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(Cricetidae) En Perú

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(Cricetidae) En Perú UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE SAN AGUSTÍN DE AREQUIPA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS ESCUELA PROFESIONAL DE BIOLOGÍA VARIACIÓN CRANEOMÉTRICA EN RELACIÓN A LA EDAD Y SEXO EN Auliscomys pictus (Thomas, 1884) (CRICETIDAE) EN PERÚ Tesis presentada por la Bachiller ALAYDA LUISA ARCE MERMA Para optar el Título Profesional de BIÓLOGO Asesor: Evaristo López Tejeda Arequipa - Perú 2018 __________________________________________________ Dr. Evaristo Luciano López Tejeda ASESOR JURADO DICTAMINADOR ___________________________________________ Dr. José Alberto Morales Hurtado Presidente del Jurado ___________________________________________ Mg. Ana Lazo Rivera Secretario del Jurado __________________________________________________ Dr. Evaristo Luciano López Tejeda Integrante del Jurado DEDICATORIA A mis amados padres Facundo y Graciela que siempre me apoyan y a mi hermano Jorge i AGRADECIMIENTOS Expresar mis agradecimientos al Profesor Evaristo López que siempre estuvo pendiente de que terminara el presente trabajo, a mis mejores amigos Alexander Pari y Fiorella Gonzales que siempre estuvieron apoyándome con sus consejos y en el proceso de elaboración, a Gleny Bernedo por los ánimos continuos, a Kateryn Pino por ayudarme con la bibliografía relacionada y dudas, a Marco López gracias por ayudarme durante el proceso de medición de los datos y tu paciencia, a mis compañeros, a Horacio Zeballos por guiarme en algunas interrogantes para procesar los datos, a Ruby Carrera, amigos del Museo de Historia Natural de la UNSA en especial a Carla Llerena y Marco Delgado por su apoyo; a mis amigas María, Ángela, Gabriela y Mariela, al Profesor Alberto Cáceres por ayudarme con las dudas en estadística. ii ÍNDICE DE CONTENIDO Dedicatoria……………………………………………………………...……………… i Agradecimientos ……………………………………………………………………… ii Índice de Contenido ……………………………………………………………………iii Índice de Tablas …………………………………………………………….…………..v Índice de Figuras ……………..……………………………………………………...…vi Resumen …………………………………………………………………….………...viii Introducción ………………………………….………………………………..….……. 1 Objetivos ………………………………………………………….…..….…………...…4 Capítulo I 1. Marco téorico…………………………………………………………………….….. 5 1.1 Crecimiento, Desarrollo y Alometría …….…….……….……………………….5 1.2 Cráneo de los Mamíferos y Ontogénia ……………….…...…………..………....6 1.3 Dimorfismo Sexual …………………………………………………..………......7 1.4 Craneométria ……………………………………………………….…………… 8 1.5 Sinopsis de la Especie en Estudio ………………………………………….…….8 A. Taxonomía de la Especie ……………………………………………….…....8 B. Descripción de la Especie ……………………………………………………9 C. Estatus de Conservación ………………………………………………........10 Capitulo II 2. Material y métodos ……………………………………….………………………... 11 2.1 Material Biológico ….…………………………..…………….…………..…… 11 2.2 variación etaria y sexual ……………..………………………………..………. 11 iii 2.3 Morfometría Craneal ……………………………….……………………...……15 2.4 Análisis Estadístico …………………….………………………………...……..20 A. Variación Etaria y Sexual ………………..…………………...………….…… 20 B. Alometría ………………………..………..…………………………….…….. 20 Capitulo III 3. Resultados …………………………………………………..……………………... 22 3.1 Análisis Estadístico …..………………….…………….………………………..22 A. Variación Etaria ……………………………….………...……………….....24 B. Variación Sexual ……….…….…………………………………..………... 27 C. Variación Alométrica ………….…………….…………………………….. 29 Capitulo IV 4. Discusión …………………..………………………………………….…………… 34 4.1 Variación Etaria ……………….………………..……………………………... 34 4.2 Variación Sexual ………………………………….…………………………….35 4.3 Variación Alométrica ……..…………….………………………………………37 5. Conclusiones ………………………………………….…………………… ……….39 6. Recomendaciones…………………………………………………………………....40 7. Bibliografía …..…………….……………………………………….……………… 41 Anexos I …………………………………………………………………….………… 47 Anexos II …………………………….…………………………………….……….… 50 iv ÍNDICE DE TABLAS Tabla 1. Clasificación, Estados y Descripción de los grupos etarios de Auliscomys pictus..…………………………………………………………...……………..……….13 Tabla 2. Descripción de las 19 medidas cráneo-dentales usadas para el análisis de Morfometría Craneal en Auliscomys pictus ……………………………………………16 Tabla 3. Número de Cráneos estudiados de Auliscomys pictus analizados por edad y sexo ………………………..…………………………………..……………………………. 22 Tabla 4. Test de Normalidad para cada grupo etario y Sexo de Auliscomys pictus ……………………………………………………………………………………...….. 23 Tabla 5. Resultados Estadísticos del ANOVA de medidas craneales para la variación etaria en cada sexo de Auliscomys pictus ………………………………………………………………………………..……….. 24 Tabla 6. Resultados del Post-Hoc de Tukey de comparaciones múltiples de los grupos etarios en cada sexo de Auliscomys pictus.……………………….………………………………………………….………26 Tabla 7. Valores Estadísticos básicos de medidas craneales entre las edades y sexo de Auliscomys pictus …………….………………………………………………...…….. 28 Tabla 8. Resultados Estadísticos del t-Student de medidas craneales para el dimorfismo sexual en cada grupo etario de Auliscomys pictus …………………………………………………………………………………….……29 v ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS Figura 1. Individuo de Auliscomys pictus …………………...………………….……. 9 Figura 2. Registros de localidades para Auliscomys pictus analizadas para el estudio de la variación craneal en relación a la edad y sexo. ………………………………………………………………………………...……..….1 2 Figura 3. Grupos etarios basados en la erupción y el desgaste de la hilera molar superior de Auliscomys pictus. a: Grupo Etario 1, b: Grupo Etario 2, c: Grupo Etario 3.……………………………………………………………………………..............…14 Figura 4. Grupos etarios basados en la erupción y el desgaste de la hilera molar superior de Auliscomys pictus; d: Grupo Etario 4, e: Grupo Etario 5.…..…………..………….. 15 Figura 5. Medidas Craneales en vista Dorsal y Ventral del cráneo Auliscomys pictus empleadas para el análisis morfométrico. …………………………………………… 18 Figura 6. Medidas Craneales en vista Lateral del cráneo y la mandíbula de Auliscomys pictus empleadas para el análisis morfométrico ………………………..……………………………………………………………….. 19 Figura 7. Variación del crecimiento del cráneo en Vista dorsal de Auliscomys pictus. a: Grupo Etario 2; b: Grupo Etario 5.…………….………………………………………………….………………………31 Figura 8. Variación del crecimiento del cráneo en vista ventral de Auliscomys pictus. c: Grupo Etario 2; d: Grupo Etario 5.…………………………………………………………………….………….…….. 32 Figura 9. Variación del crecimiento del cráneo en vista lateral de Auliscomys pictus. e: Grupo Etario 2; f: Grupo Etario 5.………………………...……………………………………...…………..…………. 33 Figura 10. Variación de las longitudes de las medidas craneales por grupo etario y por sexo en Auliscomys pictus. Basados en sus medias. ……………………….…………. 47 vi Figura 11. Variación de las longitudes de las medidas craneales por grupo etario y por sexo en Auliscomys pictus. Basados en sus medias. ……………………….………………………………………………………….……. 48 Figura 12. Variación de los Altos y Anchos de las medidas craneales por grupo etario y por sexo en Auliscomys pictus. Basados en sus medias. ………………………….……………………….…………………………….………. 49 vii RESUMEN Auliscomys pictus, es una especie con una amplia distribución en los andes peruanos, y con la finalidad de contribuir al conocimiento biológico y biométrico, se estudiaron las características craneométricas en relación a la edad y al sexo y estimar el crecimiento alométrico, como representación de la variación no geográfica. Se analizaron 165 cráneos de distintas localidades del Perú, utilizando 19 medidas cráneo-dentales como descriptores, mediante estimaciones estadísticas univariadas se encontró que a nivel sexual no existen diferencias significativas en la mayoría de los caracteres. En cambio, a nivel etario (definido por grupos etarios basados en el desgaste molar) mostraron en la mayoría de sus caracteres diferencias significativas. Las relaciones alométricas demostraron que la región rostral presenta un crecimiento significativamente mayor que la caja craneana. Estos resultados son consistentes con otros estudios de roedores cricétidos. Palabras Clave: Ontogenia, dimorfismo sexual, alometría, Phyllotini. viii INTRODUCCIÓN En las últimas décadas se ha producido un notorio interés en el estudio de la ontogenia de distintos organismos. Una herramienta importante es conocer estas variaciones tanto ontogénicas y geográficas basadas en su morfología específicamente en cambios generados en el cráneo por ser un conjunto integrado de caracteres. La ontogenia puede ser descrita como la unión de tres procesos: el crecimiento, que es el cambio del tamaño en función a la edad; el desarrollo, el cambio de forma en función a la edad y la alometría, el cambio de forma en función al tamaño (Klingenberg, 1998). El cambio ontogénico es una característica fundamental de los fenotipos (Waddington, 1968). Los patrones ontogenéticos minimizan los efectos de errores de la variación intraespecífica (Myers, 1963). Se puede cometer errores al comparar unidades taxonómicas sin tener en cuenta la variación ontogénica de individuos, provocando errores taxonómicos o patrones ecológicos incorrectos (Hernandez et al. 20017). El dimorfismo sexual es expresado de diferentes maneras, estos manifiestos pueden ser agrupados en dimorfismo de tamaño, de forma corporal, de forma y tamaño de los apéndices, de características tegumentarias y de coloración, a esto debe añadirse las diferencias por comportamiento (Fairbaim, 2013). Mayr (1963) considera que hay dos tipos de variación la intrapoblacional o variacion no geográfica que se refiere a individuos de una misma población (dimorfismo sexual secundario, variación etaria, variación individual) y variación geográfica refiriéndose a individuos de distintas poblaciones. Los estudios de variaciones intrapoblaciones son de
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