Interpreting Photographs • Bioengineering • Harvard’s Finances

JANUARY-FEBRUARY 2009 • $4.95

HABEAS CORPUSinan AGE OF TERRORISM

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Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 JANUARY-FEBRUARY 2009 VOLUME 111, NUMBER 3

FEATURES

JUSTIN IDE/HARVARD NEWS OFFICE 24 The War and the Writ page 47 The battle to reconcile liberty and security in an age of

DEPARTMENTS terrorism turns on the ancient writ of habeas corpus by Jonathan Shaw 2 Cambridge 02138 Communications from our readers 32 Vita: Frances Perkins 9 Right Now Brief life of an ardent New Dealer: 1880-1965 Reengineering retirement Adam S. Cohen finances, fat that makes you by fit, mind and health, detecting moldy books 34 Life Sciences, Applied 16A New England Regional Section Bioengineers pursue exciting research ranging from Seasonal events, dating and medical advances and new materials to novel forms of love in the middle decades, and a Southern-accented grill clean energy 17 Courtney Humphries Montage by page 42 Changing Earth seen from above, Michelangelo’s architectural drawings, a novel of lost art—and loves, genuine 42 From Daguerreotype to Photoshop barbecue, and China’s “factory girls” Robin Kelsey teases apart photographic fact and fiction Craig Lambert 72 The Alumni by Tackling gang violence on the streets of Providence, a victim of “Don’t ask, don’t tell,” and more 47 John Harvard’s Journal Al Gore underscores sustainability, the endowment’s 76 The College Pump plummeting value undermines University finances, Redoing FDR’s campus digs, Ralph Nader’s record a resident quartet, educating College students for life, a campaign talkathon landmark gift for the art museum, Widener Library’s wish

88 Treasure list circa 1934, honoring Edward M. Kennedy, setting higher ©HAROLD & ESTHER EDGERTON FOUNDATION, 2009, COURTESY OF PALM PRESS, INC. An exquisite Persian miniature, standards for professional education and service, climate- to keep winter’s gloom at bay change challenges, a more-Crimson Congress, inventive housing 77 Crimson Classifieds for Santiago’s poor, social-science approaches to school reform, Barack Obama of Harvard Law School, the “Undergraduate” On the cover: Guards move a detainee at Guantánamo, May 1, 2007. Photograph by mingles meekly, buzzer-beating Quiz Bowl contestants, football’s Brennan Linsley/AP Photo dominant era, and a wrap-up of fall sports

JUSTIN IDE/HARVARD NEWS OFFICE page 69 Harvard Magazine 3 www.harvardmagazine.com

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Editor: John S. Rosenberg Senior Editor: Jean Martin Managing Editor: Jonathan S. Shaw Deputy Editor: Craig Lambert 02138 Associate Editor: Elizabeth Gudrais Cambridge Production and New Media Manager: Mark Felton Assistant Editor: Nell Porter Brown Football fixtures, inequality encore, Richard Wilbur Staff Writer: Paul Gleason Associate Web Developer: Blaise Freeman Art Director: Jennifer Carling Acting Art Director: Vera Leung COLORFUL CHAMELEON Berta Greenwald Ledecky The exotic panther chameleon whose Undergraduate Fellows Christian Flow, Brittney Moraski picture graced the cover of the Novem- Editorial Intern: ber-December 2008 Harvard Magazine Krysten A. Keches proved a daring but e≠ective covergirl: Contributing Editors the photo captured my curiosity and in- spired my interest in the corresponding John T. Bethell, John de Cuevas, Adam article. In lieu of an actual visit to Cam- Goodheart, Jim Harrison, Christopher S. Johnson, Adam Kirsch, Colleen bridge, the rich photographic display Lannon, Christopher Reed, Deborah from the Language of Color exhibition was a Smullyan, Mark Steele satisfying substitute. The exhibition Editorial and Business O≠ice demonstrates one of the most endearing 7 Ware Street, facts about the natural world: vast and Cambridge, Mass. 02138-4037 extravagant diversity across and within Tel. 617-495-5746; fax: 617-495-0324 species is often functional as well as Website: www.harvardmagazine.com beautiful. Kudos on an inspiring and en- Reader services: joyable feature story. 617-495-5746 or 800-648-4499 Georgia Wallen, M.P. P. ’98 Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): HARVARD MAGAZINE INC. Washington, D.C. why is the CDC so timid in confronting President: Henry Rosovsky, JF ’57, the corporate food nexus in defense of Ph.D. ’59, LL.D. ’98. Directors: Leslie E. DIABETES DETAILS public health, particularly on risk factors Greis ’80, Alex S. Jones, NF ’82, It would have been helpful if Eliza- for diabetes? This is as scandalous as Bill Kovach, NF ’89, Randolph C. beth Gudrais’s “Decoding Diabetes” (No- the free rein of agribusiness and food Lindel ’66, Tamara Elliott Rogers ’74, vember-December, page 50) had, as an makers in defining and promoting the Kay Kaufman Shelemay, A. Clayton Spencer, A.M. ’82, Richard Tuck aside, mentioned some public-policy American diet. changes that could dramatically impact Robert Park, A.M. ’67, S.M. ’81, HSPH ’82 Harvard Magazine (ISSN 0095-2427) is published bimonthly prevention. (1) Get high fructose corn Cincinnati, Ohio by Harvard Magazine Inc., a nonprofit corporation, 7 syrup (HFCS) and other sugars out of Ware Street, Cambridge, Mass. 02138-4037, phone 617- 495-5746; fax 617-495-0324. The magazine is supported by processed foods and drinks (there is no UNIQUELY HUMAN? reader contributions and subscriptions, advertising rev- Why do humans enue, and a subvention from Harvard University. Its edi- justification for HFCS in a can of kidney have such a burning torial content is the responsibility of the editors. Periodi- beans, in spaghetti sauce, or in countless need to prove that they are unique cals postage paid at Boston, Mass., and additional mailing o≠ices. Postmaster: Send address changes to Circulation other products, where it is simply a cheap, (“What Makes the Human Mind?” No- Department, Harvard Magazine, 7 Ware Street, Cam- bridge, Mass. 02138-4037. Subscription rate $30 a year in seductive, and addictive filler). Do to vember-December, page 11)? Perhaps it is U.S. and possessions, $55 Canada and Mexico, $75 other HFCS what we did to trans fats. (2) Pub- this need, in fact, that defines them as foreign. (Allow up to 10 weeks for first delivery.) Sub- scription orders and customer service inquiries should be lic transportation: in addition to multiple human. sent to the Circulation Department, Harvard Magazine, 7 benefits as in energy conservation and air Gretchen Becker ’63, G ’67 Ware Street, Cambridge, Mass. 02138-4037, or call 617- 495-5746 or 800-648-4499, or e-mail addresschanges@har- quality, re-engineering our urban society Halifax, Vt. vard.edu. Single copies $4.95, plus $2.50 for postage and handling. Manuscript submissions are welcome, but we for e∞cient and pleasant public transit cannot assume responsibility for safekeeping. Include would produce a concomitant increase in ART ARCHIVES stamped, self-addressed envelope for manuscript re- I was delighted turn. Persons wishing to reprint any portion of Harvard physical activity that would begin to re- to see that James Magazine’s contents are required to write in advance for turn most urban dwellers to the normal Cuno was reviewing permission. Address inquiries to Catherine A. Old Masters, New World Chute, publisher, at the address given above. state of our biological origins. Sidewalks (“Art as Chattel,” November-December, Copyright © 2009 Harvard Magazine Inc. in the ’burbs would help. (3) Centers for page 31), but then less than delighted to

2 January - February 2009

Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 We’ve changed Harvard Magazine’s website to serve you better. The redesigned homepage highlights content published fi rst—or harvardmagazine.com only—online. We bring you University news as it happens—criti- cally important at times like this—as well as links to selected articles about Harvard from other publications. And we’ve made it easier for you to connect with us and your classmates. Check out the new, more interactive harvardmagazine.com today. Tell us what you think of the new features and what else you’d like to see on the site: write to [email protected].

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Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 LETTERS read his claim that the book “is not origi- ABOVE-ZERO IMPACT HOUSE nal research.” In fact, I couldn’t have writ- I would be more convinced of the zero ten the narrative without extensive re- impact of the household of that “Zero Im- liance on unpublished documents in pact House” (“Keeping It Green,” New archives at both museums and galleries— England Regional Section, November-De- Publisher: Catherine A. Chute the Frick Collection and the Frick Art cember, page 24I) if they had not commis- Finance and Administrative Manager Reference Library, the Metropolitan Mu- sioned a three-car garage. Irina Kuksin Director of Circulation and Fundraising seum of Art, the National Gallery of Art, Marjorie B. Cohn, A.M. ’61 Felecia Carter the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum, Arlington, Mass. Integrated Marketing Director the Harvard Center for Italian Renais- Cara Ferragamo Murray sance Studies, Villa I Tatti (Florence), GAY HARVARD Director of Advertising Knoedler & Co. (New York), and Col- Perhaps most gays at Harvard in the Robert D. Fitta naghi (London), to name only the most 1960s and ’70s—and earlier—felt a “pro- Advertising Account Manager important. found sense of loneliness and isolation” Abigail A. Williamson Thanks to these primary sources, I dis- (“Coming Out at Harvard,” November- Integrated Marketing Design Manager covered facts that set the record straight December, page 70) and perhaps most Jennifer Beaumont Classified Advertising Manager about many art-market transactions, in- thought as Andrew Tobias did that there Gretchen Bostr0m cluding Henry Clay Frick’s purchases of was no gay activity at Harvard (“Gay Like Circulation and Fundraising Rembrandt’s 1658 Self-Portrait and Gio- Me,” January-February 1998, page 50). Manager: Lucia Whalen vanni Bellini’s St. Francis in the Desert, pur- They were naive. In those decades and, Office Manager: Sylvie Papazian chases specifically cited by Cuno. In addi- in fact, in all decades, as William Wright’s Gift Processor: Sarha J. Caraballo tion, my central contention that Frick’s Harvard’s Secret Court witnesses, there has Business Intern: Lia Poin brilliance as a collector had less to do been an active, albeit underground, ho- IVY LEAGUE MAGAZINE NETWORK with his taste than his character and his mosexual life at Harvard. It bothers me Tel. 617-496-7207 brilliance as a businessman depended that this side of homosexuality is not Associate Publisher, Sales upon my reading of the unpublished written about. What is stressed is the Lawrence J. Brittan, Tel. 631-754-4264 transatlantic letters and cables between isolation and shame and guilt that homo- New York Advertising Sales dealers where they wrote frankly to each sexuals of these earlier decades felt. It Beth Bernstein, Tel. 908-654-5050 other and where Charles Carstairs de- bothers me that young gays today will get Mary Anne MacLean, Tel. 631-367-1988 Travel Advertising Sales scribed his best client as a “born trader, a the impression that all gays of these ear- Northeast Media Inc., Tel. 203-255-8800 close buyer & a d..... smart man, much lier decades were unhappy, guilt-ridden Midwest Advertising Sales more so in that way than Morgan.” closet cases. Nugent Media Group, Tel. 773-755-9051 Cynthia Saltzman ’71 I wish someone—besides me—would Detroit Advertising Sales Brooklyn set the record straight. I was at Harvard Heth Media Tel. 248-318-9489 With pleasure, the editors Southwest Advertising Sales wish to recognize three Daniel Kellner, Tel. 972-529-9687 Exemplary Contributors West Coast Advertising Sales contributors to Harvard Virtus Media Sales, Tel. 310-478-3833 Magazine during 2008 by West Coast Travel Advertising Sales awarding each $1,000 for their distinguished service to readers. The Holleran Group, Tel. 707-935-9296 The McCord Writing Prize (named for David T.W. McCord ’21, Board of Incorporators A.M. ’22, L.H.D. ’56) recalls his lively prose and verse composed for This magazine, at first called the Harvard Bulletin, was this magazine and for the Harvard College Fund. founded in 1898. Its Board of Incorporators was char- tered in 1924 and remains active in the magazine’s gover- Christopher (“Kit”) Reed qualified many times nance. The membership is as follows: Stephen J. Bailey, AMP ’94; Je≠rey S. Behrens ’89, William I. Bennett ’62,

STU ROSNER over during his 39 years of service here—but staff Christopher members are ineligible. Now that he has assumed M.D. ’69; John T. Bethell ’54; Peter K. Bol; Fox Butterfield Reed ’61, A.M. ’64; Sewell Chan ’98, Jonathan S. Cohn ’91; senior status, but continues at the handle of The Philip M. Cronin ’53, J.D. ’56; John de Cuevas ’52; Casimir College Pump, on the Treasure page, and as an occasional feature de Rham ’46, J.D. ’49; James F. Dwinell III ’62; Anne Fadi- man ’74; Benjamin M. Friedman ’66, Ph.D. ’71; Robert H. writer, it is a delight to recognize Reed’s seemingly effortless prose. Giles, Nf ’66; Richard H. Gilman, M.B.A. ’83, Owen Photographer Fred Field, of Portland, Maine, en- Fred Field Gingerich, Ph.D. ’62; Adam K. Goodheart ’92; Max Hall, Nf ’50; Philip C. Haughey ’57, Brian R. Hecht ’92; Sarah livens these pages with informative, humane portraits—for in- Bla≠er Hrdy ’68, Ph.D. ’75; Ellen Hume ’68; Alex S. Jones, stance, of the scientists whose work was explored in “Decoding Di- Nf ’82; Bill Kovach, Nf ’89; Florence Ladd, BI ’72; Jennifer 8 Lee ’99, Anthony Lewis ’48, Nf ’57; Scott Malkin ’80, abetes” in the November-December 2008 issue. J.D./M.B.A. ’83; Lisa L. Martin, Ph.D. ’90; David Mc- Illustrator Naomi Shea, of Northampton, Massachusetts, sensi- Clintick ’62; John P. Reardon Jr. ’60; Christopher Reed; Harriet Ritvo ’68, Ph.D. ’75; Henry Rosovsky, Jf ’57, Ph.D. tively mines historical materials and portraiture (photographs and ’59, LL.D. ’98; Barbara Rudolph ’77; Robert N. Shapiro ’72, works in other media) to create the photomontages that often ac- J.D. ’78; Theda Skocpol, Ph.D. ’75; Peter A. Spiers ’76; Naomi Shea Scott H. Stossel ’91; William O. Taylor ’54; Sherry Turkle company the magazine’s Vita features—most recently, her work on ’69, Ph.D. ’76; Robert H. Weiss ’54; Elizabeth Winship Albert Gallatin Browne Jr.in the November-December magazine. Congratulations, all. ’43; Jan Ziolkowski.

4 January - February 2009

Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 LETTERS in the late ’40s and found a very active un- derground homosexual life. We had gay cocktail parties and late-night orgies, cruised the many gay bars of Boston as well as the gay-friendly Club 100 and “I was interested in helping to make Casablanca in the Square. Some of us cruised the Lamont Library bathroom. We had a≠airs and breakups and did a lot Harvard affordable for students of gossiping—just like today. Yes, in the early ’50s there was another because I received financial aid. witch-hunt similar to that of the ’20s. Boys who were suspected of being homo- sexual were summoned by the dean and if But I also needed to be sure I had found guilty of that horrendous activity were expelled. (A lover of mine, a brilliant enough money for retirement.” freshman, was one.). But despite the haz- ards, we had a good time and I, as well as many of my friends, did not feel shame or K. DANIEL RIEW, M.D. AB ’80 guilt at being gay. I want to let the young gays know that there have always been men who loved men and were well-adjusted to their dif- SAMPLE DEFERRED SAMPLE IMMEDIATE ference, some of us rejoicing in it. We GIFT ANNUITY RATES GIFT ANNUITY RATES were ahead of our time in believing homo- sexuality was not evil and it was the AGE AGE PAYMENTS ANNUITY RATE AGE ANNUITY world that was wrong, not us. I’m glad BEGIN RATE the world has caught up with us. 65 5.9% Arthur P. Clarridge ’49, Ed.M. ’63 50 65 12.2% Fort Lauderdale, Fla. 55 65 9.6 70 6.2 55 70 12.8 75 6.9 FOOTBALLERS’ LUXE LOUNGE 60 65 7.5 80 8.0 It was disturbing to read your report (“Living Large,” November-December, 60 70 10.1 85 9.0 page 79), which described the “opulently refurbished” football locker room at Dil- There are many ways to structure a Harvard Gift Annuity— lon Field House, especially in these trou- bling financial times. Perhaps this contact us to see if one can meet your charitable and makeover was planned when the Univer- financial objectives. sity’s endowment was at $36.9 billion, but even so, it just doesn’t seem like the right thing to do even if we could a≠ord it. The locker room has “114 cherrywood For more information, please contact: lockers with crown moldings” and Anne McClintock, Alasdair Halliday, columns encased in “Shaker-design cus- John Christel, Ericka Webb, Lisa DeBenedictis tom hardwood,” along with “46-inch flat- panel TVs.” This is a locker room, not a Phone 800-446-1277 reception room where President Faust Fax 617-495-8130 meets visiting dignitaries. Custom cher- rywood for a locker room? Should the Email [email protected] University be proud [of] this display of Web post.harvard.edu/pgo opulence? The timing is embarrassing, just as Faust announces we must be more prudent in our finances. William Cain Harvard Employment Services and Operations Cambridge University Planned Giving Harvard University 124 Mount Auburn Street Cambridge, MA 02138-5795 I do not understand why Harvard is requesting donations when they are

Harvard Magazine 5

Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 LETTERS spending money on plush locker-room fa- cilities. Too late, of course, to do anything about it. Still, it rankles, and shows a College poor sense of judgment as to what is im- portant. I’d rather have seen an upgrade to some community-outreach program, or prep at some initiative to help the city of Cam- bridge. Harvard. Griffin J. Winthrop Jr. ’58 Captain, Harvard Swim Team 1957-58 In this selective summer Deltona, Fla. program, high school INEQUALITY, ENCORE students can: Re marguerite gerstell’s letter (No- Earn undergraduate credit in vember-December, page 6, on “The Eco- classes with college students. nomic Agenda,” September-October, page 27) faulting Lawrence H. Summers’s Meet students from around view that healthcare is a “moral impera- the world. tive,” I suspect that many Harvard alums Prepare for college through college share her conclusion that “We need a rea- visits, workshops, and admissions sonably healthy workforce to compete in counseling. the world. We already have that.” How cold. How impersonal. Our “rea- sonably healthy workforce” means that SUMMER SCHOOL many millions of families are uninsured HARVARD or underinsured. It means that most of Secondary School Program the rest of us are paying more, yet losing www.ssp.harvard.edu our lives younger, than we need to. It means that our spouses, children, and grandchildren are deprived years too soon of our companionship, love, and Nine magazines delivering more wisdom. Call these observations “bleed- ing heart” if you will. “Bleeding heart” is than one million influential readers. what people who don’t care call people who do. Isn’t it time to educate them Other nations’ experiences teach us about your brand? that Americans will live longer at less cost if we go to a single-payer system— To advertise, call Larry Brittan, Associate Publisher at 631-754-4264. say, by extending Medicare to all and by reducing the role of the largely superflu- ous though politically powerful health- insurance companies to simply providing Medicare-type supplements. And we would take a sensible step toward curing the pervasive American sickness of plac- ing private profits ahead of people. Malcolm Bell ’53, LL.B. ’58 Weston, Vt.

SPEAK UP, PLEASE Harvard Magazine welcomes letters on its contents. Please write to “Let- ters,” Harvard Magazine, 7 Ware Street, Cambridge 02138, send comments by e-mail to [email protected], use our website, www.harvardmagazine.- com, or fax us at 617-495-0324. Letters may be edited to fit the available space. www.ivymags.com

6 January - February 2009

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A SAMPLING OF 2009 TRIPS

PRAGUE, THE ELBE RIVER AND HISTORIC COUNTRIES OF THE BERLIN ON MV CHOPIN BALTIC ON ISLAND SKY MAY 27 - JUNE 9, 2009 JUN 20 –JUL 3, 2009 With Eckehard Simon, Victor S. With Julie Buckler, Professor of Thomas Research Professor Slavic Languages and Literatures of Germanic Languages Experience the Baltic lands’ rich From Prague, home to some of the traditions and dynamic vitality from finest medieval architecture in Europe, the picturesque ports of Scandinavia cruise along the River Elbe through to the medieval quarters of Riga and enchanting landscapes of hillside the resplendent palaces and canals of villages, cliff top castles, and verdant a St. Petersburg reborn. Exclusive woodlands. Tour the imposing medieval elements include a specially arranged fortifications of Konigstein Castle; marvel concert at Helsinki’s prestigious at the Baroque splendors of Dresden Sibelius Academy, a meeting with and walk in the footsteps of Martin Nobel Peace Prize Laureate and Luther along the narrow streets of Solidarity founder Lech Walesa, and historic Wittenberg. The trip culminates three days in magnificent St. Petersburg, with three days in Berlin. renowned for its exquisite artistic and architectural treasures.

CYCLING THROUGH TUSCANY MACHU PICCHU EXPLORER: JUN 11 - 18, 2009 FEATURING THE INCA TRAIL With Lino Pertile, Professor of AUG 8 - 16, 2009 Romance Languages and Literatures With Marc Zender, Lecturer on Anthropology After a day in Florence, embark from San Donato and admire the stunning Visit Machu Picchu by 4-day trek on the panorama as you zigzag through olive Inca Trail or by train. Immerse yourself groves and past stone villas along the in the myths, legends, and history of the lovely Sette Ponti. Winding through Incas starting in Cusco, the southern the sundrenched Pratomagno range, capital of the Inca Empire. Explore the pass through tiny towns on a road lined Sacred Valley, lined with picturesque with fig trees, vegetable gardens, and Andean markets, impressive churches and remarkable Inca ruins. Enjoy the vineyards. The flatlands of La Val Di spectacular scenery en route to the high Chiana ease the way to Cortona. Cross Andean village of Chinchero and visit the border to Umbria and the blue the little-known high Andean village waters of Lago Trasimeno. The pacing is community of Patakancha. Finish your relaxed and the terrain is gently rolling. journey at Machu Picchu, “the Lost City of the Incas.”

ISTANBUL TO BUDAPEST BY PRIVATE TRAIN JUN 14 – 24, 2009  
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With Kelly O’Neill, JOURNEY THROUGH VILLAGE LIFE: BEYOND RAPA NUI: Assistant Professor of History THE TRANS-CAUCASUS ENGLAND’S COTSWOLDS EASTER ISLAND MAY 20 - JUN 4, 2009 JUN 14 - 22, 2009 TO TAHITI ON CAROL SAIVETZ MICHAEL SHINAGEL CLIPPER ODYSSEY After an exploration of spirited Istanbul, ISLANDS OF ITALY WIMBLEDON OCT 1 - 20, 2009 board the elegant Danube Express train & CINQUE TERRE JUN 20 - 23, 2009 CAMBODIA AND ON CALLISTO VIETNAM ON for a journey across a less-frequented THE GREAT LAKES: MAY 26 – JUN 4, 2009 MEKONG PANDAW part of Europe. Breathe in the fragrance A VOYAGE THROUGH HARVEY COX & NORTH AMERICA’S OCT 17 - 31, 2009 of the Valley of the Roses in Kazanluk; NINA TUMARKIN INLAND SEA ON BARCELONA investigate the Dracula legend in TREASURES OF SPAIN, CLELIA II ARCHITECTURE & Romania’s Transylvanian towns; and FRANCE & ENGLAND JUL 11 - 18, 2009 URBAN DESIGN ON SEA CLOUD II OCT 16 - 22, 2009 visit Eger, a Hungarian city renowned CHINA GRAND TOUR MAY 26 – JUN 9, 2009 WITH VIEWING OF ANTARCTICA DISCOVERY for its beautifully preserved architecture CHARLES MAIER SOLAR ECLIPSE ON CORINTHIAN II and its “bull’s blood” wine. Disembark VILLAGE LIFE: JUL 11 – 25, 2009 DEC 10 - 22, 2009 DORDOGNE in Budapest, Hungary’s capital on the JOURNEY THROUGH JUN 4 - 12, 2009 Danube, where stately Art Nouveau THE BLACK SEA DANIEL E. LIEBERMAN ON CORINTHIAN II buildings from the early 1900s overlook AUG 14 – 24, 2009 lively shopping hotspots. SERHII PLOKHII

Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 LETTERS Stefan Schreier’s anecdote about Lord Rothschild (Letters, November-Decem- ber, page 8, on “Unequal America,” July- August, page 22) was meant to deflate egalitarianism. But it merely illustrated Rothschild’s lack of moral imagination. SHOW YOUR Rothschild assumed that the man who TRUE COLORS! “berated him for having an unfair share of the world’s wealth” was (like Rothschild) only out for himself. Suppose Rothschild had instead responded generously and in- telligently: “You’re right. But since even I can’t rescue the whole human race from BABY SET needless misery, I will rescue 10,000 struggling fellow citizens, who have just BLANKET as much right to a modicum of happiness GLOVES as I do.” HAT If Rothschild were a U.S. citizen in 2009, his net worth would be, at a conser- SCARF vative estimate, $10 billion. Let us leave SOCKS him $9 billion, so as not to scandalize anti-egalitarians, and redistribute only a SWEATER paltry 10 percent of his wealth. That & would put $100,000 into the hands of Wrap yourself in MORE... each of 10,000 Americans who are about school tradition. to lose their houses or jobs or to declare Visit our store online at bankruptcy as a result of unpayable med- WWW.COLLEGIATECASHMERE.COM ical bills or who are unable to retire be- or call 1.800.226.2750 cause their pension fund or medical cov- erage has evaporated. Does Mr. Schreier—does any Harvard Magazine reader—really suppose that the extreme economic inequality of contem- porary America is unavoidable or irreme- ?\Xck_ZXi\ diable? `ji\X[p]fiZ_Xe^\% George Scialabba ’69, L ’72 Cambridge

Gi\gXi\kfc\X[% RICHARD WILBUR’S WORLD Thanks for Craig Lambert’s thoughtful account of Richard Wilbur (“Poetic Pa- PXc\ËjD98]fi

8 January - February 2009

Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 Right Now The expanding Harvard universe

UNDER THE HOOD Retirement Engine Rebuilt

ust about everybody needs to plan for plans guaranteed a certain standard of ment plan. Employers didn’t need to put retirement. Unfortunately, mixing do- living but, Merton says, they have proved higher salaries against their yearly earnings. mestic and international stocks with far more costly to employers than ex- But companies underestimated the Jtraditional and inflation-protected pected. Defined-contribution plans are amount they needed to invest to pay the bonds and hoping they deliver the right more focused on the means of making pensions, explains Merton, because they payo≠ decades in the future is a daunting money than on the end of having enough, failed to factor in risk—which would have task, even for professionals. And what’s and transfer the risk of accumulating made the plans far more expensive. For ex- really absurd, says Robert Merton, Mc- su∞cient savings to the prospective re- ample, if stocks have an expected annual Arthur University Professor at Harvard tiree. In future retirement plans, Merton return of 10 percent and bonds have an an- Business School and 1997 Nobel laureate believes, the buyers will set a goal and, nual return of 4 percent, then ordinarily it in economics, is that most aside from a few important questions will take less money initially invested in self-directed retirement (how much will you save each month?), it stocks to reach the goal. But companies in- plans expect every- will be the provider’s job to reach it. vested as if the market could go only one one from profes- Defined-benefit plans, such as cor- way, and, he notes, “Expected is not neces- sors to doctors to porate pensions, normally paid workers sarily what you get.” Merton, who rebuilt assembly-line work- a percentage of the salary they made in his first car at age 15 and later raced hot ers to do that mixing their final years on the job. Instead of rods in upstate New York, says employers themselves. “Imag- o≠ering an extra dollar an hour during were unwittingly o≠ering Bentleys for the ine being wheeled in wage negotiations, for instance, employers price of Camrys. for surgery,” he says. would o≠er an extra 50 cents an hour plus The market downturn between 2000 “I’m kind of going 50 cents in future benefits. The arrange- and 2002 quickly disabused companies of under from the an- ment pleased management and labor alike. the notion that they could continue paying esthetic, when sud- Workers had a for Bentleys. Hastening a shift already denly my hand-picked reliable retire- under way, many firms capped pension surgeon says, ‘Mr. Mer- plans and didn’t o≠er them to younger ton, do you want 17 or workers. Almost by default, says Merton, 12 sutures?’ But that’s defined-contribution plans—in which em- what they’re asking!” ployers may match workers’ Throughout the past contributions to investment decade, Merton ex- funds—became the norm. plains, companies in The employer-provided general have moved 401(k) used to be an af- from plans with defined terthought in retire- benefits (pensions) to ment plan- plans with defined ning— contributions, such a way as 401(k)s. Pension for peo- ILLUSTRATION BY ELWOOD SMITH

Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 RIGHT NOW ple to dip a toe into the market. “What Merton’s solution, SmartNest (already and short-term bonds. In order to attain was originally designed to be supplemen- installed at a European electronics firm), the ceiling, the plan relies on equity mar- tal,” he says, “is becoming core.” gives plan-holders a few simple choices, ket returns. Users can increase their odds The trouble with asking employees to available as a computer program. The pro- of attaining their ideal income, but doing pick among investment categories within gram asks users for both minimum and so means saving more each month. “Now defined-contribution plans, says Merton, ideal retirement incomes (a floor and a that’s a meaningful choice for you,” says is that the choices aren’t meaningful. ceiling). Users also tell the program how Merton. The final goal is to have enough What you want to know is how much much they would be willing to save each money in the account at retirement to you should be saving, how much you’ll be month and their preferred retirement age. buy an inflation-adjusted annuity plan living on if you do, and whether or not Based on these inputs, the program then and thus enjoy a steady yearly income thereafter. “Most people hate doing financial planning. It’s Merton doesn’t mean to say that people shouldn’t immerse themselves in all the like going to the dentist without Novocain.” minutiae of retirement planning, if that’s what they happen to prefer. If you are the you’ll be able to retire early. Instead, your calculates the odds of reaching the upper kind of person who likes building cars 401(k) asks you whether you’d like more goal. The investment strategy remains and hi-fi sets, he says, then by all means, mid-cap stocks. What, he asks, does that under the hood, where Merton or other go ahead. But “most people hate doing fi- have to do with the goal of “having the financial mechanics can give it periodic nancial planning,” he notes. “It’s like going standard of living in retirement that I tune-ups. to the dentist without Novocain.” want”? Car buyers, he points out, don’t The plan actually uses two di≠erent paul gleason need to know the number of cubic cen- strategies, one for the floor and one for timeters in their engines in order to drive the ceiling. To build the floor, Merton’s robert merton e-mail address: o≠ the lot. plan invests in a conservative mix of long- [email protected]

OXIDATIVE OXYMORON The Fit Fat

hen it comes to our Brown fat, on the food, we are used to other hand, is “meta- thinking about “good bolically hyperac- fat” and “bad fat.” Un- tive,” says Korsmeyer Wsaturated fat (found in such foods as professor of cell biol- salmon, nuts, and olive oil) promotes ogy and medicine health and keeps cholesterol in check; sat- Bruce Spiegelman. urated fat (meat, eggs, dairy) is less Instead of socking healthy and should be consumed with away stored energy caution; and trans fat (partially hydro- for later use, brown- genated oils, commonly found in baked fat cells burn ener- goods and restaurant frying oil, but now gy. With one of the banned in some places) is practically poi- highest rates of ox- son, clogging the arteries and contributing idative metabolism to hypertension and heart disease. of any kind of cell in But the body, too, has good fat and bad the body, and a very fat—and the di≠erence is not one of quan- high density of mito- tity, but of kind. When most of us think of chondria, “brown fat fat tissue, what we really have in mind is is the superathlete of white fat, which stores excess calories and mitochondrial biol- tends to accumulate with too much food ogy,” says Spiegelman, who studies This image shows small brown-fat cells—which and too little physical activity. It’s true that the wondrous tissue type. It is the burn energy as heat—interspersed among larger we need white fat to keep us warm sheer density of mitochondria—the white-fat cells, which store energy. The former some are stained brown here; their natural color, which and to provide energy during extended pe- cellular powerhouses that convert results from the density of mitochondria, would riods without food, but above this minimal glucose (blood sugar) into a form of not be visible in this thin cross-section of tissue. amount, the less we have, the better. chemical energy that the body can (The blue staining marks cell nuclei.)

10 January - February 2009 Courtesy of Patrick Seale and Bruce Spiegelman

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GIFT PLANNING

Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 RIGHT NOW use—that gives these cells their brown “If you could take out precursor cells, engineer color. Infants have a significant amount of them so they become brown fat, and put them brown fat; it generates body heat. The medical community had long recognized back, you could presumably affect whole-body this thermogenic function and wished for a way to harness it, in adults, to burn o≠ metabolic rate.” excess calories as heat—but that was con- sidered a pipe dream, because adult hu- tributed; tumors would not be. Some sci- both types of fat cell came from a common mans were thought to have a negligible entists guessed that these mystery glucose parent, a preadipocyte, or fat-cell precur- amount of brown fat. An accidental dis- users were brown fat deposits, a hypothe- sor. Last August, Spiegelman and Seale covery proved otherwise. sis they confirmed with experiments in published a paper that rewrote the story. That discovery came with the wide- humans and in mice. Aiming to shore up the evidence for their spread use of PET scanning, a medical- It is not yet known how much variation earlier findings, they went one step higher imaging technique that aids the diagnosis exists among humans in the amount of up the ladder and knocked out PRDM16 of tumors by mapping glucose uptake in brown fat we carry, and whether this has from mouse brown-fat precursor cells (as the body. Scan results show glucose up- metabolic implications; in mice, at least, opposed to their earlier work with cell cul- take in the heart and brain, and in tumors, strains with more brown fat are resistant tures), expecting these cells, too, to become which require massive amounts of this to diet-induced obesity. functionally like white fat. “Instead,” says fuel to survive and grow. But the scans Spiegelman’s work has focused on find- Spiegelman, “they turned into muscle in also reveal multiple small glucose-uptake ing ways to encourage the growth of the dish. It was really a shock.” The re- hotspots throughout the upper body: on brown fat, and even convert other types searchers also showed that the relationship top of the clavicle, in the sides of the neck, of tissue into brown fat, and thus ramp holds in the opposite direction: expressing next to the vertebrae, just above the kid- up metabolism. Such a discovery would PRDM16 in myocytes, or muscle precursor neys. These spots are symmetrically dis- be a tremendous breakthrough in the cells, caused them to turn into brown fat. treatment and pre- The finding has implications beyond vention of obesity, filling in brown fat’s family tree. “If you which poses a health could take out precursor cells, engineer hazard in itself and them so they become brown fat, and put contributes to many them back,” says Spiegelman, “you could other ailments, in- presumably a≠ect whole-body metabolic cluding cardiovascu- rate.” His lab is working on this already, lar disease, arthritis, removing cells from mice, adding PRDM16, and diabetes (see and reinserting them. (Because the cells “Decoding Diabetes,” are autologous, this method circumvents a November-December major obstacle to transplantation—rejec- 2008, page 50). tion.) And his students, in collaboration In 1998, Spiegel- with researchers at the Broad Institute of man and assistant Harvard and MIT, are screening all drugs professor of cell biol- already approved for other uses by the ogy Pere Puigserver Food and Drug Administration to see if found a protein that, any of them act to increase PRDM16 ex- when expressed in pression and amplify its function. white-fat cells, made This magic pill wouldn’t be a cure-all— them behave more exercise and a nutritious diet promote like brown-fat cells: health and prevent disease in ways far be- it caused their mito- yond their e≠ect on body weight. But chondria to “leak” en- Spiegelman can envision a future in which ergy as heat. Then, in a drug that acts on brown fat is used 2007, Spiegelman and widely, in conjunction with other strate- postdoctoral fellow gies, to treat obesity. Brown fat was first Patrick Seale found a described by the Swiss naturalist Konrad gene that regulated Gessner in 1551 as “neither fat, nor flesh— Above, a stained culture of brown-fat cells with PRDM16 expression suppressed. Muscle not just this mitochondrial function, but but something in between.” He was on the fibers appear as long, stringy, reddish bodies; many other attributes of brown fat. Block- right track, but it took scientists 450 years the green color comes from the virus intro- ing expression of this gene, PRDM16, to prove it. elizabeth gudrais duced to suppress PRDM16; and the blue marks cell nuclei. The muscle fibers’ presence e≠ectively converted brown fat cells into was a surprise; it indicated that brown fat is white. bruce spiegelman e-mail address: developmentally related to muscle. All the while, everyone assumed that [email protected]

12 January - February 2009 Courtesy of Patrick Seale and Bruce Spiegelman

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MINDFULNESS Does Thinking Make It So?

n a world that prizes medical science ries, especially a key set of narratives that beyond our capacity.” At the center of and blames illness on factors such as humans have told about the mind and that narrative she places physical and genes, viruses, bacteria, or poor diet, body through history. These stories, she emotional stress, a relatively new concept certain perplexing cases stand that was formulated near the end of the Iout. Consider babies in 1940s by the Czech bio- orphanages who have chemist Hans Selye, had all their physi- who borrowed the cal needs met, yet term from metal- fail to develop be- lurgy. The con- cause they lack a cept subsequent- strong connection ly gained traction to another person. as psychiatrists Or the roughly 200 studied trauma- women in Cambo- tized soldiers and, dia with perfectly later, overworked healthy eyes who executives, espe- became blind after cially those with they were forced Type A personali- to watch as loved ties (thought to ones were tor- be prone to heart tured and killed. attacks). During Or Mr. Wright, the decades since a man whose tu- then, Harrington mors “melted like says that concern snowballs on a about stress and hot stove” when the illnesses it may he was given Kre- trigger have esca- biozen, an experi- lated. mental drug that But these laments he believed would centered on modern cure his cancer, but life have also yielded was later declared to Stories help us make sense of complicated some hopeful mind- be worthless by the body stories: “e≠orts to American Medical experiences like illness and suffering. narrate our way out of Association. the darkness,” in Har- These cases underscore the powerful says, help us make sense of complicated rington’s words. For instance, one type of idea that the mind matters in sickness experiences like illness and su≠ering. narrative maintains that we can stay and health. Judging by the millions of For example, the cultural power of healthy or even heal ourselves through Americans who use mind-body modali- some mind-body ideas becomes clear strong relationships. Another set of sto- ties such as yoga, meditation, qi gong, and when you trace them back to their roots ries finds promise in the healing practices massage to fight diseases like cancer, it’s in religion. Groups such as the Christian of Eastern cultures, an interest that bur- an idea that many accept. Scientists drew from the New Testament geoned with the Beatles’ trip to India to But why do we believe in the mind- the message that strong faith can yield seek the spiritual guidance of the Mahar- body link in the first place? Anne Har- miracle cures, and Harrington shows how ishi Mahesh Yogi; was sustained by the rington, professor of the history of sci- this led eventually to self-help bestsellers late 1970s discovery—by Mind/Body ence and chair of the department, says about the therapeutic e≠ects of positive Medical Institute associate professor of we’re only partially convinced by labora- thinking. medicine Herbert Benson—of the medi- tory studies revealing which of these In the secular arena, she continues, tation-derived “relaxation response” to therapies do and don’t work. “Science is post-World War II anxieties produced counter stress; and continues to be the only part of what has created mind-body stories about the ways our minds leave us subject of Harvard research: for example, medicine and sustains it today,” she notes. vulnerable to illness, including “the idea scientists are studying MRI scans of the In her recent history, The Cure Within, she that we live in a world that we weren’t brains of meditating Tibetan monks. argues that we’re also persuaded by sto- made to endure, that taxes our energies Harrington says that it’s useful to con-

Illustration by Joseph Daniel Fiedler Harvard Magazine 13

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sider when we find these mind-body sto- tempting alternative for patients in such ries most convincing. “It’s often when moments because it is all about connect- we’re let down by the mainstream med- ing the ‘why, when, and what now’ of an JUWUh]cb

14 January - February 2009 Photograph by Eliza Grinnell/SEAS

Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 RIGHT NOW Mold, seen here at 1,000- ces when it encounters the byproducts of times magnification, wraps itself around fibers. mold growth. By measuring the amount of Depending on conditions, fluorescence on each sample, Konkol can it can lie dormant or track the fungal growth. Hellman initially quickly overrun its host. provided test paper from the library, but after that ran out, Konkol bought his own in looking at conservation supply, a yellowing study of Freud, for five from a biological, rather dollars. (He made sure, he says, that the than chemical, stand- book was still in print.) point) have worked to Although this research is still at an protect Neil Armstrong’s early stage, Konkol has already had some space suit from bacteria success: during a recent experiment, four (see “Microbes Eat the paper discs appeared spotless 24 hours Past,” January-February after being infected. When he tested 2002, page 9) and prevent them with a fluorometer, however, the CHRISTOPHER MCNAMARA an underwater oil spill at machine detected the burgeoning mold. hundred su≠ered from mold infections, the USS Arizona Memorial in Pearl Har- Konkol had proved the test e≠ective, and once a book is moldy, it never com- bor. finding the fungus before he (or a librar- pletely recovers or goes back into circula- Mitchell adapted his mold test from a ian) could see or smell it. If Mitchell’s lab tion. European method that measures fungal can develop the test further, Ethel Hell- Books belong to the larger group of levels in soil. The analysis, run mainly by man says, “Every library out there, every what Mitchell calls “cultural heritage ma- postdoctoral fellow Nick Konkol, spots colleague I have, would leap to have this terials.” This includes paintings, sculp- mold indirectly. Konkol first places the tool.” paul gleason tures, historic buildings, and even tomb- fungus Aspergillus niger (a common mold) stones—anything that is susceptible to and a drop of nutritious liquid on small ralph mitchell e-mail address: microbial attack. He has been practicing circles of paper in petri dishes. He then re- [email protected] preservation science for 15 years, and in moves a dish every 24 hours and adds a ralph mitchell website: that time he and his lab (which is atypical compound that breaks apart and fluores- www.seas.harvard.edu/mitchell

Re-View AT THE SACKLER MUSEUM

ON OCTOBER 30, 2008, loyal magazine donors gathered at the Sackler Museum in Cambridge, Massachusetts, for a private viewing of Re-View, an exhibition of the finest and most significant works in the Harvard Art Museum’s collections.

To learn how you can become a Friend of Harvard Magazine, please visit www.harvardmagazine.com/friends.

COUNTER CLOCKWISE FROM BOTTOM LEFT: Docent Susan Glassman describes a painting to a group of guests; Amy Bermar, Olivia Donnini, Mirella Stellini, and Alesandro Donnini ’81; ABOVE: A guest ponders Joan Snyder’s Summer Orange, 1970; Jacqueline Whitney ’78, Katharine Fleischmann ’76, and Harvard Magazine publisher Cathy Chute.

Harvard Magazine 15

Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 What will you be driving at age 119? And other things worth considering.

hese days, more people are living to room online and have it delivered to your Tage 100, and beyond. As you’ll learn home address. The room comes with a bed in the first Thought SeriesSM podcast from and various diagnostic machines, so you Cambridge Trust Company, technology can monitor your health on a daily basis. is helping them live better. In the next t Cambridge Trust few years, a major A Company, we believe automobile company will that managing wealth introduce a car that can effectively is an essential give you a checkup while How can you part of living well in every you’re behind the wheel. rewrite the rules stage of life. That’s why It will be able to assess we’re bringing you this your stress level and of old age? podcast on longevity and adjust its performance, technology. Whether you’re lighting, and interior scent 45 with young children, or accordingly. 90 and still going strong, our advisors have ou’ll also hear about healing homes. both the personal interest and technical YRather than make frequent trips to the expertise to help you achieve your financial hospital for medicine and routine checkups, goals. Visit our Web site for more Thought you or your caregiver can rent a hospital Series articles, podcasts, and events.

Hear the director of the MIT AgeLab discuss CAMBRIDGE TRUST SM technology’s impact on longevity at www.cambridgetrust.com/longevitypodcast Thought SERIES Curiosity, rewarded.

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mance of excerpts from Jir˘í Kylián’s Black Extracurriculars and White ballets. MUSIC NATURE AND SCIENCE • February 15-22 • February 20 at 8 p.m. The Arnold Arboretum American director William Friedkin will www.harvardjazz.org; 617-496-2263 www.arboretum.harvard.edu be on hand during the screenings on Feb- The Twelfth Annual Harvard Club of 617-524-1718; Jamaica Plain, Boston ruary 20 and 21 to discuss his works, in- Boston Horblit Jazz Combo Festival fea- The arboretum o≠ers classes, outings, ex- cluding The French Connection, The Exorcist, To tures student ensembles performing origi- hibits, and lectures throughout the year. Live and Die in L.A., The Boys in the Band, The nal compositions and standards; profes- Check the website for detailed listings. Brink’s Job, Sorcerer, and Cruising. sional critiques; and cash awards. Free and • January 20, 6:30-8:30 p.m. open to the public at the Harvard Club on The Carpenter Poets of Jamaica Plain, THEATER Commonwealth. www.harvardclub.com. who write about their trade, read from The American Repertory Theatre • February 27-28 at 8 p.m. their reflections on lumber and trees. www.amrep.org; 617-547-8300 www.hcs.harvard.edu/~rcs; Lowell Hall The Harvard-Smithsonian Center Loeb Drama Center The Festival of Women’s Choruses show- for Astrophysics • January 10 through February 1 cases the Radcliffe Choral Society, the Elm www.cfa.harvard.edu/events The Seagull by Anton Chekhov City Girls’ Chorus, and groups from Smith 617-495-7461 • February 14 through March 15 and Amherst Colleges. Phillips Auditorium, 60 Garden Street Endgame by Samuel Beckett Sanders Theatre • Lectures at 7:30 p.m.—“The Worldwide www.boxoffice.harvard.edu Telescope” on January 15 and “Galileo and DANCE 617-496-2222 the Invention of the Telescope” on Febru- The Harvard Dance Center • January 17 at 7:30 p.m. ary 19—followed by stargazing, weather www.fas.harvard.edu/~dance A Joyful Noise Concert honors the legacy permitting. www.boxoffice.harvard.edu (for tickets) of the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. 617-495-8683; 60 Garden Street Presented by the Cambridge Multicultural FILM • February 5 at 7 p.m. Arts Center. The Harvard Film Archive The fifth annual Boston Ballet Talks fea- • February 24 at 8 p.m. www.harvardfilmarchive.org tures an informal discussion with artistic The Houghton Library Chamber Music 617-495-4700 director Mikko Nissinen and dancers Series o≠ers selections by Sprezzatura from Visit the website for complete listings. from the company, as well as the perfor- Heinrich Schütz’s Kleine Geistliche Konzerte. Left to right: Boston Ballet dancers perform from the Black and White program; Picasso’s Mother and Child on display at the Sackler Museum;

and pottery and glass shards unearthed from excavations of the Harvard campus. FROM LEFT TO RIGHT: ERIC ANTONIOU/THE BOSTON BALLET; COURTESY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY ART MUSEUM; MARK CRAIG/THE PEABODY MUSEUM OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY © AND FELLOWS OF HARVARD COLLEGE PRESIDENT

Harvard Magazine 16A

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EXHIBITIONS Rediscover life The Harvard Art Museum without worries. www.artmuseums.harvard.edu 617-495-9400/9422 Explore lifelong • Continuing: Re-View, at the Sackler interests and meet Museum, o≠ers a wide range of selected new friends, all works from all three art museums. Carpenter Center for the Arts on the beautifully www.ves.fas.harvard.edu/ccva.html wooded campus of 617-495-3251 RiverWoods at Exeter, • Opening February 19: Corbu Pops, with a lecture, free and open to the public, at 6 the Seacoast’s premier life care community. p.m. Multimedia performance artist Riverwoods residents William Pope.L will talk about his Tom and Mimi Adams Experience peace of mind while you live your best life. Call today for your personal newest installation, which investigates “modernism, utopia, nonsense, blackness, tour (800) 688-9663 or (603) 658-1500. purity, and factory production,” and then perform with undergraduates. Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology www.peabody.harvard.edu; 617-496-1027 • Continuing: Digging Veritas: The Ar- chaeology and History of the Indian Col- lege and Student Life at Colonial Har- vard. The exhibit displays finds to date 7 RiverWoods Dr., Exeter, NH 03833 U www.riverwoodsrc.org and describes early life on campus. Harvard Museum of Natural History www.hmnh.harvard.edu 617-495-3045 • Through February 8: Looking at Leaves: Photographs by Amanda Means invites a closer look at the beauty and diversity of the natural world. • Through March 1: Sea Creatures in Glass reveals the exquisite artistry of Leo- pold and Rudolf Blaschka (creators of the Glass Flowers) in their many marine crea- tures, on display for the first time since Harvard acquired them in the late 1800s. • Continuing: The Language of Color ex- plores the many ways animals acquire and use this vivid means of communication. The Semitic Museum www.fas.harvard.edu/~semitic 617-495-4631 At Brookhaven • Ancient Egypt: Magic and the Afterlife lifecare living is as good as it looks. o≠ers a distinct view of the hereafter. • Continuing: The Houses of Ancient Is- Brookhaven at Lexington offers an abundance of opportunities for rael: Domestic, Royal, Divine features a intellectual growth, artistic expression and personal wellness. Our residents full-scale replica of an Iron Age (ca. 1200- share your commitment to live a vibrant lifestyle in a lovely community. 586 b.c.e.) village dwelling. Call today for a tour of our model apartment and newly renovated Commons! Events listings also appear in the Univer- A Full-Service Lifecare Retirement Community www.brookhavenatlexington.org sity Gazette, accessible via this magazine’s   s   website, www.harvardmagazine.com.

16B January - February 2009

Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 Vice President GAIL ROBERTS 1730 Massachusetts Ave & TEAM Cambridge, MA 02138 617 245-4044

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The Mature Dating Game

Resilient romance • by Nell Porter Brown

ince separating from her hus- ranging from the logistical to the emo- in the road,” says Rachel Greenwald, band, one Boston-area alumna in tional. For many, returning to that scene Ed.M. ’87, M.B.A. ’93, a dating coach based S her late forties has had numerous after divorce or the death of a spouse in Denver and the author of Find a Husband dates and even a long-term rela- means adapting to new modes of social after 35 (Using What I Learned at Harvard Busi- tionship. “But it’s oddly di∞cult to meet networking, such as Internet dating sites. ness School). “Either they decide they are people,” she says. “I’ve done on-line dat- For others, “putting yourself out there” happy with their life the way it is, and ing, matchmakers—the gamut. I did see requires gearing up emotionally and take the chance that Mr. or Ms. Right someone I liked while jogging in the physically after a long hiatus—or being will land on the doorstep serendipi- woods, but I didn’t get his number. That more open about who “the right” person tously,” or they grow outside their com- old adage ‘Do what you like to do and might be. For everyone older—and less fort zone—asking “coworkers, your Real- you’ll find someone you like’ doesn’t really energetic—facing the risk of rejection tor, your stock broker, your neighbors, work anymore.” takes courage, creativity, and resilience: and other people you barely know to fix For those over 45, the world of dating is in short, more personal e≠ort. you up with people, going on speed dates more complicated for a variety of reasons, “After age 45, single people face a fork and lunch dates…it can feel embarrass-

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16D January - February 2009

Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 NEW ENGLAND REGIONAL SECTION

ing,” Greenwald continues. “But I see it as each side tends to be more empowering—to take things into your “set in their ways,” says own hands and be active. That is how the matchmaker Sandy Stern- game is played after 45.” bach, owner of The Right Geordie Hall ’64, for example, divorced Time Consultants, who after a 30-year marriage, now lives in rural specializes in clients who Vermont and meets women through out- are 36 to 70. “But mature door activities, volunteering, or commun- love is really about caring ity fundraisers. “I’m very active: I go hiking for someone else’s well- out West, backpacking, and I’m a passion- being,” she counsels. “It’s ate skier,” he says. “It’s important to me to about putting up with peo- have somebody who shares some of my ple’s imperfections, their lifestyle, so I meet people through activi- struggles—sometimes ill- ties I like. My objective is not to be alone nesses—and knowing who they the rest of my life. Sharing experiences on are and helping them have a good a daily basis is very important to me.” life with you. It’s not all about you.” The AARP report also revealed what LEO ACADIA An aarp report published in 2003, seems a more general ambivalence about person Lifestyles, Dating, and Romance: A Study of dating. Though 63 percent of respondents came along”), and Midlife Singles, found that what respon- were either in exclusive dating relation- “disinterested” non-daters. dents liked most about being single was ships or dated regularly, the balance of Overall, men were slightly more likely “personal freedom”; the worst aspect was midlife singles were either “interested to date than women, but women in their “not having someone around with whom daters” (not dating, but would like to find forties went out more often than their to do things.” Older daters seem particu- a date), “daters-in-waiting” (not active- older counterparts. On dates, both men larly torn between these two desires, and ly looking, but would date if the “right and women sought a “pleasing personal- Premier Properties ANTRIM STREET &YDMVTJWF
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Harvard Magazine 16E

Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 NEW ENGLAND REGIONAL SECTION

ity” and common interests and values. lationship. “Divorced men and older men Women tended to add financial stability; are easier to connect with.” men more often noted physical attractive- ness and potential for sexual activity. If you can find them. Those returning “For many guys, how the date ends is to “play the field” will find the “field” has the biggest thing on their minds through- moved—and shrunk. “Now, most of your out the entire date,” says Manhattan- friends are married and get together for based love-life coach Nancy Slotnick ’89, dinner parties in the suburbs with other who describes herself as somewhere be- couples,” says Rachel Greenwald. Those tween a matchmaker and therapist. “This still at the peak of their careers (ages 45 to is also important to many women. People 65) probably work a lot and tend to be want to know if there is romantic poten- more isolated because they are bosses in a tial or not.” But the author of Turn Your corner o∞ce, or work from home. Most Belmont...Magnificent 3-level town- Cablight On: Get Your Dream Man in Six Months older singles are also divorced with chil- house. Open floor plan, 3 bedrooms, 4 1/2 baths, first floor master suite, or Less and owner of Cablight.com ac- dren, she adds, with little free time outside ultra kitchen. Abuts conservation knowledges that questions that take you of solo parenting and career obligations. land. $1,194,375 back to high school—Does he/she like With those over age 65, generalizing me? Should we kiss at the end of the first about dating trends is hard, cautions psy- Setting prerequisites is the wrong approach.

date?—can feel especially awkward or chologist Judah Ronch, a professor at the silly for older people who have lived University of Maryland–Baltimore Coun- through more serious life experiences. ty, who specializes in geriatric mental Divorcée Sarah McVity Cortes ’83 says health. But overall, he says, such singles she makes her interest clear in other are more conservative (they don’t trust ways—saying she likes her date, suggest- the Internet as a social forum) and they ing a second meeting. “But I’m not going tend to date people they already know: Cambridge...Superb renovation of to kiss anyone I don’t want to kiss,” she past loves, family friends, or old acquain- Harvard Square 3-bedroom, 3-bath says. “If women start down that slope of tances who are now divorced or wid- cooperative with two deluxe master suites. Custom kitchen. River views. orienting themselves to make the man feel owed. “Often, by then, all the static that Abundant built-ins and luxurious comfortable, where does it end?” comes with relationships in your twen- features throughout. Two live-in Slotnick says her more proactive clients ties has been taken out, and a relationship supers. $1,695,000 aim for a date a week. “Fewer than that, can flourish,” Ronch says. “They know and you’re not dating enough to work the they don’t have time to waste, and they numbers and to become a little more numb are looking for comfort, companionship, to the rejection factor,” she adds. “People closeness”—and, often, sex. Acceptance who date often come to realize that it’s not of others’ foibles and frailties is also a part about being ‘undatable,’ it’s about seeing if of what makes these unions successful. two pieces of a puzzle fit together.” Boston attorney Jeanne Demers ’83, a Increasingly, those 45 to 55 are meeting former biological anthropology concen- online, through sites like Match.com, trator, has “no doubt we are wired in cer- eHarmony, and Yahoo Personals. (There tain ways physiologically to be attracted are also many shared-interest niche sites to certain people,” but adds, “Of course, that focus on ethnicity, race, sexual orien- Belmont...Phenomenal renovation in we also need the emotional tools to e≠ec- tation, religion, or activities.) Those over Belmont Center: 21st-century design meets 18th-century Greek Revival tuate it in a healthy way.” She has twice age 45 comprise the fastest-growing seg- charm in a dreamy 13-room residence. been close to marriage, but broke up with ment of users at Perfectmatch.com (it has This is a rare gem. $2,995,000 her last long-term boyfriend in 2007. “I five million members and a subsection for guess I’m sort of half-hearted about dat- baby boomers), and at PlentyOfFish.com, www.hammondre.com ing,” she says. “It takes e≠ort and some- where they tend to log on and stay on Cambridge, Belmont, times I’m not willing to work at it.” She more often than younger users, says CEO Watertown & Somerville says unmarried men her age seem to have Markus Frind: “They are more committed Residential, Commercial, Rentals & problems with core identity—they lack to the dating process and have a goal in Property Management professional focus or emotional maturity, mind. They don’t want to be alone.” Cambridge Office 617-497-4400 Belmont Office 617-484-1900 or are unable/unwilling to commit to a re- Online dating has clear advantages: ef-

16F January - February 2009

Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 NEW ENGLAND REGIONAL SECTION A Unique

ficiency, convenience, and geographic Sternbach often omits last names when in- Employee Benefit breadth. It creates “a bit of the kid in the troducing people, to avoid any pre-date candy store mentality,” says Los Angeles Google research. “Clients end up using the Program for divorcé Je≠rey Balash, M.B.A.-J.D. ’73, who data to exclude people,” she explains. has had three longer-term relationships “They never allow themselves the chance All Faculty, Staff with women he met online. But the ano- to slowly unfold with another person. nymity, he notes, can prompt some “social- That kind of vulnerability is something a and Retirees of ly undesirable behavior,” such as mislead- lot of highly successful professional people ing photographs, married people posing as are not comfortable with. But it’s also part Harvard University singles, and even outright scams. (Jeanne of the mystery and excitement of two peo- Demers has had men tell her, “Wow, you ple coming together.” and its Affiliated actually look like your photo.”) How people evaluate partners and their The Boston-area alumna who has used own needs necessarily changes over time, Hospitals. Match.com and Jdate.com (for Jewish sin- Greenwald says. Those in their twenties gles) says she hates the process because and thirties look at potential—to hold With the Real Estate Advantage it’s impersonal, impolite, and superficial. down a job, earn money, be a good parent, Program, you will receive a cash- Perusing the photographs and bios of men evolve. But people in their forties through back bonus, outstanding service, “takes on a video-game quality—you can their eighties, she explains, are fully and the support that you need look at 40 people a night and take a pass formed: they can be stuck in a career rut on all of them,” she says. “And because you because of financial considerations (ali- throughout the buying, selling, have so little to go on, you gravitate to- mony, child support, pensions, mortgage); downsizing and moving processes. ward the most attractive photos and make have health problems; or have emotional For more information about our snap decisions based on that.” “baggage” from prior life experiences, program and to find out about Greenwald has conducted hundreds of which is entirely normal. “You have to upcoming real estate seminars interviews with single men for her forth- evaluate people as a known quantity and and webinars, please contact coming book Why He Didn’t Call You Back. She accept who they are now,” she says. “It’s a Beth Duncan at says the Internet “candy store” mentality very di≠erent view, and I don’t think that 800-874-0701 x4932 often leads to a paradox of choice: “After people later in life [are aware enough to] [email protected] 45, all of a sudden, the guys who couldn’t make that important switch.” get any girls in high school have so many As Demers puts it, “I’m more set in my Harvard Faculty wonderful women coming across their ways now.” She wants to meet a compati- Real Estate Services at paths, they become paralyzed, sadly, be- ble man, but is “not unhappy; I like my 617-495-8840 cause they are looking for perfection— life.” Someone she now dates casually is www.facultyrealestate.harvard.edu

which doesn’t exist.” Typically, she says, a unlike any of her previous partners—he’s • % 0\YQdRYY /N[XR_ ?RNY 2`aNaR 990 0\YQdRYY /N[XR_ V` N _RTV`aR_RQ a_NQRZN_X YVPR[`RQ a\ 0\YQdRYY /N[XR_ ?RNY 2`aNaR 990 .[ 2^bNY <]]\_ab[Vaf 2Z]Y\fR_ 2^bNY man may be dating a “beautiful, intelligent, Jewish, nurturing, has a sense of humor, 5\b`V[T

Harvard Magazine 16G

Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 TASTES AND TABLES

Eclectic Eating

A Southern-inspired grill fills a Somerville niche.

($15.95). Served sizzling hot, the fresh-cut potatoes come with skins on and a bottle of vinegar. Meat lovers should try the 10- ounce “flat-iron” steak with a rich basil butter sauce, those fabulous fries, and a side of peppery wilted watercress ($21.95), while vegetarians are treated to one of the most popular dishes on the menu, a subtle, Tuscan-style mushroom lasagna with but- ternut squash and Swiss chard ($14.95). Old Grill regulars will recognize the mildly incendiary coconut curried goat stew ($18.95), with softly fragrant jasmine rice and sweet fried plantains, now o≠ered at the new Somerville location. The Kitchen draws a mixed crowd of older stu- dents, young professionals, and working- class families, nicely reflecting its neigh- borhood. The place has an “artistic tavern” feel—dark sky-blue walls, wooden tables, and built-in benches and a purplish- brown ceiling hung with wonderful, or- ganic-looking chandeliers made of wire COURTESY OF HIGHLAND KITCHEN and glass by Cambridge sculptor Tom eteran chef Mark Romano want within a cuisine.” Hence the out- O’Connell. A neon martini sign beckons opened Highland Kitchen to feed standing jerk swordfish entrée ($18.95) diners from a front window. V a neighborhood hungry for a served with a chunky plantain-pineapple Romano’s wife, Marci Jo, runs the din- great hangout/restaurant—and ketchup created by Romano’s sous chef, ing room, and sometimes grants requests to enjoy complete freedom in the kitchen. Chris Thompson. And nowhere else can to turn down the jukebox—a decision Ro- “I like to think of it as a place where every- you find such amazing Korean-style fried mano doesn’t always like. The chef sought one can feel at home,” says Romano, who chicken wings ($7.95)—coated with a out a vendor who’d let him play his own grew up in the South. “It’s an American kicky hoisin sauce and sesame seeds and CDs (he has hundreds), and the music is a place with a definite East Coast shoreline served with a fresh mound of kimchi big part of the mood: old soul, R&B, and feel—all the way from Florida to Maine.” spiced with chili paste and slivers of red select country. (On Sundays, a live blue- Romano’s style (practiced at soul-food pepper. Moreover, it’s a flexible, a≠ordable grass band plays during brunch.) joints, the Blue Room, and the old Green menu: side dishes, around $3 each, abound, With Patsy Cline singing her aching Street Grill) has a distinctly Southern flare including flu≠y deviled eggs, house pick- heart out after our rich meal of boldly di- with some saucy Caribbean twists. But the les, and chili cheese fries. Or you can tuck verse flavors, we were relieved to see kitchen also turns out traditional English into a Cuban Reuben, catfish po’ boy, or desserts that tended toward the comfort- pub food and assorted Italian pastas with assorted salads, like arugula mixed with ing: warm banana-bread pudding ($6), nary a tropical fruit, collard green, or pep- fresh figs, blue cheese, and spiced pecans served with caramel sauce and vanilla ice pery spice in sight. “I’m not too crazy —for about $10 each. cream, that slid right down, and apple about fusion cooking,” he explains. “But Among the entrées, crisp ($6) with a lemony we do have freedom to do whatever we people rightly rave about HIGHLAND KITCHEN undertone. What more Above: Highland Kitchen blends into the the delicate beer-battered 150 Highland Avenue can we say? We’ve already neighborhood, but stands out for its cooking. fish (haddock) and chips Somerville been back twice.  n.p.b. 617-625-1131 16H January - February 2009 www.highlandkitchen.com Dinner and Sunday brunch

Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 Montage Art, books, diverse creations

18 Open Book 19 Imagining the Past 20 Off the Shelf 21 “Working Sisters” 23 Chapter and Verse

short essay on what the reader is about to see. “At first I turned my eyes away,” he writes in the introduction to his urbanism chapter, “hoping the messiness of what I was seeing would not a≠ect my interpretation of nat- ural beauty. Over time, however, I turned the focus of my camera on these more degraded areas with a vengeance, hoping that others might see Alex MacLean with the destructive tools of his trade: a process at work.” Up in the Air new fuel-efficient plane and his camera The book includes images of man- Pictures of a changing planet sions outside Pittsburgh, decommis- PAUL GLEASON sioned nuclear plants in Oregon, rows by and rows of recreational vehicles in Ari- zona, seaside skyscrapers in Florida, and common way to drama- state highways, and sprawling suburbs even Harvard’s own Jordan Field near the tize climate change is to tell a larger story about how we use our Charles River. Below each photograph, a show before-and-after pic- resources and the consequences that fol- caption explains its subject’s environ- A tures: now you see the ice- low. He chronicles our impact on the at- mental significance. (The picture of Jor- bergs, now you don’t. “It mosphere from the atmosphere, taking dan Field shows its synthetic surface seemed like there was more to it than pictures of the ground from high above as being watered, a prerequisite before field that,” says Alex MacLean ’69, M.Arch. ’73. he crisscrosses the country in his plane. hockey matches; “a fine mist evaporates Photographs of vanishing glaciers show MacLean’s seventh book, Over: The Amer- from this large sprinkler before it even the e≠ect but not the cause, he says, leav- ican Landscape at the Tipping Point (Abrams), reaches the ground, representing wasted ing out the “everyday way we live and the collects hundreds of his aerial pictures. water,” MacLean chides.) way we use and produce energy” (see, for The book is divided into nine chapters, Over pays particular attention to water example, “A Melting World,” May-June each on a di≠erent topic, such as energy use in America’s southwestern deserts. A 2006, page 36). To him, refineries, inter- or sprawl. He begins each chapter with a grant from the Lincoln Institute of Land

Courtesy of Alex MacLean Harvard Magazine 17

Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 MONTAGE Policy, a research organization in Cam- “The sketch on a cock- bridge, helped fund years of observation OPEN BOOK tail napkin has become a in Arizona, New Mexico, and Nevada. modern-day shorthand MacLean flew above artificial lakes and Before the for architectural epiph- gaudy casinos, one with fountains shoot- any,” writes Cammy ing thousands of gallons of water into the Cocktail Napkin Brothers ’91, Ph.D. ’99, air. Neon-green golf courses, which also an associate professor require an immense amount of water, of architecture at the dotted the brown landscape. “A lot of University of Virginia.The architect who interests her is best known as a painter and these photographs, I think, are almost sculptor. In Michelangelo, Drawing, and the Invention of Architecture (Yale, $65), rather metaphors or symbols for these larger than examining his drawings for insight into his buildings, Brothers interprets his ideas,” he says. “When you’re looking at buildings (the Medici Chapel and Laurentian Library) as the product of his imagination using a limited resource for purposes of worked out on paper. She dedicates the book to Howard Burns, an expert on Palla- golf in the middle of the desert, it raises dio who taught at Harvard’s Graduate School of Design, and to the late Adams Uni- questions about how resources, finite re- versity Professor John Shearman, a leading Michelangelo scholar. Brothers also bene- sources, are used and who gets to use fited from time spent at the Villa I Tatti and Dumbarton Oaks. them.” (For more information, visit www.- alexmaclean.com.) ichelangelo transformed the (in the words of Vasari), few were willing MacLean traces his interest in environ- Mpurpose and appearance of ar- or able to follow his lead.The asymme- mental issues to his childhood home, an chitectural drawings, and in so try between Michelangelo’s experimen- 11-acre “hobby farm” that his father, a re- doing changed architecture itself. He tal and exploratory approach to archi- searcher at the National Institutes of demonstrated the possibility for archi- tecture and drawing and its tepid legacy Health, had bought outside Washington, tecture to be a vehicle for the imagina- may in part be explained by the advent D.C. As an undergraduate, he took up tion equal to painting or sculpture. The of architectural education.…As the [six- photography; while at the Graduate distinct character of his drawings… teenth] century progressed, so did an School of Design, he learned to fly. “I was show[s] the way in which he would increasingly rigid set of expectations lucky because I had a friend who taught at about what an architect should know— a flight school that his uncle owned in principally, a canonical set of Roman Florida,” MacLean remembers. The school monuments and the details of the classi- had a summer camp, and MacLean signed cal orders. Key to the formation of on as a counselor; during the next few these standards was the use and diffu- months, he earned his license. sion of drawings and printed images of After completing his degree and travel- Roman monuments, which came to con- ing for a year, MacLean settled in Syracuse stitute textbooks of ancient architec- and worked at a landscape architecture ture. The sheer repetition of a limited o∞ce. He quickly decided he would rather set of images narrowed the palette of spend time in the air. “Then it was just a representational choices and led to matter of: how do you actually generate greater conformity.… enough income to support flying and tak- In general, surprisingly little attention ing pictures?” He sold photographs to uni- has been paid by scholars to the con- versity slide libraries before branching out nections between Michelangelo’s activi- to jobs for architects and planners who ties as a painter, sculptor, architect, and needed a bird’s-eye view of their projects. poet.These links would have been much Now he is based in the Boston area, with more intuitively obvious in the fifteenth commercial jobs, stock photographs, and Michelangelo’s studies for the vestibule and sixteenth centuries than they are gallery prints each supplying a third of his stairs, Casa Buonarroti, Florence. today. In 1568, for example, income. start with a remembered form, and Benvenuto Cellini stated Far from distracting from his artistic how, in drawing and redrawing it, it that Michelangelo “was the pursuits, the jobs for architects and plan- would take on an entirely different as- greatest architect who ever Visit harvard- ners give MacLean the chance to hone his pect.…Michelangelo’s unusual approach was, only because he was mag.com/extras skills. “The commercial work is really to view other to architectural drawing emerged from the greatest sculptor and examples of like target practice,” he says. To get the his figurative drawing practice. the greatest painter.” Yet Michelangelo’s picture his clients need, he has to con- The irony of Michelangelo’s architec- much of the literature on architectural sider a host of variables. Once he estab- tural legacy, however, is that his fame Michelangelo has fallen drawings. lishes what sort of lighting he wants eclipsed his influence. In other words, prey to a sort of academic compart- (backlit or front?), he approaches from while he acquired renown for “breaking mentalization antithetical to the nature the appropriate angle. He then opens his the bonds and chains” of architecture of his artistic production. window and holds the camera steady

FONDAZIONE CASA BUONARROTI with both hands, controlling the plane

18 January - February 2009

Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 MONTAGE

Above, trailers dot the landscape near Lake Havasu, Arizona. At right, homes in Galves- “Using a limited resource for purposes of golf… ton, Texas, are built on wetlands. MacLean fears that, if the sea level rises, communities raises questions about how resources, finite like this one will be especially vulnerable. only with the pedals at his feet. If he resources, are used and who gets to use them.” needs to shoot downward, he banks the plane to one side—but this maneuver Wyoming, he might cruise over Denver to views his pictures. “It seems like you’re complicates his shot, because banking look at new urban developments. Going actually drawn to the image, but you makes the plane turn and sink. To com- up expecting to find something beautiful don’t fully understand it,” he says. “At the pensate, MacLean sets up above and to or meaningful enough to put into a book time, it’s more of an intuitive, subliminal the side of his target, then swoops across on every flight, MacLean says, would thing.” it. If he’s flying over a city, he also has to quickly frustrate him. Instead, he sits Even the suburbs and shopping malls contend with air-tra∞c controllers and back and waits for something to catch his have to hold some sort of attraction. “The crowded airspace. eye. “To an extent, it’s happenstance,” he images have to be alluring,” he says. “You His commercial jobs are also chances to says. “But that’s the nature of the art have to bring the viewer into them, so scout points of personal and artistic in- form.” He may not even know exactly they’ll look at them and think about what terest. While flying from New Mexico to what he’s seen until after he lands and re- they’re actually looking at.”

during the war, some 40,000 are still un- Imagining the Past accounted for.) After the war, Max wan- ders through Paris, looking for Rose and Lost art—and loves—in a new novel for his father’s paintings. Houghteling began writing the novel seven years ago, but has been researching it ven before she started writing young man trying to recover his father’s even longer. She concentrated in English a novel about France during and lost art collection. and applied to write a creative thesis “with E after the Second World War, Her narrator, Max Berenzon, is the son some very loose, strange proposal that I Sara Houghteling ’99 felt as if of a famous Jewish art dealer who, for rea- write a series of short stories based on she’d been there. Her grandparents, who sons Max doesn’t understand, refuses to Manet paintings,” she remembers. “Fortu- had lived in Paris (her grandfather was hand him the family business. Unhappily nately I wasn’t accepted.” (She examined working for the Marshall Plan), filled her enrolled in medical school, Max spends museums in Henry James’s The Golden Bowl head with stories about foreign aristo- more time falling for Rose Clément, his and The American instead.) But Manet— crats, rationing, and Parisian men who father’s assistant, than he does on his along with Picasso, Matisse, and Degas— could peg her grandmother as an Ameri- studies. The German invasion upends all appears in the novel through the paintings can by her shining hair. (Who but an their lives: the Berenzons hide in the that line the Berenzon gallery walls. American would have shampoo?) Hough- country while Rose works in a museum, Those paintings supplied a wellspring teling’s forthcoming debut novel, Pictures surreptitiously making records of the of inspiration. “Every time I was stuck in at an Exhibition (Knopf), weaves such fam- Nazis’ looting. (Of the more than 100,000 my novel, I would write a scene based on ily memories into a larger story about a pieces of art stolen from French collectors a di≠erent missing painting,” Houghtel-

Photographs by Alex MacLean Harvard Magazine 19

Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 community. She met a law- yer, Marianne Rosenberg, whose collector-grandfather Paul became the model for Visit harvard- mag.com/extras Max’s father. Knowing Mar- to hear Sara ianne helped Houghteling Houghteling piece together a tricky char- read from her new novel. acter: “Seeing her gave me a glimpse of what her grandfather was probably like—someone with a lot of humor and a formidably sharp intellect.” Rose Clément, the object of Max’s a≠ection, is also based on an historical Sara Houghteling figure. Rose Valland was a curator who managed to stay on at a museum after the Nazis had kicked out other French work- ing says. One of those scenes, written line, Massachusetts.) Michigan awarded ers. She catalogued the Germans’ thefts about Woman in White by the Impressionist her a summer research grant for travel to and devoted much of her later life to Berthe Morisot, survived her rigorous pri- Paris, and, after receiving her M.F.A., tracking down the stolen art. But despite DANIEL MASON vate editing, which nearly halved her Houghteling won a Fulbright that allowed her heroism (and an autobiography), Val- original, 450-page manuscript. her to return to France for a full year. land remains largely unknown. “I remem- Years before completing her novel, She had first traveled there as an un- ber seeing a picture of her in which she’s Houghteling shared early chapters with dergraduate, writing for the student very unassuming,” wearing what looked professors and fellow master of fine arts guidebook series Let’s Go (see “A Pact with like men’s clothing, says Houghteling. “I students at the University of Michigan. Solitude,” November-December 1998, wanted to find out more about her. On (She attended the program between 2001 page 102). But on her later trips, she the Internet there was nothing, nothing, and 2003 after teaching for a few years, traded scoping out beaches and restau- nothing.” She found at least a partial an- first at the American School of Paris and rants for interviewing survivors and de- swer when she learned, at a posthumous then at her former high school in Brook- scendants of the Parisian postwar art exhibition honoring Valland in her home-

ethics in politics and government of the human condition—and how the Off the Shelf (Princeton, $29.95). You may not two interact—by way of essays on 10 want to hear it after a long presi- plays, with reference to New Yorker car- Recent books with Harvard connections dential campaign, but there is jus- toons, George W. Bush’s college courses tification, in political science and and presidential reading list, Shakespeare theory, for appreciating parties in Love, and more. Unpacking the Boxes: Memoir of a Life and partisanship. Rosenblum makes this in Poetry, by Donald Hall ’51, JF ’57 point, in scholarly fashion, in pursuit of Stepping Stones: Interviews with Sea- (Houghton Mifflin, $24). The 2006-2007 “an ethic of partisanship.” mus Heaney, by Dennis O’Driscoll (Far- U.S. poet laureate writes, sparely, of the rar, Straus, and Giroux, $26). A thematic “stony loneliness” of Exeter, the “thrilling” Holy Smoke: The Big Book of North biographical portrait of the 1995 Nobel liberty of his Harvard years—a time of Carolina Barbecue, by John Sheldon laureate in literature and Harvard poetic flowering—and, lately, of a bipolar Reed and Dale Volberg Reed, M.A.T. ’64, honorand (1998), professor, and poet-in- episode after his wife’s death and of the with William McKinney (University of residence—conducted, appropriately “planet of antiquity.” North Carolina, $30). Copiously illus- enough, by a Dublin-based civil servant in trated history and lore cum recipes— Irish Customs. (For a radically shorter ap- Giants: The Parallel Lives of Frederick Dennis Rogers’s “Holy Grub” Sauce, proach to the same subject, see Adam Douglass and Abraham Lincoln, by John Robert Stehling’s Buttermilk Pie—by Kirsch’s appreciation in this magazine’s Stauffer, professor of English and of members of the North Carolina Barbe- November-December 2006 issue.) African and African American studies cue Society, assisted by the founder of (Twelve, $30).The interacting lives of “the the Carolina Bar-B-Q Society. Sweet Land of Liberty: The Forgotten two pre-eminent self-made men in Amer- Struggle for Civil Rights in the North, by ican history.” Shakespeare and Modern Culture, by Thomas J. Sugrue, Ph.D. ’92 (Random Marjorie Garber, Kenan professor of Eng- House, $35). A professor of history and On the Side of the Angels: An Apprecia- lish and of visual and environmental stud- sociology at Penn, past winner of the tion of Parties and Partisanship, by ies (Pantheon, $30). An inquiry into Bancroft Prize, and this past fall a visitor Nancy L. Rosenblum, Clark professor of Shakespeare and modern understandings at the Graduate School of Design, Sugrue

20 January - February 2009

Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 MONTAGE town, that the former curator of the Lou- vre had a long-time gay lover. “Ah ha!” “Working Sisters” Houghteling thought. “This is why I couldn’t find anything! History has kept her closeted…for 60 years.” The everyday lives of migrant women in China’s world factories Houghteling also spent hours combing by PAN TIANSHU through the archives at the Center for Contemporary Jewish Documentation in Paris. She tried to get a sense of what it he massive rural-to-urban sumed a major role in the current popula- must have been like for French Jews to re- labor migration that has been tion shift, establishing a brand-new iden- turn to the capital city and search train T transforming China since the tity as dagongmei (literal- records for the names of friends and fam- late 1980s—an estimated 130 ly, “working sisters”) in Leslie T. Chang ’91, ily members who weren’t able to escape million people—is unprecedented in that the booming industrial Factory Girls: From the German round-ups. “Ultimately, nation’s history. Unprompted by direct cities in China’s coastal Village to City in a [this] is a work of fiction,” she says. “But I ecological or political factors such as areas, contributing to Changing China think, in writing about the Holocaust, famine, war, or the forced relocation of what sociologists call (Spiegel & Grau, you have a responsibility to be as truthful population groups under draconian state the “feminization of the $26) to the details of the war as possible.” policy, migration in post-Mao China is global workforce.” Such exhaustive research impressed an more likely to be instead the result of In Factory Girls: From Village to City in a editor at one publishing house so much structural forces (economic need and Changing China, Leslie T. Chang ’91, who that she asked if Houghteling would be consequences of agricultural reform) that spent a decade in China as a correspon- willing to rewrite the book as nonfiction. are beyond the control of individual farm- dent for the Wall Street Journal, delivers a Houghteling declined. People’s psycho- ers. Motivated by the search for opportu- vivid portrayal both of the dynamics of logical motivations, unavailable to histori- nities to improve their own lives, rural this internal migration and of women mi- ans, are what she says she really wants to people have taken the initiative, making grants as active players in globalization explore. “We’ll never know what anyone decisions to shape their own destinies— and local social and economic change. else’s inner life is like,” she contends. and fostering unforeseen entrepreneurial More often than not, factory girls have “Fiction lets us imagine the answers.” individualism in the process. Above all, been depicted as defenseless victims of paul gleason restless young village women have as- ruthless exploitation who must work in

crafts a massive narrative of the battle for Wizard of Oz for MGM and Gone With the omy (Princeton, $39.50). An analysis from racial equality outside the Confederacy. Wind for the producer David O. Selz- economics (applying the concepts of sig- nick”—all in one year. naling, signposting, and stretching) of the Victor Fleming: An American Movie patron-artist interplay in the commission- Master, by Michael Sragow ’73 (Pan- The Zoning of America: Euclid v. Am- ing and creation of glorious works of theon, $40). The Baltimore Sun film critic bler, by Michael A. Wolf, Ph.D. ’91 (Uni- art—and of wealth. has crafted an enormous, illustrated biog- versity Press of Kansas, $35, $16.95 raphy of the director who “salvag[ed] The paper). Zoning to regulate land use dates On Competition, by Michael E. Porter, only to 1922.Wolf, a pro- Lawrence University Professor (Harvard fessor at the University Business Press, $39.95). An updated, ex- of Florida Levin College panded collection of the strategy guru’s of Law, tells the tale in essays. Porter’s principles are briskly out- lively fashion: not many lined and then applied to problems rang- books about law begin, ing from healthcare to philanthropy to “James Metzenbaum was the revitalization of inner-city economies. desperate.” Moral Dimensions: Permissibility, Mean- The Patron’s Payoff: ing, Blame, by T. M. Scanlon, Alford pro- Conspicuous Commis- fessor of natural religion, moral philoso- sions in Italian Renais- phy, and civil polity (Harvard, $29.95). sance Art, by Jonathan K. Proceeding from troubling issues sur- Nelson and Richard J. rounding the “doctrine of double effect,” Zeckhauser, Ramsey pro- Scanlon probes “a number of particular fessor of political econ- moral claims, including claims about which Real barbecuing, the old- actions are permissible, about when intent fashioned way, at Braswell matters to permissibility, and about vari-

OFFICE OF ARCHIVES AND HISTORY, NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT CULTURAL RESOURCES Plantation, 1944 ous forms of moral responsibility.”

Harvard Magazine 21

Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 MONTAGE unsafe and unhealthy conditions, at low and back to the village communities who have managed to overcome the pay, with little job security, while endur- where they grew up. di∞culties of adapting to the anonymity ing discrimination from urban residents Her relentless attempt to represent the and rapid pace of city life. Chang does not and authorities—as nothing more, in fact, factory girls’ points of view has given her lose sight of their dilemmas about dating than cogs in a “world factory” machine remarkable insight into the intimate and and finding marriageable partners, the that manufactures Barbie dolls, Nike minute details of their daily lives, as “bitterness” they have had to “eat” in the shoes, Coach bags, computer microchips, when she writes: “[T]he migrant women process of asserting new identities, and and other material goods for Western I knew never complained about the un- the moral and ethical challenges they customers. Now Chang sheds new light fairness of being a woman. Parents might have confronted about engaging in such on the nature of everyday life for these favor sons over daughters, bosses prefer business practices as pyramid sales of health products. The factory girls usually earned and saved more than their brothers, and thus sent more remittances home to their par- ents as properly filial daughters. Despite the significant improvement in their eco- nomic status, they took pains to renegoti- ate relationships with their parents and relatives back home who were reluctant to give up traditional world-views and lifestyles. Yet the factory girls often found that the words of wisdom inculcated as they grew up could Manufacturing toys, Shenzhen not help them make sense of the harsh conditions they faced in their new urban circumstances. Chang’s examples are often blunt and powerful: after pointing out that mobile phones have become the primary means of interpersonal commu- nication for migrant workers (a major reason why China has the world’s largest mobile market), she shows how the loss of a cell phone can e≠ectively sever its

workers. Dissatisfied with what she had “Over three years in Dongguan, I never read about them, she conducted three years of field research within the fluid heard a single person express anything like a community of migrant women in the city of Dongguan, a massive manufacturing feminist sentiment.” and industrial center southeast of Guangzhou. pretty secretaries, and job ads discrimi- owner’s link to the city in which she Chang focuses on Min and Chunming, nate openly, but they took all of these in- worked and the network of social rela- two factory girls whose personal narra- justices in stride—over three years in tionships she had established. tives form the core of her book. The Dongguan, I never heard a single person strong rapport she developed with them express anything like a feminist senti- The book’s organization enables the allowed her access to their diaries, letters, ment.” Such candor is absent in much of reader to journey with the author from cell phone text-messages, and even online the academic discourse on gender in- the migrants’ rural communities to chat-room exchanges. By truthfully equality and the feminization of the China’s rapidly growing coastal cities. In recording their individual voices, as well workforce in China and other parts of the opening chapter, Chang explains that as those of their friends and colleagues, the developing world. country people, especially the young, ex- Chang was able to penetrate the social Instead of resorting to feminist perience the desire to “go out” (chuqu) not universe of migrant women, which in- rhetoric, Chang demonstrates a high level simply because of the availability of city cluded their immediate surroundings and of ethnographic skill (rare among journal- jobs and expectations about the quality circle of friends: from assembly-line ists) in recounting the personal details of of urban life, but also because there is workshops to dormitories, self-help private life that migrant women shared nothing to do at home. Chang also de- courses (such as “White-Collar” classes) with her. The tone of the book reflects the votes chapters to Dongguan itself, a city taught at evening schools they attended, author’s growing appreciation for the re- of contradictions and a “place without restaurants and cafés, speed-dating clubs, silience and strength of these factory girls memory,” and to the inner workings of

22 January - February 2009 Photographs by Greg Girard

Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 MONTAGE Yue Yuen, a mammoth Taiwanese-owned factory in that sprawling city that is the world’s biggest manufacturer of footwear for brand names such as Nike, Adidas, and Reebok. The way Yue Yuen is run and managed bears a resemblance not only to the leg- endary assembly-line mode of produc- tion pioneered by the Ford Motor Com- pany, but also to a state-owned, socialist enterprise. For young migrants, Yue Yuen o≠ers both stability and opportunities for upward mobility. Chang found that almost all the managers in this factory of 70,000 people, “from supervisors of single lines to the heads of Factory girls in whole factories, are their dormitory, rural immigrants Guangdong who started out on Province the assembly line.” Its employees could expect to receive basic services and benefits based on a 13- grade hierarchical managerial system. This chapter is an eye-opening experi- upward mobility is in fact an attainable family history could be the basis for a ence, especially for those who believe dream. di≠erent project, with the potential to be- that anything made in China is produced In several chapters, Chang surprises come a bestseller such as Jung Chang’s in sweatshops that ignore fair-labor stan- the reader with stories of her own ex- Wild Swans or Nien Cheng’s Life and Death in dards and violate human rights. tended family’s immigrant experiences, as Shanghai.) But most of the book focuses on the if to juxtapose multiple and diverse The great contribution of Leslie factory girls themselves. Making inge- voices, locations, and situations. Chang Chang’s book lies in its attempt to con- nious use of quotes from Chunming’s feels that she has a strong link to the fac- textualize and broaden our understand- diary, Chang documents the struggles tory girls because she herself left home ing of how women migrants are reshap- the young woman went through upon after graduating from college and “lived ing relations and contemporary morality entering the unfamiliar if not hostile abroad for fifteen years, going home to see in rural and urban China. Researchers and world of corporate capitalism, and the my family once every couple of years, like students interested in “things Chinese” steps in her decision to embrace an in- the migrants did.” The average reader may will find this book a wonderful resource digenous version of Max Weber’s Protes- find it di∞cult to appreciate her e≠ort to and a most engaging read in which we tant ethic (e.g., “Benjamin Franklin’s draw parallels between historical memo- hear the unfiltered voices of migrant Thirteen Rules of Morality” and Mary ries and recent events as she recounts the women, who are too often either absent Kay’s Nine Leadership Keys to Success) story of her grandfather, one of China’s or underrepresented in scholarly works in order to make it in the workplace. In first professional mining engineers, who on gender and labor. tracing Min’s progress as she is promoted was trained in the United States in the from assembly-line jobs to positions in early 1920s. These digressions are rela- Pan Tianshu, Ph.D. ’02, is an associate professor of the human-resources department, Chang tively minor, but sometimes disrupt the cultural anthropology at Fudan University’s seems to remind us that migrant women main flow of the book. (On the other School of Social Development and Public Policy, do not exist in a world of dead-end jobs: hand, the fascinating details of Chang’s in Shanghai.

Pat Donovan hopes that some- their good and great,—/ The one can provide her with the Chapter & Verse men whose virtues make the original source of the phrase nation’s fate; / The far, forgotten “…and she wiped the ambas- Correspondence on not-so-famous lost words stars of human kind?/ The STAGE sador’s nose”; the reference is —the MIGHTY TELESCOPE to an infant envisioned by his OF MIND!” doting mother as a distinguished diplo- which William Dunlap closes his History mat one day. of the American Theatre (1832): “Time Send inquiries and answers to “Chapter rushes o’er us; thick as evening clouds/ and Verse,” Harvard Magazine, 7 Ware Dorothy Richardson requests an iden- Ages roll back; what calls them from Street, Cambridge 02138, or via e-mail tification of the poetic fragment with their shrouds?/ What in full vision brings to [email protected].

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Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 THE WAR& theWrit

HABEAS CORPUS AND SECURITY IN AN AGE OF TERRORISM

uzaifa parhat, a fruit peddler, has been im- United States for fear of setting a precedent that might open the prisoned at Guantánamo Bay Detention Center door for detainees it still considers dangerous. In 2006, after again for the last seven years. He is not a terrorist. He’s being told that they were innocent, and becoming desperate, a mistake, a victim of the war against al Qaeda. some of the Uighurs began mouthing o≠ to their captors. They An interrogator first told him that the military were sent for a time to Camp Six, a $30-million “supermax” Hknew he was not a threat to the United States in 2002. Parhat prison for holding al Qaeda suspects in isolated cells. hoped he would soon be free, reunited with his wife and son in In the tomb-like confines of this concrete prison, some of them China. Again, in 2003, his captors told him he was innocent. began to crack up, says P. Sabin Willett ’79, J.D. ’83, a Boston- Parhat and 16 other Uighurs, a Muslim ethnic minority group, based attorney with Bingham McCutchen, the firm that has rep- were living in a camp west of the Chinese border in Afghanistan resented the Uighurs pro bono since 2005. “The Department of when the U.S. bombing campaign against the Taliban destroyed Defense has studied what happens to human beings when they the village where they were staying. They fled to Pakistan, but are left alone in spaces like this for a long time and it is grim,” were picked up by bounty hunters to whom the U.S. government Willett notes. “The North Koreans did this to our airmen in the had o≠ered $5,000 a head for al Qaeda fighters. 1950s. The U.S. ambassador to the United Nations went to the The Uighurs were o∞cially cleared for release in 2004, but they floor of the General Assembly and denounced the practice as a remain at Guantánamo. They cannot be repatriated to China, be- step back to the jungle.” cause they might be tortured, and no other country will take When Willett visited Guantánamo in 2007, he met with Par- them. The U.S. government does not want to allow them into the hat, who was chained by the legs to the floor of his cell. Parhat by JONATHAN SHAW

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Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 had something important to tell him. Willett recounted the ex- June 15, 1215, at Runnymede, in a meadow beside the Thames change in the Boston Globe. “About my wife,” the prisoner began. west of London, the English barons who had banded together to “I want you to tell her that it is time for her…to move on…I impose legal restrictions on the power of King John forced him will never leave Guantánamo. to a∞x his seal to the Magna Carta. One of its curbs on the sov- …He looked up only once, when he said to me, urgently, ereign’s power reads, in part, “No free man shall be seized or im- “She must understand I am not abandoning her. That I prisoned…except by the lawful judgment of his equals or by the love her. But she must move on with her life. She is getting law of the land.” This was the “Great Writ”—the ancestor of older.” habeas corpus. Although other common-law writs were in force Willett conveyed the message. She has remarried. throughout the British empire, only the writ of habeas corpus “Whatever you think about the human dimension of this,” appears in the United States Constitution. Article 1, section 9, in- says Willett, “the judicial dilemma of a federal court that has ju- cludes this single sentence: “The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas risdiction over a case—in which a person is held into his seventh Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebel- year without lawful basis—and can give no remedy…that is an lion or Invasion the public Safety may require it.” astonishing proposition. And it is a scary one.” Habeas corpus requires a jailer to produce a prisoner in a Parhat’s story is part of a much larger debate over how to fight court of law so the basis for detention can be reviewed. The Con- an unconventional war against a largely invisible enemy who stitution presupposes this right, but its use has been sharply uses terrorism as a contested during pre- tactic. As cases like vious wars. Parhat’s wend their In the post-9/11 era, way through the U.S. does it even apply to courts, the argument Parhat and the other over how to balance alleged terrorists held individual freedoms at Guantánamo? Does against collective se- the writ run with U.S. curity pits civil liber- territory, with citi- tarians passionate zenship, or with gov- about human rights ernmental power— against seasoned na- wherever it reaches? tional-security advis- Does it apply to pris- ers equally commit- oners of war? Are the ted to thwarting the detainees at Guantá- next attack. In the namo POWs? How fight against terror- should they be treated? ists, the U.S. govern- The answers a≠ect the ment has snatched way Americans are suspects o≠ streets perceived throughout abroad, interrogated the world—and the them using tech- MARK WILSON/GETTY IMAGES way Americans see Attorney P. Sabin Willett (center) briefs a congressional committee on the plight of the niques America’s al- Uighurs imprisoned at Guantánamo Bay, November 24, 2008. themselves. lies still define as tor- The Supreme Court ture, and attempted to hold them without charge and without has called habeas corpus “the fundamental instrument for safe- judicial review. The parley involves acts of Congress, presidential guarding individual freedom against arbitrary and lawless state war powers, and judicial protections of constitutional rights. action.” English history prior to the drafting of the Constitution Sovereignty and jurisdiction, the separation of powers, the rule a≠ords some insight into the Framers’ understanding of the Great of law, the role of detention, due process, and standards of evi- Writ; its use thereafter constitutes the American legal precedents. dence—all are at issue, with tangible implications for foreign In a 2008 analysis of British and American “habeas” jurisprudence and domestic policy. in the Colonial era, G. Edward White, J.D. ’70, a professor at the This is not the first time the government has limited civil lib- University of Virginia School of Law, and his colleague, Paul Halli- erties in times of national emergency. There are precedents from day, conclude that judges were less concerned about whether a the Civil War and World War II. Then, as now, habeas corpus, a petitioner was physically in the country or abroad than whether guarantor of perhaps the most basic right of liberty in the Anglo- he was held by “someone empowered to act in the name of the American legal tradition, has emerged as a fulcrum in the debate king.” The focus, in other words, was “more on the jailer, and less over where to draw the line. on the prisoner,” they write, more on the “authority of the sover- eign’s o∞cials” than on the “territory in which a prisoner was THE “GREAT WRIT” being held or the nationality status of the prisoner.” Even “alien Habeas corpus is an ancient remedy whose original pur- enemies,” the subjects of a sovereign at war with Britain’s pose was to contest detention by the king. The origins of the monarch, if “they were residents of, or came into, the king’s do- writ, or “written order” (its Latin name means, loosely, “produce minions” were allowed habeas review. the body”), can be traced to thirteenth-century England. On Their historical analysis concludes that “the jurisprudence of

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Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 habeas corpus in Eng- Lincoln famously land, its empire, and in defended his actions America, is antitheti- before Congress, argu- cal to the proposition ing that he had acted that access to the out of necessity. “[A]re courts to test the va- all the laws, but one, to lidity of confinement go unexecuted and the can be summarily de- Government itself go termined by the au- to pieces lest that one thorities confining a be violated?…would prisoner. At a mini- not the o∞cial oath be mum,” they write—ex- broken if the Govern- tending the implica- ment should be over- tions of their findings thrown, when it was to the present day— believed that disre- “the history…suggests garding the single law that there should be would tend to preserve some opportunity for a it?” Lincoln went on to judicial inquiry into say that “as the provi- the circumstances by sion was plainly made

which a Guantánamo CURRIER &for IVES/LIBRARY OF CONGRESS a dangerous emer- Bay detainee was desig- President Abraham Lincoln suspended habeas corpus the week after a Union regiment from gency, it cannot be nated…eligible for in- Massachusetts, sent to protect the capital city, was attacked by an angry mob in Baltimore. believed the framers definite confinement.” of the instrument in- But in times of crisis, habeas review by the courts can be sus- tended that in every case the danger should run its course until pended. There have been only four such suspensions in U.S. his- Congress could be called together, the very assembling of which tory, says Story professor of law Daniel Meltzer: one in the Civil might be prevented, as was intended in this case, by the rebel- War; one during Reconstruction; one in the Philippines after the lion.” Crucially, Lincoln said of his actions that he trusted, “then Spanish-American War; and one in Hawaii during World War II, as now, that Congress would readily ratify them.” after the bombing of Pearl Harbor. Of these, the suspension of As Daniel Farber of Berkeley’s Boalt Hall School of Law habeas corpus by President Abraham Lincoln is perhaps the writes in Lincoln’s Constitution, “Lincoln was not arguing for legal most interesting because he claimed authority that the Constitu- power to take emergency actions contrary to statutory or con- tion appears to grant Congress. stitutional mandates.” Nor did he claim legal immunity. “In- The circumstances under which Lincoln acted on April 27, stead,” writes Farber, “his argument fit well within the classic 1861, were dire. Virginia had just seceded, and Maryland’s legisla- liberal view of emergency power. While unlawful, his actions ture seemed on the verge of following, threatening to cut Wash- could be ratified by Congress if it chose to do so.” And that is ington o≠ from the North. Union reinforcements from Massa- what happened. chusetts who had been sent to protect the capital city were attacked by an angry mob as they passed through Baltimore. It THE “WAR ON TERROR” was as clear a case of rebellion as one could imagine. Lincoln au- The parallels to today center on the government’s use of thorized one of his generals to suspend habeas corpus in the mil- emergency executive power to detain prisoners captured in the itary district between Washington and Philadelphia. armed conflict with al Qaeda. Because there was no rebellion or To preserve the Union, the president probably broke the law. military invasion, neither President George W. Bush nor Con- The “suspension clause,” as the constitutional language regard- gress invoked a constitutional right to suspend habeas corpus. ing habeas corpus is sometimes called, appears in the part of the Instead, the government sought to prevent habeas review by jail- Constitution dealing with legislative, not executive, powers. It is ing prisoners beyond the jurisdiction of American courts. phrased as a limit on suspension, Meltzer says, probably because “In the weeks after 9/11,” recalls John Yoo ’89, who was a in England, Parliament had a history of passing “acts which took deputy assistant attorney general, “lawyers at State, Defense, the away the power to provide the writ.” In the United States, there- White House, and the Justice Department formed an inter- fore, the Founders, “concerned about the threat to liberty that agency task force to study the issues related to detention and those practices posed…incorporated limits on the power to sus- trial of members of al Qaeda. The one thing we all agreed on was pend the writ.” In Meltzer’s view, the evidence from English his- that any detention facility should be located outside the United tory, from the drafting of the Constitution, and from its final States. We researched whether the courts would have jurisdic- phrasing all suggest that only the legislature could suspend. tion over the facility. Standard civilian criminal courts might not “The core of the writ is to try to protect against executive deten- even be able to handle the numbers of captured terrorists, over- tions. As a matter of common sense,” he points out, “the idea that whelming an already heavily burdened system. Furthermore, if the executive could be the one to suspend the writ that is federal courts took jurisdiction over POW camps, they might designed to protect against executive overreaching—that’s a lit- start to run them by their own lights, subordinating military tle bit like foxes and chicken coops.” needs and standards, and imposing the peacetime standards

26 January - February 2009

Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 groups—destroying houses of relatives of suspected Arab terror- The Moral Case ists, for example. In both cases, the judiciary—the British House of Much of the debate over the fate of the Guantánamo de- Lords and the Israeli Supreme Court—made brave decisions re- tainees has involved legal arguments that turn on habeas corpus jecting these methods, decisions that came to be accepted as right or international treaties. But there are also ethical arguments in time. Here, too, the Supreme Court has been, so far, a better bearing on the war on terror. guardian of our honor than the other branches. I don’t think we This intersection of ethics and legality is where Huzaifa Par- should accept that we are weaker in our protection of basic rights hat and the other Uighurs who have been imprisoned at Guantá- than other nations. But it is part of our tradition that we are bet- namo for the last seven years now find themselves. A Washing- ter—that we lead the way in taking rights seriously—so our fail- ton, D.C., community of Uighurs has o≠ered to take them in. But ures are exercises in hypocrisy as well.” the government continues to block their release, arguing that the “The law is not exhaustive in its determination of what is right judicial branch does not have the authority to let them enter the and wrong,” assistant professor of law Gabriella Blum, LL.M. ’01, United States. S.J.D. ’03, said at a recent Harvard Law School symposium on ter- “This is a very poor argument,” says legal philosopher Ronald rorism and civil liberties. “There are going to be cases where we Dworkin ’53, LL.B. ’57. He argues that Americans must do the right all believe it is necessary to break the law,” times when “this is thing: “The courts must make plain our obligation to take people what we would want the president to do.” Lincoln’s suspension into America when, as in this case, we are responsible for their de- of habeas corpus to preserve the Union was arguably such a mo- tention and they have no other genuine option.” Comparing the ment. “And there are going to be cases when the law will allow U.S. response to terrorism with that of the United Kingdom and us to do certain things that we will think about as immoral, irre- Israel, Dworkin suggests that in each case, it has ultimately been sponsible, and counterproductive.” the courts that have been the best guardians of fundamental Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Anthony Lewis ’48, NF ’57, is rights. “The U.K. was guilty of violations of human rights in its deeply disturbed by the government’s use of torture during inter- treatment of IRA prisoners, though the sensory deprivation and rogation—and by the lack of public outrage. Lewis cites cases: a other tactics it used were not as bad as the undeniable torture the 17-year-old Afghan subjected to the “frequent flyer” program of Bush administration deployed in interrogating terrorist suspects,” being moved every two hours to prevent sleep (the teen confessed he says. “Since 9/11, Britain has also attempted to hold terrorist to attacking U.S. forces only after the Afghan police threatened to suspects for lengthy terms without trial or charge. Israel, too, has kill his family if he did not); José Padilla, an American whom the violated basic rights in its fight against militant Palestinian government “held in solitary confinement and deprived of all sen- sory input until he went crazy”; and Moher Arar, a Canadian citi- zen who was on his way home from a family vacation in Tunis when the U.S. government detained him during a layover at John F. Kennedy Airport. “Acting on the basis of suspicion,” says Lewis, “the government sent him to Syria to be tortured.” After nearly a year of abuse, he was allowed to return home to Canada, where a government commission cleared him of ties to terrorism and gave him a $10-million settlement. Arar is now suing the U.S. govern- ment over this rendition for the purpose of torture. Two international treaties by which the United States has tra- ditionally abided ban such prisoner mistreatment, as does the Uniform Code of Military Justice, which makes torture a crime. But what is morally right and legally defensible are not necessar- ily the same thing. Treaty obligations can be ducked, and mili- tary laws may be scuttled on direct orders from the president-as- commander-in-chief. “This undermines the rule of law,” Lewis says, “and it demeans us as Americans.” SHANE T. MCCOY/ASSOCIATED PRESS

Guantánamo detainees on their first day in prison, January 11, 2002

Former presidents’ use of the base provided some guidance on whether the U.S. courts would have jurisdiction: “The first Bush and Clinton administrations had used Gitmo to hold Haitian refugees who sought to enter the United States illegally,” Yoo says. “One case from that period had held that by landing at with which they were most familiar. We were also strongly con- Gitmo, Haitians did not obtain federal rights that might pre- cerned about creating a target for another terrorist operation.” clude their [forcible] return. This suggested that the federal In this view, no location was perfect, says Yoo, now a law pro- courts probably wouldn’t consider Gitmo as falling within their fessor at Berkeley, “but the U.S. naval station at Guantánamo Bay, habeas jurisdiction, which had in any event always, in the past, Cuba, seemed to fit the bill.…Gitmo was well-defended, militar- been understood to run only within the territorial United ily secure, and far from any civilians.” States.” Keeping the prisoners at Guantánamo thus seemed to

Harvard Magazine 27

Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 preclude the possibility that enemy.” (Adds Meltzer, “We they could seek habeas corpus may need a more robust inquiry review of their detention. As into the factual basis for deten- White and Halliday’s 2008 tion when we are dealing with a analysis suggests, this view situation in which the risk of would prove controversial. error is considerably higher The fact that the United than in conventional wars.”) States is legally engaged in a Compounding the problem, continuing armed conflict for Goldsmith says, is that this war which the president was spe- “has an indefinite duration. You cifically granted war powers might want to take the risk of also had important ramifi- mistakenly detaining someone cations for the prisoners. On for five years [the length of September 14, 2001, Congress World War II] because you are authorized the president to use always going to make mistakes. all necessary and appropriate But there is a big di≠erence if force against the persons, orga- you think there is a higher like-

nizations, and states responsi- SHANE T. MCCOY/ASSOCIATED PRESS lihood of someone being inno- ble for 9/11. During a war, pris- cent and being put away for the oners are held not according to rest of their lives.” guilt or innocence, as in crimi- These factors, combined with nal cases, but as a practical mat- radical changes in international ter: if released, they would notions of justice and human likely resume the fight, so gov- rights, Goldsmith says, make ernments have traditionally de- this “legitimate power to detain tained enemy soldiers without a member of the enemy” sud- charge until the hostilities end. denly seem “illegitimate in this (During World War II, notes war.” Shattuck professor of law Jack Political support for expan- Goldsmith, when “the United sive presidential emergency States held over 400,000 POWs powers is also far less than it in this country with no access was during the Civil War or to lawyers and no due-process World War II, when presidents rights,” the power to detain was overstepped their constitutional so uncontroversial that almost authority but were forgiven.

no one went to court. When LYNNE SLADKY/ASSOCIATEDPartly, PRESS this is because after 9/11 one POW, an American citizen, Top: A Guantánamo prisoner being taken to his cell, January 11, 2002. the executive branch preferred filed a petition for habeas re- Above: A wounded prisoner captured in Afghanistan is wheeled on a to act unilaterally, often on the stretcher to a military interrogation at Guantánamo, February 2, 2002. view, a lower court held that the basis of legal opinions it kept se- president was allowed during war to detain even an American cret. Rather than consulting with other branches of government, citizen—without charging him with a crime or a≠ording him a requesting forbearance, or attempting to sway public opinion as trial—because the man had been working for the enemy. “There Lincoln did, the Bush administration frequently, as Goldsmith was no doubt that he could go to court,” says Goldsmith, “but it puts it, “substituted legal analysis for political judgment.” turned out that he had no rights. The court dismissed the habeas At a February 2008 symposium called “Drawing the Line,” corpus petition.”) Goldsmith (whose book The Terror Presidency provides an insider’s Goldsmith, who served as a U.S. assistant attorney general view of Bush administration policies) and journalist Ron from 2003 to 2004, believes that authorizing a war against al Suskind (whose book The One Percent Doctrine is deeply critical of Qaeda was the right thing to do because “military power has those policies) painted similar pictures of what life has been like proven essential in hunting down” al Qaeda terrorists abroad. for high-ranking government insiders since 9/11. Every day, the But with respect to “this non-criminal military detention power president and other o∞cials are handed a “threat matrix,” often that we have used in every prior war,” says Goldsmith, there are many dozens of pages long, listing the threats directed at the at least “two huge di≠erences” that “make people skeptical.” United States within the previous 24 hours. “On 9/11,” says Gold- “One is that this enemy does not distinguish itself from civil- smith, “the president’s and the public’s perception of the threat ians,” he says. During World War II, almost every enemy soldier was basically the same.” But over time, the public’s perception of was “caught in uniform wearing ID tags. There weren’t any mis- the threat has waned, whereas what the president sees “would takes, and no one claimed that they were mistakenly detained scare you to pieces.” that I know of,” Goldsmith says. “But a lot of people think that Political leaders have made no serious e≠ort to bridge the gap these guys in Gitmo are innocent, because they were caught out between these perspectives. And in the absence of winning of uniform. There is a big question about how you tell who is the words, government actions have eroded public support. The

28 January - February 2009

Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 treatment of the Guantánamo prisoners—denying the Geneva tutional argument for limiting the executive power of detention Convention protections legally extended to POWs on the one under these circumstances. There were just two options, Scalia hand, while justifying indefinite detention on the basis of war wrote: either suspend habeas corpus, as the Constitution al- powers on the other—whether legal or not, has led to charges of lowed in the case of invasion or rebellion, or try Hamdi for trea- hypocrisy. The United States has argued that because al Qaeda son, as described in Article 3, the Constitution’s section on judi- fighters do not wear uniforms and do not obey the laws of war, cial power. they are not entitled to the protections normally accorded to Hamdi, who was released without a criminal trial on the con- POWs. That may be true, allows Pulitzer Prize-winning journal- dition that he renounce his U.S. citizenship, now lives in Saudi ist Anthony Lewis ’48, NF ’57 (who has written books on consti- Arabia, where his parents moved when he was young. tutional issues and formerly wrote about them as an op-ed In another ruling announced the same day, Rasul v. Bush, the columnist for the New York Times), “but to extend this denial of Court found that U.S. control of the naval base at Guantánamo, POW status to the Taliban, which governed Afghanistan and leased from Cuba on a permanently renewable basis, was su∞- with whom we are fighting a conventional war, as Bush has done, ciently complete that the base was e≠ectively U.S. territory. This is complete nonsense.” territorial interpretation extended the jurisdiction of the federal courts to Guantánamo, giving the foreign nationals held there a THE COURT AND THE CONSTITUTION right under federal law (though not necessarily a constitutional Soon after congress authorized the use of force, U.S. right) to file habeas corpus petitions in U.S. courts. courts began reviewing the legitimacy of military detentions, But the Court did not say what sort of substantive rights the hearing habeas corpus petitions filed on behalf of prisoners held foreign prisoners would have once they got to court—what sort as “enemy combatants” who claimed that they were not mem- of evidence would be admissible, for example—instead suggest- bers of al Qaeda or any other terrorist group. Among these was ing that this was the sort of policy Congress could legislate. the case of Yaser Hamdi, an American citizen captured in Afghanistan in 2001 and turned over to U.S. military authorities THE JUDICIAL DILEMMA: there. Although initially detained at Guantánamo, he was moved to a military holding cell in Virginia when his U.S. citizenship DEFERENCE OR CONSCIENCE was discovered. The government asserted its right to hold Besides allowing review of the basis for detention, habeas Hamdi as an unlawful combatant without right to an attorney corpus also gives courts the opportunity to assess the lawfulness and without judicial review. of a prisoner’s treatment while being held. Such was the case in “In retrospect,” says Goldsmith, “it would have been a lot bet- Padilla v. Rumsfeld, decided the same day as Hamdi and Rasul. José ter if the government had taken the opposite posture. The first Padilla, an American citizen, was picked up at Chicago’s O’Hare argument that they made about habeas corpus was that Ham- Airport in 2002 on his return from Pakistan and accused of plan- di—a U.S. citizen held in the United States—basically didn’t ning to detonate a radiological “dirty bomb” in an American city. have habeas corpus rights. Right out of the box, they wanted President Bush ordered him held as an enemy combatant. to get rid of all judicial review, even in the United States.” Though the Supreme Court declined (on a technicality) to rule When Hamdi’s father, Esam, filed a habeas petition on his on the validity of Padilla’s military detention, the case became son’s behalf, stating that Yaser was in Afghanistan as a relief significant anyway. During arguments, Justice Ruth Bader Gins- worker, not fighting for the Taliban as the government alleged, a burg, L ’59, asked what would happen if, in the course of a mili- federal circuit court of ap- tary detention not subject peals found that because to judicial review, the exec- he was captured in an ac- utive, not a mere soldier, tive war zone, the presi- decided that mild torture dent could detain him would be useful to extract without a court hearing. information. Paul Clement, But in June 2004, the representing the govern- Supreme Court held that ment, responded, “Well the executive branch of our executive doesn’t, and I government does not have think, I mean….” Ginsburg the power to indefinitely pressed on: “What’s con- detain a U.S. citizen with- straining? That’s the point. out judicial review. Eight of Is it just up to the goodwill the nine justices agreed of the executive, or is there that Hamdi not only had any judicial check?” the right to be heard in Two days later, the rev- court, he had additional elations of abuse at Abu due process rights as an Ghraib became public.

American citizen under the AFP/GETTY IMAGES Eventually, it became clear Constitution. Justice An- José Padilla, an American citizen accused of involvement in a “dirty bomb” plot that the government had against the United States, was held as an enemy combatant for 42 months—many tonin Scalia, LL.B. ’60, of them in isolation—before being transferred to a civilian criminal court to face condoned the use of coer- posed the strongest consti- a different set of charges. cive interrogation tech-

Harvard Magazine 29

Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 niques—some of them considered torture under international mon Article 3 of the Geneva Convention. (Habeas corpus is the law—against suspected terrorists, whether they were U.S. citizens mechanism through which these rights can be invoked.) or not. The aim was to garner “actionable intelligence” that might Congress responded by passing the Military Commissions Act prevent another attack, and to force confessions that might be (MCA) of 2006, whose purpose was to put military-commission used in a military tribunal (even if they would be inadmissible in trials on a legal footing. But in addition to allowing use of ordinary court). Jenny S. Martinez, J.D. ’97, an associate professor hearsay evidence and other evidence not permissible in civilian of law at Stanford University who is one of Padilla’s lawyers, says trials, the MCA stripped Guantánamo prisoners of their statutory that he was among those subjected to years of isolation and mis- right to habeas review. The question remained, however, treatment, and that he su≠ered serious harm as a consequence. whether a constitutional right to habeas corpus extended to Guan- Historically, there has been a tradition of judicial deference to tánamo. In a landmark June 2008 case, Boumediene v. Bush, decided the executive branch during periods of crisis, says Watson pro- by a 5-4 margin, the Supreme Court found, as it had in Rasul v. fessor of law Adrian Vermeule. In the Padilla case, the later deci- Bush, that Guantánamo was e≠ectively a territory of the United sion of a three-judge panel of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the States. Even though the prisoners were not citizens, they had a Fourth Circuit—that war powers gave the president the right to constitutional right to habeas review. hold Padilla indefinitely—fit that pattern. But courts eventually Proponents of broad executive powers, including John Yoo, begin to reassert their authority as crises pass, says Vermeule. characterized decisions such as Hamdan and Boumediene as over- The government, perhaps fearing that it might lose both the case reaching by the Court. Goldsmith says the Boumediene decision and the precedent of a favorable ruling on a second appeal to the was “extraordinary in the sense that it was the first time in Supreme Court, dropped the charges against Padilla and in- American history that a court had invalidated a wartime measure dicted him in a civilian court on a completely di≠erent set of that Congress and the president agreed on during war.” charges than those it had used to justify his 42-month military In order to reach that opinion, the Supreme Court had to find detention. This “game of bait and switch,” says Martinez, under- that the constitutional right to habeas corpus extends to Guan- mines the rule of law by allowing the government to avoid judi- tánamo, and that the substance of the habeas review protected by cial review. (Padilla is now appealing in civilian court a convic- the Constitution was not being provided by some other means. tion of conspiracy to commit jihad in Bosnia and Kosovo. No Chief Justice John Roberts ’76, J.D. ’79, argued in his dissent that mention was made during his trial of a dirty-bomb plot against Congress had created a habeas-like system in the DTA, which al- the United States.) lowed District of Columbia circuit courts to review the decisions of military tribunals. Agreeing with Roberts, Goldsmith says, CONGRESSIONAL INTERVENTION “There is an important principle here that the Court should not The series of supreme court rulings against the govern- unnecessarily reach out to strike down an act of Congress if ment in 2004 sent the message that if the president’s war policies there’s a way of upholding it.” But Neuman, who filed an amicus were to continue, they would need statutory backing from new brief in the Boumediene case, says that to do that, the Supreme

Not since the United States fought the Barbary pirates in the early 1800s has the country faced an analogous situation, Heymann points out: waging a war, but not against a state.

congressional legislation. Armstrong professor of international, Court would have had to interpret the intent of the DTA as being foreign, and comparative law Gerald L. Neuman says that even the establishment of an adequate and e≠ective habeas substitute, though holding or prosecuting terrorists may involve special dif- amounting to a “legal fiction that the statute meant something it ficulties that argue for judicial deference to executive actions, couldn’t possibly mean.” that “doesn’t mean the executive should be trusted to unilater- ally resolve all the questions” surrounding terrorist detentions DETENTION AND DEMOCRACY: and trials. “Due process is a flexible concept,” he says, “that al- lows courts to account for individual and government interests A MIDDLE PATH alike in order to give people an opportunity to demonstrate their In the meantime, “we still don’t have a system for dealing with innocence without endangering national security. Executives these detainees,” Goldsmith points out. Current and former gov- should be getting Congress’s help,” he adds, “and courts need to ernment o∞cials, conservative and liberal alike, have suggested be trusted to some degree.” that the president-elect will need to work with Congress to cre- Congress attempted to legitimize the administration’s deten- ate a legitimate detention policy to replace the system in place tion policies with the Detainee Treatment Act (DTA) of 2005, now: habeas review of military detentions. Any new policy which condoned the use of military commissions to try subjects. would need to establish the legal basis for detention, because But in Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, the Supreme Court found in a 5-3 deci- habeas corpus is a remedy that empowers a judge to release a sion that the commissions were unlawful because they did not person who has been wrongfully held, a determination that hinges follow the military’s own previously established rules. At a mini- on the legal basis of the imprisonment. mum, the Court said, the prisoners deserve rights under Com- What the United States is now doing with its Guantánamo

30 January - February 2009

Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 prisoners, explains Ames profes- ated forever. And a third would sor of law Philip B. Heymann, create a new national security constitutes a form of preventive court with special procedures detention. In criminal law, pre- and its own standards of evi- ventive detention provides the dence for handling terror sus- rationale for holding dangerous pects. “We desperately need criminals pending trial, illegal Congress to step up to the plate immigrants pending deporta- to design a program that will tion, sexual predators, and the tell us who the enemy is, pre- criminally insane who are dan- cisely, and what protections gerous to themselves or others— they get, and what this system akin to the wartime right to should look like for legitimat- hold POWs to keep them from ing these detentions,” Gold- returning to the battlefield. But smith says. after 9/11, Heymann says, “[W]e Heymann advocates use of invented a new category of de- the criminal law to handle ter- tention [i.e., of unlawful enemy rorists. “Guantánamo is a big combatants] that didn’t have the political problem, but only a protections built into peacetime small-scale detention problem” detentions, such as periodic re- going forward, he says. Putting view by a judge, and that didn’t aside the 250 people who are have the protections built into there now, only about 10 new POW rights under the Third prisoners are sent to Guantá- Geneva Convention.” namo each year, he says; with Not since the United States such small numbers, the gov- fought the Barbary pirates in the ernment could easily subject early 1800s has the country faced anybody it thought was a dan- an analogous situation, he gerous terrorist planning to at- points out: waging a war, but tack the country to trial. “I not a civil war, and not against a think we can just skip Guantá- state. “Most of the remaining namo completely, take him to Guantánamo detainees are being any federal trial court, and ei- Philip B. Heymann held on the basis of a law-of-war ther convict him or release variation of alleged membership him,” Heymann says. in a group—al Qaeda or its a∞liates—that has been deemed This criminal approach faces one major hitch, he notes. In dangerous”—historically, he says, one of the weakest justifica- some of these cases, the government will pick up someone for tions for holding someone. “A very high percentage of non-dan- whom the basis of detention cannot be revealed “without break- gerous individuals were detained under this theory,” which is ing a promise to a foreign country or endangering sources of evi- why the courts have demanded extensive habeas reviews of mili- dence, whether it be the name of a spy or a classified electronic tary detentions. surveillance method.” For that type of case, Heymann advocates “Lawyers have not been inventive in dealing with the problem creating a new subcategory of detention pending trial. “I think we we face,” Heymann continues. “They’ve lined up largely as de- would have to delay the trial while we seek evidence that can be fenders of presidential power to protect us in a time of danger, or used against him. And if we can’t find usable evidence after some as defenders of the traditional Constitution and statutes. What reasonable period of time, like three years, we’re going to have to we needed was a creative response.” deport him and release him.” In 2004, Heymann met with then Attorney General Alberto But if a criminal approach required detention for three years in Gonzales, J.D. ’82, and White House counsel Harriet Miers to try some cases, as Heymann advocates, legal philosopher Ronald to persuade them that a novel detention policy should not be es- Dworkin ’53, LL.B. ’57, thinks it would be better “to designate tablished by executive fiat—that instead there is a “democratic those we want to hold for such a long period as POWs. That way, preserving the traditional separation of powers to arrive at would make plain that they are entitled to the protections of the a reasonable accommodation. Their reaction,” he says, “was, ‘We Geneva Convention, which are substantial....The di∞culty is that can do anything we want now. Why would we want to do that?’” POWs can be held until the end of ‘hostilities,’ and it is unclear In the realm of possible remedies are three leading alterna- what that means in the case of alleged terrorists,” says Dworkin, tives, each with its advocates. One is to use the existing criminal- who has been a professor at Yale, Oxford, and University College justice system, with some modifications—including a delay of London and is now a professor of philosophy and of law at New trial, pending a search for usable, unclassified evidence. A second York University. “So I would prefer new legislation to specify a would be to designate detainees as POWs with full Geneva Con- [time] limit, subject to renewal by fresh legislation, and to estab- vention protections, but also to impose congressionally renew- lish procedures for habeas review of the designation in accor- able time limits on detention, so that prisoners are not incarcer- dance with Boumediene.” (please turn to page 86)

Portrait by Stu Rosner Harvard Magazine 31

Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 VITA Frances Perkins Brief life of an ardent New Dealer: 1880-1965 by adam s. cohen

hen Franklin Delano Roosevelt, A.B. 1904, LL.D. ’29, elected governor of New York and named Perkins to a asked Frances Perkins to be his secretary of labor in powerful state labor board. When FDR succeeded Smith 1932, she drove a hard bargain: she would accept only if in 1929, he named her industrial commissioner—head of Whe would support her social-justice agenda. Perkins wanted fed- the entire state labor department. eral relief and large-scale public-works programs to help victims of Perkins was a strong advocate for working men and the Depression, along with federal minimum-wage and maximum- women, but had a light touch. Even “in her crusading hours laws, a ban on child labor, and unemployment and old-age days she never called names,” a prominent journalist ob- insurance. These were ambitious goals for the time, but Roosevelt served, “marching to her goals with a gay, disarming ami- agreed. “I suppose you are going to nag me about this forever,” he ability that won over many an opponent.” said. Perkins interpreted that response as an invitation. “He want- When the stock market crashed and unemployment ed his conscience kept for him by somebody,” she later said—and climbed beyond 20 percent, Perkins became the driving she was unusually well-qualified for the job. force behind the governor’s Committee on Stabilization, Perkins was born in Worcester, Massachusetts, and attended which called for public-works programs because “The Mount Holyoke, majoring in chemistry and physics. (After years public conscience is not comfortable when good men anx- of touring factories and poring over technical reports, she re- ious to work are unable to find employment.” And when, flected once that science courses “temper the human spirit, hard- thanks in good measure to his state’s bold response to the en and refine it, make it a tool with which one may tackle any Depression, FDR was elected president, he invited Perkins kind of material.”) But it was a course in political economy that to join his cabinet. Women who had lobbied for the ap- changed her life: sent into local mills to report on the lives of their pointment begged her to become the first female cabinet workers, she realized that people could fall into poverty due to member, but she hesitated, mainly because her husband, harsh circumstances, and not simply, as her conservative parents economist Paul Wilson, su≠ered from mental illness. Fi- generally believed, because they were lazy or drank. After gradua- nally, with Roosevelt’s promise in hand, she agreed. tion, she defied her father and became a social reformer. She Her role in the famous first 100 days has been under- moved to Chicago, to help Jane Addams minister to immigrants in appreciated. She was the administration’s strongest ad- Hull House, and then to Philadelphia, where her social-work du- vocate for a federal relief program to help people who ties included hanging out at the docks, rescuing newly arriving were, literally, on the brink of starvation. Roosevelt immigrant women before they could be lured into prostitution. charged her with finding a plan, and she brought him She next studied sociology and economics at Columbia and be- what became the Federal Emergency Relief Act, the first gan working for the Consumers’ League, an influential reform federal welfare program. But her greatest achievement group. On March 25, 1911, as she was having tea at a friend’s Green- was persuading Roosevelt to support large-scale public wich Village townhouse, the butler mentioned a fire nearby. Per- works. He was skeptical, but Perkins and several pro- kins followed the sirens to the Triangle Shirtwaist factory inferno gressive senators convinced him such a program was that killed 146 people, mostly immigrant women garment workers. necessary to provide work for the jobless and stimulate That disaster “was a torch that lighted up the whole industrial the economy. Before the Hundred Days ended, Roosevelt scene,” she said later. As pushed a $3.3-billion program through Congress—as the Consumer League’s part of the National Industrial Recovery Act—that factory-safety expert, would evolve into larger e≠orts, notably the Works she worked closely Progress Administration. with the two commit- Perkins also chaired the Committee on Economic Security, tees set up to develop which developed the Social Security Act that became law in 1935, new standards to pre- and helped secure passage of the Fair Labor Standards Act, in 1938, vent future workplace which set the first federal minimum wage and banned products fires. In 1918, Al Smith, made by child labor from interstate commerce—her final major who had been vice chair achievement. She faced more than a few setbacks as well: the war of one committee, was shifted attention from labor issues, and congressional conserva-

Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 As U.S. Secretary of Labor, Perkins was present on August 14, 1935, when President Roosevelt signed the Social Security Act into law. Opposite: Earlier that year, she visited with steelworkers constructing the Golden Gate Bridge.

tives, judging her too soft on Communists in the labor movement, she had checked o≠ every item. Despite her recent marginalization, tried to impeach her. But Roosevelt stood by her. She was one of it concluded: “what the country has been operating under…is not only two cabinet members who served throughout his presidency. so much the Roosevelt New Deal as it is the Perkins New Deal.” In 1944, as that service was drawing to a close, a profile in Col- lier’s declared it “a major Washington mystery” that Perkins had New York Times editorial board member Adam S. Cohen ’84, J.D. ’87, is the “managed to hang onto her job….” Yet it also acknowledged that, 12 author of Nothing to Fear: FDR’s Inner Circle and the Hundred years after extracting FDR’s promise to support her social agenda, Days That Created Modern America, just published by Penguin.

Photographs ©Bettmann/Corbis Harvard Magazine 33

Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 LIFE SCIENCES, APPLIED

Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 practical use. Silver says there has been a growing feeling that scientists’ understanding of life, particularly the detailed molec- ular biology of cells, has progressed far enough that it can be- come an applied science. At the same time, new technologies and At the forefront computing power make it possible to transform biology from a “soft” science focused on description to a “hard” science focused of bioengineering on quantifying, predicting, and controlling its properties. Defining bioengineering can be a challenge because it encom- passes a diverse group of research projects that spill across disci- BY COURTNEY HUMPHRIES plines. In some cases, it involves engineering for biology: the de- velopment of new tools to assist biological science and medicine. Portraits by Jim Harrison This area has become particularly important with the rise of small-scale manufacturing and design that make it possible to design tiny devices for sequencing DNA or testing cells for re- sponses to drugs. Another aspect of bioengineering is the engi- neering of biology. One of the most prominent examples is tissue onstructing an artificial liver. Al- engineering, which aims to create new tissues and organs out- side the body to help patients. But bioengineers are not always tering bacteria to make hydro- working with a medical goal in mind; they also manipulate viruses, bacteria, plants, or animals to act as sensors, waste re- Cgen fuel directly from sunlight. moval systems, or energy producers. And some bioengineers Determining how the geometry of don’t manipulate living things at all, but use biology as an inspi- ration for designing new technologies, tools, and products. The damaged heart cells leads to coro- following portraits of faculty members suggest some of the Uni- nary disasters. Creating implantable versity’s growing engagement with bioengineering research. devices that heal the body by retrain- RECREATING TISSUE One of the best-known applications of engineering to biol- ing the behavior of cells. All of these ogy is tissue engineering, in part because pioneering work by Joseph Vacanti and others helped bring its possibilities to public projects are the domain of bioengi- attention. Commercial interest is now rising, boosted by recent neers, who work at the intersection of advances in manipulating stem cells and regenerating tissue. During the past two decades, Vacanti’s lab at Massachusetts the study of life, medical science, and General Hospital has demonstrated the possibilities of growing tissue outside the body—such as a startling image of a human engineering. ear grown on a mouse’s back. Vacanti, who is Homans professor Biology and engineering have traditionally represented of surgery, got into bioengineering to solve a practical problem completely di≠erent departments, fields, career paths—even that he faced as a young physician specializing in liver trans- philosophies. But of late, these pursuits have begun to merge plants: a shortage of available organs from donors. His perspec- in several di≠erent ways, making bioengineering one of the tive as a surgeon is aligned with that of an engineer; rather than most exciting areas of contemporary science. At Harvard, seeking to unravel all the intricacies of biology, he wanted to find bioengineering o≠ers a chance to bring together the basic solutions to problems that directly a≠ect patients. But the “sim- studies of life in the Faculty of Arts and Sciences (FAS), the ple” goal he pursued—to grow new livers—quickly led to some technology-focused work at the School of Engineering and complex biological problems. Applied Sciences (SEAS), and the clinically oriented bio- Vacanti credits his direction in tissue engineering to his col- medical research of Harvard Medical School (HMS) and its laboration, begun 20 years ago, with two other pioneers in biol- a∞liated hospitals. To better position itself as a leader in this ogy: the late Judah Folkman, Andrus professor of pediatric growing field, Harvard has been building such connections surgery and professor of cell biology, a clinician-scientist who and recruiting faculty members whose work bridges biology, launched the study of angiogenesis (the growth of new blood medicine, engineering, physics, materials science, chemistry, vessels); and Robert Langer, professor of chemical and biomed- and computer science. Much of the push to expand bioengi- ical engineering at MIT. At the time, scientists could grow cells neering at Harvard comes from students who want to engage outside the body, but they amounted to tiny islands of tissue, far in science in a practical way. short of a functioning organ. The central problem of tissue engi- In many cases, bioengineers bring not only new tools but a neering was clearly one of scale, or, in Vacanti’s words, “How do new perspective to traditional biology. “Engineering itself is you make living structures that not only work, but are large defined as a field that solves problems,” says Pamela Silver, an enough to help a human?” Multicellular organisms all face a fun- HMS professor of systems biology. Traditional biology has damental problem: every single cell needs a supply of nutrients— emphasized understanding the causes and mechanisms of bi- including oxygen for animal cells and carbon dioxide for

ological processes, but bioengineers put that knowledge to plants—and a way of expelling subsequent waste products. “Na- EDUARDO SILVA

Harvard Magazine 35

Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 Joseph Vacanti Vacanti envisions creating scaffolds and vessels out of biodegradable materials that disintegrate in the body after cells populate them, leaving functioning organ tissue behind. ture’s solution to that is the design of the vascular circulation,” disintegrate in the body after cells populate them, leaving func- he says. All multicellular organisms have the same basic vascular tioning organ tissue behind. design, which involves branching into smaller and smaller scales Although initially interested in livers, Vacanti has chosen not until each cell is in contact with a vessel that carries nutrients in to focus on a particular organ, but rather to demonstrate broad and out. principles in several di≠erent kinds of tissues. His lab has made “Intrinsic to the solution of scale is the vasculature,” Vacanti achievements in heart, brain, bone, and cartilage tissues as says. Building on Folkman’s work, Vacanti and Langer both de- well—demonstrating how tissue-engineering approaches could cided that the key was creating blood vessels in engineered tis- help diverse patients and di≠erent diseases. Though he’s a bit be- sue. But growing blood vessels to feed cells takes time, and in the mused when students refer to his early papers as “classical tissue interim cells need an artificial vasculature. engineering,” Vacanti’s work has pointed the way toward fresh In Vacanti’s o∞ce, he holds one example of this principle in thinking about how artificial materials can interact with cells. the flesh—or rather in the plastic: a whitish polymer dish a few inches square that has had channels as thin as capillaries carved REBUILDING LIFE into it by a microfabrication technique similar to those devel- Pamela silver has been a leader in the emerging field of syn- oped for computer chips. The channels are specifically designed thetic biology, which aims to understand how biological systems to recreate the pressure and flow of a normal vascular bed. Below are designed in order to apply that knowledge toward redesign- them is a porous membrane; liver cells can be grown on the other ing those systems or creating artificial cells and organisms. It side of the membrane and will then interact with blood flowing o≠ers a new way of using all the detailed knowledge about mole- through the membrane as they would with normal capillaries. cules and cells that biologists have amassed over the past This dish can feed only a sheet of cells, but by stacking multiple decades: not just to understand life better, but to find ways to dishes together, it’s possible to create something that functions put biological components to work for us. Silver says that one of like an organ. her primary goals is “to make the engineering of biology easier.” The stack of plastic squares looks very di≠erent from the ulti- Thus her work often focuses on the basic steps needed to manip- mate goal of a liver on demand, but it’s a first step. “Along the ulate a cell or a system, steps that could be applied for many way, we decided we might be able to help patients with an im- di≠erent purposes. plantable assist device,” even if it didn’t look like a real organ, Va- One of Silver’s major questions is: “Can we engineer cells that canti says. He and colleagues now hold a patent on their chan- will act like computers, that will tell us things?” Her team is neled vasculature design. Ultimately, though, he envisions working to engineer cells that can relay information about creating sca≠olds and vessels out of biodegradable materials that whether they have been exposed to a particular drug or signal,

Above: Joseph Vacanti and a network of channels designed to carry blood to a tissue-engineered organ, such as a liver. On the previous spread: The sprouting of a human endothelial cell (green) marks the first moments of capillary formation, as seen in this three-dimensional model of angiogenesis created in David Mooney’s lab.

Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 Engineering Bioengineering AS HARVARD pursues a broad program had “served a role that was unusually posi- ture and store energy); water purification; of bioengineering research and teaching, tive and inspiring” in shaping the new pro- food supply; and healthcare. one element—based on deciphering life gram. The provost noted that the Univer- This Harvard University Bioengineering forms and processes, and making novel sity had not been particularly engaged in (HUB) program, its authors hoped, would uses of the discoveries—has made a major an earlier wave of biomedical engineering. have a minimum of 20 new faculty posi- advance. On October 7, the University an- But now, at an “inflection point” where bi- tions. Importantly, the initiative embraces nounced that Hansjörg Wyss, M.B.A. ’65, ological science, genetics, information both research and education—with both has given Harvard $125 million—the technology, nanomateri- an undergraduate con- largest donation in its history—for work in als, and other develop- centration and a graduate “biologically inspired” engineering. A Har- ments in engineering curriculum—much as the vard Institute for Biologically Inspired Engi- have progressed, Har- systems-biology program neering (www.hibie.harvard.edu) had al- vard is in a position to has evolved in recent ready been established in anticipation of combine and augment its years. Full implementa- Wyss’s support; it will be renamed in his strengths in diverse disci- tion awaits the appoint- honor. plines to pursue a much ment of a permanent The official gift announcement (Wyss broader agenda. SEAS dean; in the mean- chose not to publicize it himself) says it is Ingber’s work is repre- Donald E. time, HIBIE’s initial fo- Ingber intended to “uncover the engineering prin- sentative of such oppor- cus—now carried over to KRISTIN JOHNSON ciples that govern living things, and use this tunities. His laboratory webpage, at Chil- the Wyss Institute—is on synthetic biology, knowledge to develop technology solu- dren’s Hospital, describes research into living materials, and biological control. tions for the most pressing healthcare and how the “process of tissue construction As an element in this broader bioengi- environmental issues facing humanity.” may be regulated mechanically” using neering initiative, the Wyss gift jump-starts President Drew Faust hailed it as “a trans- techniques from “molecular cell biology, research and faculty recruiting (the funds formational investment in powerful, collab- mechanical engineering, physics, chemistry, will endow seven new positions and the orative science.” and computer science.” Focusing on how costs of fitting up labs), with Harvard re- The interdisciplinary research program blood vessels form, he has made discover- sponsible for administrative and facility (expected to involve “experimentalists, ies in “angiogenesis, tissue engineering, costs. By providing a core of instruments theoreticians, and clini- mechanobiology, and and facilities for diverse experiments, the cians with expertise in systems biology,” result- Wyss Institute aims to support basic sci- engineering, biology, ing in credit on patents ence, clinical research, and collaborations chemistry, physics, involving everything with industry to commercialize products. mathematics, computer from drugs to micro- Hyman was particularly excited about science, robotics, medi- manufacturing tech- siting the Wyss Institute alongside Har- cine, and surgery from niques and software. vard’s efforts in stem-cell science, regener- Harvard’s schools and Harvard’s wider inter- ative medicine, and systems biology—all affiliated hospitals, as est in bioengineering slated for the new laboratory building now well as from neighbor- was most recently artic- under construction in Allston. There, he ing universities”) will be ulated in a strategy pa- said, new work on synthetic biology and directed by Donald E. per, “Engineering Biol- on “rebooting or reprogramming cells to Ingber, Folkman profes- ogy for the 21st Cen- deliver therapies” may advance rapidly as sor of vascular biology tury,” prepared for SEAS scientists interact: “That exactly fits where we want to go.” at Harvard Medical Hansjörg Wyss and HMS (http://hms.-

School (HMS) and pro- WEBB CHAPPELL harvard.edu/public/- The bulk of the Wyss gift is meant to be fessor of bioengineering in the School of strategy/Bioengineer.pdf). The faculty “spent down” in five years, in pursuit of the Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS). committee responsible was directed by research agenda. The hope, the provost According to Provost Steven E. Hyman, Joanna Aizenberg, McKay professor of ma- said, is that investigators will also be able to who was interviewed about the announce- terials science, professor of chemistry and secure federal grants for their research— ment, Ingber and McKay professor of bio- chemical biology, and Wallach professor at and that the progress will be sufficient to engineering David J. Mooney led the acad- Radcliffe, and Pamela Silver, professor of engage Wyss in further support. emic planning within and beyond Harvard systems biology (see “Seeing Biological Sys- The Wyss-funded professorships will ob- that underpins the new institute. tems Whole,” March-April 2005, page 67). viously advance Harvard’s teaching capacity Hyman said that Wyss, who became That report envisioned “a focal point of in bioengineering, Hyman said, but more president of the U.S. division of Synthes in pedagogy and collaborative and transla- professors will be needed to fulfill HUB’s 1977 and drove the company to global tional research”—involving the schools of ambition to launch a full undergraduate leadership as a manufacturer of medical engineering, medicine, law, business, and concentration. Thus, in educational terms, and surgical devices during the ensuing 30 public health and engaging problems such Hyman said, the Wyss gift “is a beginning, years (he stepped down as CEO in 2007), as bioenergy (using photosynthesis to cap- not the end.” j.s.r.

Harvard Magazine 37

Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 when the exposure occurred, and for how long. As a first step, ple will say it’s the wrong metaphor,” she says. “I think it’s they created a simple “memory device” and inserted it into yeast worth testing.” cells (and later the cells of mammals), where it reported whether they had sensed a particular signal of interest—sugar in yeast, or AN ENGINEER’S VIEW OF HEART DISEASE a drug in mammalian cells. The device is based on a common Kit parker’s work illustrates how an engineering approach phenomenon in biology called a positive feedback loop. The sig- can add a new perspective to biology. Parker, an associate profes- nal of interest activates a protein in the cell, which in turn acti- sor of biomedical engineering, focuses much of his research on vates another protein that is capable of turning itself on indefi- the structure and function of the heart and how it goes awry in nitely. When the signal disappears, this second protein remains disease. The normal function of the heart relies on several di≠er- active as a record of the past exposure. Ideally, Silver would like ent events: chemical signals within and between cells, electrical to engineer cells that can provide information about their expo- pulses of the heartbeat, the mechanical forces of muscle cells as sures to DNA damage, drugs, or hormones, and could be used in they force blood through the heart. the laboratory or even implanted in the body as biological sen- But rather than viewing disease in terms of genetics or electro- sors. (Her lab also works to engineer individual proteins with physiology or mechanics, Parker, a physicist by training, sees it the goal of creating better drugs—for instance, by using a as a problem of scale. He explains that events in the heart can knowledge of the biophysics of proteins to modify cancer drugs happen on di≠erent spatial scales, “from protein ensembles on so that they target tumors without damaging normal cells.) the nanometer level to the whole cardiovascular system, which is on a meter-length scale. That’s nine orders of spatial magnitude.” At the same time, he says, “a protein goes through conforma- tional changes on a nanosecond scale, but people die from ven- tricular fibrillation in a few seconds. That’s nine orders of tem- poral magnitude.” Biology has typically had a much easier time focusing on one scale, rather than drawing connections between scales. But Parker points out that disease doesn’t arise from a single protein or a single cell; instead, it emerges from many small-scale changes. “The question is, what’s the lowest possible level that you can identify disease?” he asks. “And as a biomedical community, are we designing our therapeutics to target that particular spatial scale?” (An inspiration for Parker’s approach was the spectacular failure in the late 1980s of a clinical trial to treat irregular heart- beats with drugs that targeted cell chemistry; the trial was shut down after the drugs led to increased deaths among patients. Un- derlying the failure of anti-arrhythmia drugs, Parker believes, is an inability to understand how the rapid chemical interactions in heart cells a≠ect the electrical and mechanical forces that control the heartbeat. One of his primary focuses has been to connect the DAVE SAVAGE AND PAMELA SILVER dots between these di≠erent events.) Synthetic biology can extend from proteins and cells to entire In related research, a team from Parker’s lab, led by Po-Ling organisms. Plants have long been one of the most attractive sub- Kuo, now an assistant professor of electrical engineering at Na- jects for genetic engineering: among the results are organisms tional Taiwan University, has used a multiscale approach to solve that resist droughts, yield larger crops, or serve as sentinels for a riddle about the shape of heart muscle cells (cardiomyocytes). disturbances or toxins in the environment. One of Silver’s Parker explains that pathologists who first compared hearts newest interests is using microorganisms to create biofuels that from people with and without heart disease found that normal would reduce dependence on fossil fuels. Her lab is now investi- heart cells look roughly like oblong cylinders. In hearts that had gating ways to engineer organisms to produce an element that become thickened because of maladaptive growth, the cells were would be useful for fuel, such as hydrogen. They first engineered a shorter, fatter cylinder; those from enlarged hearts had cells yeast that can transform biomass into hydrogen, but Silver says, that were longer and skinnier. Parker’s group found that “there’s “The real home run would be to get rid of the biomass in the this sweet spot, an optimal shape to get the maximum contrac- equation and go directly from sunlight to hydrogen.” Her lab is tion from a cardiomyocyte.” focusing on photosynthetic bacteria, which use sunlight for their Parker encourages his team to apply tools and knowledge own energy. By redesigning bacteria to produce hydrogen or from di≠erent fields to a problem, rather than forming questions other useful elements from the sunlight, she would like to turn around the technologies at hand. In this case, the researchers them into “living solar panels.” used software originally developed to analyze fingerprints to Can biology be designed and engineered as easily as com- study what was happening at the molecular level in cells. They puter chips, and can parts of cells or molecules be shu±ed found that when the overall shape of the cell changes, tiny pro- around like parts of a machine? Silver’s reference to computers tein motors responsible for muscle contraction get misaligned. and devices is no accident; synthetic biologists often embrace “It’s a stunning thing,” Parker says. “It shows that on the whole the language of machines and computer technology. “Some peo- organism level, you’re going to die of heart failure because you’ve

38 January - February 2009 Pamela Silver is working with photosynthetic bacteria (above)—their chlorophyll shown in red and their carbon-fixation machinery in green—with the hope of turning them into “living solar panels.” Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 Kit Parker “It’s a stunning thing. On the whole organism level, you’re going to die of heart failure because you’ve got a nanometer or micrometer architectural problem inside the cells of your heart.”

got a nanometer or micrometer architectural problem inside the use that knowledge to manipulate stem cells predictably. Moon- cells of your heart.” ey’s lab works to determine how much of a particular factor is needed, in what location, and when. MASTERING CELLS The goal is to use this information to create materials and de- Biologists tend to focus on understanding biological vices that mimic the natural environment of the cell. “Cells ac- processes, but this understanding doesn’t necessarily translate tively probe, push, and pull on their environment to understand into ways to control disease or repair physical defects. McKay their surroundings,” he says. Tissue engineering often involves professor of bioengineering David Mooney sees his field as a crit- growing cells outside the body on artificial sca≠olds that imitate ical link between traditional biology and new medical advances. the physical properties of tissues. Mooney would like to make Consider the wealth of research during the past two decades that has shown that tumors depend on angiogenesis for their survival, and that blood vessels are critical for growing artificial tissue to repair injured and diseased organs. These discoveries have led to interest in shrinking blood vessels in cancers and promoting their growth in transplanted and engineered tissues. What is often missing, Mooney says, is a systematic study of what chemical or physical factors are needed, in what amounts, and when, to influence the process in a predictable way. “In biol- ogy, there’s a real emphasis on discovery,” he says, “not an em- phasis on controlling what’s happening.” So Mooney is working to “design materials that can communi- cate with the cells in the body and control them.” Unlike Va- canti, whose goal is to engineer therapies that can be introduced into patients as soon as possible, Mooney focuses on pursuing new ideas in tissue engineering that may take many years to real- ize. An example is the use of stem cells to replenish tissues. Sci- entists have discovered chemical factors that control how stem

cells mature into specific cell types, but they have struggled to PRAKRITI TAYALIA, DAVID MOONEY, AND ERIC MAZUR

Above: Kit Parker with a cell confined to a triangle (the nucleus and other parts are stained for identification). His lab patterns individual cells onto various shapes to learn how micro-architecture a≠ects a cell’s mechanical properties. Right: Cells (green) within a three-dimensional structured polymer. Prakriti Tayalia, mentored by professors David Mooney and Eric Mazur, uses confocal microscopy to show cell infiltration and adhesion in this engineered sca≠old. Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 “smart” sca≠olds that can communicate chemically as well as As an example, Aizenberg holds up a long, slender tube: the physically with cells and release their chemical signals in a con- skeleton of a sea sponge. Though made of a seemingly delicate trolled fashion over time. white lattice of glass, the skeleton is surprisingly strong and Ideally, he says, cell- and tissue-based therapies shouldn’t nec- rigid. Aizenberg wants to build something with similar proper- essarily have to rely on implanting cells grown outside the body: ties; she next holds up two cylinders made of orange plastic. One it may be possible to control the cells already there. Mooney be- has a lattice of open squares, while the other has a more compli- lieves that scientists could create an environment inside the cated crossed lattice similar to the sponge’s. The more intricate body that promotes cell regeneration or encourages cells to re- one is far more rigid than the simpler design. Part of her work is verse disease. For instance, many cancer scientists are looking for to identify which properties give natural structures an advan- ways to develop a cancer vaccine that could stimulate the im- tage—whether it is the materials or their structure—and incor- mune system to destroy a tumor. Mooney imagines that one porate those properties into artificial materials and structures. could implant a device that can “teach” existing cells to act Though many of her projects have focused on mineralized tis- against tumors—first by attracting immune cells and then se- sues like the sponge skeleton and the brittle star lenses, Aizen- creting signals that cause them to attack cancer cells in the body. berg’s newest interest is cilia: hair-like structures that have a vari- Although biology may have the reputation of being “messy” ety of roles in many organisms. Hair cells on the outside of an and di∞cult to control, Mooney says that it also o≠ers advan- organism can serve as sensors; sea animals can use them to navi- tages for engineers. “Another way to think of it is that biology gate in deep waters even if they can’t see. Within the body, they tends to be quite robust,” he says. “It has the ability to get to cer- can help to channel the direction of fluid flow—for example, in tain endpoints even if there are bumps and noise along the way. blood vessels. The proper movement of fluid by cilia even ensures The key is to work with that, not against it.” that our bodies develop the proper left-right symmetry in the womb. Aizenberg believes that cilia-like structures could help MIMICKING LIFE’S DESIGNS solve several engineering problems—for instance, improving the Although many bioengineers use tools of engineering to flow of fluid through narrow channels in small devices. manipulate living things, Joanna Aizenberg, McKay professor of Microfluidics—in which fluids are manipulated within areas of a materials science, works in the reverse direction: she uses biol- millimeter or less—is a growing field in biotechnology, but mov- ogy as an inspiration for engineering new artificial materials. ing fluids through increasingly small spaces is challenging. “If we Aizenberg (who is also Wallach professor at the Radcli≠e Insti- can make channels or pipes with these hairy walls, similar to cili- tute and professor of chemistry and chemical biology; see “Por- ated walls,” she says, “we can decrease the pressure and therefore trait,” July-August 2008, page 59) came to Harvard a little more the energy needed to push liquids in microchannels, or reduce than a year ago from Bell Labs, where she had developed materi- drag in pipelines.” (Although one might assume that the presence als and devices inspired by creatures such as brittle stars (a close of hair-like projections in a channel would obstruct flow, in fact relative of starfish), which are covered in a sophisticated array of they repel water so well they actually help speed flow along.) tiny lenses. Aizenberg’s team is currently developing a “nanofur” with This o≠shoot of bioengineering—often called biomimetics or hair-like projections that change properties in response to hu- bio-inspired design—sees biology as a source of creative ideas. midity: attracting water when dry and repelling it when wet. “Through evolution, nature created very sophisticated solutions The ability to change in response to the environment is one of to complex problems,” Aizenberg explains. These solutions can the properties that make biological materials more useful than be found simply by observing the structures washed up on a artificial ones. beach, something she does regularly. As a materials scientist and Aizenberg believes that students are attracted to biomimetics a chemist, she finds much to admire. because it lets them study nature in a way that benefits real- world problems. It also draws together people from di≠erent dis- ciplines, blending knowledge of biology with physics, chemistry, materials science, mathematics—Aizenberg has even worked with archaeologists. “Almost anyone can contribute to it in one way or another,” she says. PROGRAMMING LIFELIKE BEHAVIOR Assistant professor of computer science Radhika Nagpal also finds inspiration in biology. In particular, she is interested in the complex harmony of biological systems, such as the cells of the heart beating in synchrony or ants cooperating as a unit to achieve a collective task. “You cannot destroy a colony by step- ping on a few ants,” she says. “Can we build systems that have that kind of robustness?” Many biological processes rely on coor- dinated activities among independent individuals acting with- out a distinct hierarchy or central command; Nagpal believes that computer science has much to learn from this bottom-up approach.

JOANNA AIZENBERG She works with biologists such as Donald Ingber, Folkman pro-

Like tiny flowers, micro-florets created in Joanna Aizenberg’s lab open and close in response to changes in environmental moisture. These structures, their action controlled by a hydrogel “muscle,” can be used to catch and release tiny particles. Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 Radhika Nagpal

These principles could be used to build structures that actively respond to their environment, such as Visit harvard- a bridge that keeps itself level. mag.com/extras to watch videos fessor of vascular biology and of bioengineering, to understand liv- nents that perform actions like shrinking, rotating, of bioengineered ing processes and then looks for ways to apply those guiding prin- or hinging. Tiny technologies like these underlie systems in ciples to the design of computer systems and programmable struc- small devices that sense their environment and re- action. tures that have properties of living organisms—such as sensing spond with appropriate behaviors, such as filaments that shrink their environment and adapting to it or repairing themselves. in unison, just as muscle cells contract. Robotics is an ideal area for creating artificial systems that Like many other people working in bioengineering at Harvard, mimic biological behaviors. Nagpal programs modular robots to Nagpal stresses the importance of finding collaborators and work together to imitate the organization of groups of cells and seeking input from colleagues across disciplines. For many bio- organisms in biology. She says that many di≠erent coordinated engineers, in fact, collaboration is a necessity, because specific processes in nature rely on similar principles; the individuals must expertise in biology, physics, or math can be absolutely essential be able to come to an agreement based on what those around them to a project. Her students may present their work at hospitals or are doing. “They’re trying to create homeostasis,” she says. math seminars to solicit new perspectives. Within SEAS, she She and her lab members have used these principles to program says, “It’s very easy to talk to people and find out what they’re up modular robots to solve problems. In one example, a student con- to, and the connections happen really fast.” At the same time, structed a table that keeps itself level, even when it is placed on electronic communication makes it easier to maintain links to uneven surfaces, by means of cooperation among its separate other researchers whom she doesn’t see face-to-face. components. In another, a line of small robots, linked together, “I really like all these opportunities, and there’s a lot of infor- are able to grasp a balloon gently by coordinating their move- mal contribution,” she notes—but the bigger problems are, how ments and pressure. The same principles could be used to build many people can one possibly interact with, and what’s the ideal structures that actively respond to their environment, such as a size of a network? In asking these questions, it’s clear that even bridge that keeps itself level or a structural support that becomes the living system of scientists at Harvard could serve as an inspi- stronger in response to greater pressure. Nagpal has used similar ration for Nagpal’s work. This freedom to look for ideas and re- algorithms to help networked computers keep the same time, and sources beyond a single discipline—whether the goal is to treat a thinks that such techniques could also help computers schedule disease, design a computer network, or understand the structure tasks and relay information over networks more e∞ciently. of cells—is what makes bioengineers across the University ex- On a smaller scale, Nagpal imagines stents that can adjust cited about the prospects of their field. their pressure against the wall of an artery. The design of small- scale programmable materials and devices is becoming more fea- Freelance science writer Courtney Humphries reported on new bioimaging sible as engineers combine tiny sensors and actuators—compo- techniques in the May-June 2008 cover story, “Shedding Light on Life.”

Above: Radhika Nagpal with a sheet of dividing epithelial cells within a fruit fly’s wing. Harvard Magazine 41 Her lab studies how cell networks form and then influence large-scale properties of tissues. Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 From Daguerreotype to Photoshop

Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 n the photograph, Henry James Jr., the future eminent novelist, is only 11 years old. He stands beside his seated father, Henry Sr., a some- what portly, bearded man resting his hands atop a cane, an appurte- Robin Kelsey dissects nance necessitated by the wooden leg that replaced the one he lost in a fire as a boy. It is 1854, and the two the “hybrid medium” Jameses are posed for a daguerreo- type in the New York City studio of of photography. Mathew Brady, who several years later would make his place in history with powerful photographs of Ithe Civil War. In Brady’s placid father-son portrait, the younger by CRAIG LAMBERT James wears a military-looking jacket, its nine but- tons fastened right up to the collar, and holds a wide- brimmed straw hat with a ribbon encircling the crown. The most telling detail, however, is the way the boy, who stood on a box for the picture, casually rests a forearm on his father’s shoulder. “It illustrates how people posing for portraits in the nineteenth century tried to convey their status, character, and modernity in pictures,” says Robin Kelsey, Loeb asso- ciate professor of the humanities. “The pose conveys the extent to which the elder James was a progressive and permissive parent—he grants his son an auton- omy and authority that was quite unusual at the time. Most portraits of that era establish the father as the patriarch in no uncertain terms.” In his course Literature and Arts B-24, “Con- structing Reality: Photography as Fact and Fiction,” Kelsey teases apart scores of photographic images to reveal what they imply. The course not only treats historic and artistic photographs, but also ranges through medical and forensic photography, “spirit photographs,” the photography of social reform, ad- vertising, politics, war, law, and criminality, plus family albums, calendars, and co≠ee-table books. Kelsey views photography as a “hybrid medium” that is both a simple, automatic trace of reality and an intentional composition that fits the Western pictorial tradition: rectangularity, a single view- point, perspective, a vanishing point. “You can sit and spend time with a single photograph in a way that I find very gratifying,” he says. “For me, the im- ages reveal themselves only through long and re- peated viewings.” With few exceptions, scholars of art history were slow to investigate photography; instead, those in disciplines like American studies and English did the pioneering research. Recently, trained art histo- Above: Henry James Sr. poses with his son Henry Jr. at Mathew Brady’s rians like Kelsey have become deeply engaged, but it studio in New York City, 1854. Left: Robin Kelsey at Harvard’s Collection of remains a small field: “We all know one another and Historical Scientific Instruments with some classic cameras (clockwise from each other’s work,” he says. (He and Blake Stimson, upper right): Korona 5 x 7 view camera, Gundlach, c. 1900; German Linhof Technika large-format camera; Bolex movie camera; Yashica twin-lens professor of art history at the University of Califor- reflex camera; Kodak Retinette IB, 1960; Polaroid 80b, c. 1960; large-format nia, Davis, edited The Meaning of Photography, which Polaroid. Kelsey holds a 2005 digital Canon 5d. appeared this past year.) The study of photography is growing—part of a larger trend toward the study

Opposite: Portrait by Webb Chappell Daguerreotype courtesy of the Houghton Library,Harvard University. Cameras courtesy of The Collection of Historical Scientific Instruments at Harvard and Ken Richardson. Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 of visual material in general— Though Cartier-Bresson’s in- though it must compete for re- stantaneous slices of life might sources at a time when many seem to argue otherwise, Kelsey art-history departments are cautions that one of the dangers working to become less Euro- of interpreting photography is centric and to strengthen their that “Images are taken as un- African, Asian, and Latin Amer- problematic reflections of real- ican sub-fields, for example. ity. The object of my course is to The similarities between what prepare students to think more Kelsey does with photographs critically about the images they and what art historians do with encounter, to be more sophisti- paintings are greatest with con- cated in their understanding of sciously artistic photographs, how images work, and to ask such as those of Alfred Steiglitz. why one image, and not another, Yet there are di≠erences. “In the gets used.” study of painting, one can as- Take, for example, those sume, generally speaking, a high melancholy Civil War pho- degree of intentionality behind tographs that depict a battle- the particulars of the work. Van field with a soldier’s corpse in Gogh used his brush just so, be- the foreground, his rifle on the cause he wanted the painting to ground beside him. “Any viewer look just like that,” Kelsey says. in the late 1860s would have re- “With photography, especially alized that no one would have the instantaneous photographs left a rifle on a battlefield,” says using fast shutter speeds that Kelsey. “Those corpses were became the norm in the twenti- looted for their boots, for eth century, chance plays a much money—and rifles were very

larger role in creating the image.” WEBB CHAPPELL scarce. Yet viewers weren’t up- Repeatedly, Kelsey returns to the status of photographs as evidence—in convicting criminals, selling products, diagnosing diseases, or documenting atrocities.

(Indeed, Kelsey’s next book, due this year, is titled Photography and set; in the nineteenth century, people seemed much less con- Chance.) “Chance undercuts your authority over the image,” Kelsey cerned with the ways in which photographs were at times notes. “One of the struggles for photographers in the twentieth staged. By the 1930s, when allegations arose that a New Deal century was how to rationalize chance out of the image.” photographer had inserted the skull of a steer into photographs For example, Henri Cartier-Bresson, whose astonishing street of parched agricultural land to accentuate the sense of su≠ering, photography revolutionized the art, argued that he could compose people were very disturbed. It had to do, in part, with the rise of a picture in a fraction of a sec- journalism as a modern institu- ond. His 1952 book, Images à la tion and a new ethical code Sauvette (“images on the run,” or that accompanied this.” “stolen images”), whose English Repeatedly, Kelsey returns to title is The Decisive Moment, epito- the status of photographs as evi- mized this style and coined an dence—in convicting criminals, entry for the photographic lexi- selling products, diagnosing con. At the other extreme, con- diseases, or documenting atroci- temporary photographers like ties. “Evidence was one of my fa- Gregory Crewdson and Je≠ Wall vorite courses in law school,” create elaborately staged and says the scholar, who inter- painstakingly produced pho- rupted his Harvard doctoral tographs that have been called program in art history to attend “one-frame cinematic produc- A fallen Civil War soldier with a tions”—ratcheting up the au- rifle beside him, a scene that any thorial element by controlling contemporary viewer would have

every facet of the composition. ALEXANDER GARDNER/LIBRARY OF CONGRESS recognized as highly improbable

44 January - February 2009

Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 Yale Law School and practice for two years in San Francisco. (He put photography in the hands of many more (and less serious) completed his Ph.D. in 2000, and joined the faculty in 2001.) “I very amateurs and vastly increased the number of images captured on much like photography because its aesthetic values are always film. (In 1888, George Eastman made up and trademarked the mingling with its evidentiary values. After more than 150 years, we name “Kodak” and soon coined the slogan, “You press the button, are still confused by that. Our understanding of photographs as we do the rest.” At first, customers returned the entire camera, evidence cloaks their function as pictures—we tend to forget all with 100 exposed film images, to Kodak for processing.) the conventions and choices that go into the production of a pho- In earlier decades, nearly all portraits were formal studio shots, tograph because it still seems a simple, direct trace of the world.” but “snapshots” enabled “candid” pictures. “The idea that people reveal more of themselves to the camera when they are unaware of In the early years of photography, amid the Industrial Revo- it is more than a century old,” Kelsey says. “But what we call the lution, “People were very concerned about the fallibility of ‘candid’ photograph in our photo album is hardly a typical pic- human vision,” Kelsey explains. “In a conflict between a photo- ture of the subject. What we put in our photo albums are ideal- graph and the human eye, the machine was thought to be supe- izations. The obligation to smile for the camera is a way of ensur- rior.” In the 1880s, “fast” (more light-sensitive) emulsions and ing that we always look like we are enjoying ourselves at birthday high-speed shutters appeared. “Suddenly, people could see im- parties or on holidays and vacations. Even if we are miserable, the ages of bodies frozen in motion, and it was startling,” he says. photo album will insist that we are having a great time.” “Artists had represented people running or horses galloping in Idealized self-images are buried deep in the psyche. Kelsey accord with certain conventions of grace and beauty. Now pho- points to a recent study showing that when a digitally idealized tographs were showing bodies in motion in a very di≠erent way, image of ourselves appears in an array of images, we pick ourselves and many people found these images shocking and awkward- out faster than we do with an unimproved image—yet we locate looking. The frozen image is not available to everyday experi- friends and acquaintances more quickly from unimproved images. ence. The authority of photography was such that people be- The practice of improving, enhancing, distorting, and other- lieved the photographs had gotten to a deeper reality.” (Today, in wise manipulating photographic images with computer soft-

This “animal locomotion” series of pictures, made in 1887 by English photographer Eadweard Muybridge, depicts a woman leaping. Such photographs often discomfited viewers who had idealized images of what human bodies in motion looked like.

a world in which the “snapshot aesthetic” has long since become ware—as with previous techniques to doctor photographs—has the norm, a Sports Illustrated shot of a base runner splayed across led some to predict that viewers will no longer take photographs home plate has become visually pleasing.) seriously as evidence. So far, that has not happened. The torture By the late nineteenth century, photographs were also displac- pictures from the Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq, for example, were ing and supplementing medical illustration. “Doctors might seek widely credited as evidence of wrongdoing. “The Abu Ghraib out and emphasize symptoms that showed up well in pho- pictures were not produced by photojournalists,” Kelsey ex- tographs,” Kelsey says. “In France, [neurologist Jean-Martin] plains. “Their credibility had to do with the fact that they are Charcot used photographs extensively in his studies of hysteria. self-incriminating. It’s hard to believe that someone on the inside It seems clear that he interpreted hysteria in a way that made the of the prison would have doctored those photographs. The whis- photographs as significant as possible, emphasizing these the- tle-blower story was very compelling. atrical gestures the patients made. You could analyze hysteria in “Historically, what has sustained photographs as evidence is terms of the utterances and sounds patients made, but Charcot not simply the automatic nature of the medium, but journalistic stressed the visual cues.” codes of integrity,” he continues. “After all, when writing a verbal The advent of the Kodak camera in the late nineteenth century report of an event, one can make up everything, but we do still

Courtesy of the Harvard Art Museum/Fogg Art Museum© President and Fellows of Harvard College Harvard Magazine 45

Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 take what we read in news- ages, “the spread of photo- papers seriously, due to our graphic technology has faith in the integrity of the made it easier to catch such institution. Now photogra- manipulations,” Kelsey phy will have to rely on states. “In this moment of those forms of trust, rather security videos and ubiqui- than on simple faith in the tous cell-phone cameras, technology itself.” anyone who fakes an image Even so, in our media en- of a public event risks vironment, the image often being exposed by what was trumps the word—or even recorded by another cam- the deed. The “photo op” era.” Consider an image re- was “an invention of the leased in July 2008 by the Reagan presidency,” says media arm of Iran’s Revolu- Kelsey. “Ronald Reagan, tionary Guards. It shows who was an old movie four Iranian missiles suc- actor, understood the im- cessfully launching sky- portance of the camera in a ward, and was dissemi-

way that no previous presi- JEFF WALL nated worldwide through dent did.” On the eve of the Above: Insomnia (1994), by Canadian photographer Jeff Wall, is a completely major newspaper, televi- staged cinematic photograph, set in an exact replica of the kitchen in Wall’s 1984 election, for example, studio. An actor portrays the victim of a nightmarish bout of insomnia. Below: sion, and online outlets. CBS aired a hard-hitting The Museum of Modern Art’s first photography exhibit, in 1937, featured this Yet Agence France-Presse, piece by correspondent stroboscopic “Coronet” milk-drop image by Harold E. “Doc” Edgerton, the MIT which first distributed the professor who invented ultra-high-speed and stop-action photography. Lesley Stahl that criticized picture, soon retracted it, Reagan for cutting funding for the disabled and elderly, even explaining that it had apparently been digitally altered. (The As- while appearing in photo ops at the Handicapped Olympics and sociated Press received a very similar image from the same source at the opening of an old-age home. To her surprise, as Stahl re- that showed only three missiles taking o≠.) The Iranian agency counted in her memoir, Reporting Live, she received a call from Rea- seemed to have added a fictional, fourth sky-bound missile to dis- gan aide Richard Darman ’64, M.B.A. ’67, complimenting her on guise the failure of an actual fourth missile. “Now that we have the piece and praising its strong visuals. “They didn’t hear you,” these conflicting images,” says Kelsey, “the question becomes: Darman said. “They only saw the pictures.” what is the most persuasive explanation for the incompatible pic- Today, of course, cell phones and the Internet have made nearly tures, what is the most compelling story we can tell?” everyone a potential photo- Telling stories with im- journalist. For Kelsey, the ages has become central to ability to disseminate im- modern life—economic, ages globally via the Web is social, political, cultural. a far more significant his- “The terrorists have cer- torical shift than the tainly fought with images,” change from film to digital says Kelsey. “Though we photography (though they must never diminish the are, of course, technologi- value of the thousands who cally related). “If we were lost their lives in the World just making digital pictures Trade Center attacks, it is and printing them out, that also true that the e≠ect of would have a much less those attacks on this coun- profound impact than what try as an image—the planes we have with the Internet,” hitting and the towers he says. As an example, he going down—was psycho- cites images of 2007 street logically devastating. The conflicts in Cameroon, invisibility of the terrorists transmitted daily by ordi- makes it di∞cult to re- nary citizens with cell- spond with an equally phone cameras, who “could powerful picture. The pri- operate in a sense as photo- mary lesson: never under- journalists for people estimate the power of im- around the world.” ages.” Furthermore, even as dig- ital photography has made Craig A. Lambert ’69, Ph.D. ’78,

it easier to manipulate im- ©HAROLD & ESTHER EDGERTON FOUNDATION, 2009, COURTESY OF PALM PRESS, INC. is deputy editor of this magazine.

Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 JOHN HARVARD’S JOURNAL

AL GORE ’69, LL.D. ’94, filled Tercentenary Harder Times Theatre on October 22 when he spoke about sustainability. Noting that the impressive turnout Abruptly, the financial challenges facing on a raw fall day—free soup, cider, and apple Harvard—whose programs, people, and crisp notwithstanding—indicated “deep and broad commitment to addressing this issue,” physical plant have prospered from the Gore said, “There is an African proverb that seven-fold-plus appreciation of the endow- says, ‘If you want to go quickly, go alone. If you ment in the past 15 years—have attracted ur- want to go far, go together.’ We have to go far, gent attention. Late on December 2, the Uni- quickly.” For more on Gore’s visit, see page 58. versity posted a memorandum from President Drew Faust and Executive Vice IN THIS ISSUE President Ed Forst stating that the endow- ment’s value had declined 22 percent 50 Harvard Portrait 61 For Santiago’s Poor, Housing through October 31. Moreover, “even that 51 Educating Students for Life with Dignity sobering figure is unlikely to capture the full 53 Advancing Art 62 Studying Schooling extent of actual losses for this period, be- 53 Yesterday’s News 63 Brevia cause it does not reflect fully updated valua- 54 Edward M. Kennedy 66 The Undergraduate tions” for certain classes of assets, “most no- 58 Educating Professionals 69 Sports tably private equity and real estate.” Those 58 Gore Boosts a Greener Harvard 72 Alumni assets, managed externally, are valued in pe- 60 Crimson in Congress 76 The College Pump

Photographs by Justin Ide/Harvard News O∞ce Harvard Magazine 47

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riodic reports to Harvard Management budgeting scenarios that significantly re- and $100 million less than in the current Company (HMC); the expectation is that duce our annual operating expenses.” year. Moreover, he said, even if FAS re- “the endowment will realize further de- That was notice enough to attract a ceived the full $750 million it had antici- clines in value” there. standing-room-only audience to the No- pated, its core budget (the College, the The numbers may seem abstract, but vember 18 faculty meeting. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, their consequences are real. The endow- The arithmetic is sobering. Beyond and the faculty members themselves) ment was valued at $36.9 billion last June losses in value from negative investment would still run a $20-million deficit next 30, at the end of fiscal year 2008; in that returns, the endowment will be further re- year, without any new programs or en- year, Harvard’s total revenues were about duced by current-year distributions for hancements. (Smith did not note that if $3.5 billion, with some $1.2 billion (34.5 operating and capital purposes—totaling this year’s income distributions are taken percent) from endowment-income distri- perhaps $1.6 billion. As a hypothetical ex- into account as well, under that scenario butions. Such distributions are much the ercise, that implies a decline in the endow- the FAS endowment could drop to $10.3 largest source of operating revenue today, ment’s value (including both the negative billion, exacerbating the shortfall.) far outstripping tuition and fee revenues investment returns of 22 percent to 30 per- The central administration will have to (20 percent), sponsored support for re- cent, and the funds distributed this year) mind expenses, too: its operations are search (19 percent), and other income. from $36.9 billion to a range of $24 billion funded in part by assessing schools’ bud- The prospective decline in the endow- to $27 billion by year’s end. Using the Cor- gets and endowment funds. Harvard’s ment is unprecedented. In the past 40 poration’s long-term guideline of distrib- funding model thus assures that changes years, the memorandum notes, Harvard’s uting approximately 5 percent of endow- in endowment distributions and schools’ worst investment loss was a negative 12.2 ment value annually, such declines imply budgets directly a≠ect administrative fi- percent return in 1974. Given the extraor- theoretical reductions in yearly spending nances, so the same cost-cutting guide- dinary circumstances, the University’s power of nearly $500 million to about $635 lines apply. planning envisions a scenario with asset million (though likely actions, discussed (The annual half-percent endowment values decreasing 30 percent. Accord- below, would lessen that impact). levy to defray Allston development ex- ingly, Faust and Forst advised deans “not Daunting though the University’s situ- penses—the “strategic infrastructure merely to contemplate changes at the ation may be, the case is even more so for fund,” $168 million in fiscal year 2008—is margins,” but to prepare for significant Harvard entities that are particularly de- a separate assessment. Although it is a budget reductions. pendent on endowment distributions capital item, not an income distribution, (see “The Endowment: Each School’s FAS members asked at the November 18 The community had been prepared for Stake,” opposite, for each academic unit’s meeting if it might be reconsidered, as the bad news. On November 10, Faust e-mailed share of the endowment, and the related pace of work in Allston is recalibrated; a message announcing that Harvard faced portion of its revenues, for fiscal year Dean Smith indicated that “everything is “a period of greater financial constraint.” 2008, ended last June 30). on the table,” not only within FAS but in She noted several sources of pressure, par- FAS is most vulnerable, in sheer dol- the council of deans’ institution-wide ticularly the impact of plunging financial lars. As Smith noted at the faculty meet- discussions with the administration.) markets on the endowment. “[E]ven well- ing, FAS is using approximately $650 mil- diversified portfolios are experiencing lion in endowment-income distributions Important uncertainties surround major losses,” Faust wrote, citing an exter- to support operations this year—more the University’s finances, even as its lead- nal projection of “a 30 percent decline in than half its roughly $1.2 billion in bud- ers must prepare future budgets. In ex- the value of college and university endow- geted expenses—and had planned on tremely volatile markets, endowment- ments in the current fiscal year.” about $750 million of such distributions asset values might recover somewhat. Later that day, Faculty of Arts and Sci- for fiscal 2010, beginning July 1—ap- But there are o≠setting cost pressures ences dean Michael D. Smith wrote to his proaching 60 percent of the preliminary as well. First, in her November 10 mes- colleagues: “The FAS is not unfamiliar budget. (In mid decade, endowment dis- sage, Faust stated flatly that Harvard with proverbial belt-tightening, but given tributions accounted for about 46 percent “must…a∞rm our strong commitment to the current crisis we will need to go sig- of FAS’s annual operating revenues.) financial aid for our students” at all levels; nificantly further.…[W]e must consider Now, Smith said, FAS found itself fac- that substantial part of the budget is o≠- ing a much more adverse environment. limits for cutting—and will become more For background on fiscal year 2008 re- Using Faust’s projection as a guideline, he costly as aid requests rise during the re- sults, see the November-December 2008 said that if a 30 percent decline occurred, cession, and as tuition and fees increase. issue: “Endowment Edges Up in a Down Year,” page 60, and “In the Black,” page 68. FAS’s endowment would fall by $5 billion Second, expensive construction projects More extensive posts on the financial (to $11 billion). If the Corporation then under way (the first Allston science labo- news appear at http://harvard- hewed to its long-term distribution goal, ratory, a Law School o∞ce complex, and magazine.com/categories/break- FAS would receive $550 million in en- the art museum renovation, totaling an ing-news for November 7, 10, 12, dowment-income distributions for fiscal estimated $1.7 billion) will proceed. and 19 and December 2. 2010—$200 million less than planned, Third, sources of additional revenue are

48 January - February 2009

Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 constrained: Faust noted that donors will would not comment; Faust and Forst did quality “is not truly extraordinary”; and be “harder pressed,” that sponsored-re- note their expectation that “we will be solicited recommendations for cuts, to be search funding is subject to “the intensi- spending a higher percentage of the en- channeled through a “Priorities Commit- fied stress on the federal budget,” and dowment next year than we have in the tee” that will operate through March. that tuition increases will be “moderate” recent past.” But she cautioned that the Informally, University guidance sug- given “economic strain” on households. magnitude of the investment losses is gests that recommended wage and salary How will Harvard respond? The Cor- clearly too large to cushion against the increases for the next poration will determine exactly what prospect of significant budget cuts. fiscal year will be budgets it will authorize (and thus how it Smith told his faculty that Faust had zero, compared to the will spread cutbacks in endowment dis- asked deans to reduce budgeted spending 3 percent to 4 tributions over time). That decision, usu- by a percent for this fiscal year (more than percent adjust- ally made around Thanksgiving, has been $10 million for FAS—not simple to e≠ect ments recently. deferred pending information about the with half the year already gone). In a No- With wages and ultimate value of the endowment, and vember 24 e-mail, he placed “all sta≠ salaries totaling $1.3 data from the schools and the central ad- changes and searches on hold”; urged can- billion in fiscal year ministration about savings they might celing of “ any open [professorial] search if 2008, and more now, e≠ect. As is its custom, the Corporation the priority…changes” or the applicant each percentage increase

THE ENDOWMENT: EACH SCHOOL’S STAKE Harvard’s endowment, valued at $36.9 billion as of last June 30, in fact belongs to the separate schools and other academic de- partments. The large chart shows the share of the endowment owned by each (the Faculty of Arts and Sciences loomed largest, at $15.7 billion—nearly 43 percent of the total). Of crucial importance is each school’s dependence on distributions from the endowment for its operating budget, shown in the inset chart. Source: Harvard University Financial Report, Fiscal Year 2008.

Chart by Stephen Anderson Harvard Magazine 49

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worsens the fiscal problem by more than HARVARD PORTRAIT $13 million. Faust and Forst are “taking a hard look at hiring, sta∞ng levels, and compensation”—and “reconsidering the scale and pace of planned capital pro- jects,” including Allston. To maximize financial flexibility dur- ing a period of disrupted markets and a recession of uncertain depth and dura- tion, the December 2 memorandum out- lines an additional financial strategy. First, taking advantage of the Univer- sity’s top-tier (Aaa/AAA) credit rating and the historically low interest rates, Harvard will issue “a substantial amount of new taxable fixed-rate debt.” Forst said borrowings will depend on the terms and structure of debt that can be sold in the market over time. (According to the 2008 University financial report, taxable bonds and notes outstanding as of last June 30 were $1.3 billion; tax-exempt debt issued at fixed rates totaled $1.1 billion.) The aim is to accumulate cash “to fund ongoing operations and critical academic and research priorities.” Second, to reduce risk in the cost of re- newing its short-term debt in volatile markets, the University intends now to replace such borrowings with longer- term tax-exempt debt instruments. Vari- able-rate notes and commercial paper outstanding totaled about $1.6 billion as Chiara String Quartet of last June 30; the exact amount now is presumably somewhat greater. These steps, if e≠ected, may help allevi- When Julie Yoon joined the Chiara String Quartet in 2000, she not only gave up a ate other challenges, including those fac- spot in a master’s program at Juilliard, but also agreed to pull up stakes in New York ing the endowment managers. Although City and put them down in Grand Forks, North Dakota.The Manhattan-based quar- HMC declined to comment, it—like tet had won a rural residency grant, but had lost its second violinist to an arm injury. other long-term investors with similar Those left (Rebecca Fischer on violin, Jonah Sirota on viola, and Gregory Beaver on strategies— likely has substantial con- cello) needed a replacement.“The fact that they were going to North Dakota to do tractual commitments to deliver funds in this residency,” Yoon says,“was a strong indication of what kind of people they were the future to investment-management and what kind of group they wanted to be.” The players aim to be musical pioneers firms (which in turn make distributions in both what and where they perform: Haydn to Schoenberg, in concert halls, com- of funds from successful investments to pany cafeterias, schools, and even nightclubs. Now, as the Blodgett Artists-in-Resi- their limited-partner clients, such as dence, they will spend 12 weeks (spread across three academic years) teaching and HMC). That is the norm for private-eq- performing at Harvard. Group members say they went out West because that af- uity, venture-capital, and hedge funds, forded so many opportunities to play (albeit sometimes at schools at 7 A.M., with and for various kinds of real-estate and half-frozen fingers). They also had time to settle on ways to resolve disputes. In an commodities assets; such assets collec- orchestra, notes Beaver,“You can play with people you have active lawsuits against. tively make up perhaps half or even more Not so much in a quartet.” (“At least [the quartet] won’t last,” adds Fischer.) They of Harvard’s endowment holdings. have since spent two years in New York in a residency with the Juilliard String Quar- (One institution that discloses such is- tet, and now hold a long-term position at the University of Nebraska that enables sues, the University of Virginia Investment them to spend 60 percent of their time traveling and performing. “That’s really why Management Company—UVIMC—re- we do this,” explains Sirota. “We also love to teach, but performance comes first.” vealed that as of September 20, it has “un-

50 January - February 2009 Courtesy of the Chiara String Quartet

Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 called commitments of $1.8 billion to pri- endowment per student; Yale, which said inkling of the possibly draconian cuts vate funds” during the next five years. its spending rule will likely “bu≠er the op- now figuring into budget plans. Under “normal circumstances,” expected erating budget from any dramatic short- But Harvard’s leaders sought to balance investment distributions would exceed term losses”; and Duke, where endowment the disruptive present with a longer-term the capital calls, but few distributions distributions contribute less than one- perspective. Faust’s initial message ob- were expected through 2009. In a Novem- fifth of operating revenues.) served that “we are fortunate to be part of ber 26 letter, UVIMC’s chief executive, At Harvard, if the most adverse scenar- an institution remarkable for its re- Chris Brightman, put investment losses at ios become reality, hiring freezes and silience.…Harvard has weathered many $1 billion, or 21 percent, for the 12 months wage restraints will not be su∞cient. storms and sustained its strength through ended October 31, and explained how his FAS will have to reduce programs, Smith di∞cult times. We have done so by stay- team expected to meet such calls through told the faculty—“not something we ing true to our academic values and our its liquid assets, bonds, and redemption of typically do.” The University’s decentral- long-term ambitions, by carefully stew- hedge-fund investments.) ized structure and the schools’ di≠ering arding our resources and thoughtfully revenue streams mean that such work adapting to change. We will do so again.” Harvard clearly is not alone. Univer- will unfold case by case. Much of it will And Smith told his colleagues, “busi- sities and colleges nationwide have re- have to be directed by a relatively new ness continues” as they teach students ported losses and taken action: Stanford group of deans (half appointed during and meet research deadlines—though he intends to reduce its $800-million “general Faust’s first 15 months) and by an admin- added a new priority, bluntly asking them funds budget” for faculty and sta≠ salaries, istration that was still filling senior posi- to “save cash.” His most lingering message, administrative operations, and non-re- tions last fall. perhaps, was that “everything we do has search expenses by $45 million in each of And these new leaders must cope with merit,” underscoring “how hard it is going the next two fiscal years. MIT projected 5 the whiplash sensation of pivoting from to be to make these changes.” The worst percent to 15 percent cuts, on a $1-billion ambitious planning for future academic possible solution, he stressed, was a base, in the same period. (To date, among growth to the possibility of swift, sharp wholesale, fixed-percentage cut: a formula the few peer institutions that have indi- expense reductions. As recently as Octo- for doing everything FAS does now, but cated they do not now anticipate similar ber 9, Smith’s fall FAS letter mentioned a less well. A better solution is possible, reductions are Princeton, with the highest nagging “structural deficit”—with no Smith said, but, “It has to come from you.”

Educating Students something wrong,” he says, “there should be a way of trying them.” for Life Suddenly, the class has made a leap from analyzing one concrete example On a Wednesday afternoon in a Sever to discussing whether universal moral Hall classroom, students are discussing principles exist—or whether, on the the Nuremberg Trials. The point of the contrary, these principles arise from trials—to punish those responsible for cultural context. In such moments, Nazi atrocities—is well known. But Sal- the new general-education curricu- tonstall professor of history Charles S. lum approaches its goal: to introduce Maier tries to push students beyond a undergraduates to ways of thinking simplistic understanding that crimes about the world that will shape their were committed and justice delivered. lives beyond college. This stands in Why did the charges in these cases not opposition to the Core curriculum emphasize the targeted e≠ort to wipe out now being phased out, which placed the Jewish people? Maier notes that geno- more emphasis on introducing stu- cide had not yet been codified as a crime dents to approaches used by acade- by any state or transnational body (the mic disciplines or sets of disciplines. term had only recently been coined) so Maier’s course, Ethical Reasoning 12: the prosecutors had to work within the “Political Justice and Political Trials,” existing framework of international law. begins with Socrates (who was tried A student raises his hand and ex- and sentenced to death for allegedly presses the opinion that there are some corrupting the minds of Athenian actions that are universally morally o≠en- youths) and progresses through cases sive, whether they violate the letter of from the French Revolution, the So- Charles S. Maier some law or not. “If somebody has done viet purges, South Africa, Rwanda,

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and the U.S. war on terror. Maier looked that students take at least one general-ed- for trials where English-language sources Gen Ed, Year One ucation course that “engages substantially existed—when possible, students read with study of the past.” transcripts of the proceedings. And he A sampling of courses offered in 2008-09 The new categories have more fluid looked for “those great dramaturgic mo- boundaries than the old. For example, ments in which general principles are Aesthetic and Interpretive professor of Slavic languages and litera- being debated.” Understanding tures Julie Buckler will teach Culture and Maier aims to illustrate how political Poetry without Borders Belief 15: “The Presence of the Past” this trials move beyond bureaucracy to broad- Putting Modernism Together spring. Considering museums, memorials, cast a message about a society’s values. monuments, and other ways in which He prods students to consider how, in an Culture and Belief people commemorate the past, the new international context or that of a nation Medicine and the Body in course will analyze the process of con- divided against itself, a given entity gains East Asia and in Europe structing a culture and a collective past; the standing to command defendants’ at- For the Love of God and His Prophet: its reading list includes theory, but also tendance and mete out punishment. Dur- Religion, Literature, and the Arts in Pushkin, Nabokov, Borges, and Sylvia ing the Nuremberg lecture, he notes that Muslim Cultures Plath. There is an element of visual art and in Stockholm in 1967, a group of left-wing Institutional Violence and Public aesthetics inherent in the subjects consid- intellectuals found the United States Spectacle:The Case of the ered; students will also view films (Eisen- guilty of alleged war crimes in Vietnam; Roman Games stein’s October and Welles’s Citizen Kane). the proceeding was considered a show The Core gave professors a chance to trial, and had no e≠ect beyond symbol- Empirical and introduce their own discipline to stu- ism. Then he asks students a provocative Mathematical Reasoning dents from remote concentrations. Gen- question: how would they view an at- (none offered this year) eral education asks professors to venture tempt by some foreign or transnational outside their home departments and take body to try George W. Bush for war Ethical Reasoning a cross-disciplinary approach. “It’s a re- crimes in Iraq? Human Rights: A Philosophical ally exciting model,” says Buckler, who This focus on applied ethics reflects a Introduction serves on the standing committee that major di≠erence between general educa- will approve new general-education tion’s “ethical reasoning” category and the Science of Living Systems courses. She says she was challenged to Core’s “moral reasoning” category, whose Molecules of Life look beyond the post-Soviet sphere she o≠erings were limited to the theoretical, Understanding Darwinism knows best, but found the exercise of as- says dean of undergraduate education Jay sembling the course “exhilarating.” M. Harris, Wolfson professor of Jewish Science of the Physical Universe She believes “a certain sense of ba±e- studies, who taught “If There Is No God, (none offered this year) ment” about general education persists All Is Permitted: Theism and Moral Rea- among students and faculty; with the pro- soning” under the Core. Societies of the World gram’s broad principles down on paper In the arts, three categories from the Germany in the World, 1600-2000 (see “College Curriculum Change Com- Core (one focusing on literary texts, one pleted,” July-August 2007, page 65), the on visual arts and music, and one on cul- The United States in the World standing committee’s members are now tural epochs in history) were joined into (none offered this year) engaged in recruiting colleagues and dis- one: “aesthetic and interpretive under- cussing how they might craft courses that standing.” These courses combine the ap- (Students must take one course in each fit these rubrics. “People may not be used proaches of all three former categories, of the categories; there are no exemp- to thinking as flexibly as the new cate- spanning broad swaths of history, making tions, although students will be allowed gories encourage us to do,” says Buckler. cross-cultural comparisons, or consider- to double-count some departmental The general-education principles ap- ing several media within a single course. courses. For a full list of courses, visit proved in May 2007, and the first course Meanwhile, two new categories—“soci- www.generaleducation.fas.harvard.edu.) o≠erings this past fall, are the product of eties of the world” and “culture and be- a curriculum review that spanned four lief”—broadly map onto the Core’s “for- and “the United States in the world.” years. Freshmen who entered this year eign cultures.” (Harris himself will teach a (Maier’s popular Core courses on the two can still fulfill their graduation require- course in the second category, “The Con- world wars, which he has taught since the ments with the Core if they wish; general tested Bible: The Sacred-Secular Dance.”) 1980s, will be o≠ered in the history depart- education will be mandatory starting Historical studies—which constituted ment in future years.) Courses in the two with the class of 2013. During the transi- two categories in the Core—has disap- new science categories are expected to en- tion, all gen-ed courses will count for peared altogether, subsumed in other cate- gage with the history of science when pos- Core credit; the list of general-education gories, including the two just mentioned sible. There is also an explicit requirement courses (see www.generaleducation.-

52 January - February 2009

Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 fas.harvard.edu) is slim, but growing. Although some of the latter are refash- Yesterday’s News ioned Core courses, Jay Harris warns that From the pages of the Harvard Alumni Bulletin and Harvard Magazine an identical title doesn’t mean the course hasn’t changed. When professors come 1929 The Student Council criticizes vanced placement for able and mature before the committee for approval, he the administration’s plan to erect one of students. says, “we are strongly urging reconsider- the newly endowed Houses east of ing assessment, rethinking pedagogy, up- DeWolfe Street, arguing that the future 1959 Assistant U.S. Secretary of dating content.” Dunster House will be too far from Health, Education, and Welfare Elliot This is the first major overhaul of un- such “immovable centers” as Widener, Richardson ’41, LL.B. ’44, proposes that dergraduate education since the Core was Mallinckrodt Laboratory, and the the federal government help out the implemented in the late 1970s. Maier, a University Museum. parents of college students by means of member of the class of 1960, has seen the tax exemptions, tax deductions, or tide turn from general education to the 1934 The editors publish a list of tax credits. Core and back again. He sees pluses and nearly 200 books Widener Library minuses in both models. “The real virtue” cannot afford to buy because of the 1969 The Faculty of Arts and Sciences of conducting such an evaluation every Depression, prompting gifts of books votes to withdraw academic credit for few decades, he says, “is to get some of the and money from Bulletin readers. Reserve Officers’ Training Corps activi- really good teachers involved in dis- ties at Harvard—home of the oldest cussing the curriculum and producing ex- 1939 A group of undergraduates ROTC program in the country. citing courses.” begins raising money for 15 scholarships * * * to bring South American students to The Harvard-Radcliffe Policy Committee Harvard; U.S. Secretary of State Cordell proposes that a co-residential trial Hull calls it a great idea. exchange of students in the undergradu- Advancing Art ate Houses begin at once. A committee 1949 Lamont Library opens, prompting survey has indicated that 80 percent of As a university task force readied a special 18-page issue of the Radcliffe students and 65.5 percent of its vision for curricular and facilities in- Crimson that raves about its comfort, Harvard students support the plan. vestments in the creative and performing brightness, and efficiency. arts (see page 57), Emily Rauh Pulitzer, 1989 Judith Richards Hope, J.D. ’64, A.M. ’63, gave the Harvard Art Museum 31 1954 The Faculty’s Educational Policy becomes the first woman appointed to important works of modern and contem- Committee approves a program of early serve on the Harvard Corporation. porary art (one of the most significant such admission and ad- donations in the museum’s history) and $45 million (the largest single cash dona- tion in its history). The gift, unveiled on October 17, was a culminating mo- ment in Pulitzer’s lifelong devotion to art collecting, connoisseurship, and scholarship and in her engage- ment with the University. (See the October 17 posting at http://har- vardmagazine.com/web/breaking- news for a list of the art works, an il- lustrated 1988 Harvard Magazine article by Judith Parker on the Pulitzer col- lection, and more details.) The art museum also disclosed pre- vious gifts of 43 other modern and contemporary works, made between 1953 and 2005 by Pulitzer and her late husband, Joseph Pulitzer Jr. ’36, and by Mr. Pulitzer and his first wife, Louise Vauclain (who died in 1968), and of fi- nancial support that enabled the museum to purchase 92 (please turn to page 56)

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“Now i have some- as former chief counsel when Kennedy chaired the Senate Judi- Edward M. Kennedy thing in common ciary Committee, recalled the senator’s cooperation with Sena- with George Wash- tor Strom Thurmond and his insistence that Democratic and Re- ’54, LL.D. ’08 ington—other than publican sta≠ members “Work it out” to move business forward. being born on Febru- On an occasion when cooperation failed and voices were raised, ary 22. It is not, as I Breyer said, Kennedy teased him by asking, “Well, what did they had once hoped, being president. It is instead this rare privilege teach you at Harvard about how to deal with this?” before plung- of receiving an honorary degree from Harvard at a special con- ing in to repair the breach. Breyer concluded, “I’m proud that vocation.” So said Edward M. Kennedy in Sanders Theatre on this university I love is bestowing this honorary degree on an the balmy afternoon of December 1. “I am moved and deeply eminently deserving son of Harvard whom I admire immensely grateful to my university.” and who will forever rank among the nation’s greatest sena- Thus the long-serving United States Senator joined Senator Edward M. Kennedy, his wife, Victoria Reggie an even more exclusive club of those few towering Kennedy, and President Drew Faust. Members of the leaders (also including Winston Churchill and Nelson Kuumba Singers appear in the rear. Mandela, James Monroe and Andrew Jackson) awarded honorary degrees outside the annual Com- mencement exercises—in this case, because of Kennedy’s treatment for brain cancer last spring. The ceremony was by turns nostalgic (it began with footage of Kennedy, in his Crimson number 88 jersey, scoring Harvard’s lone touchdown in the snowy 1955 Game; he also noted that his father enrolled in the Col- lege exactly a century ago this past September); stem- winding and revivalist (the huge standing ovation for Vice President-elect Joseph R. Biden, who entered just before the festivities began at 4:30, and sat next to Car- oline Kennedy ’80 and across the aisle from Senator John Kerry; Kennedy’s own thundering defense of lib- eralism in the words of his brother, John F. Kennedy ’40, LL.D. ’56, shortly before his election as president); valedic- tors.…I’m proud to be here now as Harvard says, ‘Well done, Sen- tory (Kennedy recalled, “As I said in Denver last summer, for me, ator, and thank you for caring so much about so many for so long. this is a season of hope,” and thanked “Massachusetts for the Our Commonwealth, our country, and our world are stronger, privilege of serving its people and its principles”); and warmly fairer, and better places because of all you have achieved.’” funny (President Drew Faust quoted Kennedy on his model of An exuberant Yo-Yo Ma ’76, D.Mus. ’91 (see “Yo-Yo Ma’s Jour- service—“The danger as a legislator is that you get involved with neys,” March-April 2000, page 43), accompanied by pianist just passing the bill. You can lose the context of what passing the Charlie Albright ’11, played two preludes by George Gershwin bill means, and then you’re just shu±ing papers, and you lose for his soon-to-be fellow honorand. After the pieces ended, that emotional contact. Maybe some people could do it. I think Kennedy rose and walked to mid stage to embrace Ma. I’d run dry pretty quick”—and In her remarks, Faust quoted one of Kennedy’s signature lines, then illustrated the point by re- from Tennyson’s Ulysses: “I am a part of all that I have met.” She ferring to his weekly visits to a then detailed his 46 years of elected public service, during which Washington elementary school, he made his own the concerns of “society’s most vulnerable where he has become known for members. The poor. The unemployed. The disabled. The elderly. his “virtuoso rendition of ‘The The seriously ill. Veterans wounded in battle. Newcomers from Itsy Bitsy Spider.’”) foreign lands. Men and women facing bias in housing, in employ- After the University Band ment. Children deprived of the chance for a decent start in life.” played “Ten Thousand Men of In light of Kennedy’s work, her own upbringing in segregated Caroline Kennedy and Vice President-elect Joe Biden Harvard” and University Mar- Virginia and her scholarship on the antebellum South and the shal Jacqueline O’Neill called the Civil War, and this particular moment in American history, Faust crowd to order, Plummer professor of Christian morals Peter J. emphasized his civil-rights leadership: “Edward Kennedy deliv- Gomes began the prayer with “Let us now praise famous men” on ered his first major speech in the Senate on behalf of the Civil an occasion intended to “honor goodness as well as greatness.” Rights Act of 1964, and he acted as a leader in the passage of the James Onstad ’09 was the soloist for “America the Beautiful.” Voting Rights Act the following year. Nearly a half-century later, Supreme Court Justice Stephen G. Breyer, LL.B. ’64, speaking he serves as key Senate sponsor of the Civil Rights Act of 2008. He

54 January - February 2009 Photographs by Jon Chase/Harvard News O∞ce

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Entranc e

“Ten Call Thou to O Th sand rde e Har Men r vard U of H niv arvard ersity B ” Jacquelin and Praye The program featured Kennedy’s r Univ e O’N has been a voice of conscience ersit eill y Marshal The R painting of his beloved boat. Plum everend mer P Pete and commitment and a model M “ usic in the rof r J. G M essor om emorial of Christianes C hurch Mora A ls an merica d Pusey Rem the Min of e≠ectiveness in this most arksSJames O Beautifu ister nstad l” ’09, soloist t M ephen usical In Associate G. B central transformation of terlu Justicerey of er change, and renew our destiny. de the S uprem Y o-Yo e Court Cellist P Ma of th e Unit American life: realizing the C ed S So there is no other time when h tate T arlie A s wo P ian lbrigh relu ist t ’11 An des by G Rem dante co e ark A n orge G C s and llegro moto e p ersh promise of opportunity and onferral ben o win I would rather receive this honor H o ritm co r ono f ato e ubato rary D Dre deciso egree w G Presiden ilpin Res t o Faust pons Lin f Har equality for all.” eScoln P vard U than this year—at this turning rofessor niv of H ersity M istor and i “ usic enator y E dward And she noted his ceaseless M. K point in American history. en Ain nedy Closin ’t Go g Th nna e Ku Let N umba S obod inge y Turn e≠orts on behalf of educa- Mu U rs of Me Just one month ago, our citizens sic niversit Harva Around y M rd Co ” arshal llege Re cessio “Fa nal ir Har tion—particularly support for vard” powerfully rea∞rmed the promise “Ten Thou The H sand M arvar en of H financial aid and for biomedical research—saying, d Un arv of America. That promise has been iversit ard” y Ban “American colleges and universities, in their long history, d central to my service, to the contribu- have had few more dedicated friends.” tions of my brothers, and to the age- “There is only one school within Harvard University named old dream of millions. for someone other than John Harvard,” Faust observed. “That Long after Abraham Lincoln signed the Emancipation school is named for John Kennedy.” At the school’s dedication in Proclamation, long after Brown v. Board of Education, long 1978, she recalled, Senator Kennedy invoked his brother in these after a young Baptist minister stood on the steps of Lin- words: coln’s Memorial and called the nation to the dream of More than any other public figure in our recent history, equality, the moment finally is here. The time is now, the he believed in the power of individual citizens to make a long march of progress has arrived at one extraordinary di≠erence, to improve their lives and the lives of those day in American history. around them. He understood the awesome power of intel- We elected a forty-fourth president who, by virtue of ligence married to commitment, the irresistible force of his race, could have been legally owned by the first 16 pres- an idea in the mind of a man or woman educated to serve idents of the United States. We judged him, as Martin the public.…His greatest gift was the ability to reach the Luther King said, not by the color of his skin, but by the hearts of others, to plant a seed of hope in barren lives, to content of his character and the capacity of his leadership. nurture new ideas in fertile minds, to inspire the young to For America, this is not just a culmination, but a new devote a portion of their lives to the well-being of their beginning. own communities and lift up others less fortunate than Kennedy concluded, “I have themselves. lived in a blessed time. Now, Faust added, “What Edward Kennedy said of his brother 30 with you, I look forward to a years ago, we see and we celebrate in his own extraordinary ca- new time of aspiration and reer.” high achievement for our na- Preparing to confer his degree, she said, “As we do, we take tion and the world.” profound and continuing inspiration from the vision, the reason, The Kuumba Singers then and the courage of the man who, even two decades ago, was rec- delivered a rousing version of ognized by my predecessor Derek Bok as ‘Harvard’s most impres- “Ain’t Gonna Let Nobody Turn sive living embodiment of lifelong dedication to public service’; Me Around,” O’Neill closed the man who will never let us forget that ‘the cause endures, the the ceremony, Onstad led “Fair hope still lives.’ The Honorable Edward M. Kennedy.” Harvard,” and the Band re- In his response, Kennedy recalled his own arrival at the Col- prised “Ten Thousand Men of lege: “At home and here at Harvard, which became a second Harvard” (as Secret Service home, I learned to prize history, to play football, and to believe agents whisked Biden out of in public service. It was long ago, but I see it now as fresh as the hall ahead of the crowds). Senator Kennedy youth and yesterday. And I hope that in all the time since then I As the stage party departed, savors his special have lived up to the Senator Kennedy, waving away moment. Visit http://harvardmaga- chance that Harvard his cane, lingered to give zine.com/breaking-news/ed- gave me.” thumbs-up signs and savor the moment and the crowd, finally ward-m-kennedy-awarded- Reflecting on his leaving last. In memory were the words of his honorary-degree honorary-degree for audio and video career, he said, “I citation: recordings and texts of the speeches by have seen throughout Resolute in pursuit of opportunity for all, Justice Stephen G. Breyer, President my life how we as a dauntless in sailing against the wind, Drew Faust, and Senator Kennedy. people can rise to a a statesman for all seasons with a singular devotion challenge, embrace to country, commonwealth, and the common good.

Harvard Magazine 55

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ADVANCING ART mobilizing commitment to the arts. and found courses on art history and (continued from page 53) The new Pulitzer gift includes paint- twentieth-century architecture “very im- ings and sculptures by Brancusi, Derain, portant.” After graduating in 1955, she pur- Giacometti, Lipchitz, Miró, Modigliani, sued her interest at the École du Louvre Emily Rauh Picasso, Rosso, and Vuillard, plus major and then interned at the Cincinnati Art Pulitzer contemporary works by di Suvero, Museum. She joined the Fogg as assistant Heizer, Judd, Lichtenstein, Nauman, curator of drawings (1957-1964), in which Newman, Oldenburg, Serra, Shapiro, and capacity she worked with renowned cura- Tuttle. The previous gifts and works of tor Agnes Mongan. That work, Pulitzer art purchased by the museum with the said, “changed my life. It was an amazing Pulitzers’ assistance range from paintings experience,” with extraordinary colleagues by Braque and Cézanne to pieces by Mon- and fellow graduate students. Thereafter, drian, Ellsworth Kelly, David Smith, and she served as curator at the St. Louis Art Twombly. Faust noted, in the interview, Museum from 1964 to 1973, and married that modern and contemporary art is “a Joseph Pulitzer Jr. in the latter year. focus of enthusiasm and interest for our Joseph Pulitzer Jr., as narrated in this students,” but had been underrepre- magazine’s 1988 article, was smitten by art sented in Harvard collections. even before arriving at Harvard College, The financial gift will be applied to the and made the subject a major part of his Fogg renovation; Faust observed that it studies. By his senior year, he was consult- aims to augment curricular and scholarly ing with Paul J. Sachs (a legendary con- use of the museums. In a separate conver- noisseur and associate director of the sation, Emily Pulitzer praised the way Fogg) about the advisability of purchasing COURTESY OF EMILY RAUH PULITZER museum director Thomas Lentz “picked a Modigliani portrait. After his graduation additional works—thus accounting for a up on the extraordinary quality of the in 1936, Pulitzer’s involvement in the fam- significant part of the museum’s modern Mongan Center,” where drawings are ily’s St. Louis-based publishing business, and contemporary holdings. The an- made accessible for teaching and study, in art collecting, and in Harvard’s muse- nouncement comes at a time of major “as a very special art-viewing experience.” ums and art department appear to have physical renewal of the art museum com- The new Fogg design incorporates study proceeded with equal passion. Parker de- plex (the Fogg, Busch-Reisinger, and Sack- rooms, seminar spaces, galleries for chang- tails the development of his “steadily ler museums)—a core element in the pro- ing exhibitions tied to courses, and gal- widening knowledge and the intensifi- posed expansion of the arts at Harvard, leries for permanent exhibitions. Such cation of his tastes,” resulting in a body of and their further integration into academic varied viewing experi- classic works. and extracurricular life. ences, Pulitzer said, are Following their mar- Said Emily Pulitzer in the University’s “so important” as ever- riage, Rauh and Pulit- news release, “Both Joe and I have sup- larger museums become zer formed a partner- ported the art museum over the years in “deadening.” ship that was enriched recognition of Harvard’s unparalleled role and deepened by their in the development of professionals in the Explaining her life- mutual tastes and in- arts worldwide and because of our belief long immersion in art, terests. Pulitzer told that the arts are a cornerstone in learning Pulitzer recalled grow- Parker that Rauh, more and education in all fields.…I am very ing up “in the first mod- than anyone else he had proud to support the museum as it moves ern house in Cincin- met since Paul Sachs, forward.” nati,” decorated with “aided and helped and President Drew Faust added, “Emmy’s contemporary paintings encouraged me” and generosity will help ensure that [the arts] her parents had col- “opened my eyes to art play an even more robust role on campus lected. Two aunts began immediately being pro- and in the lives of all our students, Cincinnati’s Modern duced, whereas my ten- whether they are studying the arts, eco- Art Society (now the dency has been to wait nomics, law, medicine, physics, or other Contemporary Arts until the dust settles.” disciplines.” In a conversation, she ampli- Center). So stimulated, Rauh, in turn, spoke of fied her enthusiasm for “an enormously she studied the subject “the quality and the important gift in so many dimensions”— at Bryn Mawr College passion and the contin- from renovation of the Fogg to the “injec- Harlequin, a 1918 work by ued commitment” of tion of energy and possibility” that “rein- Pablo Picasso, is part of her husband’s collect-

forces everything we’re trying to do” in the Pulitzer gift. BOB KOLBRENER ing “over a very long

56 January - February 2009

Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 Joan Miró’s 1945 Woman in the (ranging from museum space to perfor- Night is another work included in mance venues) are anticipated. Pulitzer’s gift. In the interview, she said that there “Commissioning Ando to de- was “absolutely” a need for Harvard to sign the Pulitzer Foundation pursue museum space beyond the present building after Joe died was an- Quincy Street complex. Reflecting upon other pioneering step on earlier plans for a new museum on the Emmy’s part—and the result is Charles River or in Allston, she said, “It’s a stunning building, an ab- been very di∞cult and very painful to solute gem” that “strengthen[s] have those…projects canceled” after much a nascent arts district in St. hard work. But, given the huge e≠ort in-

DAVID ULMER Louis, to which Joe and Emmy volved in the Fogg renovation, she added, period of time.” Modern Painting, Drawing, always had a deep commitment.” Mean- “I think it’s really fortunate in a way, be- and Sculpture, a four-volume catalog of the while, “Both Joe and Emmy cared deeply cause what [ultimately] comes in Allston Pulitzer Collection, was published from about Harvard,” Rudenstine said, “and this will be so much better.” 1958 to 1988; volume four was prepared by gift represents an extraordinary culmina- In choosing to donate a significant part art historian Angelica Zander Rudens- tion of their lifetime generosity and belief of her collection to Harvard, and support tine, whose husband, Neil, became Har- in the power both of art and of education.” the University art museum financially, vard’s president in 1991. Joseph Pulitzer served on the visiting while fostering a broad range of arts in- Beyond collecting, Emily Pulitzer has committees to the fine arts department stitutions in St. Louis, Emily Rauh been involved in public art leadership in and to the art museum, and was an Over- Pulitzer has made a major statement many capacities. She has been a member seer from 1976 to 1982. As early as 1939, he about her own deep devotion to visual of the Museum of Modern Art’s painting pledged a $6,000 gift for a postgraduate experience. She has also apparently put and sculpture committee since 1985 (and fellowship to study art abroad; at his forti- into practice an observation she made vice chair since 1996), and a MoMA eth reunion, he established a named en- about the Pulitzer Foundation for the trustee since 1994 (thus sharing an insti- dowment to support research travel for Arts in a 2005 interview with Panache tutional a∞liation with Joseph Pulitzer’s undergraduates concentrating in art his- Privée Magazine—a comment that could as classmate, David Rockefeller ’36, G ’37, tory. He also endowed a professorship of well apply to Harvard today: “Experi- LL.D. ’69—whose own strong engage- modern art and a fund for the acquisition ence—mainly in the domain of collec- ment with art and support for the Har- of modern art. tions turned into museums—has shown vard Art Museum were marked last He wrote in his twenty-fifth reunion re- that the mission has either been defined spring; see “A Giant’s Gift,” July-August port: “At Harvard I developed a latent or too narrowly or too broadly, often result- 2008, page 57). She has been a director of inherited interest in art which has been a ing in great di∞culties for these institu- the Contemporary Art Museum St. Louis source of profound interest and pleasure. tions to remain vital. I strongly hope that for more than a quarter-century. Most As a reflection of the spirit of its time, the Pulitzer will remain a place of possi- significantly, she founded and now chairs modern art has particularly held my inter- bilities with whatever occurs being of the the Pulitzer Foundation for the Arts, est. My hobby is collecting drawing, paint- highest quality.” which opened an acclaimed arts-exhibi- ing, and sculpture, and while my corre- tion space in St. Louis in October 2001, spondence has grown fat and my Arts Task Force Update designed by the Japanese architect Tadao pocketbook lean, I have enjoyed the Ando. She commissioned site-specific friendship of artists, critics, collectors, A University-wide task force led by works by Richard Serra and Ellsworth dealers, teachers, and museum men. Often Cogan University Professor Stephen Kelly for the opening (in 1982-1983, she their devotion to their calling has set ex- Greenblatt has been studying the sta- was co-curator of the first major retro- amples of inspired professional commit- tus of the arts at Harvard for the past spective of Kelly’s sculpture, and coau- ment or involvement, which could not fail year, and is expected to release its final thor of the catalog), but it is explicitly not as a stimulus to one who happily chose recommendations in December or tied to works collected by the Pulitzers. journalism as a profession, but who gravi- early January. Harvard Magazine will In an interview, Neil Rudenstine said tated toward art as an avocation.” cover the report and its recommenda- the Pulitzers “individually and together Emily Pulitzer joined the visiting com- tions in the March-April issue; to read were often daring, always passionate col- mittee to the art museum in 1990, and be- about it sooner, check harvard- lectors, who cared deeply about the art came its chair in 2004; she has also served magazine.com, where a news update with which they lived.… In 1970, Joe had on and chaired the museum’s collections will appear on the homepage when the the courage to commission Richard Serra’s committee. She is currently an Overseer, report is released. (For background, first site-specific sculpture for his summer and in 2005 became a member of the Presi- see “Approaching the Arts Anew,” Janu- house, and then continued—with dent’s Advisory Committee on the Allston ary-February 2008, page 51.) Emmy—to buy Serra’s work.” Similarly, Initiative, where sites for cultural facilities

Harvard Magazine 57

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Educating Faust’s HBS address concerned the pur- students have graduated with great confi- poses of education for leadership—build- dence,” she said. “They joined the frater- Professionals ing on the school’s self-expressed mission nity of ‘masters of the universe,’ as Tom of “educating leaders who make a di≠er- Wolfe named them in The Bonfire of the Vani- Speaking at the Harvard Business ence in the world.” Dean Jay Light had al- ties. They created a world in which the School (HBS) centennial global business ready summarized steps the school is tak- market became the organizing metaphor. summit, on October 14, and the Harvard ing to meet contemporary challenges, and Today, markets are disordered, and we are Law School (HLS) capital campaign cele- spelled out attributes of its focus on train- working frantically to fix a broken finan- bration, on October 23—amid the intensi- ing leaders: through their development of cial system. Never have we more needed fying economic crisis—President Drew judgment in establishing priorities; their leaders who make a di≠erence. But how do Faust outlined her vision of professional entrepreneurial vision in finding opportu- we shape them and how do we determine education, service, and responsibility. In nities to solve problems; their skill in com- the sort of di≠erence they will make?” concert with her installation address a year municating; their values and integrity; and Looking ahead, Faust asked, “What do earlier, the new addresses further fleshed their commitment to action. we have to o≠er one another, our stu- out Faust’s aspirations for a research uni- Faust elaborated on recent outcomes of dents, and the world?” She then invoked versity in the twenty-first century. that work: “Until now business school “the story of the stonecutters, which I

effort to solve an existential crisis is worthy of some atten- tion.“How do we incorporate new knowledge into our un- Gore Boosts a Greener Harvard derstandings of who we are and what we must do?” he asked. Harvard president Drew Faust touched on the same theme, saying, “Harvard must be a model…as we unite the Al Gore ’69, LL.D. ’94, spoke about sustainability to a packed knowledge and the passion of this community in service of Tercentenary Theatre on October 22; the former vice presi- broad and essential goals….We must recognize,” she added, dent, who has won a Nobel Prize and an Academy Award for his “that our practices have pedagogical value.We teach with what efforts to fight global climate change, was in we do, as well as with what we write or what we say: how we Cambridge to receive the Robert Coles “Call light our classrooms; how we heat our water; how we build and to Service Award” from the Phillips Brooks ventilate our laboratories.” House Association. Though Faust’s remarks were directed to the Uni- “We need to substitute renewable energy versity community, which is now charged with for carbon-based energy. It is just that simple,” meeting the Greenhouse Gas Task Force’s ambi- he told the students, faculty, and staff mem- tious goals, Gore addressed a wider audience. bers who had gathered also to celebrate the “One of the solutions to the climate crisis,” he University’s commitment to reducing its said, “involves making a generational commit- greenhouse-gas emissions 30 percent from ment to a one-off, massive investment...in a new 2006 levels by 2016 (see “Environmental Ac- energy infrastructure that is not free, but tion,” September-October 2008, page 57). His that is based on fuels that are free for- speech capped a week of events emphasizing ever: the sun and the wind and the nat- environmental stewardship, ranging from sus- ural heat of the earth. We can, with tainable meals served in the dining halls to American leadership, galvanize a global seminars and lectures on such topics as recy- commitment to solve the climate crisis. cling and energy conservation. We have everything we need, with the Noting that the United States imports $700 possible exception of political will—but billion worth of foreign oil each year, and that “continued access political will is a renewable resource.” to the largest single source of proven oil reserves in the world” (For audio recordings of the Gore and was one of many reasons for the miscalculation in entering the Faust addresses, see harvardmagazine.- costly war in Iraq, Gore argued that “the economic crisis, the fi- com/breaking-news/gore-speaks-on-sus- nancial crisis, the debt crisis, and the climate crisis all have the tainability.) same thread running through them: overdependence on carbon- The consciousness-raising during based fuels. When you pull that thread,” he said, “all of these Harvard’s Sustainability crises begin to unravel and you hold in your hand the solu- Celebration included lots of giveaways, among them tion….We need to put a price on carbon, we need a global green-themed T-shirts and, treaty, and we need American leadership.” from left to right, magnets, Gore said that the role of the university in our civilization’s stickers, and water bottles.

58 January - February 2009

Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 As the Business School trains leaders, Drew Faust asked, how can Harvard best determine “the came across in the writings of Peter sort of differences world—that makes the right di≠erence they will make?” Drucker, but which I gather is a bit of an in the world—must be thinking like the old chestnut in management circles”: third stonecutter—who…looks up and A man came across three stone- out with his sights on the cathedral. cutters and asked them what they This is a matter of both values and vi- were doing. The first replied, “I am sion—of a commitment to purposes be- making a living.” The second kept on yond one’s self but also a grasp of wider hammering while he said, “I am imperatives and understandings. Lead- doing the best job of stonecutting in ers are accountable for more than them- the entire county.” The third looked selves; they must be both willing and up with a visionary gleam in his eye able to accept that responsibility.” and said, “I am building a cathedral.” In the end, Faust said, education The first stonecutter is simply throughout the University must be in- doing a day’s work for a day’s pay, for formed by the recognition that “[L]ead- the material reward he receives in ex- ership is a means; it is not an end in it- change for his labor. The substance of For extended dispatches on the self.…Leaders exist to serve followers, his work, the purpose of his work, the HBS and HLS events, see the and leaders’ successes must be measured context of his work do not matter. postings dated October 13, 15, and not simply by their power to move others, The second stonecutter has higher 24 (two on each date) at http://- but by the directions in which they take aspirations. He wants to be the best. harvardmagazine.com/categories/- those who follow them.” We know him well. Harvard does an breaking-news; links there lead to full Of HBS-trained students, she said, “We outstanding job of producing stu- speech texts and audiovisual recordings. need leaders who will dedicate themselves Faust’s installation address appears in dents like the second stonecutter…. “Twenty-eighth, and First,” November- to extricating us from the financial mess in HBS…turns out graduates who com- December 2007, page 54. which we now find ourselves; we need mand the best jobs in finance, bank- leaders to help us sort out appropriate reg- ing, consulting, and marketing.…Now ble for us…at Harvard and at HBS? ulatory structures in the wake of this cri- many of these graduates are to be Why and how do we strive to create sis; we need leaders to help us address the found in the midst of this crisis—and stonecutters of the third sort? We impact of this crisis on families and indi- in the midst of the e≠orts to resolve it. have been reminded often these past viduals; we need leaders who will organize The second stonecutter is an un- few weeks about the perils of en- us to combat climate change; we need shakable individualist. He believes in shrining material reward as the pur- leaders who can help to deliver the won- the power of the human mind, and pose and measure of work. We ders of modern medicine to the tens of its capacity for reason, in the drive know we must do better than to cre- thousands of American and global citizens for quality and results, and in the ate a society of stonecutters like the in need of basic health care. These are sci- usefulness of reducing complex real- first man. The second man is…more entific problems; these are economic prob- ity to a simple equation. His world is like much of our rhetoric and indeed lems; these are political problems, but they competitive and meritocratic.… commendable in many ways. are also fundamentally problems of organi- Yet somehow the vision of the sec- But, she said, even that is not enough. zation, management, and leadership.” ond stonecutter is also incomplete. Beyond matters of individual values and Within the University context—amid The focus on the task, the competi- performance, the current turmoil repre- scholarship, interdisciplinary inquiry, and tion, the virtuosity, is a kind of sents “a broader and more systematic cri- international perspective—she said, blindness. Consumed with individ- sis that has arisen from a failure of wider “Business education that takes advantage ual ambition, the second stonecut- vision, a failure to acknowledge our inter- of such a setting has the opportunity to ter…fails to see that there would be connectedness, a failure to recognize how produce not just leaders who make a dif- no stones to cut if there were not a one’s own stonecutting is inescapably ference in the world but leaders who community building a cathedral. part of a larger project. And though make a di≠erence for the world. That The third stonecutter embraces a human beings have always been bound should be the goal for both HBS and Har- broader vision. Interesting, I think, together, we have never before been so vard University in the century to come.” that the parable has him building a thoroughly and instantaneously intercon- cathedral—not a castle or a railway nected. As we have learned, a world de- That same element of service echoed station or a skyscraper.…The very fined by global markets is a world with- strongly in Faust’s law-school remarks, menial work of stonecutting be- out boundaries. A crisis on Wall Street delivered as celebrants gathered to toast comes part of a far larger undertak- can bankrupt Iceland.” HLS’s fortunately timed, record-setting ing, a spiritual as well as a physical Accordingly, Faust maintained, Har- capital campaign (precisely $476,475,707 construction.… vard and HBS need to understand that raised, compared to a $400-million goal; What is the meaning of this para- “Leadership that makes a di≠erence in the 23,000 donors; 118 gifts of $1 million or

Photograph by Russ Campbell Harvard Magazine 59

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more, including eight of $10 million or Harvard Square erupted in his- more). toric fashion on November 4 Invoking Harvard’s fifteenth president, Crimson in Congress when Senator Barack Obama, Josiah Quincy, on the occasion of his ded- J.D. ’91, of Illinois, the first black ication of Dane Hall as HLS’s new home, president of the Harvard Law Review (see page 63), was elected the forty-fourth in 1832, Faust said he had “hailed the president of the United States. In January, at least 38 other alumni (defined for this members of the legal profession for what exercise as graduates of or matriculants in a degree program at the University) will he called their ‘noble exertions and per- be in Washington as members of the 111th Congress. sonal sacrifices…in the interests of the age Democrats remain firmly in control of the Harvard contingent on Capitol Hill. and of society.” That spirit, she said, still Overall, the Crimson ranks will increase from the group of 35 who sat in the 110th animated the school as it produced attor- Congress to a contingent of 38. This total includes 35 Democrats (up six from the neys general, solicitors general, members tally in the last session), but only three Republicans (down three), including Repre- of Congress, governors, and Supreme sentative Thomas E. Petri ’62, LL.B. ’65, of Wisconsin, who remains the sole Republi- Court justices, among others. can member of the House to have graduated from Harvard. The Beyond formal government service, University’s eight new faces include Senate Democrat Mark R. Faust said, graduates have been involved Warner, J.D. ’80, of Virginia (see “We Need a Win,” September-Oc- in the whole realm of public-interest law, tober 2007, page 78), as well as House Democrats John Adler ’81, representing the indigent, leading non- J.D. ’84, of New Jersey; Gerry Connolly, M.P.A. ’79, of Virginia; Bill profit organizations, and encouraging pro Foster, Ph.D. ’83, of Illinois; Alan M. Grayson ’78, M.P.P.-J.D. ’83, G bono practice within commercial law ’87, of Florida; Jim Himes ’88, of Connecticut; Dan Maffei, M.P.P. ’95, firms. Similarly, faculty members “include PHILIP BERMINGHAM/FRIENDS OF MARK WARNER of New York; and Walter C. Minnick, M.B.A. ’66, J.D. ’69, of Idaho. Mark R. leaders in shaping our understanding not (The Democrats’ total will rise by one if Al Franken ’73, of Min- Warner only of American constitutional law, but nesota, wins his race for the Senate against incumbent Norm Coleman; an auto- of constitutional principles in societies as matic recount was incomplete at press time.) diverse as South Africa and Iraq.” She Three of Harvard’s congressional losses came in Senate races that went against cited professors’ work on economic and Republicans. Elizabeth Dole, M.A. ’60, J.D. ’65, of North Carolina, lost her seat, as did racial justice, on corporate governance, on John E. Sununu, M.B.A. ’91, of New Hampshire. (Sununu was defeated by Jeanne Sha- human rights, and on reconciling civil lib- heen, whom he beat in 2002; Shaheen, former director of the Harvard Kennedy erties with security, among other fields. School’s Institute of Politics, served three terms as her state’s first female governor And she noted students’ engagement and is its first elected female senator.) And once the final ballots were counted on with 29 legal clinics that pursue problems November 18, Ted Stevens, LL.B. ’50, of Alaska, the longest-serving Republican in the in child advocacy, war crimes, human history of the Senate, had lost his seat. (He was convicted on seven felony counts rights, and tenants’ rights. eight days before the election.) Elsewhere, Democrat Thomas H. Allen, J.D. ’74, of In support of such work, Faust said, Maine, gave up his House seat to run for the Senate, but lost to incumbent Susan the law school has dual responsibilities: Collins; in Louisiana, Democrat William Jefferson, J.D. ’72, who is under federal in- “It’s critical that [students] leave here dictment, was beaten on December 6 in a storm-delayed contest. with habits of mind and an understand- The line-up at press time (asterisks mark newcomers): ing of legal concepts and methods essen- Senate Republicans: Michael D. Crapo, J.D. ’77 (Id.); David Vitter ’83 (La.). tial to productive careers in the law. It’s Senate Democrats: Jeff Bingaman ’65 (N.M.); Russ Feingold, J.D. ’79 (Wisc.); Ed- no less critical that they leave here with a ward M. Kennedy ’54 (Mass.); Herbert H. Kohl, M.B.A. ’58 (Wisc.); Carl Levin, LL.B. vivid sense of the law not just as an occu- ’59 (Mich.); John F. (Jack) Reed, M.P.P. ’73, J.D. ’82 (R.I.); John D. Rockefeller IV ’58 pation but as a calling.” The school, she (W.Va.); Charles E. Schumer ’71, J.D. ’74 (N.Y.);*Mark R.Warner, J.D. ’80 (Va.). said, owes students “not only an educa- House Republican: Thomas E. Petri ’62, LL.B. ’65 (Wisc.). tion in parsing precedent and interpret- House Democrats: *John Adler ’81, J.D. ’84 (N.J.); John Barrow, J.D. ’79 (Ga.); ing doctrine and mastering techniques of *Gerry Connolly, M.P.A. ’79 (Va.); James H. Cooper, J.D. ’80 (Tenn.);Artur Davis ’90, advocacy—but an education that helps J.D. ’93 (Ala.); Chet Edwards, M.B.A. ’81 (Tex.); *Bill Foster, Ph.D. ’83 (Ill.); Barney them see how, in Quincy’s words, ‘noble Frank ’61, G ’62-’68, J.D. ’77 (Mass.); *Alan M. Grayson ’78, M.P.P.-J.D. ’83, G ’87 (Fla.); exertions’ can advance ‘the interests of Jane Harman, J.D. ’69 (Calif.); Brian Higgins, M.P.A.’96 (N.Y.);*Jim Himes ’88 (Conn.); the age and of society.’” Ron Kind ’85 (Wisc.); James R. Langevin, M.P.A. ’94 (R.I.); Sander M. Levin, LL.B. ’57 In closing, Faust invoked alumnus Oli- (Mich.); Stephen F. Lynch, M.P.A. ’99 (Mass.); *Dan Maffei, M.P.P. ’95 (N.Y.); James D. ver Wendell Holmes Jr., who described Matheson ’82 (Utah); *Walter C. Minnick, M.B.A. ’66, J.D. ’69 (Id.); John P. Sarbanes, law as the “branch of human knowledge… J.D. ’88 (Md.);Adam B. Schiff, J.D. ’85 (Calif.); Robert C. Scott ’69 (Va.); Joseph A. Ses- more immediately connected with all the tak Jr., M.P.A. ’80, K ’82, Ph.D. ’84 (Pa.); Bradley J. Sherman, J.D. ’79 (Calif.); Christo- highest interests of man than any other pher Van Hollen Jr., M.P.P ’85 (Md.);David Wu, M ’81 (Ore.). which deals with practical a≠airs.” She particularly emphasized that juxtaposi-

60 January - February 2009

Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 For Santiago’s Poor, Housing with Dignity

Santiago, Chile —A young boy plays unsu- Above: Alejandro Aravena in his office. pervised in front of a house that bears a small Left: A courtyard at the Renca develop- wooden sign, handwritten in marker: Se ment, with a tree planted by residents and surrounded by rocks that the residents also venden helados (ice cream for sale). painted. They are building the park them- Behind this rather ordinary scene is an ex- selves, a symbol of pride in their new home. traordinary story with deep Harvard ties. In this tidy development of row houses, 170 families onto 1.2 acres). As a result, residents don’t need to move to an who once lived illegally have become homeowners. outlying site an hour-long commute (or more) away from jobs. Stay-at-home moms feel safe leaving their children They remain in the same neighborhood, with the same neighbors. in the front yard; some have started small busi- Visit harvard- They don’t have to find a different bus route to work, or enroll nesses. It is a far cry from the lawless environment mag.com/extras their children in different schools. for more images of the campamento, or squatter settlement, that sat of and details The government gives a subsidy of $10,000 for each housing on the same tract of land until 2004. on ELEMENTAL’s unit, an amount that must cover the cost of the land, building ma- The development has transformed residents’ projects. terials, and construction. Working within that limited ceiling, the lives—and is transforming notions about housing the poor. Sim- architects construct much larger homes than that amount of ilar developments are built or under way at other locations in money would normally Chile; there are plans to replicate the project in other countries. buy, but leave the interiors All this sprang from an international competition to design unfinished. The houses very low-cost housing for Santiago’s poor, organized in 2003 with have working plumbing, conceptual and financial support from the Graduate School of heating, and lighting, but Design (GSD) and the Santiago office of Harvard’s David Rocke- bare concrete floors and feller Center for Latin American Studies. ELEMENTAL, the archi- plasterboard walls: ELE- tecture firm formed around the goal of building a handful of the MENTAL provides the winning designs, has taken on a life of its own and branched out skeleton, but leaves the far beyond this initial vision, but Chileans with Harvard connec- finishing touches to resi- tions remain influential.The firm’s principals include director An- dents. Aravena is fond of drés Iacobelli, M.P.A. ’01, and executive director Alejandro Ar- saying each unit has “the avena, a professor of architecture at Pontifical Universidad DNA of a middle-class Católica de Chile who was a visiting professor at the GSD from home.” And, notes one 2000 to 2005. Support from Pablo Allard, M.A.U. ’99, D.Dn. ’01, di- resident, it is a vast improve- Marta Herrera, pictured with ELEMENTAL project manager rector of Católica’s undergraduate program in cities, landscape, ment over her previous resi- Gonzalo Arteaga, has set up a and environmental studies, has also been instrumental. dence, with makeshift walls and small convenience store in the The red-and-white row houses are located in the Renca dis- a muddy dirt floor. front room of her house at the trict, less than half an hour by car from downtown Santiago.The At the dedication ceremony Lo Espejo development. high housing density of ELEMENTAL’s projects allows for purchas- for the Renca development in May, one of the residents gave a ing land close to the city center (one development fits 93 units speech. For the first time in her life, she said, she felt proud to Rosa Estrella Ortega Roa has big plans for the unit where she lives be Chilean. with her two-year-old grandson. Although the walls and ceiling of her One of ELEMENTAL’s goals for the project was that the units kitchen are still unfinished (below left), she has fenced in her front increase rather than decrease in value over time. They didn’t yard and filled it with plants, which she sells as her livelihood. And Ortega says this home, though unfinished, is a big improvement over have to wait long to measure their success: the very day that her former makeshift home in the shantytown. residents were allowed to move in, some received offers of $20,000—double each unit’s cost. Nobody accepted.

Associate editor Elizabeth Gudrais trav- eled to Chile in October to report on pro- jects involving Harvard faculty and alumni. Further reports from her trip will appear online and in future issues of the magazine.

Harvard Magazine 61

Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 JOHN HARVARD’S JOURNAL

tion of “highest interests” with “practical a long process of re-examining account- interest, not just the pursuit of profes- a≠airs” in the school’s mission of educa- ability, regulation, and fairness in the fi- sional status or personal gain, but rather tion for professional practice. In the cur- nancial system and institutions that will the larger ideals that inspire this school rent economic turmoil, Faust said, the emerge in the future. That work, she said, and the profession it serves: ideals of jus- HLS faculty had particular responsibili- blends “practical a≠airs” with “conscious tice, of equality, of freedom, of respect for ties, along with their colleagues in other concern for what [Holmes] called ‘the the rule of law, of dedication to advancing schools, to o≠er advice at the beginning of highest interests of man’—not mere self- the common good.”

Studying Schooling over time. Thus, Kane argued, tenure re- charter schools. Within the Faculty of view should begin only after the district Arts and Sciences, professor of economics In 2006, Thomas Kane went to Joel has enough data to tell whether a novice Roland Fryer heads the Education Inno- Klein, chancellor of New York City’s pub- teacher could ever become an old pro. vation Laboratory (or EdLabs; see lic schools, with some unsettling news: Kane wouldn’t remove the certification www.edlabs.harvard.edu), where he de- teachers from the New York City Teach- barrier entirely, he says, but he does advo- signs experiments that o≠er cash incen- ing Fellows program (which supplied cate “moving the dam downstream, to tives to students who excel academically. nearly 30 percent of Klein’s new hires be- where we actually have some informa- Together, their projects illustrate the op- tween 2003 and 2005) were on average no tion.” portunities, and the challenges, re- more e≠ective than traditionally certified Nevertheless, Kane remembers, Klein searchers meet when they try to better teachers. In fact, the professor of educa- pointed out that it would be more conve- public education. tion and economics at Harvard Graduate nient to separate the wheat from the cha≠ The questions a researcher can answer School of Education (HGSE) had discov- during recruitment. The chancellor fur- depend, at least in part, on the data avail- ered, no certification program—neither ther suggested that Kane and his col- able. And because school districts have NYCTF, nor Teach for America, nor the leagues (Jonah Rocko≠ from Columbia traditionally been reluctant to share data Peace Corps Fellows Program, nor tradi- and Douglas Staiger from Dartmouth) set with outsiders, studies have often fo- tional education schools—turned out bet- up an experiment that asked the sort of cused on national numbers from the Cen- ter teachers than any other (see “Grading questions the school district wasn’t al- sus Bureau or the Bureau of Labor Statis- Teachers,” November-December 2006, ready asking applicants. Perhaps the re- tics (BLS). “The key to the game was page 18). searchers could find something to predict coming up with some new approach to teacher performance bet- the same basic data,” says Kane. “People ter than a standard résumé. were rediscovering the same fact over and Kane agreed. He wrote up a over and over again.” For example, the survey and then sent it Current Population Survey (run jointly out to teachers who had by the BLS and Census Bureau) measures been on the job for less than both income and years of schooling. As a a year. Klein “sold us on that result, Kane says, there are more scholarly study,” Kane marvels. papers on the economic benefit of extra Kane’s Project for Policy years of education than anyone could pos- Innovation in Education sibly need. More recently, the No Child (PPIE; see www.gse.har- Left Behind Act, which requires math and vard.edu/~ppie), slated to reading tests between third and eighth become a University-wide grade, has provided a new pool of data for center, is one of several researchers to dive into. groups that are bringing Still, professors have to convince a dis- Harvard’s analytic resourc- trict to open its files. “In fairness to the es to bear on the problems researchers,” points out Thomas Payzant, besetting the nation’s pub- former superintendent of schools in Thomas Kane lic schools. From the Ken- Boston and current professor of practice nedy School, Shattuck pro- at HGSE, “people in my world weren’t al- This did not mean, Kane pointed out, fessor of government Paul Peterson ways the most welcoming. They were that the district’s choices were unimpor- directs the Program on Education Policy afraid the research might make them look tant. The real variance was within the pro- and Governance (PEPG; see www.hks.- bad.” Now, he says, schools are more eager grams: each trained some stellar teachers, harvard.edu/pepg/index.htm), edits the to evaluate their programs using their ac- each trained some duds. A teacher’s abili- policy and opinion journal Education Next, tual data. The key, argues Kane, is to ap- ties, or lack thereof, become clear only and studies the impacts of vouchers and proach schools with an o≠er to solve the

62 January - February 2009 Photograph by Tom Kates

Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 The President-elect the faculty from 1930 to 1972. The latter Speaking at Harvard Law School’s (HLS) was created by John Wilmerding ’60, capital-campaign celebration on October Ph.D. ’65, Sarofim professor in American 23 (see “Educating Professionals,” page Brevia art emeritus at Princeton; he and Stebbins 58), President Drew Faust made a joke both studied with Rowland. that used her skills as a historian, ob- serving: “[I]t’s quite Economic adviser. possible that 12 days President-elect Barack from now…Ruther- Obama has named ford B. Hayes may Eliot University Pro- no longer be the fessor Lawrence H. only right answer Summers to lead the to the trivia ques- National Economic tion, ‘What gradu- Council. For the views ate of Harvard Law of the former Secre- School was elected tary of the Treasury president of the and president of the United States?’” University on urgent Barack Obama is issues, before the fi- J.D. ’91. Given that nancial crisis wors- Michelle Obama is ened, see “The Eco- J.D. ’88, perhaps a nomic Agenda” (Sep- whole new category tember-October 2008, of HLS-related First page 27). Family trivia is in order. (In the mean- Best books. Annette time, the Chronicle of Gordon-Reed, J.D. ’84, Higher Education noted that the Obamas, Washington, who concentrates in history won the National Book Award for along with Vice President-elect Joe Biden and Near Eastern languages, and Malorie nonfiction, for The Hemingses of Monticello: An and his wife, Jill Biden, make the first Snider, of Friendswood, Texas, who con- American Family—edging out President quartet of such leaders to have work ex- centrates in biological anthropology, have Drew Faust, a fellow perience in higher education—at, respec- been awarded Rhodes scholarships. Julia finalist, author of This Re- tively, the University of Chicago, Widener Parker Goyer, of Birmingham, Alabama, a public of Su≠ering, about University School of Law, and Delaware 2007 Duke graduate now pursuing a doc- death in the Civil War. Technical and Community College.) torate at Harvard Graduate School of Edu- Frank Bidart, A.M. ’67, Barack Obama was, famously, elected the cation, also won a Rhodes. Separately, four was also nominated for

first African-American president of Har- seniors won Marshall scholarships: Kyle JERRY BAUER his book of poems, Watch- vard Law Review in 1990; this magazine’s Mahowald of Fort Lauderdale, an English Annette ing the Spring Festival. Sub- Gordon-Reed coverage is shown here. In 1991, he was concentrator; Emma Wu of Camarillo, sequently, the New York one of three petition candidates for the California, who focuses on neuropsychol- Times Book Review picked Faust’s volume as Board of Overseers on a slate advanced by ogy; and two social-studies concentra- one of the year’s 10 best, along with A Harvard-Radcli≠e Alumni/ae Against tors, Andrew Miller of Chicago and John Mercy, the new novel by Nobel laureate Apartheid, which favored divestment of Sheffield of Fayetteville, North Carolina. Toni Morrison, Litt.D. ’89, who read from University investments in firms doing the manuscript during Faust’s installation business in South Africa. (None of the Nota Bene service in 2007. three was elected). For more coverage of American art. The Harvard Art Museum the president-elect’s Harvard connec- announced in November that it had raised Radcliffe advisers. The Radcli≠e Insti- tions, see http://harvardmagazine.com/- $10.5 million to endow the department of tute for Advanced Study has named six alumni-in-the-news for November 5, and American art, including a curatorship faculty members who will help shape its the HLS website, www.law.harvard.edu. named in honor of Theodore E. Stebbins programs and serve as liaisons to col- Jr., J.D. ’64, Ph.D. ’71 (who has held the po- leagues throughout Harvard. The human- Rhodes and Marshall Scholars sition since 2002), an assistant curator- ities leaders are Lea professor of history College seniors Kyle Q. Haddad-Fonda ship, and an operations fund named in Ann Blair and professor of history of art (see “Buzzing In,” page 67), of Issaquah, honor of Benjamin Rowland, who was on and architecture Ewa Lajer-Burcharth.

Harvard Magazine 63

Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 JOHN HARVARD’S JOURNAL

The social-science advisers are Aetna pro- with similar agendas continue to benefit natos, who took up that post in 1964, will fessor of public policy and corporate man- from their donors’ largess. Nike founder retire at the end of the academic year. The agement Brigitte Madrian and Ford pro- Philip H. Knight and Penny Knight, who orchestra itself just cele- fessor of the social sciences Robert J. previously underwrote Stanford Gradu- brated its bicentennial Sampson. The science leaders are professor ate School of Business’s new campus, (see “Two Centuries of of astronomy Dimitar Sasselov and pro- pledged $100 million to Oregon Health & Sound,” May-June 2008, fessor of neurobiology Rosalind A. Segal. Science University Cancer Institute for page 23).…Harvard Law Creative-arts appointments are pending. research—$98 million of which is for use School will move from at the discretion of the institute’s director. letter grading to an Hon- JON CHASE/HARVARD NEWS OFFICE Medical merit. Four faculty members Lorry I. Lokey, founder of Business Wire, ors-Pass-Low Pass-Fail James have been elected members of the Insti- pledged $42 million to Stanford’s School system, beginning with Yannatos tute of Medicine, the bio- of Medicine, complementing an earlier students who matriculate in the fall. In a medical and health arm of $33-million gift, to build a stem-cell re- joking reference to the change, at the the National Academies: search center. Ratan Tata gave Cornell school’s capital-campaign celebration on professor of immunology University $50 million for fellowships for October 23, Scott professor of law Robert and infectious diseases students from India and to support joint C. Clark, the school’s immediate past Phyllis Jean Kanki; Cabot research on agriculture and nutrition dean and a tough grad- professor of genetics Raju with Indian universities. Yale announced er, alluded to the transi- S. Kucherlapati; professor Phyllis Jean a planned $75-million India Initiative, tion to the “wimpy Yale of surgery Marsha A. Kanki and, separately, a new Institute for Bio- system” (which is also Moses; and Walcott professor of biosta- logical, Physical, and Engineering Sci- used at Stanford).…Dan tistics Louise M. Ryan. ences. The University of Pennsylvania Shore, who had served

funded a $50-million Neuroscience Ini- JUSTIN IDE/HARVARD NEWS OFFICE in an acting capacity Gates grant. As part of its support for the tiative, an area where it has added 18 new Dan Shore since last May, in Octo- Grand Challenges in Global Health pro- faculty positions in recent years. And ber was appointed the University’s vice gram, the Bill & Melinda Gates Founda- David G. Booth, who earned his degree president for finance and chief financial tion (www.gatesfoundation.org) in Octo- from the University of Chicago Graduate o∞cer.…Harvard’s new director of sus- ber funded 104 “explorations” grants to School of Business in 1971, gave the school tainability is Heather Henriksen, M.P.A. the tune of $100,000 each: seed money for cash, an income stream, and equity in his ’08. A member of the task force that set a cutting-edge ideas deserving of initial, firm worth a total of $300 million. goal of reducing the Uni- high-risk testing. Among the recipients versity’s greenhouse-gas are: professor of genetics George M. Masters move on. Pforzheimer House emissions by 30 percent Church; professor of dermatology master James J. McCarthy, professor of by 2016, she will now Tayyaba Hasan; and associate professor of biological oceanography oversee measures to systems biology Roy Kishony (all for (who shared the Nobel achieve that objective.

work on limiting drug resistance); and re- Peace Prize in 2007 for She leads the newly STEPHANIE MITCHELL/HARVARD NEWS OFFICE search fellow in anaesthesia Nikita K. his work on the Inter- named O∞ce for Sustain- Heather Henriksen Malavia (for work on using nanoparticles governmental Panel on ability, successor to the to attack viral infections). Climate Change), and Harvard Green Campus Initiative (www.- co-master Sue McCar- greencampus.harvard.edu).…Harvard Fund flows. As Harvard celebrates sig- James J. and thy will step down at Medical School has appointed Gina Vild nificant gifts in support of the arts and Sue McCarthy the end of the academic associate dean for public a≠airs; she had sciences (see pages 53 and 37), institutions year, after 13 years of service. held similar positions at Massachusetts General Hospital’s cancer and women’s Miscellany. Harvard-Radcli≠e Or- health programs, and at Dana-Farber chestra’s music director, James Yan- Cancer Institute.

STEM-CELL STUDIES. With a joint Faculty of Arts and Sciences (FAS)-Harvard Medical School department of stem cell and regenerative biology in place (www.scrb.harvard.edu), work has begun to advance an undergraduate course of study in the emerging field. FAS’s Faculty Council has reviewed a proposed concentration in “human developmental and regenerative biology,” with legislation likely in the next few months. The department, which describes its focus as “study of the development, maintenance and repair of vertebrate tissues. How organisms, including humans, develop from a fertilized egg, maintain tissues in the adult body and repair dysfunctional or damaged tissue…,” envisions launching the concentration this coming fall.

Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 puzzles they’re already working on. and available to everybody. He realizes, though, that he may not You’ll get competing inter- find what his sponsors want. They get a pretations and analyses, but private briefing of his results before he it’s going to clear the air. In publishes them, he explains, but “there’s the long run, things begin no opportunity to censor things.” Once re- to clarify, even if the de- searchers make their findings public, Kane bates are intense initially.” warns, they need to brace themselves for Few subjects are more po- hostile reactions. “If you’re doing well-re- litically fraught than school spected but irrelevant work, where no- choice—which encompasses body really cares about the outcome, no- issues of charter schools and Paul Peterson body’s going to accuse you of being an school vouchers. Peterson advocate for one point of view or another,” began studying school he says. “But the moment your work starts choice in a serious way in 1995, around the on students. In both Washington, D.C., to have implications, there will be people time that he launched his policy group. and New York City, some middle-school who will start to question your motives.” Most recently, he entered the debate sur- students can earn money for academic suc- The frequently rapid pace of leadership rounding Philadelphia’s 2002 decision to cess; in D.C., good attendance and behav- turnover in public schools also presents a turn over more than 40 of its troubled ior count, too. In Chicago, Fryer’s program challenge for academics. By the time pro- middle and elementary schools to a mix of gives high-school students a percentage of fessors finally corral enough grant money, non- and for-profit managers. their earnings at five-week intervals and their partners in the school administra- A 2007 study by the RAND Corporation withholds the rest until the students re- tion may already be gone, hired by another found no di≠erences between the non- ceive their diplomas. “If we aim to estab- profit and privately operated schools and lish true equality of opportunity in educa- “The moment your the schools that remained under district tion, we must be willing to take risks and control. Peterson, objecting to the way explore innovative strategies,” Fryer said work starts to have RAND handled the data, designed his in a Broad Foundation press release. “The own test. RAND compared the test ‘same-old’ strategies have failed genera- implications, people schools to all of the schools under district tions of students.” (Fryer declined to be control and included only students who interviewed, saying he would like to wait will start to question stayed put throughout the test period, until he has gathered his results.) while Peterson compared the test schools Kane, for his part, hoped to o≠er chan- your motives.” to struggling district schools and kept in cellor Klein and the New York City pub- those students who changed schools. “To lic schools a new hiring tool with his district or fired. Or, “If you’ve got a super- our surprise,” Peterson says, “the nonprof- seven-part survey for new teachers. The intendent excited about doing some- its did much worse than the district’s 90-minute survey, more than 200 items thing,” says Jon Fullerton, executive direc- schools. And the for-profits did better.” long, included everything from an IQ test tor of Kane’s PPIE, “and you say, ‘Great, Students at the for-profit schools had to a measure of how much time an appli- we’ll be back to you in a year to start the learned the equivalent of an extra two- cant has spent with children (coaching, project,’ you may not capture their imagi- thirds of a year of math. Students in the babysitting, etc.). “We call it our kitchen- nation in the way you wanted to.” nonprofits appeared to lag behind in both sink paper,” Kane jokes. Although no sin- Fullerton would also like to see more math and reading (although those results gle factor separated the good teachers researchers working with the same infor- weren’t statistically significant). But Pe- from the bad with pinpoint precision, the mation. When assembling administrative terson’s scholarly findings didn’t sway the survey did have some predictive power. data for a district (linking students and district: last summer, Philadelphia de- Especially promising was a sample math their test scores to particular teachers, for cided to take back six of the for-profit test with answers, designed by Kane’s instance), he returns the newly legible schools and warned 20 other schools HGSE colleague Heather Hill, that re- data to the district. “If they want to redis- (both non- and for-profits) that they had quired teachers not only to locate any in- tribute it themselves, that’s fine by us,” he only a year to show clearer results. correct responses, but also to find the says. “That’s one of the things that we’re Peterson calls his research in Philadel- source of the errors. Kane plans to keep trying to see happen.” The Kennedy phia “quasi-experimental”: he could com- looking for ways to spot good teachers School’s Peterson, in fact, says that pro- pare di≠erent managers, but the students before hiring them, o≠ering his analytic prietary relationships between school weren’t randomly assigned among them. expertise to public educators. “Working districts and researchers make him ner- He considers Roland Fryer’s EdLabs more with quantitative data, and trying to an- vous. “It’s much better to do [what] the purely experimental. Funded in part by a swer questions with quantitative data, is U.S. Department of Education does,” he grant from the Broad Foundation, Fryer is something people around here know a lot says. “They create a data set that’s clean testing the e≠ects of monetary incentives about,” Kane says. “It’s what we do best.”

Photograph by Harvey Wang Harvard Magazine 65

Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 THE UNDERGRADUATE Making Mingling Manageable by christian flow ’10

idway through my se- stood there dressed in a sweater vest, member your name before the event is nior year of high school, sagely nodding during breaks in the con- over. In a larger sense, however, it was a my father and I attended a versation and idly wondering when the taste of something, a nagging sense of welcoming event for al- food would be served. Not well-suited for doubt—a mild discomfort, perhaps— Mready-admitted members of Harvard’s beginners. that would become commonplace as I class of 2010. We walked in, were given But begin I did. This was my introduc- packed myself o≠ to Cambridge and my nametags and directions to the drink tion to the strange science of mingling: a post-secondary years. Never in my life table, and were turned loose. Hello, Har- discipline that demands moving through have I thought harder about how human vard Club of Baltimore. a room full of people you don’t know, interactions work—the subtle forces that Once I had my ginger ale, or water—or minimizing silences, and somehow con- inform them, the framework that sustains whatever it was that my 17-year-old self triving that a few of those present re- them, the consequences that attend decided to drink—I remember them—than in the two-plus being shocked by the realiza- years I have spent as an under- tion that I had no idea what I graduate. was supposed to be doing. Nav- igating ballrooms filled with I should probably note at unknown people wasn’t some- this point that I’m not particu- thing they taught you in AP bi- larly shy, particularly reflec- ology, and it certainly didn’t tive, or particularly prone to make much sense to me. For self-doubt. So when I say I’ve one of the first times in my life, “thought hard” about this I was awash with the realiza- stu≠, I’m not suggesting that tion that talking to people I’ve mulled it over on long could be stressful and demand- walks by the Charles or sat in ing. (In the interests of trans- my bathrobe listening to dole- parency, I’m not counting any ful music and writing in my of the early times that I talked journal about it (I don’t own a to girls, because I think those bathrobe). But it’s hard to fall under a di≠erent rubric, avoid these thoughts once you and because often on those oc- hit college. In the first place, if casions I cheated the system you went to a cozy prep school through heavy preparation or like I did, you quickly realize by cueing myself with a note- that the sort of commonality card full of talking points.) that existed in high school, My father seemed a good deal where everybody was con- more prepared to deal with the stantly tripping over each situation than I. I’m really not other in the same classes and sure how much socializing the on the same athletic teams, food scientists of the Beltsville disappears quickly when there Instrumentation Sensing Labo- are 1,600 people in your class, ratory do, but the man appar- and not 100. ently felt himself equal to the All of a sudden, it’s possible task of moving us to the center to know somebody and have of the room and making us ac- remarkably little in common cessible to the masses. A bold with him. The guy who intro- move, I thought to myself, as I duced himself at an ice-cream

66 January - February 2009 Illustration by Cathy Gendron

Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 social freshman year; the one who sat Rhodes scholarship vetting process, I of conversation. And like the Pranksters, I two seats over in section last semester; have been told, is a cocktail event. cultivated a disdain for smooth operators the one you met at an uncomfortable, and politicking. If you played within the sophomore-year, final-club punch Early on in my Harvard life, I made a system, you perpetuated the system. And event—these people are not easy to talk subconscious decision just to give up on it that meant more horrible mingling events. to. Encountering them puts you at high all. I wasn’t going to have it anymore. I Of course, the thing about Kesey and risk of awkwardness: the state of having wouldn’t play by the rules. I would tran- his band was that, in time, the hated hier- to labor unduly hard to maintain a con- scend them. Or, more aptly, I would burn archies and conventions of the outside versation. Are you still majoring in social stud- them to the ground. I guess I thought if I world managed to find their way onto the ies? Really? Yeah, I’ve heard it is a lot of reading. flouted the conventions of mingling and bus after all. The seemingly visionary often becomes nothing but a new kind of I thought if I flouted the conventions of mingling, conformity. Likewise, when I look hard at my conversational boundary-pressing, it I could set my mind to more lofty concerns. occurs to me that, in its own way, it had the contrived and strategic air I claim to Me? Classics…Yeah… [silence]…So how are you bad dining-hall conversation, the awk- detest in standard cocktail-party conver- doing otherwise? wardness couldn’t touch me, and I could sation; that its benefits were somewhat Besides being remarkably boring, these set my mind to more lofty concerns (I’m limited (assistant professors don’t like to sorts of uneasy exchanges make me won- still trying to sort out what exactly these be asked about their tenure bids); and der—somewhat uncomfortably—just were). that it was, at its root, nothing but a cal- how much common ground good conver- I tried to steer clear of mingling events. culated defense mechanism. Instead of sation requires. Which then usually If I did have to go, I skipped the pleas- confronting awkwardness and inanity, I makes me wonder—even more uncom- antries and started asking questions that had been finding my own inane way to fortably—how petty and ridiculous it is were calculated to throw the conversation run away. So there’s more work to be that I worry about these things at all. o≠ the beaten path. Forget where you’re done. That’s fine: I’m still only a junior. I’ll Aren’t there people in the world with big- from—do you know any good jokes? What’s the give mingling another try. But I’m reluc- ger problems on their plates than whether biggest fight you’ve ever had with your parents and tant. It’s downright di∞cult. And note- they can get through a conversation? How why? What sort of a path did you tread to get to cards full of talking points just don’t disappointing is it that I spend time Harvard? I tried to go no limits. I was Ken work at cocktail parties. thinking about these things in the first Kesey and his bus full of Merry Prank- place? And wouldn’t I, at the very least, be sters, but instead of doing LSD and mess- Berta Greenwald Ledecky Undergraduate Fellow a better person if I spent my mental ener- ing with policemen, I was speaking a little Christian Flow ’10 is going to Staples to get some gies on other things? too directly and messing with the bounds more notecards. Unfortunately, this sort of perspective is not entirely easy to maintain when, from the admissions-information session right on through, you’re reminded that Buzzing In rent lineup is complemented by such lu- Harvard’s biggest asset is its people. Har- minaries as sophomore Meryl Federman, vard’s people. Get to know them. Network. It’s a sport where the mind is the only who last summer won $75,000 on Jeop- How? Well, why not by mingling? muscle worth working, where players ardy!; second-year law student Bruce At some point it stopped being op- flaunt their ability to memorize text- Arthur, who competed as an undergradu- tional. Freshman orientation events, stu- books, and where hand exercises have ate with powerhouse University of Chi- dent organization events, recruiting been prescribed as a means of improving cago; and freshman Dallas R. Simons, a events, departmental teas: you can’t avoid buzzer speed. It’s called Quiz Bowl. And, former star on the high-school circuit. these things. They’re sunk into Harvard big surprise, Harvard is good at it. “The team easily goes 10 or 12 deep,” like crimson dye into a class banner. To Led by a cast of characters that in- says Dennis Loo, a Virginia Tech graduate encourage more student-professor inter- cludes seniors Kyle Haddad-Fonda, and former Quiz Bowler who, when not action, there are professor appreciation Adam N. Hallowell, Julia Schlozman, and acting as the Harvard team’s de facto dinners in the residential Houses, accom- John D. Lesieutre—all four of whom head coach, supports himself by gam- panied by mingling in the master’s resi- played on the team that won a national bling professionally. “You have any of a dence. There are mingling all-stars: 20- Quiz Bowl championship last spring— dozen people who can be mixed and year-old flesh-pressers with campaign Harvard’s program has built itself into an matched into a top-25 team at nationals. experience who rest two fingers on your organized outfit that boasts a treasurer, It’s a nice problem to have.” elbow while they’re talking to you. And fundraising schemes, occasional recruit- As a testament to its stability, Harvard sometimes there are even prizes on the ing e≠orts, and, says Haddad-Fonda, is able to field multiple teams at the small line for the mightiest minglers: part of the about 25 regular participants. The cur- tournaments held most weekends on the

Harvard Magazine 67

Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 Sophomore Meryl Federman and senior Adam N. Hallowell Bruce Arthur, the only graduate keep themselves busy student on Harvard’s team, is in his during a break in the second year at the Law School. A action at Brown history expert, Arthur played for the University’s early fall University of Chicago’s storied Quiz tournament. Bowl team as an undergraduate. BRENDA LIN BRENDA LIN

Northeast Quiz Bowl circuit—a Boston- year, the soft-spoken history concentrator (Quiz Bowl’s televised predecessor, Col- centered division of the national circuit had begun recruiting e≠orts and had orga- lege Bowl, faltered in the early 1990s in that, according to current club president nized the Harvard Fall Tournament—a large part—according to the Quiz Bowl Andrew Watkins ’11, includes approxi- Quiz Bowl competition for high-school- community’s Wikipedia entry—because mately 15 regularly participating schools, ers. (The registration fees help fund travel of concerns about light-weight ques- some with multiple squads. The team also and expenses for the Crimson team). tions). The best questions have “pyrami- travels occasionally to larger tournaments The work has paid dividends. Har- dality,” with clues arranged in decreasing hosted in one of the nation’s six other re- vard’s depth and corresponding range of order of di∞culty so better teams can gional circuits (a group from Harvard re- specialties (Lesieutre is expert in mathe- work out the answer sooner. But no mat- cently attended a tournament in Min- matics, Federman in literature, Arthur in ter how good a team is, the heavy-duty nesota), and to national competitions history) is helpful in a sport that, despite material and quick pace of the game take (last year’s national championship was requiring little physical activity, is sur- a toll: focus and fatigue can flag even in held in St. Louis). prisingly exhausting. Though there are the half-hour to 45 minutes that it takes Harvard’s current successes are not multiple formats, Quiz Bowl is most com- to play a round. Schlozman, an art-his- unprecedented: the team was a top com- monly played in rounds of 20 questions tory specialist, admits to zoning out on petitor on the national stage in the mid (with each participating team generally questions outside her area so she can save 1990s, and—given its standing as a haven supplying a round’s worth as part of its her energy. for Presidential Scholars and those with registration). Teams equipped with hand- Despite the exertions they require, few perfect SATs—is traditionally heavy on held buzzers attempt to ring in before Quiz Bowl competitions bring substan- talent. But the program is also subject to their opponents for a chance to answer tial material rewards. Winning teams and dormant periods, and was menaced by each question (called a “toss-up”) and its top individual performers, especially at dwindling participation and a lack of or- corresponding three-part bonus. Al- the smaller tournaments, garner nothing ganizational enthusiasm as recently as though the answers are short, the toss- more than used books—a prize that is at three years ago. ups themselves are once an indicator of the financial state of The club’s pre- typically lengthy, Quiz Bowl and of the sport’s raw, quirky sent standing has complicated, and intellectualism. Still, the emotional payo≠ much to do with delivered at light- for many top players is great. Former club Haddad-Fonda, ning speed. They president (and recently minted Rhodes who arrived in Seniors John D. scholar; see page 63) Haddad-Fonda town represent- Lesieutre, Kyle points to the feeling of community that ing one-third of Haddad-Fonda, he has encountered during his years on what some call Julia Schlozman, and the circuit, beginning in high school. “It’s Adam N. Hallowell the greatest re- are national Quiz a fun group of people—a lot of us know cruiting class in Bowl champions. each other from high school, from playing Quiz Bowl his- on di≠erent high-school teams,” he says. tory (the class of require a thorough- “One of the reasons that I like traveling to

2009 included the KYLE HADDAD-FONDA going familiarity tournaments is that I like seeing these captains of the top three high-school with highly academic subject matter in people. We’re rivals but we’re also teams in the nation). By his sophomore history, science, literature, and the arts friends.”  c.f.

68 January - February 2009

Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 SPORTS midfield fumble and drove to the Yale 12- yard line. With two seconds left in the half, Long came on for another field goal try, but his kick was deflected. Big D Harvard had held Yale to 80 yards of total o≠ense in the game’s first half, with McLeod accounting for 50 of those yards. Defensive prowess helps the football team to another Ivy title. The Crimson defenders amped it up in the second half, allowing only a net 10 rctic conditions prevailed back misplayed a windblown punt and yards of total o≠ense. McLeod, who had at Harvard Stadium on No- junior cornerback Derrick Barker fell on broken every major Yale rushing record in vember 22, and so did the home the ball at the Yale 13-yard line. The four years as a starter, gained just 12 yards team. With a titanic defensive touchdown was the first given up by the on seven carries, and was held to minus- performance,A Harvard shut out Yale, 10-0, Yale defense in more than 10 quarters of two yards in the fourth quarter. topping o≠ a 9-1 season and securing a share of the Ivy League championship. HOT PURSUIT: Defenders Harvard won the Ivy trophy a year Schultz (52), Curtis (91), and ago and shares the 2008 title with Barnes (25) closing in on Yale back Mike McLeod. Brown. The Bruins had narrowly de- feated the Crimson, 24-22, in the teams’ first league game of the season (see “Bumps in the Road,” November-De- cember 2008, page 78). Were it not for a 13-3 loss to Yale in early November, Brown would have gone unbeaten in the league and won the Ivy title out- right—so Harvard owes the Eli a debt of gratitude. Seven of the last eight matchups with Yale have gone Harvard’s way. Not since its teams won eight of nine games played from 1912 to 1922 has the Crimson enjoyed such dominance.

Swirling winds and frozen turf lim- ited both sides’ passing attacks and played hob with kicks, making it likely that the team with the best ground game and strongest defense would win play. Sophomore Patrick Long’s point- At the start of the final period, an 11- the 125th Harvard-Yale game. That could after gave the Crimson a 7-0 lead. yard run by Gordon set up Harvard’s sec- have been Yale, with an o≠ense built Harvard then sprang an onside kick, ond and last score, a 23-yard, into-the- around record-setting tailback Mike recovered the ball, and mounted a drive wind field goal by Long. McLeod, and with the top-ranked de- that ended with a missed field goal try. The Bulldogs got one last scoring fense against scoring in all of Division 1- By the time Yale took its first snap, the chance with four minutes to play. Sopho- JON CHASE/HARVARD NEWS OFFICE AA. But Harvard had the Crimson o≠ense had run more back Gio Christodoulou, whose 87- upper hand from the start. A Banner Year 24 plays, and more than 11 yard punt return had netted Yale’s only After taking the opening minutes had elapsed. points in the 2007 game, fielded a punt at kicko≠, the Crimson of- Holy Cross W 25-24 Yale had a clear scoring his own 44 and sped down the sideline. fense moved downfield on at Brown L 22-24 chance in the second quar- Harvard’s Derrick Barker caught him at a series of hando≠s to at Lafayette W 27-13 ter, set up by McLeod’s 11- the eight-yard line, saving a touchdown. Cornell W 38-17 sophomore back Gino Gor- Lehigh W 27-24 yard run, his longest of the The defense held for three plays, only to don, fronted by a hard-hit- at Princeton W 24-20 day. But with the ball on have a pass-interference penalty give Yale ting interior line. Midway at Dartmouth W 35-7 the Harvard three-yard a first-and-goal at the two. Another pass through the first quarter, Columbia W 42-28 line, Yale’s kicker hooked a attempt misfired, and on the next snap Gordon scored the game’s at Penn W 24-21 20-yard field goal attempt. Harvard ran an all-out blitz. Linebacker Yale W 10-0 sole touchdown after an Eli Harvard then forced a Eric Schultz got a solid hit on quarter-

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back Hart, the ball came loose, chusetts) High School, he ap- and tackle Carl Ehrlich plied to Harvard with an ad- pounced on it. With two min- missions profile that set him utes to go, Harvard ran out the apart. Both parents had strug- clock. gled with drug and alcohol Gordon ended the day with abuse, ending the marriage 168 yards rushing on 39 carries, when Curtis was two. He and both career highs. All-Ivy quar- his older sisters and brother terback Chris Pizzotti ’08 (’09), grew up in poverty, living in the mainspring of the o≠ense public housing and sometimes for two and a half seasons, com- subsisting on Salvation Army pleted 12 of 21 passes for 109 handouts. “Most kids hated yards, and rushed for another 74 school,” Curtis would recall. “I yards on 16 carries. Harvard had loved it. It was warm, they had 370 yards of total o≠ense to heat, and they fed me.” Yale’s 90, and ran 79 plays His father died of cancer be- against 40 for Yale. McLeod fore Curtis’s senior year at Lynn gained 62 yards on 21 carries, English. His mother remained while Eli quarterback Brook drug-addicted. With tutoring, Hart completed 4 of 11 passes Curtis raised his SAT scores by for 36 yards. 300 points and was accepted at Harvard. Though he needed Game-saving bailouts had coaching on tying a necktie been a defensive specialty. An- when he arrived, he found the other forced fumble had pre- transition easy, in part because served a 27-24 win over Patriot of the friendliness of the foot- League rival Lehigh at the Sta- IVY TROPHY: Harvard ball squad: “I had 110 brothers dium in October. A late drive celebrates its first repeat in the locker room every single had brought the visitors to Har- title since 1982-83. day.” On the field, Curtis was in vard’s 14-yard line. With a first his element. Linemate Peter down and 46 seconds to play, quarterback Ajayi saw him as “the quintessential foot- J. B. Clark set up to pass, then lit out for Final Ivy League Standings ball player, someone you notice immedi- the goal-line. Defensive end Peter Ajayi ately for his speed and strength. Any play Ivy and Points for/ managed to grab the back of Clark’s jer- overall records against he can possibly make, you know he’s sey, and the ball flew into the hands of Harvard 6-1 9-1 274 178 going to be there.” linebacker Glenn Dorris. Game over. Brown 6-1 7-3 269 170 Curtis made the all-Ivy second team in In a rain-soaked battle at Princeton a Penn 5-2 6-4 190 151 2006 and was a first-team selection in his fortnight later, the defense quashed a Yale 4-3 6-4 197 105 junior and senior years. Despite being late-game rally when blitzing linebackers Princeton 3-4 4-6 183 214 double-teamed by blockers on almost Dorris and Schultz threw the Tiger quar- Cornell 2-5 4-6 185 246 every play this season, he ranked second terback for a 13-yard loss. Harvard left Columbia 2-5 2-8 171 245 in the league in tackles-for-loss. town with a 24-20 win. Dartmouth 0-7 0-10 129 333 A week before the Yale game, Harvard’s What did curtis read into his team’s escape artists did it again at Penn’s shutout of Yale? “If you’d showed me the Franklin Field. With the Quakers threat- said later. “I ran to Carl and I wouldn’t let statistics at the beginning of the game, I’d ening at the Crimson 12-yard line and 10 him go, and he wouldn’t let go of the ball. have thought it would have been more like seconds to play, cornerback Ryan Barnes I told him how much I loved him and how last year,” he said afterward. “But Yale’s an came up with his third pass interception this was the only way for it to end. It was amazing team, very tough. Right down to of the day to save a 24-21 victory. just amazing to have my last play in a the last second, they were fighting.” Team captain Matt Curtis, a tackle, had Harvard uniform be of that caliber, with At Yale Bowl a year earlier, Harvard had trailed Schultz and Ehrlich on that last my two best friends.” blown out a previously undefeated Eli defensive hit of the Yale game. After the squad, 37-6. Aside from the obvious scor- play, the Stadium’s new jumbotron score- Curtis earned an H as a freshman and ing di≠erential, Curtis had a point: the board showed Curtis and Ehrlich, his over the next three seasons played almost defensive statistics for both games were Pforzheimer House roommate, in a giddy every defensive minute of every game. An much alike, and even a bit more one-sided sideline hug. “Carl had the ball,” Curtis all-state player at Lynn English (Massa- this time. In 2007 Yale had the ball for

70 January - February 2009 Photographs by Justin Ide/Harvard News O∞ce

Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 22:01 minutes, against 20:45 in 2008. The Blue was held to 66 yards rushing and 43 time before falling in the opening round in the air a year ago, against 54 yards and Sports Roundup of post-season NCAA play. Freshman 36 yards a year later. Yale made six first Melanie Baskind was named Ivy League downs in 2007, five in 2008. It didn’t lose a Men’s Soccer rookie of the year. fumble in the 2007 game, but lost three The Crimson (12-6-0, 5-2 Ivy), unde- Men’s Basketball this time. Never in the modern history of feated at home, just missed capturing the After a 3-11 season last year, the net- the Harvard-Yale series have the sons of Ivy title. In post-season NCAA play the men (3-2, 0-0 Ivy) were picked to finish Walter Camp had their clocks cleaned so thirtieth-ranked booters fell in the sec- fourth in the Ivies this year, thanks to an thoroughly in consecutive games. ond round to the University of South expected boost from a strong recruiting Florida, number eight. Four players made class. But in early November, freshman Tidbits: Quarterback Chris Pizzotti was the first all-Ivy team, including junior star Andrew Van Nest suffered a sea- selected by the league’s eight head coach- Andre Akpan, who has now surpassed son-ending shoulder injury that may es as the Ivy player of the year. The fifth- Chris Ohiri ’64 as the Crimson’s all-time hurt the hoopsters’ chances in Ivy play. year senior, whose strong right arm leading scorer. Women’s Basketball helped Harvard to consecutive champion- Women’s Soccer After winning a piece of the Ivy title two ships, was one of seven Crimson players The women booters (10-3-5, 5-1-1 Ivy) years in a row, the netwomen (4-2, 0-0 named to the all-Ivy first team. For the won the Ivy League championship by Ivy) hope to repeat in 2009. With its second year, Pizzotti received the Crocker beating Columbia 2-1 on a penalty kick strong roster of returning players, Har- Award as the team’s most valuable player. with nine seconds left in double over- vard was again a preseason favorite. Armed and dangerous: Pizzotti finished with impressive career statistics. He bia game Luft caught six passes for 110 …Yale hadn’t been blanked by Harvard passed for 5,675 yards, had 427 pass com- yards and a touchdown, while sophomore since 1992, nor shut out by anyone since pletions, and threw 37 touchdown passes. Levi Richards made seven receptions for 1997.…Four days later, Jack Siedlecki The only Crimson quarterback to put up 103 yards and two scores. Harvard hadn’t retired as coach. He’ll remain at Yale as an bigger numbers has been Neil Rose ’03 had two 100-yard receivers in a game since assistant director of athletics. Siedlecki, (5,949 yards, 455 completions, 41 touch- November 1975. 57, had a record of 70-49 over 12 seasons; down passes).…Harvard won 20 of the 21 On call: Liam O’Hagan, an honorable- he was 4-8 against Harvard. games that Pizzotti started and finished. mention all-Ivy quarterback in his sopho- Laurels: Since the start of formal Ivy Aerial circus: Pizzotti threw 17 touch- more year, missed most of the 2007 season League play in 1956, Harvard has won six down passes this season, five of them cov- with an injury and was granted a fifth outright championships and shared the ering more than 50 yards.…Junior Matt year of eligibility this season. He saw spot title seven times. The most recent back- Luft led Harvard’s receivers with 54 duty in goal-line situations and on kick- to-back championships came in 1982–83. catches for 914 yards and five touch- ing teams.…With Harvard leading Dart- Streak: Crimson teams have won seven downs. He had more than 100 receiving mouth 26-0, O’Hagan stepped in at quar- or more games in each of the past eight yards in five of his games.…In the Colum- terback under orders to run the ball. He seasons—an Ivy League record, and Har- picked up 66 yards on his own, and the vard’s best eight-year run since 1903–1910. IVY PLAYER OF o≠ense closed out a 368-yard rushing day Honors: Joining Chris Pizzotti on the THE YEAR: Chris with 32 consecutive running plays—a all-Ivy first team were captain and defen- Pizzotti was the league’s top-rated sequence perhaps unmatched since the sive tackle Matt Curtis ’09, cornerback quarterback. legalization of forward passing in 1906. Andrew Berry ’09, linebackers Glenn It’s up, it’s good: Patrick Long’s field Dorris ’09 and Eric Schultz ’09, o≠ensive goal in the Yale game was his thirteenth of tackle James Williams ’10, and receiver the season, tying a single-season record Matt Luft ’10. Freshman defensive back shared by Charlie Brickley ’15 (1912) and Matt Hanson was named Ivy rookie of the Matt Schindel ’08 (2004). His 45-yarder at year.…Defensive tackle Carl Ehrlich, of Lafayette was Harvard’s longest since the Bethesda, Maryland, and Pforzheimer 1993 season. House, will captain the 2009 squad. House of horrors: The 24-21 win over Viva voce: Noah Van Niel ’08, the versa- Penn was Harvard’s fourth in five years, tile fullback of the 2007 team, returned to but only its second at Franklin Field since the Stadium to sing the national anthem 1980.…Though first place was at stake, the before the Yale game. A tenor, he is cur- game drew only 7,352 spectators. rently training for an operatic career at Hot ticket, cold day: The Yale game was Philadelphia’s Academy of Vocal Arts. You a Stadium sellout, as it has been each year may never hear the anthem sung better at since 1998. O∞cial attendance was 31,398. a sports event.  “CLEAT”

Harvard Magazine 71

Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 ALUMNI Taking It to the Streets Teny Gross teaches kids nonviolence.

This fall, gunmen on foot shot a six- year-old boy, reportedly while aiming for his mother’s girlfriend because she was in a rival project—an accident racked up to “the cost of the game,” David says. “I tell them, ‘You’re willing to go down for something that doesn’t even belong to you—a building made of bricks, and land Teny Gross (left) and owned by the gov- colleague Sal Montiero ernment—nothing with youths at Kennedy you can even pass Plaza, in downtown Providence, where on to your kids. some 2,000 students Why would you switch school buses do that? Does that make sense?’ But it gives them a sense of purpose when there is nothing for these kids to do. If it were not for Teny and the institute, there would be no role models or people to help kids like I was.”

Gross is a philosophically minded, long- time street worker himself. During the avid C. grew up in Provi- ’01, the institute’s founding executive di- 1990s anti-violence campaign known as dence, Rhode Island. With rector. Their backgrounds make them the Boston Miracle, he was active in the no father around and a drug- uniquely suited for what it takes to Dorchester neighborhood, doing commu- addicted mother, he moved thwart a single act of violence: hours of nity outreach, gang mediation, job cre- Dthrough foster homes, gathering a fragile face-to-face counseling of kids during ation, and skills training. He also taught sense of worth from a gang of friends. “All their most heated, impulsive moments— kids to document their lives with photog- I aspired to was being important on the when they might otherwise pull out a raphy. Building partnerships—with the street,” he says. “There was nothing about gun and do irreversible damage. “My job police, for example, despite local animosi- a future.” He spent five years in juvenile is not pretty—it’s not sending kids to ties—is a particular strength. detention and a few in prison, and still Harvard, or anything fancy,” Gross ex- Being a former Israeli Army sergeant has a reputation among local cops for liv- plains. “It’s about keeping kids in this city helps. “I’ve been both a victim of violence ing up to his nickname, “Devious,” for alive between the ages of 14 and 23.” through [the legacy of] the Holocaust and once escaping through the police-station The kids are even willing to die for then was top dog when it came to the roof. their housing projects. “These beefs are Palestinians. I’m part of the weak and At 37, he is still hanging out with the territorial, not ethnic or racial,” David ex- part of the strong; that’s a very humbling kids—in the schools, at their homes, the plains on a drive through the darkened experience,” says Gross, who moved to hospital, or the mall. But as a street worker streets to visit kids at the Chad Brown Boston to be near his sister in 1989. “I al- with the city’s Institute for the Study and Housing Development. A group of ways see things through the eyes of the Practice of Nonviolence, he now prevents teenagers eyes the passing car. “They look kids and through the eyes of the police. the very violence he once provoked. at every occupant, every car,” he says. “If Keeping those tensions in your head— Like David, most of the street workers you see one slow down with people in- some people would say that is what are ex-gang members or former local side wearing hoods, then you worry. That makes you good at this kind of work.” criminals, says Teny Oded Gross, M.T.S. makes your hair stand on end.” The institute where he works now was

72 January - February 2009 Photograph by Jared Leeds

Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 established in 2001 by Father Ray Malm more than half the city’s public-school with her 12-year-old son, who was being and Sister Ann Keefe, the pastoral team at children qualify for free lunches. More- bullied by his older half-brother—re- St. Michael’s Church, in the poor neigh- over, the state topped the nation for un- cently returned from the Dominican Re- borhood of South Providence. Catalyzed employment this fall, with an 8.8 percent public and on the cusp of joining a gang. by growing youth violence and the death rate, and reported a record number of As she met privately with David, Gross of 15-year-old Jennifer Rivera—shot in home foreclosures. “We are two cities— talked to the boy about cartoons and art, the head in front of her house to prevent one of wealth and one of poverty,” Gross and they went through a book of pho- her from testifying in a pending murder says, “and they rarely meet.” Violence, he tographs of Rhode Island’s civic and com- case—they drafted a broad mission: “To asserts, is sparked by environmental, not munity leaders. “He’s hungry for this kind teach by word and example the principles biological, factors: “In my mind it’s very of interaction; he’s very sensitive,” Gross of nonviolence and to foster a community clear: There is not a lot of opportunity— says later. “He would probably do well in that addresses potentially violent situa- economic or otherwise—and these kids a middle-class, artistic life. But he’s being tions with nonviolent solutions” based on see failure all around them all the time. harassed, and if you fail to protect him the the work of the Reverend Martin Luther It’s traumatizing. They feel pushed into a way adults are supposed to, he could be- King Jr. corner and sometimes violence is the only come very tough very quickly.” (Gross has Gross has built the nonprofit organiza- way they feel they have some control over since contacted the chairman of the board tion from a few unpaid nonviolence train- their lives.” of the community art center to get the ers into a $1.2-million agency with a 28- Violent crime in Providence fell overall boy into some classes.) member team. By the end of the year, he between 2002 and 2007; Esserman attrib- He believes in the redemptive powers of plans to open a four-story headquarters utes that to community policing, in- art and culture. Just as Gross used to ferry in St. Michael’s vacant convent, with tu- creased accountability—and the work Boston youth to hockey games, then over tors, a gym, art and theater classes, and of the institute. The hottest spot is in to Harvard Square’s bookstores and cafés, plenty of musical outlets—including a the West End, where sound- and video-recording studio— most of the city’s 40 thanks to $4.5 million in contributions gangs (with their es- from private donors, foundations, the city, timated 1,600 mem- and the state. “We’re really good at going bers) stake out their in and intervening,” Gross says, “but to do claims among the the work of really transforming someone largest concentra- takes a longer time. This building will tion of poor and mi- focus on youth development.” Besides nority families. “The running the street crew, institute sta≠ problem is not all members operate a nonviolence training gangs—that is just program (Gross has worked with young the People magazine people from as far away as Belfast and view,” cautions Es- Guatemala) and a victims’ support center; serman. “The prob- they also mediate conflicts in families and lem is that the new Gross with street schools and coordinate a summer-jobs drug in American worker Dimky Edouard program. culture is violence. at an informal session with gang members “Teny is the single most important part- Our children are nership we have to fight crime and vio- growing up with it lence,” says Providence police chief Dean all around them—the media, the video ar- now David routinely takes his charges to M. Esserman, a former prosecutor and cade, in their neighborhoods. Their museums, concerts, and to Brown Univer- Dartmouth graduate. “Everywhere I go— homes are not sanctuaries.” With the sity events. Often, a simple jaunt to subur- to every shooting, the ER, in the class- economy spiraling downward, Gross bia “can be a revelation for these kids,” rooms, to every wake, to every funeral—I worries about the coming year. “Every says David. “I like to show them how peo- see Teny, even if it’s two o’clock in the day we see people just out of jail, trying to ple can get along and shop in stores and morning. He and the street workers are get out of gangs, and it’s extremely des- feel free and happy without looking over about building sustained relationships of perate for them to even find work,” he their shoulders and worrying about get- trust. The kids know that they love says. “We’ve got our finger in the dike ting shot at. To the kids, this life is like them—they don’t get that from many now, but the pressure could be too much.” TV.” Adds Gross, “Becoming middle class adults.” and learning just takes thousands of inter- With a diverse population of 175,000, Gangs aren’t the sole focus. Plenty actions. It’s all about exposure.” Providence is a small city in a tiny state. of kids need helping staying in school and But it has the third-highest child-poverty coping with family troubles. One night in Gross’s home is filled with etchings, rate in America (tied with New Orleans); November, a mother came to the institute paintings, and sculptures from his family,

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friends, and wife, Julia Clinker, a photog- “I believe that people are capable of living Gross’s own religious background is rapher who teaches at the Rhode Island up to their potential if given love and at- complicated. His mother, a Serb, de- School of Design and takes primary care tention and opportunities. I connect with plored organized religion. His father, a of their two young sons. It was while the communities of faith because they are Croatian Jew, once aspired to become a earning a bachelor’s degree in fine arts dedicated around principles that I agree Catholic priest largely because he was from Tufts and the School of the Museum with—that every human life is worth hidden in a monastery during World of Fine Arts in 1990 that Gross, who had something and worth doing something War II (his mother died in the Holo- plans “to photograph how the police about.” caust); his eventual move to Israel was to treated people,” first met Boston commu- Divinity School “was a great place for be near his sole remaining relative, a sis- nity activist Reverend Eugene F. Rivers me to ask new questions; I’m a much ter. “My father’s the one who taught me III ’83; he ended up teaching art to kids more lethal debater thanks to Harvard,” all about Jesus,” Gross says. “It was not through the Azusa Christian Community he says. He was especially drawn to pro- an observant Jewish household; we also (begun as a Harvard student group in the fessors Harvey Cox and Kevin Madigan celebrated Christmas. But in Israel, you 1980s), where Rivers was pastor, and its and former faculty member Father J. begin to absorb the culture and I did. I a∞liated Ella J. Baker House, which Bryan Hehir. He took “Justice” with Bass still love the slowing down on Fridays. I serves high-risk families in Dorchester. professor of government Michael Sandel really miss that.” During the next decade, he was based pri- and still listens to the lectures through Though far from being a violent young marily at Baker House as a teacher, street his iPod while jogging. “Harvard was a man, Gross says he has always tended to worker, and community organizer. respite from the streets,” he continues, “question everything” and was somewhat The work was faith-based, but “wheth- “and it renewed me to come and do this”: rebellious. He recalls breaking a window, er you believe in God or not was (and is) move to Providence (where his wife grew slapping a teacher, throwing a kid over a not critical,” says Gross, who is basically up) and take on the job of building up the table—“typical, aggressive kid stu≠”— agnostic after years of studying religion. nascent institute. and says fighting at school and on the

Anthony Woods: Even after the invasive court-martial process—the Taking a Stand military conducts interviews with friends and family to ver- ify homosexuality, presumably When Anthony C. Woods, M.P.P. ’08, delivered the graduate to prevent fraud, for instance English address at Commencement last June (shown at right), by soldiers who wish to avoid he had just made a momentous decision: to publicly acknowl- an additional tour in Iraq— edge his homosexuality and effectively end a military career that Woods is reluctant to malign had spanned nine years and two tours in Iraq. the officers who carried out Woods did not mention this decision in his speech. Soon his investigation. He says they after, though, the West Point graduate and U.S.Army captain in- are simply implementing a formed his commander that he was gay, initiating his dismissal policy. Change might come under the “Don’t ask, don’t tell” policy. In early November, from Congress, but Woods Woods learned he would be “eliminated” from the army on the believes the Supreme Court grounds of “moral and professional dereliction” and required to is a more likely venue:“I think repay $35,000—the amount of his scholarship to attend the it’s going to take a landmark Kennedy School. court case, like Brown v. Board of Education.” A military career may seem a curious choice for a young man As recently as a year ago, Woods thought life after Harvard who is gay or even questioning his orientation. But for the son of would include at least five more years of military service. He STU ROSNER a single mother, growing up in an Air Force town in northern had been accepted to teach at West Point—“a huge, huge California, acceptance to West Point was an honor—and an op- dream,” he says. Now, even as he waits to hear whether his dis- portunity—beyond compare. Woods focused on the profes- charge will be honorable or dishonorable, Woods has begun a sional to the exclusion of the personal; with the country at war, new chapter: while working as staff secretary to New York that wasn’t hard. But two years at Harvard gave him space to governor David Paterson, he is applying to law school. He think—and to face his dismal prospects for upward mobility in dreams of a role in changing the policy that cut his own dreams an organization with an explicit homosexuality ban and a strong short. But his decision to come out already constitutes a signifi- culture of marriage and children. Even if he had stayed closeted, cant first step. “If this policy’s ever going to go away,” he says, he says,“It wasn’t going to be possible for me to fit the mold, and “they have to lose talented people. It’s not going to go away un- I knew that because of that, there was going to be a glass ceiling.” less it hurts.”  elizabeth gudrais

74 January - February 2009

Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 playground was the norm. “In the U.S. now, these juvenile ac- A Special Notice Regarding Commencement Exercises tions would have resulted in a criminal record,” he adds. “But I Thursday, June 4, 2009 was also full of life and was in- Morning Exercises terested in philosophy and ethics To accommodate the increasing number of those wishing to attend Harvard’s Commencement Exercises, the and the world. I read literature following guidelines are proposed to facilitate admission into Tercentenary Theatre on Commencement Morning: and studied in school.” • Degree candidates will receive a limited number of tickets to Commencement. Parents and guests of degree Childhood, he thinks, should candidates must have tickets, which they will be required to show at the gates in order to enter Tercentenary be about making mistakes, and Theatre. Seating capacity is limited; however, there is standing room on the Widener steps and at the rear and sides of the Theatre for viewing the exercises. about adults helping you learn. Note: A ticket allows admission into the Theatre, but does not guarantee a seat. The sale of Commencement Tightening the grip of authority tickets is prohibited. rarely helps. “The British got • Alumni/ae attending their major reunions (25th, 35th, 50th) will receive tickets at their reunions. Alumni/ae in tough on the Irish—and you got a classes beyond the 50th may obtain tickets from the Classes and Reunions O∞ce, 124 Mount Auburn Street, sixth rebellion. We got tough on the floor, Cambridge. • For alumni/ae from non-major reunion years and their spouses, there is televised viewing of the Morning Ex- Palestinians and we got a rebel- ercises in the Science Center and at designated locations in most of the undergraduate Houses and professional lion,” he asserts. “You put some- schools. These locations provide ample seating, and tickets are not required. one to the wall and usually they • A very limited supply of tickets will be made available to all other alumni/ae on a first-come, first-served basis will have to act back.” through the Harvard Alumni Association, 124 Mount Auburn Street, sixth floor, Cambridge 02138. Violence and aggression are Afternoon Exercises inherently exciting, he notes, es- The Harvard Alumni Association’s Annual Meeting convenes in Tercentenary Theatre on Commencement af- ternoon. All alumni and alumnae, faculty, students, parents, and guests are invited to attend and hear Harvard’s pecially to young men. He recalls President and the Commencement Speaker deliver their addresses. Tickets for the afternoon ceremony will be driving a van-load of Boston kids available through the Harvard Alumni Association, 124 Mount Auburn Street, sixth floor, Cambridge 02138. home once: they saw their ene- Jacqueline A. O’Neill, University Marshal mies out the window and “It was like a battalion reaction—they got all ex- passive wimps—they’re very aggressive, morals, who talks about “Nearly 40 Years cited and started talking about who they very driven.” On: A View From the Memorial Church.” were and what they did, and how they But for street kids, he says, that sense of On January 29, at the California Acad- were going to get them,” he reports. power too often “comes through mowing emy of Sciences in San Francisco, visiting “These crews challenge each other like people down with an Uzi. I think what Harvard professors discuss “What Might military units. They have their enemies we’re pushing for is a more evolved form of We Know: Science in the Next 20 Years.” and their friends, their fights, and their aggression.”  nell porter brown University provost Steven E. Hyman will girlfriends, and the drugs and the drink- moderate the discussion of such topics as ing—it’s these same things that excite stem-cell research, global health, and en- people all around the world.” Comings and Goings ergy and the environment. Panelists will In such an environment, how does include professor of surgery and neurol- nonviolence compete? Gross mentions University clubs o≠er a variety of social ogy Je≠rey D. Macklis, earth and plane- the case of one 19-year-old in Providence, and intellectual events, including Har- tary sciences professor Daniel P. Schrag, “VA,” a suspected murderer assigned to vard-a∞liated speakers (please see the and Strong professor of infectious dis- David. VA’s mother is in federal prison on partial list below). For further informa- ease Dyann F. Wirth. The event is orga- drug charges and his best friend was am- tion, contact the club directly, call the nized by Kat Taylor ’80 and the Harvard bushed and killed last summer while HAA at 617-495-3070 or 800-654-6494, Alumni Association, along with the Har- sneaking up on a rival crew. “VA is a real e-mail [email protected], or visit vard clubs of San Francisco and Silicon leader,” Gross points out. “What would www.haa.harvard.edu. Valley. (Registration through the HAA is he be if he’d grown up in an a±uent sub- On January 12, the Harvard Club of required.) urb? A jock, a star athlete, captain of the San Diego hosts the Reverend Peter On February 5, the Harvard Club of team. The kids who go to Harvard are not Gomes, Plummer professor of Christian Broward County welcomes Timothy Col- ton, Feldberg professor of government A Record-Breaker Passes and Russian studies and director of the Russian Research Center, for a discussion Walter Seward, LL.B. ’24, who died on September 14, a month shy of his 112th on “How to Deal with a Resurgent Rus- birthday, was the longest-lived Harvard alumnus known to University records. He sia.” And McKay professor of computer practiced law into his nineties; for his final visit to the Law School, in 2004, Dean science Harry Lewis talks about “Blown Elena Kagan declared Walter Seward Day in his honor (see “The Oldest Ever?” Janu- to Bits: Your Life, Liberty, and Happiness ary-February 2006, page 79, for further details.) after the Digital Explosion” for the Har- vard Club of Maryland on February 28.

Harvard Magazine 75

Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 THE COLLEGE PUMP

FDR’s Digs

the New York Times headlined “Franklin former host of The Victory Garden on PBS. Delano Obama.” Time put a beaming He specializes in piecing together histori- Obama costumed as Roosevelt on its cal landscapes from archival sources, ex- cover, and other media piled on the theme. actly the sort of research needed to re- FDR, A.B. 1904, LL.D. ’29, is in at Har- build Roosevelt’s digs. When restored, vard, too—and about time, some would they will serve as a memorial museum “Your wooden arm you hold outstretched say. While there are various tributes scat- and as remarkable rooms for University to shake with passers-by.” tered around the place to his distant guests. Perhaps Franklin Delano Obama cousin Theodore, A.B. 1880, LL.D. 1902, the would enjoy a stay. o sooner had the citizen- twenty-sixth president—the rich Theo- ry chosen Barack Hussein dore Roosevelt Collection in Houghton Li- Obama, J.D. ’91, to be their brary, most notably—no memorial to forty-fourth president, than Franklin exists. But if the necessary funds Also ran: Independent candidate Ralph Npundits began comparing him to the can be raised in these depressed times, that Nader, LL.B. ’58, Obama’s fellow Law thirty-second one. “Suddenly, everything lack will be remedied within a year (to School alumnus and rival to succeed old is New Deal again.…F.D.R. is in,” de- mark progress, go to www.fdrsuite.org). George W. Bush, M.B.A. ’75, left his home clared Paul Krugman in an op-ed piece in Judith and Sean Palfrey, master and co- in Winsted, Connecticut, early on Octo- master of Adams ber 25 to stump in Massachusetts. He House, imagined aimed that day to set a Guinness World restoring the suite Record for most speeches in 24 hours. To of rooms in what is attain the goal, he had to give at least 15 now B-entry—two spontaneous speeches at least 10 minutes bedrooms, sitting in length on di≠erent topics at di≠erent room, and bath— venues and with at least 10 people in at- that Franklin and tendance who hadn’t come with him. His his mother, Sara, campaign headquarters reported next day furnished luxuri- that he had triumphed. Taking questions, ously and that he signing up supporters, and fundraising occupied as an un- along the way, Nader delivered 21 dergraduate. One speeches in as many municipal jurisdic- year ago the Pal- tions, speaking for a total of at least 255 freys found just the minutes to more than 1,000 people. volunteer to spear- Among his stops were a deli, a farmers’ head the project, market, a library, and the front of the Fed- Michael Weishan eral Reserve Bank of Boston, where he ’86, an Adams alum- called “that monstrous bailout bill…taxa- nus, landscape de- tion without representation.” If Nader signer, writer, and could keep up that pace for the entirety of a presidential campaign—say, the cam- A restorer of lost paign of 2016—might he become the landscapes works ninth person with a Harvard degree (see to replicate FDR’s suite of rooms as it “Brevia,” page 63) to serve as president? looked in 1900. !primus v

76 January - February 2009 Rendering by Je≠ Stikeman Architectural Art ©2008; courtesy of the FDR Suite Foundation Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 .

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Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 LETTERS LETTERS (continued from page 8) marvels of nature in a rational way—this Ibswbse!Nbhb{jof! popular and pretty song symbolized Union. Russian translations of Wilbur’s much of what was wrong about o∞cial GFBUVSFE!QSPQFSUZ and Viereck’s poetry also appeared that religion. year in the Literaturnaya Gazeta, along with Stephen Pordes, Ph.D. ’76 Yevtushenko’s unprecedented “Babi Yar,” Glen Ellyn, Ill. prompting both aesthetic freedom and human rights. President faust is right to say that the The popularity of this exchange helped hymn is steeped in Victorian romanti- to prompt Khrushchev’s November 1962 cism. But it also shows another side of the decision to authorize the uncensored Victorian era. The 1840s were the time of publication of Solzhenitsyn’s One Day in the the Chartist movement and great unrest Life of Ivan Denisovich. The influence came among working men. The third stanza of full circle when Harvard invited Solzhe- the hymn is this: nitsyn to campus as its 1978 Commence- The rich man in his castle, ment speaker, where he championed “the The poor man at his gate, integral spirit” shared by all humans. The God made them high and lowly, opening of Lambert’s article recalls how And ordered their estate. Wilbur became a poet instead of writing William C. Waterhouse ’63, Ph.D. ’68 seventeenth-century European history, State College, Pa. but we should remember that Harvard’s Nblf!zpvs!wbdbujpo!ipnf!tuboe!pvuÑ poets have played no small part in chang- President faust put the matter so elo- cfdpnf!pvs!ofyu!Gfbuvsfe!Qspqfsuz"! ing the course of world history. quently. She reminded us of our place in, Sfbdi!336-111!bgàvfou!boe!! Valerie Viereck Gibbs, M.T.S. ’72 and our responsibilities to, the creation usvtufe!sfbefstÒuif!bmvnoj-!gbdvmuz-! Columbus, Ohio around us. I would add only that to put boe!tubgg!pg!Ibswbse!Vojwfstjuz/! John Alexis Viereck, ’68 into practice our desire to preserve cre- Culver City, Calif. ation, we need to think carefully about Gps!qsjdjoh!jogpsnbujpo!hp!up;! our material consumption and its impact ibswbsenbhb{jof/dpn0gfbuvsfeqspqfsuz! Lambert made a common error: incor- on the living natural resources of the ps!dbmm!728.5:7.7797/ rectly labeling Wesleyan University as planet. The only way to consume and Wesleyan College. I had the privilege of have economic growth while preserving STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP, MANAGEMENT, AND CIRCU- taking Richard Wilbur’s Shakespeare the natural earth is to make sure it is done LATION. Publication title: Harvard Magazine. Publication no. 0095-2427. Filing date: 10/10/08. Issue frequency: bi-monthly. course in the late ’50s at Wesleyan, one of in a sustainable way. Number of issues published annually: 6. Annual subscription price: $30. Complete mailing address of known office of publica- the highlights of my undergraduate expe- John F. Schivell ’63, Ph.D. ’68 tion and headquarters or general business office of the publisher: 7 Ware Street, Cambridge MA 02138. Contact person: Felecia rience. I can attest that his teaching was Princeton, N.J. Carter, 617-496-6694. Publisher: Catherine A. Chute, Harvard Magazine, 7 Ware Street, Cambridge MA 02138. Editor: John as expressive and precise as his poetry, Rosenberg, Harvard Magazine, 7 Ware Street, Cambridge MA 02138. Managing Editor: Jonathan Shaw, Harvard Magazine, 7 and that I learned to enjoy reading Shake- AMPLIFICATIONS Ware Street, Cambridge MA 02138. Owner: Harvard Magazine Inc., 7 Ware Street, Cambridge MA 02138. Known bondholders, speare as much as watching it performed. Robin pressley-keough of Animal mortgagees, or other security holders: none. The purpose, func- tion, and nonprofit status of this organization and the exempt sta- Thanks for reinforcing the memory. Adventures points out that the Texas tus for federal income tax purposes have not changed during pre- David V.B. Britt, M.P.A. ’67 coral snake (“Animals Speak Color,” No- ceding 12 months. Issue date for circulation data below: Septem- ber-October 2008. Avg. no. copies Single issue each issue nearest to Amelia Island, Fla. vember-December, page 42) is venomous, preced. 12 mos filing date

not poisonous. A. Total no. of copies VICTORIAN TREACLE (Net press run) 243,517 246,092 B. Paid and/or requested circulation Just to note how people can react dif- 1. Paid/req. outside-county mail subscriptions stated ferently—I was quite surprised to read of on Form 3541...... 236,937 239,543 President Faust’s selection of “All things 2. Paid in-county subs. . . 0 0 3. Sales through dealers bright and beautiful” as a hymn to com- and carriers, street vendors, counter sales, and other memorate (“Morning Prayers: All Crea- non-USPS paid distribution 3,869 4,023 4. Other classes mailed tures,” November-December, page 65). through the USPS...... 0 0 C. Total paid and/or

The song takes an absurd view of evolu- KORY ROBERTS requested circulation. . . . 240,806 243,566 D. Nonrequested distribution by mail tion both biological and geological, and Amplifying the same issue’s “Errata 1. Outside-county as stated on Form 3541 . . . . 172 164 with its verse about ordering the estate of and Amplifications” (page 10), David 2. In-county as stated on Form 3541 ...... 0 0 the rich man in his castle and the poor French, Ph.D. ’74, notes that Ethiopia was 3. Other classes mailed through the USPS ...... 0 0 man at his gate, it is a classic example of colonized, by Italy, from 1936 to 1941. Also 4. Nonrequested distribution outside the mail...... 265 0 the use of religion in justifying inequities in the same issue, “Slavery’s Sway” (page E. Total nonrequested distribution. . .437 164 F. Total distribution...... 241,243 243,730 in society. To me as a young person in 20) attributed a database of shipping G. Copies not distributed. . . 2,274 2,362 H. Total...... 243,517 246,092 England where the school day started records to Emory professor David Eltis; Percent paid and/or with a Christian service—and the rest of Barbara Solow, then a researcher at Har- requested circulation...... 99.8% 99.9% I certify that the information above is true and complete. the day was spent learning about the vard, was also a principal investigator. Catherine A. Chute, Publisher

Harvard Magazine 85

Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 THE WAR AND THE WRIT (continued from page 31)

Heymann forcefully rejects the third alternative—creating a national security court or other novel statutory system for civil detention of terrorists. “The problem with these schemes, even when created by legislation and administered by the judiciary, is the vagueness of the standard for detention,” he asserts. The United States runs the risk of “creating the type of regime…that has proved a dangerous failure in other Western countries” and that, in the international arena “would constitute an unparal- leled assertion of executive power to seize and detain people liv- ing in other countries, compared to asserting a right to try the in- dividual for violation of our criminal statutes,” he writes. “The gains from this regime would have to be very great to warrant the departure from hundreds of years of Western traditions in this way. They simply are not. If we can extradite and try more than a dozen powerful paramilitary Colómbian warlords for drug tra∞cking charges, we can and should do the same with supporters of al Qaeda and its a∞liates.” THE PITFALLS OF PREVENTIVE DETENTION David h. remes, J.D. ’79, an attorney representing 17 Guantá- namo prisoners, warns that “This idea of setting up a new system and doing it ‘right’ has a deceptive appeal, because it appears to o≠er a sensible middle ground between the abuses and outrages committed by the Bush administration and the soft-headed ide- alism of civil libertarians. Everybody loves the approach that re- jects ‘the extremes of the left and the right.’ But the world isn’t divided into one extreme versus another extreme. It’s divided into right and wrong.” Remes sco≠s at the idea of “preventive de- tention” as a justification for holding his clients. “Are we talking about some form of pre-crime?” he asks. “That is what some very David H. Remes decent and thoughtful academics and others are proposing. The idea was last proposed by Attorney General John Mitchell in the Nixon administration,” he says, “to deal with supposed threats could review to justify detention—“which made it a rather one- to domestic security from within. It was roundly rejected as con- sided a≠air, even overlooking all the other flaws.” After the trary to our most basic values.” Boumediene decision, the government threw all the CSRT evidence Remes, who gave up a partnership at Covington & Burling away, says Remes, and filed a new set of accusations, with a new LLP to found Appeal for Justice, a nonprofit human-rights litiga- pile of evidence to support them. “They added allegations, they tion firm, represents (with his former firm) 15 Yemenis at Guan- dropped allegations, they scuttled some evidence, and they tánamo. He also represents, together with Reprieve, a British added other evidence,” he says. “It’s really a travesty.” human-rights organization, two other detainees: an Algerian And yet, Remes says, it is the same type of evidence. Lawyers fighting repatriation because he fears torture or death, and a 61- like Remes, who represent the detainees, are the only ones out- year-old Pakistani businessman who was abducted in Thailand. side of government who have seen the evidence firsthand. Remes He sharply criticizes the way the government captured these can’t discuss it directly: it is all classified, held in a secure facility. men, the way they have been treated subsequently, and the evi- But he says that virtually everything that the government relies dence on which they continue to be held. He began filing habeas on to call these men enemy combatants consists of statements by review petitions on behalf of his clients in July 2004, after the the prisoners themselves or statements about the prisoners by Rasul decision. All along, the government has maintained that his other prisoners. Many of these statements were elicited using clients are enemy combatants, he says, but has been “fighting torture, he says, or by “promising prisoners early release or a tooth and nail against ever having to prove its allegations in a pack of cigarettes or a better cell.” Remes mentions Muhammad court of law. All the public knows,” he says, “are the allegations, al-Qahtani, whose interrogation logs were published in Time because the government has kept all of its evidence secret.” magazine, and who was made to bark like a dog, wear women’s “It’s absolutely critical to determine reliably whether you have underwear on his head, su≠er extremes of hot and cold, and go apprehended a civilian or a warrior,” he continues. “That deter- for long periods without sleep. “The government showed him a mination has to be made fairly. You can’t simply sweep someone picture book and said, ‘Okay, tell us—who are the terrorists at up and define him as a warrior, which is what the Bush adminis- Guantánamo?’ And al-Qahtani simply said, ‘Him, him, him, him, tration did.” Even after Rasul, he says, the government cherry- and him.’ And other prisoners did the same thing.” picked the evidence that its Combatant Status Review Tribunals Remes says that, while going through the government’s evi-

86 January - February 2009 Portrait by Julie Anne Woodford

Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 dence, he has found instances where several prisoners, shown the istan—how do these make you an enemy of the United States? photograph of another prisoner, each identify the man in the pic- “The government has been so successful since 9/11 in portraying ture as al Qaeda, but give him di≠erent names. The government these men as the worst of the worst, as vicious killers, that peo- concludes that they all know the man, but by di≠erent aliases, ple simply take that as a given. Most of the these men were fish rather than concluding that none of them actually knows the man. caught in a net when the U.S. started bombing Afghanistan and Remes also maintains that the use of torture, which is known to the Northern Alliance started advancing.” produce false confessions from people who have no information, At that point, Remes explains, “the U.S. was o≠ering $5,000 makes anything they say unreliable. “That means that if they are bounties to any Afghan that could turn over terrorists. So you had terrorists, they are rendered practically unconvictable,” he says, a lot of Afghani bounty hunters picking up Arabs and selling them “and if they are not, they have su≠ered a gross injustice.” to the United States, simply asserting that the men were Taliban Forty percent of the detainees who remain at Guantánamo are or al Qaeda. Similarly, many men were picked up by Pakistani bor- Yemenis, he notes, because the United States has been unable to der guards when they came through the mountains and sold to the work out an agreement with Yemen for their return; by contrast, United States.” Five thousand dollars, he notes, is a huge sum in 90 percent of the Saudis and all of the Europeans have been re- Afghanistan: “The U.S. propaganda was, ‘You’ll be set for life.’” Al- turned, even though the U.S. government viewed most of these most all of the men held at Guantánamo were seized in this way, men as enemy combatants. “My point being,” Remes says, “that he says; only about 5 percent were captured by U.S. forces. whether or not you are an enemy combatant seems to have noth- Remes believes that “a lot of what is going on at Guantánamo ing to do with whether or not you get released.” Two of his and Abu Ghraib, and in the court system here, is less about clients were cleared for release in February 2006. They are still at whether these individuals are terrorists than it is about whether Guantánamo. Other men who have not been cleared for release the executive branch can do whatever it wants, free from any ac- have been sent home. countability to the other branches of government. I don’t buy the The reality at Guantánamo, he says, is that—so far—release thesis that the administration’s big mistake was not going to has hinged on diplomacy, not justice. “People always ask me, ‘Are Congress to authorize what it was doing. Whether an activity your clients guilty or innocent?’ And I ask them, ‘Guilty of what?’ has political legitimacy or not is beside the point. It’s what’s And people really can’t articulate what it means to be guilty. being legitimized that counts.” They may say, “Well, guilty of terrorism.’ And I ask, ‘Well what The story of what happened to one man at Guantánamo— do you mean?’ And there is a pause. And then they say, ‘Well, at- Parhat, the Uighur who released his wife from having to share in tacking the United States.’ But few if any of these men have at- his captivity—may come to a resolution soon. A federal appeals tacked the United States. The ones who allegedly did are on trial court is expected to rule in January on the possibility of releasing before the military commissions or they are dead. him and the 16 other Uighurs into the United States. But the is- “Certainly if you were involved in the World Trade Center at- sues underlying Parhat’s story—how a democratic society pre- tach or the bombing of the USS Cole or U.S. embassies or you serves its values and protects its citizens when faced with an un- threw a grenade at an American soldier or shot at an American conventional threat—will not go away, and the president-elect convoy, you have attacked the United States,” Remes continues. and his eventual successors will likely be grappling with them “No question that you should be brought to justice. But taking for years to come. the Taliban’s side in the civil war against the Northern Alliance, or doing relief work, or spreading the word of Islam in Afghan- Jonathan Shaw ’89 is managing editor of this magazine.

Principled and Pragmatic Counterterrorism If americans want to contain terrorism, we must not and moral travesty that un- abandon our democratic values, says Louise Richardson, the de- dermines our claim that we parting executive dean of the Radcli≠e Institute for Advanced believe in democracy, that Study (she becomes principal of the University of St. Andrews, we believe in individual in Scotland, in January). There is a false belief, she has written in rights, when we so clearly What Terrorists Want, that democratic societies, because of the deny due process to hun- “freedoms granted citizens” are “peculiarly vulnerable to terror- dreds of people,” Richard- ism” and that those freedoms “therefore must be curtailed.” son says. “We’re in a com- This is wrong on principle, she said in a recent interview, but petition, if you like, with also for pragmatic reasons. Like declaring war, it not only rewards the extremists for the sup- “the adversary’s action by demonstrating its power,” it under- port of these moderate Louise mines one of the best counterterrorist strategies known, which is populations, and we have Richardson to separate terrorists from the communities in which they oper- been losing that battle.” By ate. Terrorists understand this, she says. A message from an al overreacting, “we can do ourselves far more harm than Qaeda leader to a deputy in Iraq, for example, urged him to end terrorists can ever do to us.” (For more on Richardson’s beheadings not because they were immoral or gruesome, but be- alternative approach to containing terrorist threats, see cause they were undermining support in the Muslim community. the Web Extra, “Counterterrorism and Democracy,” at http://har- Likewise, the treatment of prisoners at Guantánamo is “an ethical vardmagazine.com/extras/counterterrorism.)

Portrait by Stu Rosner Harvard Magazine 87

Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 TREASURE

A Lovers’ Picnic As a winter antidote, partake of “the most romantic picture in all Persian art.”

ake heart. Fancy that you the most romantic picture in all Persian Thanks to Welch, Harvard shares another sit on this carpet holding art, with one of the liveliest arabesques: of the manuscript’s four surviving paint- hands with your lover in a Per- dazzling, deeply moving, and wonderful.” ings, Sultan Muhammad’s Worldly and sian spring garden. Your ser- The painting rejoins other parts of the Other-Worldly Drunkenness, with the Metro- Tvant o≠ers wine in a golden bowl. Musi- Divan manuscript that Welch gave Har- politan Museum of Art in New York. cians and dancers amuse you. Take heed vard earlier, most notably its exquisite lac- Cary Welch died of a heart attack last of the inscription above the canopy, pat- quer book covers, text block, illuminated August at 80 after running to catch a train terned with its exuberant arabesque. The frontispiece, and two other paintings. in Hakodate, Japan. He was curator emer- lines by the fourteenth- itus of Islamic and later century Persian poet Indian art at the Harvard Hafiz were translated museum, which he trans- by the historian of the formed through gifts of Safavid dynasty Martin almost 400 works of art. Bernard Dickson as “A He had previously been rose without the glow of special consultant in a lover bears no joy;/ charge of the Islamic art Without wine to drink department at the Met. the spring brings no joy.” He had immense artistic Lovers’ Picnic, Painting discernment and virtu- from a Manuscript of the ally invented the field Divan [Collected Works] of of the study of Safavid Hafiz is an unsigned min- painting and drawing. iature, measuring 7.5 by He bought his first In- 4.9 inches, attributed to dian drawing at the age Sultan Muhammad by of 11. When he came to the late Stuart Cary Harvard College, he was Welch Jr. ’50, G ’54, and dismayed to discover no dated about 1526-27. It is courses in Indian or Is- in ink, opaque water- lamic art, so he taught color, and gold on paper. himself: by reading, by Welch gave the painting traveling, and by seeing to the Arthur M. Sackler well. He wrote books, Museum, a part of the lectured to students, and Harvard Art Museum, in distributed enthusiasm, 2007. but he was no academic. Sultan Muhammad He once wrote to a fel- was “a powerfully inven- low connoisseur, “I know, tive and expressive ar- from experience, that tist,” to the eye of Mary you are too alive for the McWilliams, the mu- academic world....Don’t seum’s Calderwood cu- sign yourself up for rator of Islamic and later dreary years of acade- Indian art. Lovers’ Picnic, mia. Leave that stu≠ to said Welch, is “probably the eunuchs.” KATYA KALLSEN, HARVARD ART MUSEUM, © AND FELLOWS OF HARVARD COLLEGE PRESIDENT

Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 You’re already a valued member of a winning team when you work with Beijing, challenge Houston, negotiate with London, debate Cupertino, and collaborate with New Delhi.

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Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 Daniel Bernhardt, Hollywood. Doesn’t need a life coach.

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Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746