Introduction

A real cédula, addressed to the tribunal of accounts, or audit court, of Santa Fe de Bogotá on May 27, 1717, informed its members that Philip V, the first Bourbon king of Spain, had decided to create a new viceroyalty in northern South America. Other high-ranking civil and religious authorities across the region received similar documents communicating this decision. According to these documents, a number of “effective reasons of congruency” had convinced the king that it would be “most convenient” to appoint a viceroy to replace the president, governor and captain-general who had so far headed the audien- cia of Santa Fe.1 These documents further explained that the newly created viceroyalty of the New Kingdom of Granada would comprise “the Province of Santa Fe, New Kingdom of Granada, [and] those of Cartagena, Santa Marta, Maracaibo, Caracas, Antioquia, Guyana, Popayan, and San Francisco de Quito”. The audiencia and tribunal of accounts based in Santa Fe became responsible for supervising the government and administration of all these territories to the exclusion of the courts in the viceroyalty of Peru and the audiencias of Santo Domingo, Panama and Quito.2 Thus, the first Bourbon king of Spain established the first new viceroyalty created within the Spanish Monarchy since the mid-sixteenth century. The viceroyalty, of course, was an administrative and political institution with a long tradition within the Spanish world. In 1701, when Philip V became king of Spain, the Spanish Monarchy included 10 such entities: Aragon, Catalonia, Navarre and Valencia within the Iberian Peninsula; Majorca, Naples, Sardinia and Sicily in the Mediterranean; and New Spain and Peru in the Americas. However, Philip’s decision to create a further American viceroy- alty is puzzling in several ways. Firstly, this monarch’s first reign (1701–1724) is probably best known for the suppression rather than the creation of viceroy- alties. Within the context of the War of the Spanish Succession (1702–1713/16), the crown reformed local government in the kingdoms of the Crown of Aragon—Aragon, Catalonia, Majorca and Valencia—effectively abolishing viceregal rule along with most aunonomous provincial institutions. This was followed shortly afterwards by the much less well-known de facto suppression

1 “Real cédula por la cual se crea el Virreinato del Nuevo Reino de Granada en 27 de mayo de 1717” reproduced in full in Jerónimo Becker and José María Rivas Groot, El Nuevo Reino de Granada en el Siglo XVIII (Madrid: Imp. Del Asilo de Huérfanos del Sagrado Corazón de Jesús, 1921), pp. 200–203, at 200. 2 Ibid., p. 201.

© koninklijke brill nv, leiden, ���7 | doi ��.��63/9789004308794_002 This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the prevailing CC-BY-NC License at the time of publication. 2 Introduction of viceregal rule in Sardinia and Sicily when both islands were reoccupied by Spain in 1718–20.3 Secondly, the newly created viceroyalty of New Granada turned out to be rather short-lived; the crown suppressed it in 1723, return- ing the administration and government of the region to how it stood before 1717. Yet, the Spanish crown once again created a viceroyalty in the region a decade and a half later, in 1739; this time around, it would remain in place until the collapse of Spain’s continental American empire in the early nine- teenth century. Historians have not failed to notice a reform of this salience. Most textbooks of early modern Spanish American history mention it, usually identifying it, as Peter Bakewell does, as “[t]he one large reform in government made in America before the mid-[eighteenth] century”.4 However, having been noticed does not mean that it has attracted careful attention. Despite its prominence, few historians have looked at the creation of the viceroyalty of New Granada in much detail. Colombians or Colombianists wrote the bulk of the historiog- raphy on the topic in the early- to mid-years of the twentieth century.5 Because these works tended to be conceived as contributing to national histories, they frequently offer somewhat narrow interpretations of the reasons behind the creation of the viceroyalty. A need to address local circumstances, we are told, led to the creation of the viceroyalty; the first viceroy’s poor performance and the unanticipated expenses of viceregal rule explain its suppression; imminent war and defensive considerations led to its restoration in 1739.6 Historians have

3 Antonio Álvarez-Ossorio Alvariño, “De la conservación a la desmembración. Las provincias italianas y la monarquía de España (1665–1713),” Studia Historica. Historia Moderna XXVI (2004): pp. 191–223 at 221; and Regina María Pérez Marcos, “Cerdeña en el marco de la Guerra de Sucesión: administración y gobierno,” Jvs Fvgit. Revista de Estudios Histórico-Jurídicos de la Corona de Aragón XIII–XIV (2004–2006): pp. 479–87 at 482–87. 4 Peter Bakewell in collaboration with Jacqueline Holler, A History of Latin America to 1825, 3rd ed. (Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010), p. 364. 5 See, for instance, Carlos Restrepo Canal, “Erección del Virreynato de Santafé,” Boletín de Historia y Antigüedades XXX (1928): pp. 982–1024; Ernesto Restrepo Tirado, Gobernantes del Nuevo Reyno de Granada durante el siglo XVIII, Publicaciones del Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas, LXV (Buenos Aires: Imprenta de la Universidad de Buenos Aires, 1934); José María Restrepo Sáenz, “El primer Virrey. Don Jorge de Villalonga,” Boletín de Historia y Antigüedades XXXII (1945): pp. 120–30; José María Ots y Capdequí, Instituciones de Gobierno del Nuevo Reino de Granada durante el siglo XVIII (Bogotá: Taller Editorial Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 1950); María Teresa Garrido Conde, La primera creación del Virreinato de la Nueva Granada (Seville: Escuela de Estudios Hispano-Americanos, 1965). 6 Demetrio Ramos, “Los proyectos de creación de los Virreinatos de Guatemala y Nueva Vizcaya como ejemplo de la mentalidad ‘correctora’, tras la erección del de Santa Fé,” Boletín de la