wood (Santanum album). MOHA Decree No. 522/Kpts-8/SJ/1990 designated Cendana as an identity of the province. However, the existence of Cendana is seriously threatened. Production of Cendana that is processed in Kupang plummed from 15.000 ton in 1980 to only 94 ton in 2004. Production of Cendana wood in Kabupaten Timor Tengah Selatan dived from 12.314 ton in 1980 to only 67 ton in 2000. The population of Cendana seedlings in the district is also going down from 193.365 seedlings in 1987-1990 to only 95.742 seedlings in 1997-1998. There were provincial government efforts since 1980 to conserve this plant but all failed because of: (a) lack of considerations on sustainable forest management principles; (b) lack of local community empowerment. Since 1999, the conservation and management of Cendana tree has been delegated to the district governments.

Threats to terestrial biodiversity conservation in Nusa Tenggara Timur come from two sources, namely human activities and natural disasters. Population growth, conversion of forest into agriculture and small-holcer estates crops through slash and burn, increased demand for wood and non-wood forest products, wild animal poaching for subsistenceand economic purposes, un-intentional forest fires due to agricultural practices, high potential of mineral and type C mining materials in protected areas, increased oil prices driving higher demand for wood fuels by local communities, local government building roads through protected areas and nature reserve.

Threats to marine biodiversity in Nusa Tenggara Timur come from: (a) hight rate of logging of mangroves for fuels, housing, and other uses; (b) mining of sands and corals/rocks resulting in hhigh rate of coastal and river abbration; (c) increased fishing of dolphins, green turtles, and shark in line with improve quality of fishing gears and increased market demands from outside; and (d) water pollution from domestic, industrial, and other economic activities.

A number of terestrial ecosystems and marine habitats in protected areas in Nusa Tenggara Timur are already seriously damanged, and its impact on biodiversity loss is threatening. An estimate of approximately 150 km2 or about 25% of the terestrial ecosystems in Komodo National Park is badly damaged due to forest and savanah fires as well as cutting of lontar trees. Most mangove habitats in this area are damaged due to cutting by local communities for fuel and housing construction material. Most of coral reefs are damaged by destructive fishing practices, incuding bomb and cynide fishing. Thus, development of any conservation plans needs to be proceeded by holistic reseach and monitoring in order to document succession pattern of forests, savanahs, mangroves, and coral reef ecosystems in accordance with the characterstics of individual areas.

3.2.2 Forests

Forest Cover Loss In 2011, Bali had a forest area of 130.686,01 ha or 23,19% of the total area. The forest areas are not distributed evenly among sub-provincial entities, Kabupaten Gianyar does not even has any forest.The largest forest area is located in Kabupaten Buleleng, but Kabupaten Jembrana has the highest percentage of forest area. State forests in the Province of Bali are distributed in 22 areas (see Table 3.2 below). The largest forest areas in Bali are located in West Bali, covering Kabupaten Buleleng and Jembrana constituting 62% of all forest area in the province. Forest areas of over 100 Ha include Mount Batukau, Mount Abang, Mount Agung, Penulisan- Kintamani, Yeh Leh-Yeh Lebah, Mount Batur Bukit Payang, Prapat Benoa, Mount Mungsu, and Mount Seraya.

Table 3.2 Forest Areas by Size and Percentage per District/City in Bali – Year 2011

Persentase (%) Size of Forest to Size of District/ Size of Forest Total Size of No District/City Size of Size of Province Kota Area (Ha) Provincial (Ha) District/City Forests

1 Jembrana 84.180 42.156,27 50,08 7,48 32,26 2 Buleleng 136.588 51.436,21 37,66 9,13 39,36 3 Tabanan 83.933 9.969,15 11,88 1,77 7,63 4 Badung 41.852 1.779,87 4,25 0,32 1,36 5 Denpasar 12.778 734,5 5,75 0,13 0,56 6 Gianyar 36.800 - - - - 7 Bangli 52.081 9.341,28 17,94 1,66 7,15 8 Klungkung 31.500 1.048,50 3,33 0,19 0,80 9 Karangasem 83.954 14.220,23 16,94 2,52 10,88 Bali Province 563.666 130.686,01 23,19 23,19 100,00 Source: Dinas Kehutanan Provinsi Bali (2011)

Table 3.3 Size of Forest by Function and District/City in Bali in 2011

Comm Limited Permanent Nature District/ Protected Nature National Forest No Production Production Tourism Total Forest Reserve Park City Forest Forest Park Forest (Tahura) 1 Jembrana 32.974,97 2.610,20 383,10 - 6.188,00 - - 42.156,27 2 Buleleng 31.936,32 3.207,95 1.524,00 1.004,40 12.814,89 948,65 - 51.436,21 3 Tabanan 8.668,24 - - 758,40 - 542,51 - 9.969,15 4 Badung 1.126,90 - - - - 3,97 639,00 1.779,87 5 Denpasar ------734,50 734,50 6 Gianyar ------7 Bangli 6.239,01 453,00 - - - 2.649,27 - 9.341,28 8 Klungkung 804,50 244,00 - - - - - 1.048,50 9 Karangasem 14.016,12 204,11 - - - - - 14.220,23 Bali 95.766,06 6.719,26 1.907,10 1.762,80 19.002,89 4.154,40 1.373,50 130.686,01 Percentage (%) 73,28 5,14 1,46 1,35 14,54 3,18 1,05 100,00

Source: Dinas Kehutanan Provinsi Bali (2011) Forest areas in the Province of Nusa Tenggar Barat in 2010 are 1,070,816.98 ha or 53% of the total area of the province, still higher than the minimum percentate of 30% of the terestrial area. The table below presents the sizes of forests by functions and percentage.

Table 3.4 Forest Areas by Function, Size, and Percentage in NTB in 2010

No Forest Function Size Percentage (%) A Protected Forest (Lindung) 452.091,46 42.22 B Conservation Area 166.755,18 15.57  Nature Reseve 35.191,36 3.29  National Park 41.335,00 3.86  Wildlife Sanctuary 21.764,68 2.02  New Park 48.688,05 4.54 C Production Forest 449,021.34 41.93  Permanent Production Forest 160,085.76 14.95  Limited Production Forest 288,935.58 26.98 D Special Function Forest 22,387.10 2.09  Research Forest *) 304.60 0.03  Convertable Production Forest 22,082.50 2.06 Source : Dinas Kehutanan Propinsi NTB, 2011 Forest area in Timor Island in 2010 is 655.976,31 Ha or 43% of the total land area, it is above the minimum requirement of at least 30%. In addition, there is a total of 50.000,00 Ha of marine nature reserve. Table 3.5 below presents forests on Timor Island by functions, size, and locations.

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Table 3.5 Forests on Timor Island by Function and Size, 2010

Size of Forest (Ha) by District/City No Forest Area Total Kupang Kupang TTS TTU Belu City 1 Conversion Forests 8.697,72 28.601,00 6.545,00 43.843,72

2 Protected Forests 125.802,21 54.973,74 40.769,00 51.620,10 273.165,05

Permanent Production 3 102.007,10 78.924,52 76.448,02 3.189,28 260.568,92 Forests Limited Production 4 60.885,09 3.961,42 9.728,11 74.574,62 Forests Conversion Production 5 3.400,00 424,00 3.824,00 Forests Total 3.400,00 297.392,12 166.460,68 127.369,13 61.354,38 655.976,31

Source: Dinas Kehutanan Provinsi NTT (2010) On Timor Island there are 10 conservation areas consisting of two nature reserves (Maubesi Nature Reserve in Belu and Mount Mutis Nature Reserve in TTS), two Suaka Margasatwa (SM Kateri in Belu and SM Ale Aisio in TTS), one Tahura (Tahura Prof Herman Yohanes), one Taman Buru Daratan Bena di TTS, two nature tourism areas (TWA Camplong and TWA Menipo in Kupang). In addition, there is Taman Wisata Baumata in Kota Kupang and Taman Wisata Laut Teluk Kupang in Kupang and Kota Kupang (Table 3.6).

Table 3.6 Conservation Areas in Timor

No Name of Forest Location Size (Ha) 1 Nature Reserve (NR) NR. Maubesi Belu 3.246 NR. Gunung Mutis TTS 12.000 2 Wildlife Santuary (WS) e WS Kateri Belu 3.292 WS. Ale Aisio TTS 5.918 3 Forest Park Prof. Herman Yohanes Kupang 1.900 4 New Park Daratan Bena TTS 11.000 5 Nature Tourism Park : Camplong Kupang 696,6 Menipo Kupang 2.499,5 6 Tourist Park Baumata Kota Kupang 87 Kupang and Kota 7 Marine Tourism Park Teluk Kupang 50.000 Kupang Total 1.512.079 100,00 Source: Anonimus (2005) dalam Njurumana (2008) Forest cover maps from the Ministry of Forestry indicate that there is significant forest cover loss taking place in the region over an eight year period from 2003 to 2011 as follows: Bali 2.264 ha, Nusa Tenggara Barat 21.129 ha, and Nusa Tenggara Timur 29.460 ha, that is due mainly to illegal logging practices.

3.2.3 Coastal Degradation

Coral Reefs The Province of Bali is rich in coral reefs. The coral reefs in Bali, located in the south-west of the world’s Coral Triangle, covers an area of 7.765 ha (KLLH 2012), distributed in 7 districts/city, namely Kabupaten Jembrana, Badung, Gianyar, Kota Denpasar, Klungkung, Karangasem, and Buleleng. The largest coral reefs area are distributed in Kabupaten Buleleng (3.054 ha), Kabupaten Klungkung (1.419 ha), and Kabupaten Badung (1.328 ha).

Accoding to a survey by Nusa Penida Marine Rapid Assessment Program in 2008 and 2011 (KLH 2012), in the marine areas of Pulau Bali and Nusa Penida archipelago there exist 406 types of hermatifick corals that are already identified, among which367 types are found in Bali

and 296 types in Nusa Penida. There still are 13 types that need further further analyses making the hermatifick Scleractinia coral types in Bali a total of 420. One type, Euphyllia spec, is a new finding and Isopora sp still need further explanations. Coral reef ecosystems in Bali and Nusa Penida are house of 972 types of coral fish in 310 genus and 84 families.

Based on monitoring results in 73 loctions up to 2011, the conditions of coral reefs in the Province of Bali are can be categorized as follows: excellent (13,70%), good (34,25%), fair (39,73%), bad (12,33%). Coral reefs that are still in intact conditions are found in the western part of Bali Island (Gilimanuk, Jembrana), the eastern part of the island (Abang, Karangasem), and sousth-eastern part of the province (Nusa Penida). They are still intact because of the supporting oceonographical conditions such as dynamic currents, and absence of human pressure. In general, coral reef condition in Bali’s northern coast is relatively better than that in the southern coast. Threats to coral reefs include high intensity of destructive and fishing activities, in particular decorative fish, using potassium cynide; illegal fishing practices using explosive substances; and attack of mahkota berduri (crown of thorns).

The 2010 data from the Agency of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Iof NTB, the total coral reef areas in the province is 19.999,14 ha, the lagest areas of which are located in Kabupaten Sumbawa (13.460,0 ha), Kabupaten Bima (3.394,0 ha), and Lombok Island (1.259,1 ha).

The destruction of coral reef ecosystems in Nusa Tenggara Barat, including Lombok, has reached an alarming rate, reaching over 45% of the total area. The slow recovery rate of coral reef (about 1 cm/year) cannot compete with the destruction rate. The condition of coral reefs in the Benete and Maluk coastal/marine area in 2009 ranges from badly-damaged to good condition (6-62%), in Senunu and Sekongkang, ranges from badly-damaged to fair (0-26%). Coral reef condition in Gili Indah ranges from badly-damaged to good (0,68-55,3 %). Coral reef cover in Pantai Surga (Lombok Timur) is less than 5%. Other areas such as Gili Maringkik and the southern part of Lombok Tengah are badly-damanged with coral reef cover less than 25%.

According to 2010 data from the provincial environmental agency, the total coral reef areas in NTT are 154.341,5 Ha (KLH 2012). Coral reefs that grow very well in shallow coastal waters and around small islands in Nusa Tenggara Timur generally fall in the category of fringing reefs. Coral reefs in the waters of NTT have high diversity, estimated Minef (2008)around 220 reef types (KLH 2012) and are home of around 350 types of coral fish.

One large and strategic coral reef area is found in the Sawu Sea. The Sawu Sea is strategic to the province because the economy of most districts/cities in the province to a large extent is dependent upon Sawu Sea because over 65% of sustainable fishery resource potentials come from this Sawu Sea. The Sawu Sea also has large coral reef resources with very highly-diversed species and is a critical habitat for migration of 18 shark species, including 2 rare and charismatic species, the Blue Whale and Sperm Whale. A number of small islands in this area have been identified as the locations for rare and endangered species of turtles for laying eggs.

Based on reconaissance surveys in 2000-2001 by BKPPN Kupang (KLH, 2012), in the coral reef waters in the Sawu Sea there live 336 species of coral fish. Many big-size predator fish can still be found there. Fish in the Sawu Sea could be classified into 3 groups, namely: (1) target fish (high economic value fish that is the target of fishing); (2) indicator fish (fish whose existence could be use as indicator of quality of coral reefs); and (3) “major group” fish (coral fish and other dominant fish living in coral reefs ecosystem). In addition, the Sawu Sea coral reef ecosystem also constitutes as critical habitat for other migrating organisms such as turtels. There are 7 species of sea turtles and 6 of which (Chelonia mydas), Lepidochelys olivacea, Eretmochelys imbricata, Careta careta, Natator depresor, Dermochelys coriacea.are found in Sawu Sea. These turtles lay their eggs in the coasts of Sumba Barat, Sumba Timur, Kupang, Timor Tengah Selatan, Alor, Lembata dan Flores Timur. Tomascik et al. (2007) report that these turtles also lay eggs in other islands including Timor, Rote, Solor-Alor, Semau, and Batek (KLH, 2012).

Coral reefs in Nusa Tenggara Timur generally are facing pressures causing serious damages. Of all coral reef areas in the province, 35% is in bad condition, 25% in fair condition, and 40% in good condition. The provincial fishery agency has been successful in the rehabilitation of coral reefs amouting to 4.000 Ha.

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Seagrass Seagrass ecosystems in Bali generally are found in shallow tidal waters interfacing coral reef and mangrove ecosystems. Seagrass habitats in Bali exist in(a) interface waters (tidal or lagune waters found in coastal areas of Kota Denpasar, Kabupaten Badung, Nusa Lembongan (Kabupaten Klungkung), and Kabupaten Buleleng; (b) bay waters found in Benoa Bay (Kota Denpasar/Kabupaten Badung) and Gilimanuk Bay (Kabupaten Jembrana). Seagrass areas in Bali amout to 1.196,5 ha, most of which (998 ha) are located in the southern coast of Bali (Kabupaten Badung and Kota Denpasar). The rest is found in Gilimanuk Bay in Kabupaten Jembrana seluas (127 ha), Candidasa and Padangbai in Kabupaten Karangasem (27 ha), Nusa Lembongan and Nusa Ceningan in Kabupaten Klungkung (159,5 ha), and Goris and Pengulon in Kabupaten Buleleng (12 ha).

Accoding to Sudiarta and Sudiarta (KLH, 2012), seagrass in the 7 reseach locations consist of 10 species from 8 genus, 3 sub-family and 2 family. The species are Zostera sp., Halodule pinifolia, H. uninervis, Cymodocea rotundata, C. serrulata, Syringodium isoetifolium, Thalassodendron ciliatum, Enhalus acoroides, Halophila ovalis, and Thalassia hemprichii. The highest seagrass diversity is found in Sanur Beach (Kota Denpasar) and Nusa Dua (Kabupaten Badung) amounting to 10 species, Pulau Serangan (Kota Denpasar) and Pantai Geger (Kabupaten Badung) 9 species, Pantai Candidasa (Kabupaten Karangasem) and Pulau Lembongan (Kabupaten Klungkung) 8 species. Teluk Gilimanuk (Kabupaten Jembrana) has the lowest segrass diversity (4 species).

Destruction of seagrass in Bali ranges from 0 to 30,23%, meaning that seagrass conditions range from intact to fair. The highest level of desctruction takes place in Gilimanuk Bay (30.23%), Geger (17.5%), Sanur (15.79%), and Lemongan (15.63%). Seagrass in Nusa Dua is still intact. In general, degradation of seagrass is due to natural and human factors. Natural factors include wave actions, sedimentation, and eutrofication. Human factors include seaweed cultivation, boat landing, boat propellers, boat achors, and Breakwater snf Groin.

According to 2010 data from the provincial marine affairs and fishery agency (KLH 2012), seagrass areas in NTB amount to 1.633,60 ha distributed in nine districts/cities, 570 Ha of which is located in Lombok. The distribution of seagrass covers Kabupaten Lombok Barat (Gili Indah, Sekotong, Teluk Sepi, Tanjung Sara, and Teluk Pengantap), Kabupaten Lombok Tengah (Pantai Kuta and Gerupuk), Kabupaten Lombok Timur (Sereweh, Teluk Ekas, Awang, Pijot, Gili Petagan, Gili Lampu, Gili Sulat, and Gili Lawang). The vegetation of seagrass in Lombok is rich, consisting of 11 species from 12 spcies that exist in Indonesia (Enhalus acoroides, Thalassia himprichii, Cymodocea serulata, Halodule uninervis, Halodule pinifolia, Syringodium isoetifolium, Halophila ovalis, Halophila minor, Halophila spinulosa, Thalassodenron ciliatum).

Nusa Tenggara Timur as archipelago has a realitively large area of seagrass, amounting to 13.953,55 Ha, according to 2010 data from the provincial marine affairs and fishey agency (KLH, 2012). Seagrass species in NTT include Cymodocea, Halodule, Halophyla, Siringodium, Thalassia, and Enhalus. The condition of the seagrass areas in the province is still unknown, because of lack of funds for monitoring. One imporatant location of seagrass is NTT is the Sawu Sea. The 2010 data from KPPN Kupang indicatge that seagrass areas in Sawu Sea amount to 4.320 Ha (KLH 2012). Other locations of segrass are Pulau Sumba and Pulau Rote. In the Sawu Sea, there at least are 10 species of seagrass in 2 families, namely Pomagetonaceae family (Cymmodocea rotundata, Cymmodocea serrulata, Halodule pinnifolia, Halodule uninervis dan Syringodium isoetifolium), and Hydrocharitaceae family (Halophyla ovalis, Halophyla minor, Halophyla decipens, Thalassia emprichii, dan Enhalus acoroides).

Mangroves The 2011 data from BPDAS Unda Anyar indicate that Bali Island has a total area of 2.215,5 ha of mangrove (KLH 2012), that is distributed in 7 locations in 5 districts/cities, 2004,5 ha (90,5%) is located within forests and 211 ha (9,5%) is located of forest area. Land cover in mangrove areas ranges from 0 to 100% (completely-damaged to intact). Monitoring results from the Mangrove Management Center in Denpasar indicate that from the total mangrove areas in Bali, 253,4 ha (11,44%) is heavily damanged, 201,5 ha (9,10%) damanged, and 1.760,6 ha (79,47%) intact. The condition of mangrove within forests is 253,40 ha (12,64%) badly damaged, 131,5 ha (6,36%) damanged, dan 1,619,6 ha (80,8%) intact.

The Province Nusa Tenggara Barat in 2010 has mangrove areas of 18.356,89 Ha, distributed in almost all districts/cities except Kota Mataram. A total of 3.304,64 Ha is located in Lombok (Teluk Sepi, Teluk Lembar, and Teluk Ekas). The 2009 data from BP DAS Dodokan (KLH 2012), sebaran hutan mangrove di Pulau Lombok dan pulau-pulau kecil disekitarnya terdapat pada 7 kawasan di empat Kabupaten yaitu Kabupaten Lombok Utara, Kabupaten Lombok Barat, Kabupaten Lombok Tengah dan Kabupaten Lombok Timur.

In general, the condition of mangrove in NTB varies from very critical to good conditions. Those that are isolated from human settlements are normally still intact and those located closer to human settlements usullly are damaged due to population pessures. Mangroves are felled for fuel wood and other household purposes.

The 2010 data from the Mangrove Management Center (KLH 2012), the Province of Nusa Tenggara Timur has mangrove areas totalling 40.641,11 Ha, (8.158,49 Ha or 20,17% located in protected forest area, and 32.482,62 Ha or 79,93% located outside of forest area). The province’s 15 species of mangoves in 9 families are distributed in the islands of Timor, Rote, Sabu and Semau, more specifically 108 locations in 13 districts/cities. In general, a larged proportion of mangroves in NTT are in damaged to seriously damaged conditions, seriously damaged (8.293,1 Ha or 20,41%), damaged (19.573,44 Ha or 48,16%), and good (12.774,57 Ha or 31,43%). Mangroves in TTU are located in two sites and all are damaged, in Maumere 86% damanged, Manggarai Barat 83% damanged. Mangroves in fair condition could be found in Kupang (81%), Belu and Rote Ndao (67%), and Lembata (62%). Mangroves that still in good condition can be found in Sumba Tengah (66%), Sumba Timur (43%), and Lembata (25%), and mangroves that are still in intact condition are in Sumba Timur (14%) and Alor (13%) from all mangrove areas in respective districts.

Mangroves in NTT have been threatened by human activities, namely: (a) conversion to salt production ponds and then neglected; (b) logging for building materials and wood fuels; and (c) oil spills and pollution including garbage disposal and industrial waste.

Figure 3.1 Coral reefs, seagras and mangrove distribution in Bali Nusa Tenggara (BIG, 2013; Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, 2013 and Ministry of Forestry, 2013)

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3.3 Socio and Economic Aspects

3.3.1 Human Health Demographic profile. The three provinces in the Bali-Nusa Tengarra EC have a combined population of approximately 13,074,796 (approximately 5.5 % of Indonesian total) and a total land area of almost 73,070km2 (3.8% of Indonesian total). The EC contains some of the most densely inhabited parts of Indonesia including Bali with a population density of 673.14 inhabitants per km2 (7th densest population after provinces in Java and Jakarta) and NTB (8th densest population) at 234 inhabitants per km2. In contrast the population density of NTT is lower than the national average of 123.45 people per km2. Annual population growth within Bali (2.15%) and NTT (2.07%) from 2000-2010 was higher than the national average (1.49%) while population growth in NTB was less than the national average (1.17%). Life expectancy. Life expectancy of populations in the EC ranged from 67.6yrs NTB and 70.4 yrs in NTT to a high of 74.4 in Bali (fourth highest in Indonesia). These compare to an average life expectancy of 71 years nationally in Indonesia (BPS 2012). Infant/ maternal mortality. Provinces in the EC exhibit large differences in terms of infant mortality, with NTB province one of the the worst in national comparison (38 infant deaths per 1000 births), while NTT was close to the national average (26) and Bali (11.9), the fourth lowest infant mortality in Indonesia (BPS 2012). Access to drinking water and sanitation. NTB and NTT provinces in the EC exhibit large variation in access to clean drinking water with 50.25% and 55.04% of households in NTT and NTB respectively having access to safe drinking as compared to the national average of 62.7% (BPS 2012). Access to clean water in Bali (85.15%) was very high, only second to Jakarta. Provinces in the EC exhibit large variation in access to improved sanitation water with only 32.31% of households in NTT having access to septic tanks (2nd lowest in Indonesia after Papua) while in NTB (50.97%) was closer to the national average of 60.63% (BPS 2012). Access to sanitation in Bali (82.80%) was very high, third only in Indonesia to Jakarta and Yogyakarta. Rates of malnourishment. Within the EC, NTT province has one of the highest rates of food insecurity and malnutrition in Indonesia along with Papua province. Communicable diseases. The prevalence of Malaria in provinces in the EC were highly variable with rates in NTT 492, 792 (10.52%) and NTT (1.77%) higher than the national average (0.87%) while the prevalence rate in Bali (0.28%) one of the lowest in Indonesia. In terms of Pulmonary TB, the three provinces in the EC (0.08%, 0.11% and 0.12%) for Bali, NTB and NTT respectively had rates lower or consistent with the national average of 0.13%. The number of reported cases of AIDS in the EC varied from a relatively high rate in Bali (0.044%) to rates lowe than the national average (0.010%) in NTB and NTT (0.003% and 0,005% respectively). The validity of health-related data above are confirmed by participants of the pre-scoping workshop. In the Bali-Nusa Tenggara EC, there is still high incidence of infectious diseases (TBC, malaria, and dengue) in Bali and Nusa Tenggara. Malaria is still prevalent in West Sumba and Sikka, and dengue in Belu, Kota Kupang, and Sikka. High incidence of emerging diseases (avian influenza, HIV/AIDS) also is a problem in Bali and Nusa Tenggara. In addition, rabbies in Bali was recently reported happening in the District of Badung. In NTT, HIV/AIDS is found in the districts of Belu, TTU, Sikka, Lembata, East Flores, Ngada, and Kota Kupang. Data on environmental conditions negatively affecting human health (such as air pollution, and noise) have not been systematically and sufficiently collected, but information from pre-scoping workshop indicate that in could be an issue in Bali, especially in Denpasar and other capital cities as well as in Kota Kupang in NTT. Noise pollution could become an issue in Kota Kupang, Sikka, Ende, and Manggarai Barat in NTT. The three provinces in the Bali-Nusa Tenggara Economic Corridor still do not have sufficient water supply infrastructure (both in urban and rural areas). The Province of Bali still is still lacking such infrastructure in the Districts of Karangasem, Buleleng, Nusa Penida, Klungkung, while the Province of NTB in Lombok Selatan, southern part of Sumbawa, and northern part of

Tambora, and the Province of NTT virtually in all districts and cities. In addition to this, there is also poor access to health services in remote areas in all of the three provinces. The problem of human health is further loaded with the high number of population living in disaster-prone areas the three provinces in Bali-Nusa Tenggara Economic Corridor. Population living in coastal areas are prone to tsunamis and face potential risks of sea-level rise as a result of climate change. In addition, population living in Mount Rinjani, Mount Tambora, and Mount Sangiang and other places in NTT (Ende, Sikka, Manggarai, Flotim, Kota Kupang, Alor, Lembata, Manggarai Barat, Rote, Sabu, Southern coast of Sumba) are susceptible to earthquakes and eruptions.

3.3.2 Livelihood According to 2010 population census, in NTT province (20.88%) of the population were classified as poor, the fourth highest percentage in Indonesia after Papua, West Papua and Maluku provinces respectively and significantly higher than the national average of 11.96% (BPS 2012). Rates of poverty in NTB were also high (18.63%) while Bali in contrast has one of the lowest poverty rates in Indonesia, second only after Jakarta (4.18%). The three provinces in the EC are inhabited by a diverse range of ethnicities and religions. In Bali province the major ethnic groups are the Balinese (89%), Javanese (7%), Baliaga (1%), Madurese (1%). In NTT, the dominant ethnicities were the Sasak (68%), Bima (13%), Sumbawa (8%), Indian (8%), Balinese (3%). In NTT, the major enthnic groups included the Atoni, or Dawan (22%), Manggarai (15%), Sumba (12%) and the Belu (9%). The rural population in NTB and NTT constitute a majority (ranging from 80.7% and 58.3% respectively) compared to the national average of 56 % (BPS 2010). In contrast the population of Bali was highly urbanised with only 39.8% of the population lving in rural areas (5th lowest rural population in Indonesia).

According to the 2010 population census, all provinces in the EC had literacy rates less than the national average (92.81%), with Bali (89.17%) and NTT (87.63%) having the highest rates of literacy compared to 83.24% in NTB. Similarly elementary school enrolement figures for NTT (56.7%) were lower than the national average (68.1%) and other provinces in the EC (Bali, 69.2%) and 76.7% in NTB).

The dependency ratio of the population is the ratio of productive members of the population (those aged between 15 and 65) to those less and 15 years old and greater than 65. The dependency ratio of provinces in the EC ranged from the highest of all the provinces in Indonesia (57) for NTT, 52.9 for NTB and the 5th lowest for all Indonesia of 41.3 for Bali. These ratios can be compared to the National dependency ratio of 46. According to 2010 population census out of the total workforce in all provinces in the EC were above the national average of 93.4% with the highest employment rate in Bali (97.68%) followed by NTT (97.31%) and NTB (94.67%) (BPS 2012). Livelihood of population is highly dependent upon access to resources. The desire of national and local governments to expedite economic growth at the macro level often has a side impact, creating social conflicts involving indigenous communities and companies. Governments often issue permits to companies (mining, plantation, forestry, etc.) with insufficient considerations regarding their impact on the livelihood of the local communities. This problem is encountered in all of the three provinces in the Bali-Nusa Tenggara Economic Corridor.

Based on information gathered in the pre-scoping workshop, in Bali there has been a conflict between the seaweed farmers with tourism industry in Kutuh and Geger/Badung. A similar conflict has been going-on in NTB in association with illegal gold mining, namely in the southern part of Lombok Barat, Sumbawa, Dompu, and the southern part of Bima. A similar gold mining issue is also being faced in NTT, namely in Sumba Timur, Sumba Tengah, TTS, TTU, Kab Kupang, Belu, Maumere, Manggarai, Lembata, Ende, and pearl-shell farming in Kabupaten Kupang. While poverty rate in Bali is declining, it in the other two provinces of NTB and NTT is still high. In NTT poverty is still prevalent in all districts and cities, while in NTT it still in Sumba Tengah, Sumba Barat, Sumba Barat Daya. This livelihood problem is further worsened with inadequate public transport systems between regions and in large cities in all provinces (Bali - Sarbagita area; Nusa Tenggara - all districts and cities. Rapid urbanisation problem seems to be

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encountered in Bali, (Denpasar and Badung) and NTT (Kota Kupang). Underage workers might not be a problem yet, except possibly in Kupang. In NTT, there are additional problems of lack of employment opportunities and illegal trade in the border area with Timor Leste.

3.3.3 Industry and Mining Indusry and mining activities could pose significant threats to the environment in Bali-NT EC. Based on information from the provincial environmental status of the three provincies in the EC, Bali appears to have the largest number of industries (366 medium-big industries and 498 small industries. In terms of mining, the predominant mining potential in Bali is Type C mining (sands, clay, stone, lime, etc.). These activities could pose threats to the environment but not enough data have been collected. Monitoring of discharge water quality has been undertaken only in the following industries: hotel, textile, soft drink, slaughter house, and fish processing.

The province of Nusa Tenggara Barat is currently not industrialized, there are some small-scale industries in Kabupaten Lombok Barat, including noodle production plant which has potential environmental pollution from the wastewater discharge. Pollution from illegal gold mining activities seem to be a more serious threat to the environment. In addition to the illegal mining practices, there is a large-scale mining by PT Newmont in the province.

The province of Nusa Tenggara Timus has a number of small to medium-scale industries, including tofu/soybean processing which has potential environmental pollution from the wastewater discharge. Interestingly, there have been 303 requests for mining permits (of which 240 are manganese mining) but none have been granted operational/production permits. However, illegal mining activities by local miners have been on-going. These mining practices plus the big cement plant in Kupang pose environmental threat, especially in terms of water and air quality as well as human health.

Information received from participants of the pre-scoping workshop indicate that there is low use of innovative technologies and methods in the industrial sector (energy efficiency, low emission/low waste technologies etc.) is a problem in Nusa Tenggara, but not in Bali. In the mining sector, there are difficulties in reclamation of ex-mining sites, such as Type C mining in Karangasem and Klungkung in Bali; and mining sites in the southern part of Lombok Barat and Sumbawa in NTB. Illegal mining practices could be found in Type C mining locations in Bali; mining sites in the southern part of Lombok Barat and Sumbawa in NTB; and mining sites in Sumba Timur, Sumba Tengah, TTS, TTU, Kab Kupang, Belu, Maumere, Manggarai, Lembata, Ende in NTT.

3.3.4 Energy and Waste Data from the provincial environmental status in the three provinces in the EC (KLH 2012) indicate that energy use in the EC is still largely dependent upon fossil energy resources. The big users of enery are transportation, industry, and household. Significant users of fossil enery are diesel-based powerplants, although lately efforts have been made to establish renewable energy-based new powerplants. Energy consumption in many cases could result in the disposal of waste (including hazardous and toxis waste) that could reduce environmental quality and effect climate change. Energy and waste are a common issue in the Bali-Nusa Tenggara Economic Corridor. National concerns regarding inefficient energy use and growing energy demand are shared in the EC.

Information gathered from the participants of the pre-scoping workshop indicates that in Bali (in particular with regard to the high-demand of electricity for tourism industry) and in all districts/cities in NTB. There are still areas with insufficient electricity supply and occurrence of blackouts Bali (namely, Nusa Penida) and NTT (almost all districts/cities). There is a low utilization of the renewable energy resources (micro-hydro, Solar Home System, wind energy, coal energy in Kubu – Bali) and Ulumbu-Manggarai geothermal power in NTT.

Increasing production of municipal waste is encountered in the urban Sarbagita area in Bali, in all capital cities in NTB, and in NTT’s Kota Kupang. Increasing production of industrial waste

could be found in Bali (Pangembangan-Jembrana), NTB (Lombok Barat, Lombok Timur, Sumbawa Barat). Low capacities for waste management still prevails in Bali (districts/cities), NTB (Lombok Barat, Lombok Timur, Sumbawa Barat), and NTT (Kota Kupang).

3.4 Environmental Management

3.4.1 Protected Areas There are terrestrial and marine protected areas in the Bali-NT EC. Terestrial protected areas include nature reserve, wildlife park, national park, nature tourism forest, forest park. Data from the Bali-NT Eco-region environmental status on terrestrial conservation areas in the CE (KLH 2012) are presented in the table below. In addition to terrestrial protected areas there are a number of marine protected areas. Nusa Tenggara Timur has marine protected areas amounting to 50 million ha, while data on Bali and Nusa Tenggara Barat are not yet available.

Table 3.7 Terestrial Protected Areas in Bali-Nusa Tenggara

Terestrial Conservation Province % to Total Forest Area Areas (000 ha) Bali 25.200,69 20.12 Nusa Tenggara Barat 166.755,18 15.57 Nusa Tenggara Timur 40.843,72 15.57 Total 232.799,59

Difficulties in managing protected areas have also been encountered in the Bali-Nusa Tenggara Economic Corridor. The Nature Tourism Park (Taman Wisata Alam - TWA) of Danau Buyan in Bali faces a problem of sedimentation. Problems associated with protected areas are also encountered in NTB (Southern part of Lombok Tengah and Southern part of Sumbawa Barat), and NTT (Kelimutu, Wanggameti in Sumba Timur, and Labuan Bajo).

3.4.2 Environmental Conflicts According to Henry Saragih, Chairperson of the Indonesia Peasant Union (SPI), deaths of farmers are caused by agrarian conflicts all across Indonesia are increasing. SPI recorded 20 deaths (from 120 cases of agrarian conflicts) in 2011. Data from the National Commission of Human Rights (Komnas HAM) said that out of 6,000 cases of violations occurring each year, 1,000 are committed by plantation companies. Many conflicts between companies and communities have happened since the New Order era.

The provincial environmental status documents of Bali, NTB, and NTT (2012) compile an inventory of hundreds of environmental conflicts that are reported over time, in connection with such problems as waste discharge (industry, hotel, hospital), illegal logging (forest and mangrove), poaching. Information obtained from pre-scoping workshop participants indicate that a high number of environmental conflicts have also taken place in the Bali-Nusa Tenggara Economic Corridor. In Bali, there have been conflicts over the utilization of geothermal resources in the districts of Badung, Jembrana, and Nusa Penida. In the province of NTB, there have been environmental conflicts especially associated with gold mining in Lombok Timur, Bima, Dompu, southern part of Sumbawa, and southern part of Lombok Barat. In the province of NTT, there have been environmental conflicts between forestry and mining.

3.4.3 Coastal Management Generally, there is a lack of proper coastal management in almost the entire Bali-Nusa Tenggara region at both provincial and district/city levels. The many cases of destruction and degradation of coastal resources (mangrove, seagrass, and coral reefs) in the region speak for this problem. In the Province of Bali, lack of proper coastal management particularly could be seen in the Districts of Badung and Nusa Penida, and in Nusa Tenggara in areas where

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mangrove areas are located. However, lately there have been significant efforts to improve the management of coastal areas through intergrated coastal management approach. This should give hope for the future.

3.4.4 Planning Coordination Weak or insufficient coordination of planning in Indonesia is generally a national issue; it is also a problem in the Bali-Nusa Tenggara region at both provincial and sub-provincial levels, in terms of both horizontally among sectors and vertically between provincial and sub-provincial entities. A thesis reseach study results entitled ‘Planning and Coflict’ (http://www. unsworks.unsw.edu.au/fapi/datastream/unsworks:654/2005) indicates that in Bali tourism development planning for promoting tourism and boosting local/regional economy was insufficiently coordinated with institutions concerned with the maintainance of Balinese way of life. A case study on conflicts over forests in many of the forest areas in Nusa Tenggara (httpunpan1.un.orgintradocgroupspublicdocumentsapcityunpan022240.pdf, 2006) indicates the lack of planning coordination of forestry planning agency at the national/regional level with local government agencies.

3.4.5 Compliance to Environmental Law and Regulations Enforcement level of environmental law and regulations by government on one hand and compliance level to the law and regulations on the other hand are still low nationally as well as regionally (provincial and sub-provincial levels). An assessment of environmental compliance and enforcement undertaken in 2008 (http://www.aecen.org/..) indicates a number of weaknesses such as: (1) lack of guidelines on integrated supervision towards compliance as well as lack of enforcement funds; (2) lack of an effective approach for gathering, managing and acting on compliance information as well as lack of agency capacity and capabilities; (3) lack of comprehensive self-monitoring and self-reporting mechanism and technical guidelines on for large companies that detail requirements for monitoring, reporting, record-keeping, violations; (4) lack of judicial capacity for the environment; (5) lack of guidelines for environmental administrative sanctions; and (6) lack of simple procedures and complaint filing mechanisms that make use of hotlines, SMS systems, or the internet. Environmental law enforcement in the EC appears to be not as proactive as it should be. A common approach to law enforment is the establishement of complaint centers. This might result in the low compliance level by both corporate/institutional as well as individual actors, as evidenced by the high number of environmental conflicts as recorded in the provincial environmental status documents in the respective provinces.

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Preliminary Overview of the Potential Issues for EC

4 Preliminary Overview of the Potential Issues for EC

This section provides a preliminary overview of potential issues for Bali-NT EC based on desk top research undertaken by the SEA team (and presented in the Section 3 above) and updated with the findings from the pre-scoping and baseline workshop. The overview provides a basis for further analysis in scoping stage.

4.1 Deforestation/Degradation of Forests Functions

As indicated earler, deforestation in the Bali-NT EC has been a problem. This information is confirmed by the pre-scoping workshop participants who gave their information that deforestation and forest degradation have taken place in the following area: (a) Bali: Bali Barat National Park, Bangli; (b) NTB: Mt Tambora, Pulau Moyo, Mt Rinjani; and (c) NTT: Sumba Barat and TTS. The driving factors of deforestation and forest degradation include the issuance of local forest use permits that often are authorised inconsistently with national forest law, and Illegal logging.

Although forest lands might not be seriously threatened by increased of tourism activities they could receive significant pressures from improved connectivity (development of new roads, harbours, and extension of airports) and increased cattle production. Development of roadways through forested areas could result in forest habitats fragmentation exemplify existing stresses on forest or other terrestrial habitat environment. Increased cattle production through ranches also has the potential of cumulative impacts on deforestation.

4.2 Human Health Risks

As human health especially TBs and HIV/AIDS is already a problem, attention should be given with regard to efforts to increase tourism activities, since increased tourists migration could have indirect wide-impact impacts on diseases vectors. The development of new roadways, airports, and port facilities will increase migrations and visits to formerly remote areas and thereby increase the likelihood of the transmission of disease to the local residents - It is likely that the magnitude of disease transmission would be more obvious in NTT (East Nusa Tenggara) and NTB (West Nusa Tenggara, except Lombok island) as it is currently less visited or exposed to national and international travelers or commerce. Although increased mobility will have a positive impact for local communities in accessing formerly inaccessible health facilities/ services, conversely, increased in migration may overwhelmed existing health facilities. Bali already has a problem with air pollution (particulate matter – PM10), increased transportation infrastructure has the potential to worsen the situation. Information gathered from pre-scoping workshop participants indicate that there is still high incidence of infectious diseases (TBC, malaria, and dengue) in Bali and Nusa Tenggara. Malaria is still prevalent in West Sumba and Sikka, and dengue in Belu, Kota Kupang, and Sikka. High incidence of emerging diseases (avian influenza, HIV/AIDS) also is a problem in Bali and Nusa Tenggara. In addition, rabbies in Bali was recently reported happening in the District of Badung. In NTT, HIV/AIDS is found in the districts of Belu, TTU, Sikka, Lembata, East Flores, Ngada, and Kota Kupang.

The problem of human health is further loaded with the lack of water supply and the high number of population living in disaster-prone areas the three provinces in Bali-Nusa Tenggara Economic Corridor. Population living in coastal areas are prone to tsunamis and face potential risks of sea-level rise as a result of climate change. In addition, population living in Mount Rinjani, Mount Tambora, and Mount Sangiang and other places in NTT (Ende, Sikka,

Manggarai, Flotim, Kota Kupang, Alor, Lembata, Manggarai Barat, Rote, Sabu, Southern coast of Sumba) are susceptible to earthquakes and eruptions.

4.3 Livelihood Opportunities

The prevalence of proverty in Nusa Tenggara is among the highest in the country. Accelerated tourism industry development will likely have positive wide-scale impact on poverty reduction in Nusa Tenggara. However, increased migration of tourists to the region could have a significant negative impact on: (a) access to clean water and sanitation; (b) conflicts with the local culture in the community; (c) localised chances for relative decline of real income for marginalized group, especially in Nusa Tenggara; and (d) being too dependent on tourism sector that potentially generate fragile local economy due to future global crisis, especially for Bali, Lombok, and Komodo area in Manggarai Barat. In the fishery sector, overfishing and mechanized deep water industrial fishing activities will have wide-scale and cumulative negative impacts on employment and livelihood of local artisanal fishermen/ fishery communities in the region. In addition, former traditional livelihood will be impacted by the influx of alternative culture and values brought by the increased connectivity. Also, there is potential loss of cultural resources (traditional fishing techniques) due to the introduction of new technology of fishing. There is an opportunity in sustainable aquaculture to diffuse the local conflicts in natural fisheries resources. If there is an increase in aquaculture and fisheries, it will likely to escalate the conflicts over fish resources. The infrastructure projects and operations will provide new employment opportunities while also provide increased mobility to access alternative and better employment opportunities. Social conflicts could occur with the influx of investors, economic migrants/ workers, and tourists. Outside of Bali there does not seem to be any accounting for the necessary infrastructure to provide clean drinking water and sanitation, therefore, local people might be marginalized in this regard in relation to increased tourist facilities in in areas where tourism is relatively new. Increased mobility could have a positive impact for local communities in accessing formerly inaccessible education facilities/ services, but conversely, it might overwhelm existing education facilities. New roadways and port facilities will increase access to formally remote areas and thereby increase the likelihood of illegal forestry activities. It still is unknown whether the cattle rearing activities might trigger conflicts with local communities, but it is worth investigating.

4.4 Land and Soil Degradation

Land and soil degradation has been on-going in the region, due to the cutting of mangroves and converting them into fish ponds and then into salt production ponds that become neglected, as well as from mining practices (including illegal mining) in Nusa Tengara. In an updated MP3EI document, there is a plan to undertake gold, copper, and manganese mining. These mining activities could encourage illegal mining practices and the combined mining practices could have significant impact on land and soil degradation. At this stage, it is unclear yet how wide- scale the potential of soil degradation from shrimp ponds is, but it appears necessary to investigate if it is indeed cumulative or wide-scale. In areas where forest must be removed to allow for increased cattle grazing (if any), it is likely that land will be degraded after a number of years which could result in cumulative impacts. At this stage, it is still unclear whether any forests would be cut down or removed for the cattle grazing.

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Preliminary Overview of the Potential Issues for EC

4.5 Water Pollution

The baseline data already indidate that water quality has been a problem in the EC. Increased tourism activities could be expected to result in increased wide-scale pressure on drinking water resources and infrastructure. The baseline in north areas of Bali has been experiencing decline on water resources (increased drought risk) as well as insufficient infrastructure of the wastewater treatment. The provinces of NTT and NTB also experience the insufficient infrastructures of water resources for drinking water. MP3EI does not seem to consider proper and sufficient budget planning for the drinking water provision facilities in Bali and Nusa Tenggara. In order to allow for some calculations on water demand/availability, projection of the number of tourists in the future would be required. In addition, more information is needed to identify if there is sufficient water infrastructure planned in the EC. Also, more information is needed on wastewater discharges from other sources of water pollution (domestic, home industries such as garment/dying, and lodging industries/hotels). With respect to aquaculture development (shrimp production), there may be policy related aspect to chemical/nutrients dozing from (aquaculture, but it is more a national issue rather than EC level and it might be difficult to identify the cumulative impacts in the localized level. Increased migration of tourists and cattle production will likely need large-scale slaughter house facilities in Bali which in turn could result in potential cumulative impact, if the wastewater is remained untreated. This will cause additional impacts to wastewater treatment in Bali. Other MP3EI projects that have potential impact on water pollution are the development of ports and power generator. There appear to be multiple locations of port development in sensitive coastal areas, in some cases these ports development may be clustered with existing urban areas and/or energy projects. Discharges of combined storms and wastewater (cool water) will obviously have will have localized impacts. There is also a possibility of wide-scale or cumulative impacts, but this matter needs to be expored further.

4.6 Air and Climate

Although in general air pollution in the Bali-NT EC is still below the allowable limit, except in the case of PM10 in Denpasar and surrounding and sound pollution in Kupang, precautions need to be taken with regard to MP3EI plan for improved connectivity including development of roadways, ports, powerplants, and extension of airports. These activities will likely increase air pollution locally in Denpasar, north coast of Bali, Mataram, and other urban areas. Waste burning in Nusa Tenggara might contribute to increased air pollution, but this matter still needs further infomaton. Several energy projects aim to use renewable techniques for generating power. If the development of poweplants follows on the MP3EI policies on the use of potential renewable energy, it could generate the positive impacts on the air quality.

With regard to increased cattle production, very little information is available for determining the strategic issues (i.e. there is potential impact to air quality regarding methane produced from the cows’ farts in large-scale cattle production), but on the other hand there is an opportunity to use the methane for biogas production.

In addition to the above, increased transportation means and facilities (land, air, and sea transportation) will likely have wide-scale temissions of GHG affecting climate change.

4.7 Loss of Biodiversity

Participants of the pre-scoping workshop provide information that habitat fragmentation occurs in the EC, especially in Lombok Barat (Selegong), Pulau Moyo, Mt Tambora. High number of threatened species includes deer and yellow-head parrot in Mt. Rinjani, Pulau Moyo, Jereweh, Mt. Tambora; and endemic birds in Bali and Sumba. The EC is has long coastal line rich with biodiversity but it is vulnerable to climate change. Other threats to biodiversity include over- exploitation (including poaching, illegal trade of flora and fauna, destructive fishing methods, human-wildlife conflict). Secondary impacts from coastal and oceans degradation could have cumulative wide-scale impact to the protected biodiversity in EC (i.e. sea turtles, migratory birds species along the coast, coral species) and primary impacts from physical disturbances could have localized impacts in Bali and Lombok in the short-term and other areas in EC in the long- term.

Considering the risks of further introduction of alien species from aquaculture and secondary effects of destroyed habitat, there is a clear cumulative and potential wide-scale strategic impact to diversity of local fish stocks species in the EC.

Although there is insufficient information on the planned cattle production program, it should be noted that it has a potential impact on habitat fragmentation from land use and land cover change and increased ecological competition of the natural resources (water and food) and species disturbances (endemic deer in Nusa Tenggara) and changes in flora/plants diversity.

The development of roadways will likely have direct impacts on terrestrial biodiversity due to habitat fragmentation and direct footprint impacts from roadway development. In several cases roadways seem to go directly through conservation/protected areas illustrating clear interactive conflicts. In some cases primary forest might also be transected by the proposed roadways, although further analysis is required to further define specific areas of impact and the risk to protected/threatened/endangered/endemic species. This analysis could also consider the cumulative impacts related with other stressors on EC forests and other sensitive terrestrial habitats.

Impact to coastal biodiversity is a very strong likelihood in relation to significant port development in multiple sensitive areas. Quick assessment illustrates that there is a clear interactive conflict between sensitive coastal habitats and planned port projects, as the result there is a significant risk of loss of protected marine endangered species in these areas. In some cases, ports are planned in protected marine areas. Further analysis is required to locate each problem area and elaborate on the characteristics of the strategic issues.

In addition, new roadways and port facilities will increase access to formerly remote areas and thereby increase the likelihood of poaching activities. Further analysis is required to determine the likelihood of this occurring in relation to existing prevention and enforcement management activities.

4.8 Coastal Degradation

The Bali-NT EC is rich with coastal resources (coral reefs, mangroves, and seagrass) but they have been threated, especially in the Nusa Tenggara area, by population growth and development activities. Increased tourism activities with the development of supporting connectivity infrastructure could have wide-scale and cumulative negative impact to coastal resources in the EC. In the shorter-term, the strategic impacts are particularly relevant in Bali, Lombok and Komodo Island as they are impacted intensively by tourism but it is noteworthy to also consider the tourism development impacts in other areas in the long-term. Potential threats to coastal degradation could come from hotels/coastal development, secondary impacts from increased wastewater and stormwater, impacts from related river system management changes and physical disturbances, and other associated cumulative impacts.

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Preliminary Overview of the Potential Issues for EC

Development of new ponds in coastal areas could generate erosion and degradation. Looking at the footprints of aquaculture from possibly conversion of mangroves to aquaculture, but there is insufficient information regarding the scale. If there is a possibility of the mangroves conversion, there may be potential localized cumulative impacts but more detail information would be needed. Although there is no indication on the MP3EI regarding mangroves conversion to aquaculture/fish farming, it is expected increased effort to revitalize the level of aquaculture brings to mangroves destruction. With this reason we believe it should receive some strategic attentions.

As far as tuna fishery is concerned within EC MP3EI planning, it is difficult to draw a link to coastal degradation in a strategic level. However if wide scale mechanized fisheries (and/or overfishing) in the coastal areas occur, there is potential for wide-scale degradation of coastal fish stocks, coral reef system and seagrass. There is need for verification for what additional mechanized fishing activities are planned and it should be mentioned that illegal fishing may result from this policy.

In addition, impacts from port and roadways development may have comulative impact on coastal degradation, mainly in relation to the footprint of major roadways in coastal mangrove areas.

4.9 Environmental Management Problems

The scope of environmental management in the Bali-NT EC is very vast. There have been problems with the management of protected areas, environmental conflicts, coastal resources, planning coordination, as well as law enforcement and compliance. As stated above, the implementation of PM3EI projects in the region could have wide-scale and cumulative impact that in turn could escalate existing environmental problems. Thus, there is a need to think about these issues and take insightful thoughts on what should be done to strengthen environmental management capacity in the region.

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Main Conclusions and Preliminary Recommendations

5 Main Conclusions and Preliminary Recommendations

Based on the preliminary overview of the baseline conditions and issues identified for further study, this section provides main conclusion and and formulates initial recommendations.

5.1 Main Conclusions

Pre-Scoping activities have resulted in the identification potential key issues for the Bali-Nusa Tenggara Economic Corridor through a review of available data and information and stakeholder workshop undertaken in Denpasar, Bali. The Pre-Scoping activities also have collected a lot of data and information from the provinces in the EC as well additional data required for the Scoping phase and their source.

Estimated Risks/Impacts

• Risk of increased air pollution resulting from development of roadways, ports, power plants, and extension of airports

• Risk of water pollution and water availability from eccelerated tourism development, and cattle production

• Risk of human health from influx of tourists and economic workers

• Risk of possible exacerbating of soil and land degradation problems from cattle ranches and gold, copper, and manganese maining activities

• Risk of loss of cultural values due to increased tourism industry and traditional fishing proctices and equipments from industrialized fishing

• Risk of increased GHG emissions (especially from transportation sector)

• Risk of biodiversity loss from development of roadways and ports, and possibly also from cattle raising

Potential Conflicts

• Conflict over water resources among tourism sector, animal husbandry sector, and local communities

• Conflict over employment opportunities and access to education and health services and facilities among local communities and inmigrants

Management Issues

• Illegal mining • Lack of enforcement of environmental legislation

Opportunities to be Explored

• Potential for Improvement of waste and wastewater treatment infrastrucutre • Potential for improvement of clean water infrastructure

5.2 Initial Recommendation

From findings during the Pre-Scoping activities could be drawn a number of preliminary recommendations as follows:

i) There might be a need for support in collecting data and information needed for the Scoping phase.

ii) For the up-coming Scoping Workshop, wider participation of stakeholders is needed.

iii) Care needs to be taken in implementing the MP3EI projects because there are risks of conflicting with the existing provincial and/or district/city spatial plans.

iv) There appears to be a need to undertake additional socialization activities of MP3EI because many stakeholders seem to have insufficient understanding about MP3EI.

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References

6 References

BKPM.http://regionalinvestment.bkpm.go.id/newsipid/userfiles/ppi/Potential%20Investment%20I n%20East%20Nusa%20Tenggara%20Province%202011.pdf

BLHD Bali. 2012. Environmental Status of the Province of Bali (Book I and Book II). Denpasar, Bali

BLHD NTB. 2012. Environmental Status of the Province of Nusa Tenggara Barat (Book I and Book II). Mataram, Nusa Tenggara Barat

BLHD NTT. 2012. Environmental Status of the Province of Nusa Tenggara Timur (Book I and Book II). Kupang, Nusa Tenggara Timur

Danida-Ministry of Hohe Affairs. 2011. Laporan Akhir KLHS Kawasan Strategis Metro Mataram, Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat 2011.

Danida-Ministry of Hohe Affairs. 2010. Laporan Akhir KLHS Sumberdaya Air Provinsi Bali 2010.

http://atanitokyo.blogspot.com/2009/04/soil-of-bali-island-and-potentials-for.html

http://balipod.com/bali-expat-forum-f2/air-quality-south-bali-looking-any-source-material- measurements-t6779.html

httpunpan1.un.orgintradocgroupspublicdocumentsapcityunpan022240.pdf (conflicts over forests in nusa tenggara)

http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CDMQFjA A&url=http%3A%2F%2Funsworks.unsw.edu.au%2Ffapi%2Fdatastream%2Funsworks%3A654 %2FSOURCE01&ei=qfeXUsbtBcm3rgeJtYGwDw&usg=AFQjCNFZhrJDTcU- HrL5IuIdm13UgCsEXg&bvm=bv.57155469,d.bmk (planning and conflict in bali).

http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/ag127e/ag127e09.htm (coastal erosion)

Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup (KLH). 2012. Bali-Nusa Tenggara Eco-region Environmental Status. Denpasar, Bali.

Murdoch University. 2010. (http://www.istp.murdoch.edu.au/ISTP/casestudies/Case_Studies_ Asia/bali/case01.html)

Pemerintah Daerah Provinsi Bali. Peraturan Daerah Provinsi Bali Nomor 6 Tahun 2009 tentang Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Panjang Daerah (RPJPD) Provinsi Bali Tahun 2005-2025.

Pemerintah Daerah Provinsi Bali. Peraturan Daerah Provinsi Bali Nomor 8 Tahun 2009 tentang Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Daerah (RPJMD) Provinsi Bali Tahun 2008-2013.

Pemerintah Daerah Provinsi Bali. 2009. Peraturan Daerah Provinsi Bali Nomor 16 Tahun 2009 tentang Rencana Tata Ruang Provinsi Bali Tahun 2009-2029.

http://regionalinvestment.bkpm.go.id/newsipid/userfiles/ppi/Potential%20Investment%2 0In%20East%20Nusa%20Tenggara%20Province%202011.PDF

Pemerintah Daerah Provinsi NTB. 2008. Rancangan Peraturan Daerah Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat tentang Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Panjang Daerah (RPJPD) Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat Tahun 2005-2025.

Pemerintah Daerah Provinsi NTB. 2010. Peraturan Daerah Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur Nomor 3 Tahun 2010 tentang Rencana Tata Ruang Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat Tahun 2009- 2029.

Pemerintah Daerah Provinsi NTT. 2011. Peraturan Daerah Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur Nomor 1 Tahun 2011 tentang Rencana Tata Ruang Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur Tahun 2010- 2030.

Pemerintah Daerah Provinsi NTT. Rancangan Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Daerah (Ran-RPJPD) Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur Tahun 2009-2013.

The Jakarta Post (Jakarta Post, Jul 06, 2013). http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/ 2013/07/06/rivers-filth-flow-throughout-land.html

The Jakarta Post (Jakarta Post, June 20, 2013). http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/06/ 20/bali-java-and-nusa-tenggara-prone-natural-disasters.html

The Jakarta Post (August 05, 2004). http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2004/08/05/breathing- fresh-air-difficult-sometimes-bali.html

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A – MP3EI Planning Information in Bali-Nusa TenggaraEconomic Corridor

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MP3EI Planning Information in Bali – Nusa Tenggara EC

A MP3EI Planning Information in Bali – Nusa Tenggara EC

A.1 List of Economic Development Projects

Implementati Cost (IDR M) Project Number & Name on KPI Location & Source Period (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) Toursim 1. Expansion of Facilities in Bali-Tourism International Park, Integrated Tourism Zone 4,000 P 2011-3013 Badung (Bali) 2. Development of Hotel Sofitel Nusa Dua Bali 600 P 2012-2025 Badung (Bali) 3. Development of Facilities in Marine Tourism - 5 GO 2010-2011 Benoa (Bali) Marina and Yacht Benoa 4. Management of Coastal/Marine Area of Benoa 30,000 P 2013-2025 Benoa (Bali) Bay 5. Development of Tourism Zone – Mandalika 30,000 GO-P 2011-2030 Lombok Tengah, NTB

6. Development of Hotel Aston Kupang 300 P 2012-2016 Kupang, NTT 7. Development of Integrated Tourism Zone - 1,700 P 2011-2016 Kupang (NTT) Imperial World Kupang 8. Development of international-standard health 500 P 2012-2016 Kupang (NTT) trade center 9. Expansion Tourism Zone - Mekaki Bay 3,000 P 2012-2016 Lombok Barat, NTB 10. Development of Tourism Zone Tanjung Ringgit 5,000 P 2013-2025 Lombok Timur, NTB 11. Expansion of Tourism Zone SAMOTA 7,500 G(O)-P 2013-2025 Sumbawa (NTB) 12. Development of Marine Tourism Businesses in 300 P 2013-2025 Sumbawa (NTB) Tanjung Menangis Fishery 1. Development of Salt Industry in Kupang Bay 888 GO 2012-2016 Kupang (NTT) Animal Husbandry 1. Food Security Industrial Complex 450 P 2012-2015 Sumba Timur, NTB 2. Expansion of Cattle through Cattle Ranches 416 G 2013-2025 Ngada (NTB) 3. Processing and Preservation of Meat Industry 52 P 2010-2015 Denpasar (Bali) Forestry/Wood Industry 1. Development of Industrial Forest - 3.555 ha 148 G-P 2008-2015 Lombok Barat, NTB 2. Development of Industrial Forest - 2.585 ha 122 G-P 2008-2018 Lombok Barat, NTB 3. Development of Industrial Forest - 54.405 ha 500 G-P 2009-2020 Dompu (NTB) 4. Development of Industrial Forest - 27.220 ha 227 G-P 2009-2020 Dompu (NTB) 5. Development of Industrial Forest - 41.960 ha 328 G-P 2009-2020 Bima (NTB) 6. Development of Industrial Forest - 22.820 ha 1,845 G-P 2009-2020 Bima (NTB) 7. Development of Industrial Forest - 6.880 ha 83 G-P 2003-2017 Sumba Timur, NTT 8. Development of Industrial Forest - 24.000 ha 288 G-P 2009-2020 Sumba Timur, NTT Gold Mining 1. Mining (production operation) of gold 40,000 P 2011-2013 Sumbawa (NTB) 2. Mining Activities of Green Stones 18,000 P 2000-2031 Sumbawa Barat, NTB Copper Mining 3. Addition of Processing Tools (SAG Mill) 6,000 P ** Sumbawa Barat, NTB

A-1

Implementati Cost (IDR M) Project Number & Name on KPI Location & Source Period Oil and Gas Mining 4. Support Services for Oil and Gas Mining 10,000 P 2011-2014 Sumba Timur, NTB Manganese Mining 5. Development of Manganese Smelter Plant 1,100 P 2011-2016 Kupang (NTT) Total Investment 163,352

*) G – Government; GO-Government- Owned Enterprise (BUMN); P-Private

A.2 List of Main Planned Infrastructure Projects

Main Planned No Stakeholder in Charge Description Infrastructure

Ngurah Rai International Expansion and development of 1 PT Angkasa Pura I Airport the airport

Lombok International International Airport development, 2 PT Angkasa Pura I Airport operated in 2011 3 Bedugul Powerplant PT Bali Energy Capacity 10 MW 4 Train in Bali Ministry of Transportation Supporting the Tourism in Bali 5 Kupang Port Ministry of Transportation Port development Fiber Optic Coverage & Ministry of Communication & 6 Development & rehabilitation Backbone Information Lombok Steam 7 PT PLN Capacity 2x 50 MW Powerplant

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MP3EI Planning Information in Bali – Nusa Tenggara EC

A.3 Planned Policy/Regulation and infrastructure in Bali – Nusa Tenggara EC

Economic No Planned Regulation Planned Infrastructure/Connectivity Activities

. Increasing capacity and airport services, . Simplify and broaden issuing of Entry such as the airport development in Visa, Visa on Arrival and Visa On Lombok– as a supplement to the Ngurah Board for foreign yachters Rai airport which is projected to exceed . Prepare a development standard for by 2020 cruise terminals and marinas as port . Increasing capacity and development of of entry road infrastructure, such as the Nusa Dua . Facilitate the implementation of CAIT – Benoa Toll Road development plan; (Clearance Approval for Indonesian . Improving access roads to link the Territory) for foreign yachters tourism areas outside the southern part of . Reduce/eliminate the temporary 1 Tourism Bali and within the regions of NTB and import duties for foreign yachters NTT entering Indonesian waters . Developing the Bali Tourism Outer-Ring . Review the spatial plan of Bali, NTB Railway (long-term plan) and NTT to support tourism . Improving existing harbors and marinas development plan in Bali to meet international standards . Prepare Standard Operating . Constructing new powerplants that uses Procedure (SOP) for the acceleration renewable and clean fuel such as wind or of permits and the provision of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) will be Integrated One-Stop Service for all pursued to increase the availability of permits to develop tourism area. electricity . Improvement of the level of service of cross district roads, particularly to NTT, and improve access from fishing ports to the nearest cross-districts roads . A review of local port capacity to support . Preparation and supervision of the industrial activities implementation of spatial planning . Acceleration of energy expansion . Cooperation with foreign consumers program through capacity increase of 3 Fishery for marketing of aquaculture Powerplants . Create cooperation between salt . Develop Mbai airport located at Nagakeo industries with local salt farmers to Regency, NTT to transport high value but supply raw materials highly perishable marine fishery products . Accelaration of water treatment plants construction, especially in NTT to support the development of aquaculture and industrial fisheries and marine product processing . Increase downstream industries by . Provision of infrastructure to support increasing the value-added activities farming activities through Public Private (diversifying products) Partnership (PPP) . Provide protection of animal . Strengthen roads to transport farm husbandry enterprises with policy products from the center of the meat and intended to gradually reduce imports non-meat processing industry for of meat and introduce meat price distribution to the nearest local port control policies . Strengthen local ports to increase Animal 3 . Provide safe, healthy, intact and halal distribution of cattle products to other Husbandry quality meat regions, particularly to Jakarta and . Develop policy on sustainable rice- Surabaya. Marapokot seaport in Nagekeo livestock integrated system by Regency will be developed to distribute optimizing the principles of Low animal husbandry and fishery products External Input Sustainable . Strengthen Mbai airport (also known as Agriculture (LEISA) and zero waste Surabaya Airport II) to allow approaches transportation for animal husbandry and . Provide spatial security for farm land fishery products

A-3

Economic No Planned Regulation Planned Infrastructure/Connectivity Activities

and livestock grazing land . Construction of new power-plants to . Facilitate financing access for increase the availability of electricity, farmers by strengthening the especially for the region of Nusa savings and loan cooperatives Tenggara . Apply strict sanctions to those who . Provision of clean water to ensure the have been availability during the dry sesaon in Nusa Tenggara

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MP3EI Planning Information in Bali – Nusa Tenggara EC

A.4 List of KPI and its Allocation for Economic Activities

No Investment Focus Area Allocation/Designation Provinces

1 Badung Tourism Bali 2 Benoa Tourism Bali 3 Lombok Tengah Tourism Nusa Tenggara Barat Tourism, Non Main Economic 4 Sumbawa Nusa Tenggara Barat Activities 5 Sumbawa Barat Non Main Economic Activities Nusa Tenggara Barat Fisheries, Tourism, Non Main 6 Kupang Nusa Tenggara Timur Economic Activities Animal Husbandry, Non Main 7 Sumba Timur Nusa Tenggara Timur Economic Activities 8 Buleleng * Bali 9 Bangli * Bali 10 Nusa Penida * Bali 11 Denpasar Animal Husbandry Bali 12 Komodo * Nusa Tenggara Timur 13 Sokoria * Nusa Tenggara Timur 14 Ende * Nusa Tenggara Timur Tourism, Non Main Economic 15 Lombok Barat Nusa Tenggara Barat Activities 16 Sikka * Nusa Tenggara Timur 17 Ngada Animal Husbandry Nusa Tenggara Timur

18 Flores * Nusa Tenggara Timur 19 Dompu Non Main Economic Activities Nusa Tenggara Timur 20 Bima Non Main Economic Activities Nusa Tenggara Barat 21 Aegela * Nusa Tenggara Timur Timor Tengah Selatan, 22 Flores Timur, Timor * Nusa Tenggara Timur Tengah Utara 23 Jembrana * Bali Source: Kemenko Perekonomian, 2013

A-5

A.5 Updated Number of KPI in Bali – Nusa Tenggara EC

Prirority KPI Potential KPI Province Investment Investment Total Total Value Value

Bali 2 34,605 5 incomplete

Nusa Tenggara Barat 5 110,070 2 incomplete

Nusa Tenggara Timur 1 4,488 8 incomplete

Total in all provinces 8 149,163 15 incomplete

Source: Calculated from Updated List of Projects in Bali-NT EC

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APPENDIX B – Supporting Information on Prescoping Activities

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Supporting Information on Prescoping Activities

B Supporting Information on Prescoping Activities

B.1 List of Relevant Stakeholders for Bali – Nusa Tenggara EC

No Institution Groups Issues/Sectoral Relevance 1. Bappeda, Bali Government Regional planning 2. BLHD, Bali Government Envrionmental management 3. Dinas Pariwisata, Bali Government 4. Dinas Peternakan, Bali Government 5. Dinas Perikanan, Bali Government 6. BKSDA, Bali Government Forest management 7. Bappeda, Nusa Tenggara Barat Government Regional planning 8. BLHD, Nusa Tenggara Barat Government Envrionmental management 9. Dinas Pariwisata, Nusa Tenggara Barat Government 10. Dinas Peternakan, Nusa Tenggara Barat Government 11. Dinas Perikanan, Nusa Tenggara Barat Government 12. BKSDA, Nusa Tenggara Barat Government Forest management 13. Bappeda, Nusa Tenggara Timur Government Regional planning 14. BLHD, Nusa Tenggara Timur Government Envrionmental management 15. Dinas Pariwisata, Nusa Tenggara Timur Government 16. Dinas Peternakan, Nusa Tenggara Timur Government 17. Dinas Perikanan, Nusa Tenggara Tumur Government 18. BKSDA, Nusa Tenggara Timur Government Forest management 19. PPE Regional Bali – Nusa Tenggara Government Envrionmental management 20. Udayana University University Network Envrionmental management 21. Mataram University University Network Environmental issues 22. Nusa Cendana University University Network Environmental issues 23. Conservation International NGO 24. WALHI NGO Environmental issues 25. AMAN NGO Indigenous people issues 26. JATAM NGO Mining issues 27. KIARA NGO Fisheries and Marine Issues 28. CIFOR Research Institution Forestry issues 29. World Resources Institute Research Institution Forestry & Palm Oil issues

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B.2 Minutes of Consulative Meeting

MP3EI SEA Minutes of Meeting: Consultation for Baseline Mission with Ministry of Home Affairs

Meeting: Consultation for Baseline Mission with Ministry of Agriculture (MoA)/2013 Attendees: 1. Adi Wiyana, MP3EI SEA Team Coordinator for EC 5 and 6 Date: 05/09/2013 Time: 14.00-14.30 2. Ismail, Planning Coordinator for Eastern Indonesia, DG Regional Development Venue: DG Regional Development, 3. Amirudin, Directorate for Spatial Planning and Environment, DG Regional Ministry of Home Affairs (MOHA) Development Absent : n/a

Issues Action/Remarks 1. Introduction of MP3EI SEA for Bali - Nusa . Mr. Amirudin is to find list of provincial contacts with Tenggara EC and the need for contacts in the regard to spatial planning, and Mr. Ismail is to find list provinces of provincial and sub-provincial contacts with regard to development planning. 2. Baseline data and information need for . Mr. Amirudin is to find files of provincial spatial plans undertaking the Bali - Nusa Tenggara EC Bali - available, and Mr. Ismail is to find files of development Nusa Tenggara EC SEA plans available.

3. Collection of information on provincial and sub- . Adi Wiyana is to come back to the Ministry in about one provincial contacts and spatial and development week time to collect lists of contacts and copies of planning documents spatial and/or planning documents.

B-2 SEA for Indonesian Master Plan for Accelerated Economic Development (MP3EI), Pre-scoping Report / JAMA / 2013-13

Supporting Information on Prescoping Activities

B.3 Minutes of Prescoping & Baseline Workshop

MP3EI SEA

Minutes of Meeting

Meeting: Prescoping MP3EI SEA – Bali-Nusa Tenggara EC/2013 Date: 17 October 2013 Attendees: As attached Time: 09.00-17.00 WIB Absent : - Venue: Aston Hotel Denpasar Prepared by: Adi Wiyana No Issues Action/Remarks 1. Opening of the workshop by KP3EI Connectivity WG Nizhar Marizi from Bappenas  Framework for activities explained the need for regreening the  Greening MP3EI and SEA process MP3EI at both the policy and  Expected output of the activities economic corridor level 4. Introduction from DHI-Integra The SEA team made an introduction  Introduction of SEA Team and reviewed the agenda for the day  Overview of workshop agenda and the expected output  Expected output of the workshop 5. Introduction of the participants All participants were requested to introduce by themselves, in terms of name, institution, knowledge and participation in SEA and planning. List of participants is attached 6. Workshop Session a. Introduction on SEA  Overview of potentials and threats to environmental Adi Wiyana delivered a presentation conditions from the proposed development. on Introduction to SEA  Overview of the importance and principles of SEA  SEA development in Indonesia James Edward Machin made a  Objective of baseline data workshop presentation on MP3EI Project b. MP3EI SEA Project Implementation & Deliverables Implementation and Deliverables  Project Background, Team, Output and Scheduling  MP3EI SEA Approaches and Workplan (both for Policy and James Edward Machin managed the Economic Corridors) sessions on the Importance of  Economic Analysis Input Baseline Data and MP3EI SEA c. Expected output of MP3EI SEA Prescoping Database/Information Sustem  Importance of Baseline Data Mangement

 MP3EI SEA Database/Information System Management Adi Wiyana managed the group work  Hands on Baseline Data Collection on baseline data collection and . Overview of Potential National Strategic Issues identification of key issues in the . Assignment for group work activities Bali-Nusa TenggaraEconomic . Overview of plenary discussion Corridor. d. More on SEA

 Usual SEA steps More on SEA was not delivered due  SEA and Planning, SEA and EIA to limitation of time  Next stage: Scoping!

7. Questions/concerns/feedbacks:

5a Data Issue  Data quality (in terms of accuracy, etc.) is often a problem in the SEA might not need data with perfect

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provinces. Then how SEA would handle with this problem? accuracy. For baseline data, SEA  Data availability – in general, data requested are available, but may tends to need time-series data not be easy to collect because SEA is interested in trends. SEA is like looking at problems or issues in an area from 5-10 km above the ground, not from 1 km above the ground 5b MP3EI Projects  Participants from non-government institutions (particularly Adi Wiyana presented a table univesitiies and NGOs) generally did not have yet good containg a list of current and planned understanding of the PM3EI projects and in what locations they will MP3EI projects for the Bali Nusa- be implemented in the EC, and they wanted some information on Tengara EC, as well as planned the subject. regulations, and infrastructure support. 6 Group Assignments  Division into groups and debriefing on group assignments Groups work on their own with  Identifation of issues (based on list of nation-wide issues) facilitation from the SEA team regarding the available data and its spatial distribution  Participants were divided into three and asked to work on potential issues in province.  Group work on available data and information and data source  Group work on potential issues identification and baseline data source 7. Plenary discussion

Summary table of available data and information and data source For summary table, please see the (institution, contact person, phone number and email address) Pre-Scoping Report (attachment)

Summary of list of specific issues and available data/information: Participants used the preliminary 1. Human Health national-level issues for the basis of 2. Livelihood their identification and discussions of 3. Land and soil issues in their respective regions. 4. Water Quality They omitted national-level issues 5. Air Quality that are not relevant to their regions, 6. Forests and added new ones that are not 7. Biodivesity listed in the preliminiary list of 8. Coastal Degradation national issues. In short, most 9. Environmental management national-level are found to be 10. Mining & industries relevant to the regions, and only few 11. Energy and waste new issues are added. For the final list of isses for the Balli-Nusa Tenggara EC, plese refer to the Pre- Scoping Report.

8. Feedback and recommendation for following workshop/activities - To improve the baseline data collection, participants suggested to meet/ These are all good feedbacks and invite different stakeholders as many as possible for the next activities in recommendations but their order to get more comprehensive data implementation is subject to SEA - To have a better understanding of the issues and problems faced in the budget available. EC, the participants suggest that the SEA team visit all provinces and selected districts/cities where PM3EI is or will be implemented

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Supporting Information on Prescoping Activities

B.4 List of Attendance

Event : SEA Prescoping & Baseline Workshop for Bali-NT EC

Date : 17 October 2013

Place : Aston Hotel, Denpasar

No Name Institution 1. Elizabeth Ugut BLHD, Province of Nusa Tenggara Timur 2. DSK Marhaeni Bappeda, Province of Bali 3. Wayan Arthana PPLH, Udayana University, Bali 4. Nizhar Marizi KP3EI Connectivity Working Group 5. Septi Eka Wardhani BKSDA, Bali 6. Surya Hadi Mataram University, NTB 7. Dewa Dharma P Bappeda, Province of Bali 8. Putri Nilakandi BLHD, Province of Bali 9. Lisa Nifsi Afifah KP3EI Connectivity Working Group 10. Nirwan M KP3EI Connectivity Working Group 11. Agung Putra PPE, Bali – Nusa Tenggara 12. Cok Istri Muter PPE, Bali – Nusa Tenggara 13. Iwan Dewantara Conservation International Indonesia 14. Budhy Kurniawan BKSDA NTB 15. Jamie Edwards Machin MP3EI SEA Team 16. Adi Wiyana MP3EI SEA Team 17. Rizky Noviyanti MP3EI SEA Team

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Supporting Information on Prescoping Activities

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B.5 Indicative Spatial Dimension of Key Issues

Indicative Locations of Key Issues in Bali-Nusa Tenggara EC

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Supporting Information on Prescoping Activities

B.6 Invitation and Agenda

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