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De La Volonté Politique À L'interprétation Judiciaire : La Genèse UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL DE LA VOLONTÉ POLITIQUE À L'INTERPRÉTATION JUDICIAIRE. LA GENÈSE ET LA MISE EN OEUVRE DU BRITISH NORTH AMERICA ACT DE 1867 THÈSE PRÉSENTÉE COMME EXIGENCE PARTIELLE DU DOCTORAT EN HISTOIRE PAR RACHEL CHAGNON AOÛT 2009 UI\JIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MOI\JTRÉAL Service des bibliothèques Avertissement La diffusion de cette thèse se fait dans le respect des droits de son auteur, qui a signé le formulaire Autorisation de reproduire et de diffuser un travail de recherche de cycles supérieurs (SDU-522 - Rév.01-200G). Cette autorisation stipule que «conformément à l'article 11 du Règlement no 8 des études de cycles supérieurs, [l'auteur] concède à l'Université du Québec à Montréal une licence non exclusive d'utilisation et de publication de la totalité ou d'une partie importante de [son] travail de recherche pour des fins pédagogiques et non commerciales. Plus précisément, [l'auteur] autorise l'Université du Québec à Montréal à reproduire, diffuser, prêter, distribuer ou vendre des copies de [son] travail de recherche à des fins non commerciales sur quelque support que ce soit, y compris l'Internet. Cette licence et cette autorisation n'entraînent pas une renonciation de [la] part [de l'auteur) à [ses) droits moraux ni à [ses) droits de propriété intellectuelle. Sauf entente contraire, [l'auteur) conserve la liberté de diffuser et de commercialiser ou non ce travail dont [il] possède un exemplaire.» REMERCIEMENTS La réalisation de cette thèse a été rendue possible grâce au soutien et aux encouragements de multiples personnes. Je tiens à les remercier de tout cœur et à les rassurer, cet effort a finalement porté fruit! Je désire tout d'abord exprimer ma gratitude à mes deux directeurs de thèse: Jean-Marie Fecteau et Pierre Mackay. Sans leurs encouragements, leurs judicieux conseils, leur aide précieuse, et surtout, leur grande patience, ce projet n'aurait jamais abouti. Je voudrais ensuite remercier Katerine MCKinnon, pour son excellent travail de relecture et ses réflexions enrichissantes ainsi que Martine Lachance et Sébastien Lanctôt pour leur support moral très apprécié! Je veux aussi exprimer toute mon affection aux professeurs Lucie Lamarche et Pierre-Claude Lafond. Leurs conseils ainsi que leur appui ont été indispensables à la conclusion de cette thèse. Dans la rédaction de cette thèse, je suis aussi redevable au Centre d'histoire des régulations sociales pour le soutien logistique et financier que j'ai pu y trouver. Des remerciements particuliers vont aussi au Département des sciences juridiques de l'UOAM, à Pauline Léveillé et au Département d'histoire de l'UOAM. Finalement, mes pensées vont à ma famille Judith, Francine et André. TABLE DES MATIÈRES LISTE DES TABLEAUX vii RÉSUtv'IÉ viii INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPITRE 1 LE CANADA À L'AUBE DE LA CONFÉDÉRATION: UI\J CREUSET DES CULTURES POLITIQUES ET JURIDIQUES BRITANNIQUES, COLONIALES ET ÉTATS-UNIEI\JNES 7 1.1 Analyse des conditions de rédaction du B.N.A. Act: État de la question 7 1.1.1 L'histoire de la Confédération, les ouvrages de synthèse 9 1.1.2 Les auteurs traitant de la Confédération selon des thèmes plus spécifiques 11 1.2. Le constitutionnalisme, la suprématie du parlement et le contrôle de la légalité 23 1.2.1 Rule of Law et régime parlementaire 24 1.2.2 Contrôle de la légalité en droit impérial britannique 26 1.2.3 L'impact de l'écrit et le système constitutionnel états-unien 29 1.2.4. Le contrôle constitutionnel de la légalité 34 1.3. Contexte politique, état des colonies à l'aube du projet confédératif 38 1.3.1. Moment clé dans le développement d'une classe politique autonome: la responsabilité ministérielle 39 1.3.2 La mouvance politique canadienne, les forces en présence 42 1.4 Problématique et Méthode d'analyse 47 1.4.1 Vers une lecture croisée du droit et de la politique 48 1.4.3. Les sources portant sur le discours politique antérieur à 1867 56 1.4.4. Les sources postérieures à 1867 62 Conclusion 70 CHAPITRE Il UNE CONSTITUTION SEMBLABLE EN PRINCIPE À CELLE DU ROyAUME-UNI 72 2.1 Faire comme la Mère patrie, mais différemment.. 74 2.1.1. La constitution britannique non écrite et unitaire 77 2.1.2. Le Royaume-Uni, un modèle pas très fédéral! 82 2.1.3. À la recherche du fédéralisme 87 2.2. Le système états-unien amélioré façon Canada 94 iv 2.2.1. République mais aussi fédération, un modèle difficile à ignorer 95 2.2.2. Apprendre des erreurs des autres 99 2.2.3. Rôle des juges et américanité 102 2.3. À la frontière des modèles britannique et états-unien, un vaste terrain vague 106 2.3.1. Les provinces et la reconnaissance du Canada français 106 2.3.2 Les provinces sont souveraines: les arguments pour 112 2.3.3. Les provinces sont souveraines: les arguments contre 119 Conclusion 123 CHAPITRE III PARLEMENTARISME, CONSTITUTIONNALISME ET DÉMOCRATIE: QUEL AVENIR POUR LE CANADA? 125 3.1. La confédération comme projet de société, qui décide? 128 3.1.1 La place des citoyens à l'heure des choix 129 3.1.2. Le Canada ne sera pas une démocratie 134 3.1.3. Nous sommes les représentants du peuple et non ses délégués 140 3.2. Chambre haute et Chambre basse 144 3.2.1 Le Conseil législatif, la marque anglo-saxonne 145 3.2.2. Un Sénat américain? Des sénateurs à la « canadienne »! 148 3.2.3. Dans le monde des parlementaires, tous ne sont pas égaux 153 3.3. Monarchie repensée à la recherche d'un républicanisme modéré 156 3.3.1 Les Pères de la Confédération canadienne et le constitutionnalisme 157 3.3.2. Le B.N.A. Act, et la protection des droits individuels, que veut-on pour le Canada? 162 3.3.3. Le gouverneur général et ses lieutenants, les chefs? 169 Conclusion , , 173 CHAPITRE IV LES POLITICIENS ET LE B.N.A. ACT: LES PRINCIPAUX POINTS DE TENSION , ,.175 4.1. Diriger le Canada entre colon ialisme et autonomie 177 4,1.1 Un chef anglais pour un Dominion canadien 178 4.1.2 La Couronne dans un Dominion fédéral 181 4.1.3 Les lieutenants-gouverneurs sont-ils des représentants de la Reine? 187 4.2. Les relations entre Ottawa et les provinces et la montée des revendications provinciales "" ,., ,., 192 v 4.2.1. Le Canada, un ou plusieurs chefs? 192 4.2.2. Nationalismes politiques et Fédération 195 4.2.3 Les pouvoirs de réserve et de désaveu 203 4.2.4. Le Sénat comme lieu de contact entre Ottawa et les provinces: un échec 211 4.3. Les aspects politiques des décisions juridiques, ou comment passe-t-on du politique au juridique et de la Cour suprême au CJCP 213 4.3.1 L'arène politique: là où les problèmes commencent.. 215 4.3.2 La Cour suprême, vers une interprétation constitutionnelle centralisatrice 221 4.3.3 Le Comité judiciaire du Conseil Privé, les gardiens de la Loi impériale .. 226 Conclusion 231 CHAPITRE V LA VRAIE NATURE DU B.N.A ACT: LES VOIX DISCORDANTES DE LA JUSTiCE 233 5.1. Le tribunal en tant que lieu de résolution des conflits 234 5.1.1. Le tribunal: troisième pouvoir de l'État .235 5.1.2 Comment interpréter le droit et les lois 239 5.1.3 La règle et la constitution 245 5.2. Le nouveau Dominion et ses tribunaux 249 5.2.1. La Cour suprême, un tribunal véritablement canadien 250 5.2.2. Le Comité judiciaire du Conseil privé de Londres, une instance toute britannique 255 5.2.3. Un système à deux voix, judiciaire et politique 258 5.3. Écouter la polyphonie judiciaire, une cause à la fois 264 5.3.1. Le constitutionnalisme canadien: les juges au premier plan 264 5.3.2 La vision des juges canadiens de l'interprétation du B.N.A. Act 267 5.3.3. Les Lords s'approprient le B.N.A. Act 275 Conclusion 281 vi CHAPITRE VI POLITIQUE ET DROIT: L'ÉMERGENCE D'UN CONSTITUTIONNALISME CANADI EN? 283 6.1 La jurisprudence émanant de la Cour Suprême et du CJCP, lecture statutaire et constitutionnelle du B.N.A Act. 285 6.1.1. À la recherche d'un constitutionnalisme canadien 286 6.1.2. Le CJCP : cohérence et unité, avec certaines nuances 288 6.1.3 La cour Suprême du Canada, vers des principes se distinguant de l'approche du CJCP 291 6.2 Vers une contextualisation de certaines décisions phares 294 6.2.1. Le lieutenant-gouverneur, représentant de la Couronne ou fonctionnaire fédéral? .295 6.2.2 Au cœur du fédéralisme: les articles 91 et 92 du B.N.A. Act 303 6.2.3. Autre enjeu pour les provinces: la possession effective du territoire 314 6.3. Les tribunaux et le dossier des écoles confessionnelles 318 6.3.1. Contexte politique du litige 319 6.3.2. De Barrett à Brophy, l'évolution au Manitoba du dossier des écoles confessionnelles 324 Conclusion 329 CONCLUSION GÉNÉRALE 331 ANNEXEA BRITISH NORTH AMERICA ACT DE 1867 341 ANNEXE B LES PÈRES DE LA CONFÉDÉRATION 366 ANNEXE C LES DÉCISIONS COI\JSTITUTIONNELLES ÉTUDIÉES 367 ANNEXE D LISTE DES JUGES AYANT SIÉGÉ À LA COUR SUPRÊME ENTRE 1875 ET 1900 369 BIBLIOGRAPHIE 370 LISTE DES TABLEAUX Tableau Page 1 Registre des acteurs/porteurs de discours; période antérieure à la Confédération 52 2 Registre des acteurs/porteurs de discours; période postérieure à la Confédération 62 3 Interaction des discours juridiques; période postérieure à la Confédération 68 RÉSUMÉ La présente thése porte sur les interprétations politiques et juridiques faites du British North America Act de 1867 (B.N.A.
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