[Tesisfinal] Thoreau Y La Cultura Global

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[Tesisfinal] Thoreau Y La Cultura Global UNIVERSIDAD DE MURCIA ESCUELA INTERNACIONAL DE DOCTORADO La Ética de Thoreau y su Relevancia para la Cultura Global = aK=aáÉÖç=`ä~êÉë=`çëí~ 2020 UNIVERSIDAD DE MURCIA FACULTAD DE FILOSOFÍA La Ética de Thoreau y su Relevancia para la Cultura Global Autor: D. Diego Clares Costa Director: Dr. D. Antonio Campillo Meseguer MURCIA 2020 RESUMEN ........................................................................................................................... 5 ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................... 7 I. INTRODUCCIÓN ............................................................................................................... 9 Abreviaturas ................................................................................................................... 16 II. DEL INDUSTRIALISMO ESTADOUNIDENSE A LA CULTURA GLOBAL ............................... 19 1. Henry D. Thoreau: vida y obra ........................................................................................... 19 1.1. Walden Pond ........................................................................................................... 29 1.2. Pasear ...................................................................................................................... 35 1.3. Ética y política ........................................................................................................ 41 1.4. Escritos de historia natural ...................................................................................... 46 2. El siglo XIX thoreauviano .................................................................................................. 53 2.1. La industria y el espíritu comercial ......................................................................... 62 2.2. Transportes y comunicaciones ................................................................................ 73 2.3. Empresas, negocios, asuntos ................................................................................... 84 3. Albores de la globalización ................................................................................................. 93 3.1. El Oeste y la expansión global del Destino Manifiesto .......................................... 97 3.2. De la sociedad plural a la sociedad masiva ........................................................... 116 4. En época de crisis mundial ................................................................................................ 129 4.1. El olvido de la naturaleza ...................................................................................... 131 4.2. Deslocalización ..................................................................................................... 146 4.3. Lujo y comodidad ................................................................................................. 153 III. LA ÉTICA THOREAUVIANA........................................................................................ 159 1. Naturaleza y sociedad ....................................................................................................... 159 1.1. Crítica de la civilización ....................................................................................... 160 1.2. Un trascendentalismo naturalista ......................................................................... 170 1.3. Tres sillas .............................................................................................................. 186 1.4. Formas de la arena ................................................................................................ 192 2. Wild ethics ........................................................................................................................ 199 2.1. Wildness ............................................................................................................... 199 2.2. «All good things are wild and free»: una ética vitalista ........................................ 207 2.3. Principios y virtudes ............................................................................................. 221 2.4. El término medio .................................................................................................. 236 3. Vida y entorno ................................................................................................................... 241 3.1. Κόσ: conocimiento empírico y trascendente ................................................... 244 3.2. El Oeste y el designio de disenso .......................................................................... 262 3.3. Bio-ecocentrismo .................................................................................................. 272 4. El método pedestre ............................................................................................................ 285 4.1. Sauntering: definición y contexto ......................................................................... 286 4.2. El paseo como método filosófico .......................................................................... 295 4.3. Los requisitos del paseo: condiciones materiales y formales ............................... 303 4.4. Un método pedestre thoreauviano ........................................................................ 313 5. El emprendimiento ético ................................................................................................... 317 5.1. Economía .............................................................................................................. 318 5.2. Vivir con principios .............................................................................................. 332 5.3. Literatura y responsabilidad .................................................................................. 341 5.4. Actuar por conciencia ........................................................................................... 355 IV. THOREAU Y LA ÉTICA CONTEMPORÁNEA .................................................................. 363 1. La responsabilidad moral de la ética ................................................................................. 367 1.1. La naturaleza en las éticas actuales ....................................................................... 370 1.2. Redes sociales y comunidad ética ......................................................................... 376 1.3. Ética y consumo .................................................................................................... 383 2. Una ética thoreauviana contemporánea ............................................................................. 393 2.1. Senderos de la pobreza voluntaria ........................................................................ 393 2.2. Métodos y prácticas .............................................................................................. 405 V. CONCLUSIONES .......................................................................................................... 413 BIBLIOGRAFÍA ................................................................................................................ 421 1. Obras de Thoreau ..................................................................................................... 421 2. Obras sobre Thoreau ................................................................................................ 421 3. Bibliografía complementaria ................................................................................... 427 RESUMEN La presente tesis tiene como objetivo la investigación de la propuesta ética del filósofo norteamericano Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862). Tal objetivo se desglosa en dos preocupaciones: en primer lugar, el análisis exhaustivo y sistematizado de la filosofía moral expuesta por Thoreau; en segundo, la relevancia de esta filosofía para la época contemporánea. Para su desarrollo se ha propuesto una hipótesis general: la ética thoreauviana puede contribuir a la reflexión sobre los problemas actuales de la moral y, en particular, sobre los conflictos derivados de las transformaciones históricas que dan origen a la cultura global. En base a tal hipótesis, esta investigación se ha dividido en tres perspectivas fundamentales: histórica, teórico-práctica y actual. Desde la perspectiva histórica, proponemos el análisis de la sociedad norteamericana del siglo XIX y sus vínculos con la cultura global, tanto sociales como ideológicos. Hemos analizado las relaciones particulares entre los problemas a los que Thoreau se enfrentó en su época y aquellos a los que la ética tiene que hacer frente en nuestros días, priorizando la información de fuentes históricas y periodísticas. Esta perspectiva nos ha permitido abordar el desarrollo histórico de la sociedad industrial, la prensa masiva y las ideologías ligadas a nociones como el Destino Manifiesto y la globalización, lo que supone un marco básico e indispensable para los objetivos principales de la tesis. La perspectiva teórico-práctica aborda en detalle la ética thoreauviana mediante un análisis original y en diálogo con numerosos estudios históricos, literarios y filosóficos de la obra de Henry Thoreau. Hemos investigado en detalle el carácter crítico de la ética thoreauviana, sus principios, basados en una concepción bio-ecocéntrica del y la defensa de la wildness como impulso básico de la vida, y sus dos métodos principales: la crítica pragmática de la civilización y el paseo como medio para el estudio científico y la reflexión.
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