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Rural Vermont RURAL VERMONT A Program for the Future By Two Hundred Vermonters t The Vermont Commission on Country Life Burlington, 1931 F DEPT. MAIN LIBRARY AGRIC. FMCCPRUt PdlNTINQCO.,BUftLINaTOH,VT. s PREFACE volume on Rural Vermont has been prepared by Vermonters Thisfor Vermonters. Its chapters have been submitted to the Com mission by sixteen committees and two individuals, all of whom during the past three years have worked faithfully in studying our resources and our problems. Their reports taken together constitute the starting point for further thinking as the basis for future action. It is confidently believed that specific projects will result, vitally re lated to the welfare of the state. In behalf of the Vermont Commis sion on Country Life we accept these reports, and desire to express our keen appreciation of the self-sacrificing service which these men and women have rendered to our state. We desire also to join them in thanking the various cooperating agencies and the many people throughout the state who have helped by giving first-hand information and seasoned opinions. They have played an invaluable part in the preparation of this volume. We hope this will be only the beginning of their cooperation in a constructive program for Vermont. We ac cept these reports with thanks to everyone who has in any way helped in their preparation. We present them in this volume to the people of Vermont and recommend that they be read and meditated upon in the interest of a sanely progressive future for our beloved state. The Executive Committee: John E. Weeks, Chairman, William H. Dyer, Vice-Chairman, Guy W. Bailey, Treasurer, H. F. Perkins, Secretary, Mrs. Richard Averill, Thomas Bradlee, Mrs. H. K. Brooks, C. F. Dalton, C. H. Dempsey, H. E. Luce. 7951f>S TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE I. Introduction 1 II. Vermont, a Comment 6 III. The People of Vermont 10 Early Vermonters 11 Distribution of Population 13 Composition of the Population 18 Emigrants 22 The Heritage 26 Summary and Recommendations 31 IV. The Topography and Climate of Vermont 34 The Relief Model 34 The Climate of Vermont 36 Weather Service for Vermont Residents 43 V. Soils of Vermont 45 Soil Origins 45 Soil Groups 46 VI. Agriculture — 58 History 59 Feed Crops 65 Dairy Products 78 Apples 88 Maple Products 90 Potatoes 92 Poultry 94 Cooperation 95 Agricultural Education 101 Farm and Home Life 103 VII. Forestry and the Woodworking Industries 107 History 107 Our Forest Resources 108 Forest Policies HO Private Forest Holdings Ill vi RURAL VERMONT PAGE State Forest Parks 113 State Forests 114 Municipal Forests 114 Forest Protection 114 Forestry Education 115 VIII. Summer Residents and Tourists 117 Trends of Development 117 Recreational Assets and Possibilities 118 Growth of the Vacation Idea 119 The Value of Summer Resident Property 119 Summer Hotels 120 Summer Homes 120 Camps for Boys and Girls 122 Tourist Homes 122 Why Rural Homes are Patronized 123 Effect Upon Families Who Keep Tourists 124 Effect on the Communities 125 Recommendations 129 IX. Fish, Game, and the Preservation of Wild Life. 134 The Waters Available for Fish Production 134 Fish Foods 136 Stream Pollution 137 The Planting of Fish 139 Game and Wild Life 140 Nature Study 140 A Comprehensive State Police Department 141 X. Land Utilization 142 How the Land is Used 144 Farm Income 145 The Relation of Agriculture and Industry 145 Summer Residence 147 Summary and Recommendations 147 XI. Rural Home and Community Life 149 Ideals of Homemaking 149 Development and Financial Demands of Each Ele ment of Homemaking 153 TABLE OF CONTENTS vii PACE Family Contacts Outside the Home 168 Recommendations 172 XII. Recreation 176 Community Recreation in Orleans and Rutland Counties 176 Recreation in Communities Selected at Random ... 181 Recreational Opportunities and Their Use by Ver mont Boys and Girls 185 Recreation in the Home 199 Recommendations 201 XIII. Medical Facilities for Rural People 205 History 205 Present Status 206 Physicians 208 Nurses 212 Hospital Service 216 Medical Insurance in Brattleboro 221 Availability of Medical Care 223 The State Department of Public Health 225 Health Officers 227 Sanitary Conditions 229 Disease Control 230 Problems of Public Health Service 230 Recommendations 232 XIV. Educational Facilities for Rural People 234 Financing Education in Vermont 235 The Need for Larger Local Units 238 Vermont's State System of School Administration 242 Rural Elementary Schools and Normal Training Schools 248 High School Needs 264 College Needs 269 Adult Education 272 Library Facilities 275 Summary of Recommendations 278 viii RURAL VERMONT PAGE XV. The Care of the Handicapped 282 Introduction 282 Poor Relief 284 Dependent Children 287 Delinquency 290 The Physically Handicapped 292 The Feeble-minded 294 The Insane 296 Conclusion 297 The Eugenic Aspects 299 XVI. The Vermont Foundation , 305 General Scope and Purposes 305 Resolution and Declaration of Trust 307 Phraseology Employed in Wills 318 XVII. Rural Government 319 The County 319 The Town 320 The Village 321 Fire Districts 322 Manager Form of Government 322 Finance 323 Defects and Remedies 324 XVIII. Citizenship 329 Survey in Lincoln and Charlotte 329 Plans for Future Citizenship of the State 335 Suffrage Regulation 340 XIX. Religious Forces 348 Early Background 348 The Reaction 351 Protestant Episcopal Growth 352 Roman Catholic Development 352 Population Changes 354 Church Membership 355 Interdenominational Comity 358 Church Union in Vermont 360 The Utilization of Church Buildings 363 TABLE OF CONTENTS ix Religious Education 364 The Ministry 367 XX. The Conservation of Vermont Traditions and Ideals 371 The Preservation of a Characteristic Vermont Architecture 376 The Function and Value of Music 377 Art in the Rural Community 377 Further Study of Folk-Song and Ballad Material .. 378 The Collection and Preservation of Historical Material 378 Interest in Drama 378 The Preservation and Enrichment of Vermont Village Life 379 The Teaching of Vermont History, Literature and Biography 379 Creating Local Centers for Preserving Relics and Records of Community History 380 Residents and Visitors Appreciative of Vermont.. 380 Preparation of Bibliographies of Literary and His torical Materials 381 Publication of Special Books 381 Conservation of the Beauty of the State 381 An Exhaustive Study of Vermont Poets and Ver mont Poetry 382 Publication of Historical Readers and Source Books 383 I INTRODUCTION more than a century, Vermont has been one of the most reliable Forseedbeds of our national life. In the present generation an extra ordinary number of her sons and daughters have risen to positions of distinguished service. How may the fertility of this seedbed be main tained and how may the quality of the human stock be conserved are questions which rightfully command the attention of the leaders of today in the Green Mountain State. The Vermont Commission on Country Life is a manifestation of statesman-like interest in these questions. The plan to organize the Vermont Commission on Country Life was brought forward by Prof. H. F. Perkins of the University of Vermont in the summer of 1927. Two years earlier he had organized the Eugenics Survey. The work in Eugenics led to the conviction that a comprehensive survey of the factors influencing life in Vermont was essential to the understanding of the human forces which make for progress in the state. Thus, the center of interest from the be ginning was in the people. The interest in land utilization, agriculture, forestry, and summer residence was in the background. This interest in the people was not centered primarily upon their economic welfare but upon the preservation and further development of those qualities which have made the Green Mountain State so powerful a factor in the life of the nation. The health, the education, the religion, and the recreation of rural people were to be studied from the standpoint of their influence upon the quality of the life in the farm and village homes, their outlook and their ideals. The sources of income were studied in the belief that possession of the basic necessities and comforts of life is essential if people are to develop the best that is in them. But while income is of very great im portance, major attention is here focused upon the values which cannot be measured in gold. The deepest yearnings of the Vermonter are for things which money cannot buy. In the work of the Vermont Com mission on Country Life, "the starting point and the objective point is man." 1 2 RURAL VERMONT The fear had been expressed by certain Vermonters that the people were becoming complacent, that there was danger of their drifting unawares into channels which in future years would be recognized as below the level expected of Vermonters. In this regard, Vermont may have been in less danger than many other states, not to mention the nation as a whole, but it is significant that the Green Mountain State is conscious of this danger and has been the first to use the methods of scientific planning exemplified in the following pages as a means of insuring progress. Whatever may have been the misgivings when the work of planning for the Vermont Commission began, they have since been dispelled. The great flood of November, 1927, and the magnificent response to the call for concerted effort awakened in Vermonters a fuller sense of their power and gave them a new impulse which will be felt through the years. Fortunate it was that the de velopment of the work of the Vermont Commission on Country Life synchronized with this new impulse. The Vermont Commission on Country Life was organized in April, 1928. It was made up of about three hundred progressive citizens of the state. The chairman, ex-Governor John E.
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