Surgical Options for the Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Surgical Options for the Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea a, b Jon-Erik C. Holty, MD, MS *, Christian Guilleminault, MD, DBiol KEYWORDS Obstructive sleep apnea Sleep apnea syndromes Surgery Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a highly prevalent condition characterized by increased nocturnal airflow resistance resulting in repetitive episodes of pharyngeal collapse during sleep.1 Approximately 20% of adults in the United States have OSA (defined as an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) R5/h) with up to 10% having moderate to severe disease (AHI R15/h).2,3 In addition, between 3% and 10% of children have OSA (AHI R1/h).4–7 Obesity, male gender, advancing age, and mandibular- maxillary insufficiency are well-characterized risk factors.8 OSA predisposes to increased cardiovascular and cerebrovascular morbidity and mortality, and is associ- ated with excessive daytime sleepiness and neurocognitive underperformance.8 Untreated, the 15-year mortality for adults with severe disease is approximately 30% with adjusted mortality hazards ratios of 1.4, 1.7, and 3.8 for mild, moderate, and severe disease, respectively (P-trend 5 0.004).2 Conventional nonsurgical OSA therapy necessitates indefinite positive airway pres- sure (eg, continuous positive airway pressure [CPAP] or bilevel therapy) that works by pneumatically stenting open the upper airway, thus preventing apneas and hypopneas during sleep.9–11 CPAP is an effective treatment modality for OSA, improving symp- toms (eg, excessive daytime sleepiness, quality of life) and reducing cardiovascular mortality.12,13 Unfortunately, more than 50% of patients with OSA are intolerant of and ultimately reject CPAP therapy.14,15 Common complaints include mask discom- fort and leak, rhinorrhea, conjunctivitis, dry mouth, nasal congestion, aerophagia, claustrophobia, and chest wall discomfort.6 Individuals intolerant of CPAP therapy have a 10% absolute increased mortality risk (compared with adherent subjects) at 5 years.16,17 Contract/Grant Support: None.
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