The Ethernet Fieldbus 2 Contents a Bus System Might Not Be Everything … 3
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On Ttethernet for Integrated Fault-Tolerant Spacecraft Networks
On TTEthernet for Integrated Fault-Tolerant Spacecraft Networks Andrew Loveless∗ NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, 77058 There has recently been a push for adopting integrated modular avionics (IMA) princi- ples in designing spacecraft architectures. This consolidation of multiple vehicle functions to shared computing platforms can significantly reduce spacecraft cost, weight, and de- sign complexity. Ethernet technology is attractive for inclusion in more integrated avionic systems due to its high speed, flexibility, and the availability of inexpensive commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) components. Furthermore, Ethernet can be augmented with a variety of quality of service (QoS) enhancements that enable its use for transmitting critical data. TTEthernet introduces a decentralized clock synchronization paradigm enabling the use of time-triggered Ethernet messaging appropriate for hard real-time applications. TTEther- net can also provide two forms of event-driven communication, therefore accommodating the full spectrum of traffic criticality levels required in IMA architectures. This paper explores the application of TTEthernet technology to future IMA spacecraft architectures as part of the Avionics and Software (A&S) project chartered by NASA's Advanced Ex- ploration Systems (AES) program. Nomenclature A&S = Avionics and Software Project AA2 = Ascent Abort 2 AES = Advanced Exploration Systems Program ANTARES = Advanced NASA Technology Architecture for Exploration Studies API = Application Program Interface ARM = Asteroid Redirect Mission -
NESO LT Core Block Diagram NESO LT CPU Type I.MX 257 Core Class ARM 926
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION SOLUTIONS THAT COMPLETE! NESO LT Single Board Computer CPU RS-485 CAN NESO LT core Block Diagram NESO LT CPU Type i.MX 257 Core Class ARM 926 ARM 9 Single Board Computer Driver Core Clock 400 MHz 24V/Digital Out i.MX25 4-pole Molex Features 16 KB for Instruktion and data caches Step Down Converter RTC Accuracy: +/- 30 ppm at 25°C GPIO2 DISP0 DAT0 Display RGB Memory 40-pole FFC PMIC Power TSC NAND Flash 256MByte NAND Flash RAM Standard 128 MByte DDR-SDRAM PWM-1 Backlight Battery GPIO-2 Driver Micro SD Card Slot 4 bit MicroSD (HC) CR1220 Operating Systems Battery Supported OS Windows CE 6.0, Linux Yocto PCT Interface RTC RC 1 I2C-3 6-pole FFC Communication Interfaces Digital I/O 1x Digital Out (0.7 A) RS-232 UART-1 Transceiver USBPHY1 Internal USB Network 1x 10/100 Mbit/s Ethernet (RJ-45) 5-pole STL RS-232/RS-485 RS-485 / CAN Fieldbus 1x RS-485 (Half 1x CAN (ISO/DIS 12-pole Molex RS-485 UART-3 duplex) 11898) Transceiver USB-OTG USBPHY1 RS-232 1x RS-232 (RX/TX/CTS/RTS) Flex Type AB CAN CAN Synchronous SPI (10 MBit/s) up to 12 chip selects; I²C, Keypad Keypad USB Serial Interfaces Matrix keypad up to 8 x 8 USBPHY2 20-pole JST Port Type A High-Speed USB 2.0 1x 12 Mbit/s Full Speed Host Micro-SD-Card 1x 480 Mbit/s High Speed OTG ESDHC2 Internal Audio Connector 10-pole Molex Audio Speaker output 1x speaker (connector), 1.0 W RMS (8Ω) UART-4 Audio I2C-2 S/PDIF AUDMUX Expansion Audio Internal 1x speaker connectors parallel to external Codec SPI1 30-pole FFC ESDHC2 output, Line In, Line Out, MIC In owire_LINE Display and Touch Line Out Display Interface TTL up to 24 bit (RGB) Audio EIM SDRAM Touch Interface 4-wire analog resistive; PCAP I²C 2x Speaker Amplifier 2-pole JST NAND Backlight Interface 42.5 mA Backlight drives EMI NANDF Flash Device Dimensions RJ-45 Ethernet W x H x D 113.8 x 18.0 x 47.3 mm FEC Jack Phy Weight 51g Power Supply Supply Voltage Nom. -
Introduction to Real-Time Ethernet II
the EXTENSION JULY–AUGUST A Technical Supplement to Control Network Volume 5 Issue 4 © 2004 Contemporary Control Systems, Inc. Introduction to Real-Time Ethernet II By Paula Doyle, a doctoral researcher with the Circuits and Systems Research Centre at the University of Limerick in Ireland INTRODUCTION IEEE 1588 defines two separate types of clocks: In “Real-Time Ethernet I”, we introduced the basic ordinary and boundary. Boundary clocks (BC) are concepts of Ethernet’s capacity to deliver a real-time employed in devices such as hubs or switches—where (RT) communication system. “Real-Time Ethernet II” more than one PTP communication path (port) exists. introduces some of the RT solutions available to Ordinary clocks exist in devices having a single port— e.g., normal network devices. Each BC port can act as industry today*: PROFInet, EtherCAT and ETHERNET Powerlink. It also provides an introduction to a single a master or ordinary clock in its own segment. standard, IEEE 1588 that is growing in popularity PTP is for networks that support multicasting but amongst RT Ethernet developers to provide sub- keep multicasts within a subnet and where each local microsecond synchronization accuracy of distributed clock fulfills exacting requirements. The grandmaster clocks over Ethernet. clock (GMC) is the best clock in the system—with the best inherent stability, accuracy, resolution, etc. * EtherNet/IP is included in the full article available at defined by the standard [2]. The Best Master Clock http://www.ccontrols.com/pdf/volume5n4.pdf Algorithm (BMC), run by every live node, determines IEEE 1588 clock quality. Within each subnet, the BMC determines the master clock; in a single-subnet system the master IEEE 1588 [1] specifies “A protocol to synchronize is the GMC. -
Allgemeines Abkürzungsverzeichnis
Allgemeines Abkürzungsverzeichnis L. -
IO-Link Instead of Fieldbus
APPLICATIONS SENSOR TECHNOLOGY IO-Link Instead of Fieldbus Laempe Mössner Sinto GmbH uses IO-Link in a new core shooter machine and achieves shorter cycle times with Turck’s QR24-IOL IO-Link encoder “When I first read about it, I thought: please don’t add the few manufacturers of core shooters worldwide. The another fieldbus system. Today I know that IO-Link isn’t machines produce sand cores for metal casting. If, for a fieldbus but quite the opposite. In many areas, example, the casting of an engine block is required, IO-Link means for us the end of bus systems because it cores are placed inside the casting mold to later makes communication simple once again,” explains produce the cavities of the engine. The cores are “shot” Tobias Lipsdorf, controller programmer at foundry from a binder sand mixture with compressed air into a machinery manufacturer Laempe Mössner Sinto mold – the core box – at a high speed between 0.3 and GmbH. When the engineer talks about the IO-Link 0.5 seconds. The mold mixture is then hardened in the intelligent communication standard, you get a sense of closed core box using process gas or heat and can then genuine enthusiasm – so too with his colleague Andre be removed. After casting, the binder loses its hard- Klavehn, who is responsible for the electrical planning. ness due to the heat from the filled melt. The cores The two of them jointly redesigned the electrical disintegrate, the sand can be removed from the cast, planning of the new machine generation and imple- leaving behind the required internal contour. -
An Introduction to Integrated Process and Power Automation
Power Up Your Plant An introduction to integrated process and power automation Jeffrey Vasel ABB, Inc. June 30, 2010 Rev 1 Abstract This paper discusses how a single integrated system can increase energy efficiency, improve plant uptime, and lower life cycle costs. Often referred to as Electrical Integration, Integrated Process and Power Automation is a new system integration architecture and power strategy that addresses the needs of the process and power generation industries. The architecture is based on Industrial Ethernet standards such as IEC 61850 and Profinet as well as Fieldbus technologies. Emphasis is placed on tying the IEC 61850 substation automation standard with the process control system. The energy efficiency gains from integration are discussed in a power generation use case. In this use case, energy efficiency is explored with integrated variable frequency drives, improved visibility into power consumption, and energy efficiency through faster plant startup times. Demonstrated capital expenditure (CAPEX) savings is discussed in a cost avoidance section where a real world example of wiring savings is described. Lastly, a power management success story from a major oil and gas company, Petrobras, is discussed. In this case, Petrobras utilized integrated process and power automation to lower CAPEX, operational expenditure (OPEX), and explore future energy saving opportunities. Executive Summary Document ID: 3BUS095060 Page 1 Date: 6/30/2010 © Copyright 2010 ABB. All rights reserved. Pictures, schematics and other graphics contained herein are published for illustration purposes only and do not represent product configurations or functionality. Executive Summary Document ID: 3BUS095060 Page 2 Date: 6/30/2010 © Copyright 2010 ABB. -
Ethercat – Ultra-Fast Communication Standard
EtherCAT – ultra-fast communication standard In 2003, Beckhoff introduces its EtherCAT tech- In 2007, EtherCAT is adopted as an IEC standard, EtherCAT: nology into the market. The EtherCAT Technology underscoring how open the system is. To this Group (ETG) is formed, supported initially by day, the specification remains unchanged; it has global standard 33 founder members. The ETG goes on to stan- only been extended and compatibility has been dardize and maintain the technology. The group is retained. As a result, devices from the early years, the largest fieldbus user organization in the world, even from as far back as 2003, are still interopera- for real-time with more than 5000 members (as of 2019) cur- ble with today’s devices in the same networks. rently. In 2005, the Safety over EtherCAT protocol Another milestone is achieved in 2016 Ethernet from the is rolled out, expanding the EtherCAT specification with EtherCAT P, which introduces the ability to to enable safe transmission of safety-relevant carry power (2 x 24 V) on a standard Cat.5 cable field to the I/Os control data. The low-footprint protocol uses a alongside EtherCAT data. This paves the way for so-called Black Channel, making it completely machines without control cabinets. independent of the communication system used. The launch of EtherCAT G/G10 in 2018 in- How it works The key functional principle of EtherCAT lies in how its nodes process Ethernet frames: each node reads the data addressed to it and writes its data back to Flexible topology the frame all while the frame is An EtherCAT network can sup- moving downstream. -
Kbox Tech Spac Sheet
KBox Family IOT GATEWAYS/ EMBEDDED BOX PC About Kontron – Member of the S&T Group IOT GATEWAYS/EMBEDDED BOX PC The KBox A-series is designed for a variety of applications in The KBox B-Series is based on Kontron’s mini-ITX mother- Kontron’s KBox C-Series is designed for the industrial control The KBox E-Series provides rugged, fanless, sealed and the industrial environment. It comprises intelligent IoT gate- cabinet environment. Based on COMe modules the KBox compact design for easy embedded into a custom housing or Kontron is a global leader in IoT/Embedded Computing Technology ways for edge analytics or remote monitoring as well as CPUs. Kontron’s KBox B-Series can be used for various C-Series is highly scalable and ensures simple upgrades as a stand-alone device, to fulfill requirements for fog portfolio of secure hardware, middleware and services for Internet of systems for control and process optimization. All systems applications such as medical, gaming, process control, - computing, edge analytics and real time control in a variety of Things (IoT) and Industry 4.0 applications. With its standard products feature a fanless design which ensures a significantly pro- wherever high performance is needed. tions guarantees mounting even when space is limited. industrial applications. and tailor-made solutions based on highly reliable state-of-the-art . embedded technologies, Kontron provides secure and innovative d e ; z i e t longed lifespan and high system availability. With its broad range of interfaces, various storage capabili- n a g applications for a variety of industries. -
Foundation Fieldbus Overview
FOUNDATIONTM Fieldbus Overview Foundation Fieldbus Overview January 2014 370729D-01 Support Worldwide Technical Support and Product Information ni.com Worldwide Offices Visit ni.com/niglobal to access the branch office Web sites, which provide up-to-date contact information, support phone numbers, email addresses, and current events. National Instruments Corporate Headquarters 11500 North Mopac Expressway Austin, Texas 78759-3504 USA Tel: 512 683 0100 For further support information, refer to the Technical Support and Professional Services appendix. To comment on National Instruments documentation, refer to the National Instruments website at ni.com/info and enter the Info Code feedback. © 2003–2014 National Instruments. All rights reserved. Legal Information Warranty NI devices are warranted against defects in materials and workmanship for a period of one year from the invoice date, as evidenced by receipts or other documentation. National Instruments will, at its option, repair or replace equipment that proves to be defective during the warranty period. This warranty includes parts and labor. The media on which you receive National Instruments software are warranted not to fail to execute programming instructions, due to defects in materials and workmanship, for a period of 90 days from the invoice date, as evidenced by receipts or other documentation. National Instruments will, at its option, repair or replace software media that do not execute programming instructions if National Instruments receives notice of such defects during the warranty period. National Instruments does not warrant that the operation of the software shall be uninterrupted or error free. A Return Material Authorization (RMA) number must be obtained from the factory and clearly marked on the outside of the package before any equipment will be accepted for warranty work. -
Hacking the Industrial Network
Hacking the industrial network A White Paper presented by: Phoenix Contact P.O. Box 4100 Harrisburg, PA 17111-0100 Phone: 717-944-1300 Fax: 717-944-1625 Website: www.phoenixcontact.com © PHOENIX CONTACT 1 Hacking the Industrial Network Is Your Production Line or Process Management System at Risk? The Problem Malicious code, a Trojan program deliberately inserted into SCADA system software, manipulated valve positions and compressor outputs to cause a massive natural gas explosion along the Trans-Siberian pipeline, according to 2005 testimony before a U.S. House of Representatives subcommittee by a Director from Sandia National Laboratories.1 According to the Washington Post, the resulting fireball yielded “the most monumental non-nuclear explosion and fire ever seen from space.”2 The explosion was subsequently estimated at the equivalent of 3 kilotons.3 (In comparison, the 9/11 explosions at the World Trade Center were roughly 0.1 kiloton.) According to Internet blogs and reports, hackers have begun to discover that SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) and DCS (Distributed Control Systems) are “cool” to hack.4 The interest of hackers has increased since reports of successful attacks began to emerge after 2001. A security consultant interviewed by the in-depth news program, PBS Frontline, told them “Penetrating a SCADA system that is running a Microsoft operating system takes less than two minutes.”5 DCS, SCADA, PLCs (Programmable Logic Controllers) and other legacy control systems have been used for decades in power plants and grids, oil and gas refineries, air traffic and railroad management, pipeline pumping stations, pharmaceutical plants, chemical plants, automated food and beverage lines, industrial processes, automotive assembly lines, and water treatment plants. -
The Role of CAN in the Age of Ethernet and IOT
iCC 2017 CAN in Automation The role of CAN in the age of Ethernet and IOT Christian Schlegel, HMS Industrial Networks CAN technology was developed in the 1980s and became available in 1987, just as other industrial fieldbus systems like PROFIBUS or INTERBUS entered the stage of industrial communication. Beside the fact that CAN is a success in the automotive industry and used in all types of cars today, it has also made its way in many other industrial areas. About 15 years ago, new technologies based on Ethernet started to emerge, with ap- pealing and sometimes outstanding features. Some six years ago Ethernet also started to find its way into automobiles. Today, other new communication technologies are showing up on the horizon driven by the omnipresent Industrial Internet of Things. But even now, 30 years after their introduction, these “classic” fieldbus technologies are still alive – with varying success. Since CAN was initially developed with a focus for use in automobiles, CAN has certain features that still make it the best choice for many applications in automobiles and industrial areas – even when compared to the newer technologies. This paper discusses why CAN is still a valid or even better choice for certain applica- tion areas than Ethernet-based technologies, not just focusing on the advanced fea- tures provided by the enhanced capabilities of CAN FD but also highlighting how these applications benefit from the features of “classic” CAN. Looking back into history … the requirement to transmit data between … when CAN was born these ECUs but also to connect sensors and actuators to them. -
Ethercat the New Standard for Measurement Applications Central Backbone for Distributed Systems
C5.2 EtherCAT The new standard for measurement applications Central backbone for distributed systems Dr. Kessel, Jens-Achim ADDITIVE Soft- und Hardware für Technik und Wissenschaft GmbH Max-Planck-Str. 22b, 61381 Friedrichsdorf Abstract In the past years EtherCAT has become a world wide accepted new standard in automation and control. In November 2003 the EtherCAT Technology Group (ETG) was founded and it has grown up to about 900 members from 45 countries in January, 2009. EtherCAT was designed and developed as an open high performance Ethernet-based fieldbus system. The development goal of EtherCAT was to apply Ethernet technology to automation applications which require short data update times (also called cycle times) with low communication jitter (for synchronization purposes) and low hardware costs. Once the new standard was introduced for automation and control, it became interesting, too, to use Eth- erCAT also for distributed systems in measurement applications. This paper takes a focus on the special properties of EtherCAT with respect to the usability in measure- ment applications. It shows the capabilities of EtherCAT as a powerful backbone, replacing classical net- works based on CAN or ProfiBUS. In particular aspects of synchronisation and real-time-processing in combination with the compact data packaging are interesting for measurement applications with a big number of distributed analog channels. E.g. in applications where torque and speed of rotating parts are picked up just to measure, to detect or even to prevent oscillations, it is very important to synchronize the sampling of data at the distributed converter modules. Only this allows then to calculate exact phase in- formation from the measured signals and evaluate and prepare the data according to the requirements of an application on top.