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The Other Civil War : Lincoln and the Indians

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The Other Civil War : Lincoln and the Indians W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 1975 The other Civil War : Lincoln and the Indians David A. Nichols College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Nichols, David A., "The other Civil War : Lincoln and the Indians" (1975). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539623686. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-gr95-yy57 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the originai document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Pags(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a'm ap, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper left hand comer of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is continued again - beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. The majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greatest value, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be made from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation. Silver prims of "photographs" may be ordered at additional charge by writing the Order Department, giving the catalog number, title, author and specif ic pagas you wish reproduced. 5. PLEASE NOTE: Some pages may have indistinct print. Filmed as received. Xerox Uqjversity Microfilms 300 NorthZmA Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 NICHOLS, David Allen* 1939- THE OTHER CIVIL MAR: LINCOLN AND THE INDIANS. The College of William and Mary 1n Virginia Ph.D., 1975 History, general Xerox University Microfilms r Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 © 1975 DAVID ALLEN NICHOLS ALL RIGHTS RESERVED THE OTHER CIVIL WAR: LINCOLN AND THE INDIANS A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the Department of History The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by David A. Nichols 1975 APPROVAL SHEET This dissertation is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy D ari Ic h o ls Approved, May 1975 Ludwell H. Johnson Richard B. Sherman R ichard Maxwell Brown Edward^. Cnapo William Earner Moss, dr. John Marshall Professor of Government and Citizenship, Emeritus "Don t . ^ eh ren b ach er Stanford University ii DEDICATION This manuscript Is dedicated to the memory of the author'8 father, Arthur Alvin Nichols, whose pride in his workmanship has haunted the writing of these pages. iii TABLE OP CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................... v l l FOOTNOTE ABBREVIATIONS.........................................................................v i l l ABSTRACT..................................................................................................... i* I . INTRODUCTION................................................................................... 2 I I . THE INDIAN SYSTEM: "A SINK OP INIQUITY" .... 7 1. The Origins of the System 2. The Structure of the System 3. Lincoln and the Indian Patronage 4. Institutionalized Corruption 5. A C o rru p t System a t Work 6. The Lincoln Administration and Corruption 7. A Pathway to Wealth and Power 8. The Impact of the System on the Indians 9* A System to Serve White Men I I I . INDIAN AFFAIRS IN MINNESOTA: "A SYSTEM OP WHOLESALE ROBBERIES" ................................................... 39 1. A Case Study in Patronage and Corruption 2. Money f o r M innesota 3. Minnesota Gets Investigated 4. The Investigator Runs into Trouble 5. Tragedy Ahead in Minnesota IV. LINCOLN AND THE SOUTHERN TRIBES: "OUR GREAT FATHER IN WASHINGTON HAS TURNED AGAINST US".......................................................................... 56 1. Lincoln Abandons Indian Country 2. The Confederacy Gains Some A llies 3. Lincoln Changes His Mind 4. Lincoln, Jim Lane, and Indian Troops 5. Lincoln Decides to Use Indian Troops V. THE INDIAN EXPEDITION: "A GREAT EXHAUSTING AFFAIR"............................................................................. 82 1. The Project Collapses 2. The Project is Revived 3. The Expedition is Launched—-and Aborted iv Page V I. LINCOLN ANN THE REFUGEES: "A MULTITUDE OF CARES"................................................................................... 99 1. John Ross Visits Lincoln 2. Broken Promises and Kansas Politics 3. Lincoln Refuses to Return the Refugees 4. The Refugees Go Home V II. REBELLION IN MINNESOTA: "A MOST TERRIBLE AND EXCITING INDIAN V A R "............................................... 115 1. A Confederate Conspiracy? 2. "Attend to the Indians" 3. Black Troops and an Indian War 4. Lincoln Finds a General 5. Prisoners to Fight Indians 6. Corruption as Usual in Minnesota V I I I . LINCOLN AND THE SIOUX EXECUTIONS: "I COULD NOT AFFORD TO HANG MEN FOR VOTES".............................142 1. General Pope Plans Executions 2. Lincoln Inherits a Problem 3. The Struggle Begins 4. Lincoln Moves Toward a Decision 5. Trading Lives for Land and Money 6. The Executions IX. LINCOLN AND REMOVAL: "A DISAGREEABLE SUBJECT"......................... 177 1 . Money and M ilita r y A ction 2. The Winnebago Removal 3. The Sioux Prisoners 4. The Sioux Removal 5. Lincoln and the Minnesota Indians X. THE PRESIDENT AND THE REFORMERS: "THIS INDIAN SYSTEM SHALL BE REFORMED! " .............................191 1. Bishop Whipple Begins His Campaign 2. Beeson and Dole 3. Bishop Whipple Tries Again—with Lincoln 4. Bishop Whipple and the Congressmen 5* War and a Visit to the President 6. The Executions and Reform 7. Lincoln Supports Reform 8. Abraham Lincoln, Reformer? X I. THE FAILURE OF REFORM: "THE DO NOTHING POLICY HERE IS COMPLETE". ...................... 220 1. Trouble for the Reform Movement 2. The Chippewa Treaty v 3. The Triumph of Concentration 4. General John Pope, Reformer? 5* Congress Debates Indian Policy 6. Bishop Whipple Gives Up on Lincoln X II. CONCENTRATION AND MILITARISM: "THOSE WHO RESIST SHOULD BE PURSUED BY THE MILITARY AND PUNISHED" ..................................... 1. Dole and Concentration Policy 2. Militarism and Indians 3. M ilitary Concentration in New Mexico 4. Militarism in Colorado 5. A Distracting Election Campaign 6. Sand Creek and the Discrediting of M ilitary Control X I I I . LINCOLNIAN ATTITUDES TOWARD INDIANS: "A DYING RACE . GIVING PLACE TO ANOTHER RACE WITH A HIGHER CIVILIZATION" . 1. The Indian as Savage 2. Why Indians are Degraded 3• Make Him L ike a W hite Man 4. The Cornerstone of Civilization 5. Lincoln and the Agrarian Myth 6. Removal Ideology 7* The Advance o f C iv iliz a tio n 8. Lincoln's Program for the West 9. A Dying Race 10. Divided Minds Over Indians 11. Reformers Fail to Break the Chain XIV. LINCOLN AND THE INDIANS: "A GREAT REVOLUTION IN THE CONDUCT OF OUR INDIAN AFFAIRS"....................................................... 1. A Revolution? 2. Business as Usual in the Indian System 3. The Reaction to Sand Creek 4. Beyond Lincoln BIBLIOGRAPHY................................................................................... VITA ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The w riter wishes to express appreciation to Professor Ludwell H. Johnson, whose patient guidance and Incisive criticisms helped shape this project. Gratitude is also extended to Professors Richard B. Sherman for his reading and criticism , Richard Maxwell Brown for the encouragement that led to doctoral work, Robert F. Durden for the class that produced the idea for the project, and Don E. Fehren- bacher, who was willing to be a reader after leaving the College of William and Mary. The author is especially Indebted to Esther, Preston, John and Yolanda Nichols, who contributed most to this project as a patient and loving family. v i i FOOTNOTE ABBREVIATIONS AGO = Adjutant General's Office AR = Annual Report CIA = Commissioner of Indian A ffairs ID = Indian Division JCCW = Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War 1R = Letters Received LS = Letters Sent M = M icrocopy OIA = Office of Indian Affairs OR = O fficial Records of the War of the Rebellion OSI = Office of the Secretary of the Interior SF = Special File SI * Secretary of the Interior SW = S e c re ta ry
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