From New World Order Paradigm Towards New System of International Order
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Higher Educational Establishment of the Federation of Trade Unions of Belarus &International University &MITSO[ Alexander `. Plashchinsky FROM NEW WORLD ORDER PARADIGM TOWARDS NEW SYSTEM OF INTERNATIONAL ORDER THE END OF PAX AMERICANA AND THE BEGINNING OF THE ERA OF UNITED EURASIA Monograph Minsk • lITSO • 2015 UDC 323/327 BBC 62.2 p 71 Recommended for publishing by Scientific and Methodological Council of the International University œMITSOB (Protocol 1 9 dated 26/05/2015) Author: Alexander A. Plashchinsky, PhD in Political Science, Director of Scientific Research Institute of Labour and Social Relations, International University œMITSOB Reviewers: Stanislav N. Knyazev, Doctor of Law, Professor, Rector of the International University œMITSOB Alexander N. Danilov, Doctor of Sociology, Professor, Corresponding Member of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus Alexander A. Plashchinsky p71 From New World Order Paradigm Towards New System of International Order : monograph / Alexander A. Plashchinsky ; edited by Stanislav N. Knyazev. O linsk :> International University œMITSOB, 2015. O 222 !.> ISBN 978-985-497-288-6. This monograph examines the new world order paradigm in the context of drawing the œbig pictureB of history. It views the subject of œnew world orderB, specifically, in terms of realization of U.S. foreign policy strategy in a wide historical context, through World War I, World War II, The Cold War, The War on Terror, and beyond to the Cyber War. Thus it considers the U.S. development from an isolated state in 18th century towards the only global superpower at the end of 20th century. The book confirms the end of Pax Americana and projects the beginning of the era of united Eurasia. It underpins, conceptually, creation of the new system of just, equitable, balanced and harmonious international order based on the principles of peaceful coexistence. The monograph does not express the opinion or official position of the International University œMITSOB or Federation of Trade Unions of Belarus. The author is responsible for the views expressed as well as for authenticity of information, facts and knowledge. UDC 323/327 BBC 62.2 ISBN 978-985-497-288-6 I 2015 by Alexander A. Plashchinsky I 2015 International University œMITSOB ALL RIGHTS RESERVED, INCLUDING THE RIGHT OF REPRODUCTION IN WHOLE OR IN PART IN ANY FORM СОNTENTS INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................... 5 Chapter 1. THEORETICAL DEVELOPMENT OF NEW WORLD ORDER PARADIGM .................................................. 9 World War I ........................................................................................ 9 World War II .................................................................................... 19 Cold War ........................................................................................... 26 Beyond the Cold War ........................................................................ 34 Chapter 2. CONCEPTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE PARADIGM .............................................................................. 59 World Revolution Doctrine ............................................................... 59 World Government Doctrine ............................................................. 65 New World Order Doctrine .............................................................. 79 Global Governance Doctrine ............................................................. 83 Chapter 3. PROJECTING THE PARADIGM .......................................... 92 Projecting the Paradigm through World War I, World War II, the Cold War ..................................... 92 Incorporating the Paradigm into Global Agenda ..............................................................................................104 Projecting the Paradigm beyond the Cold War .................................118 Chapter 4. IMPLEMENTING THE PARADIGM ..................................130 Origins of the Paradigm within U.S. Foreign Policy Strategy ..................................................................................130 Geopolitical Imperatives of the Strategy ...........................................138 œBig PictureB ....................................................................................147 3 Chapter 5. CREATING NEW SYSTEM OF INTERNATIONAL ORDER ....................................................................................................156 Cold War Stage ................................................................................156 Modern Stage ...................................................................................160 The End of Pax Americana ...............................................................164 The Beginning of the Era of United Eurasia .....................................172 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................184 BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................................................................192 4 INTRODUCTION œWorld-conquest is believed in most firmly by those who know it to be impossibleB. George Orwell At present the mankind faces one of the turning points in history # the end of Pax Americana and the beginning of a new era of world development # the era of united Eurasia. The new turning point and global power shift occurred as a result of clashing between two fundamental historical trends and geopolitical processes. The first trend has been implementation of the new world order paradigm. It implies establishing œliberalB system of global governance and, thus, gaining control over international development. The second trend has been re-launching the Eurasian integration process after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Each of these trends projects an opposed scenario for the future of mankind, namely, the expansion of global chaos that eventually might bring about œclash of civilizationsB or, alternatively, creation of balanced, equitable and peaceful world order. The new world order paradigm has wide theoretical and conceptual spectrum. It originated yet in Ancient Egypt. Since then it comprised certain system of beliefs, knowledge and policy doctrines advocating the idea of œnovus ordo seclorumB. This idea has been officially interpreted as being œa new order of the agesB or a new American era. Yet its ethos appeared as gaining world hegemony. In the late 18th century the U.S. Founders added that idea as a cornerstone to U.S. development. In pursuit of Pax Americana the paradigm was incorporated into U.S. foreign policy strategy. Thus the œgrand strategyB has been established as being a tool to constructing the new world order. The interconnection between the œgrand strategyB and the new world order paradigm is a prerequisite to understanding common factors within world political and historical process both in the past and at present [201]. The problem of war and peace has been an important part of the paradigm. Many prominent thinkers and philosophers articulated that problem in their writings, specifically, in terms of uniting the whole mankind under 5 a single authority. They believed that the world government might foster world4s peaceful development. However, implementing the paradigm has been a constant warfare, which incorporates World War I, World War II, the Cold War, the War on Terror, and the ongoing Cyber War. The process of establishing the new world order reflects the so-called œbig pictureB. It expands conventional insight into many historical events, demonstrates cause and effect connection between them, and explains how the United States became the only global superpower at the end of the 20th century. The œbig pictureB can be viewed through the prism of the following stages of American development: the stage of isolationism (since proclamation of the Monroe Doctrine in 1823 until the beginning of World War I), the stage of globalism (since carrying out the Truman Doctrine in 1947 until the end of the Cold War), the stage of hegemony (since adoption of the Clinton Doctrine in the early 1990-s until the inception of the Obama Doctrine) and, finally, the current stage of declining Pax Americana. The œAnglo-American establishmentB [222] has been the driving force promoting the paradigm. It was carried by various social and political movements including the world revolution movement, the world peace movement (i.e. œworld peaceB congresses, then œpeace educatorsB movement), the world government movement, and etc. The Roundtable Group (The Group), Council on Foreign Relations, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, the Club of Rome, the Trilateral Commission, the Bilderberg Group as well as many other influential forums and organizations of transnational elites have been projecting the œliberalB scenario of world`s development. Accordingly, The Inquiry, The War and Peace Studies, The WOMP, The 1980s Project, and other think tanks incorporated the paradigm into global political agenda through the activities of international organizations, particularly, the League of Nations and the United Nations. In the wake of the collapse of the Soviet Union the term œnew world orderB has been widely used by experts and politicians, including U.S. Presidents, declaring that the new world order was emerging. In the early 1990s the term became a œcatch phraseB. It was widely applied by scholars and experts to describing new trends arising in the international system. In academic works the œnew world orderB was associated, mainly, with globalization