Mafia Capitale: Corruzione E Regolazione Mafiosa Nel «Mondo Di Mezzo»

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Mafia Capitale: Corruzione E Regolazione Mafiosa Nel «Mondo Di Mezzo» MAFIA CAPITALE Mafia Capitale: corruzione e regolazione mafiosa nel «mondo di mezzo» di Vittorio Martone 1. Premessa Dal dicembre 2014, con l’operazione «Mondo di mezzo» e l’ipotesi della Direzione Distrettuale Antimafia di Roma (da ora in poi Dda) circa l’esistenza di una mafia autoctona capitolina1, il dibattito in tema di nuo- ve mafie ha registrato un rinnovato vigore. La locuzione si riferisce sia alla mobilità delle organizzazioni storiche in aree non tradizionali, sia alla genesi di nuove organizzazioni – anche straniere – che presentano i tratti tipici delle mafie2. All’interno di questo dibattito, approfondendo il caso di Mafia Capitale (da ora in poi MC), vogliamo qui porre l’atten- zione sulle trasformazioni del concetto stesso di mafie allorquando ci si riferisce alle organizzazioni criminali operanti in aree di non tradizio- nale insediamento. Qui esse tendono infatti a esaltare il proprio profilo imprenditoriale, abbandonando i tratti violenti tipici della mafiosità o mutandone in qualche modo i confini semantici. L’interesse per i mer- cati legali stimola la promozione di relazioni di collusione e complicità all’interno dell’area grigia. Sono maggiormente coinvolti i settori sot- toposti a regolazione istituzionale, dove si possono ottenere posizioni monopolistiche e di accesso privilegiato alle risorse pubbliche3. In questi ambiti, come è stato mostrato, le mafie fanno largamente ricorso alla 1 Tribunale di Roma, Ordinanza di applicazione di misure di cautelari nei confronti di Mas- simo Carminati e altri, Roma 2014; Id., Ordinanza di applicazione di misure di cautelari nei confronti di Gerardo Addeo e altri, Roma 2015. 2 Su questi temi la letteratura sociologica è oramai vasta; tra gli altri, N. dalla Chiesa e M. Panzarasa, Buccinasco. La ’ndrangheta al Nord, Einaudi, Torino 2012; Mafie del nord. Strategie criminali e contesti locali, a cura di R. Sciarrone, Donzelli, Roma 2014; F. Varese, Mafie in movi- mento. Come il crimine organizzato conquista nuovi territori, Einaudi, Torino 2011. 3 R. Sciarrone, L. Storti, The territorial expansion of mafia-type organized crime. The case of «Meridiana», n. 87 the Italian mafia in Germany, in «Crime, Law and Social Change», 61, 1, 2014, pp. 37-60. 21 Mafia Capitale corruzione per facilitare l’infiltrazione negli appalti e nei sub-appalti4. Si configurano trame diffuse di compartecipazione corruttiva, che rendono difficile distinguere i confini delle organizzazioni criminali, complican- do altresì il percorso di riconoscimento della loro natura mafiosa in sede giudiziaria, così come nel dibattito pubblico. Questi aspetti non sono assenti nelle aree cosiddette tradizionali. Tuttavia è nelle regioni diverse da quelle storicamente connotate che essi trovano più esplicito compi- mento, anche per le peculiari caratteristiche dei contesti in cui il livello della repressione è meno maturo (es. assenza tradizioni e prassi giuri- sdizionali) e l’emergenza sociale non ancora accesa (es. riconoscimento, rimozione, negazione). Gli elementi sinora considerati (profilo imprenditoriale, investimenti nei settori regolati e corruzione, problemi di riconoscimento) sono tut- ti presenti nell’inchiesta sulla mafia romana. Nelle pagine che seguono proviamo a delineare i tratti principali del caso, ponendo una serie di in- terrogativi in merito alla peculiare natura mafiosa dell’organizzazione e alle sue specificità organizzative e relazionali, che si esprimono con mag- giore chiarezza nel settore dei servizi sociali. In effetti, a ben vedere, MC si presenta come una rete di cooperative sociali che penetra (attraverso la intimidazione e la corruzione) la pubblica amministrazione e le società pubblico-private per ottenere appalti nei settori collegati al welfare state (accoglienza rifugiati, gestione campi nomadi e dell’emergenza abitativa ecc.). In tal senso, si conferma quanto emerge nella recente letteratura sul tema5: come esito di un ampio processo di privatizzazione, il welfare rappresenta un mercato di rinnovato interesse per le imprese criminali. L’arretramento del pubblico e l’esternalizzazione di porzioni crescenti dei servizi6 ampliano le possibilità del configurarsi di nuove forme di neo-patrimonialismo, con una gestione particolaristica di risorse pub- bliche e una commistione perversa tra pubblico e privato, in cui risulta difficile tracciare una netta linea di distinzione tra legale e illegale. Tale configurazione vale anche nel caso dei servizi sociali e della accoglienza dei rifugiati e dei nomadi, settori nei quali MC investe maggiormente. Qui si presenta, anzi, un elemento di ulteriore facilitazione: la gestione 4 A. Lavorgna, A. Sergi, Different manifestations of organised crime and corruption in Italy: a socio-legal analysis, in Shady Business and Governance in Europe. Cross-border sleaze and crisis, eds. P. van Duyne, J. Harvey, G. Antonopoulos, K. von Lampe, A. Maljevic, A. Markovska, Wolf Legal Publishers, Oisterwijk, pp. 139-61. 5 U. Ascoli, R. Sciarrone, Welfare, corruzione e mafie, in «Politiche Sociali», 2, 2015, pp. 219-26. 6 J.H. Clarke, Changing Welfare Changing State: New Directions in Social Policy, London, Sage, 2004; U. Ascoli, E. Pavolini, Ombre rosse. Il sistema di welfare italiano dopo venti anni di riforme, in «Stato e mercato», 96, 2012, pp. 429-64. 22 Martone, Corruzione e regolazione mafiosa in costante stato di emergenza, ampiamente sovvenzionata dalla spesa pubblica in un regime di scarsità di controlli. Ciò facilita la penetrazione delle cooperative mafiose le quali, incastrate in un tessuto connettivo ramificato e tutt’altro che sano, riescono a influenzare le dinamiche eco- nomiche del settore7. Il saggio si suddivide in quattro paragrafi. Nel secondo si espongono le caratteristiche del contesto criminale romano, approfondendo le rap- presentazioni diversificate e controverse nel dibattito pubblico. Nel terzo paragrafo si affronta il funzionamento dell’organizzazione con attenzione alle caratteristiche del suo reticolo di riferimento. Nel quarto mostriamo il ruolo delle cooperative sociali vicine all’organizzazione coinvolte nella gestione delle emergenze sociali. Nelle conclusioni tentiamo una sintesi dei principali aspetti emersi nell’analisi del caso, ridiscutendo alcuni as- sunti interpretativi in uso per descrivere la criminalità romana e le mafie storiche operanti nella capitale. 2. Le mafie di Roma: rappresentazioni controverse «Il Lazio e in modo particolare Roma è diventato l’epicentro di ma- fia, camorra e ’ndrangheta, che operano nei settori più disparati e reddi- tizi dalla droga ai sequestri, dai taglieggiamenti al riciclaggio del denaro sporco». È questa la fotografia esposta nella relazione della Corte d’Ap- pello di Roma del 19848. Lo stesso anno l’allora sostituto procurato- re De Ficchy sottolinea che a Roma opera anche una forte criminalità autoctona, «una unica associazione criminosa […] di cui la banda della Magliana è asse preminente»9. Testimonianze che confermano come nel Lazio, oramai da diversi decenni, si segnali la presenza plurima di gruppi di criminalità organizzata. Maggiore attenzione, da allora, è rivolta alle mafie storiche poiché vari fattori hanno consentito alla criminalità organizzata di stampo mafioso di in- sediarsi ed operare con relativa «tranquillità»: la posizione geografica centrale, la 7 Con questa espressione intendiamo riferirci alla tesi del radicamento (embeddedness) dell’agire economico all’interno di network di relazioni interpersonali, sistemi concreti e attivi di relazioni sociali (cfr. M. Granovetter, Economic action and social structure. A theory of embed- dedness, in «American Journal of Sociology», 91, 1985). È questa una tesi già da tempo utilmente applicata all’analisi della dimensione economica del fenomeno mafioso, non considerabile come corpo estraneo al tessuto sociale, ma radicato in contesti territoriali dove si riproduce e dai quali può diffondersi attraverso l’impiego di capitale sociale (cfr. R. Sciarrone, Mafie vecchie, mafie nuove. Radicamento ed espansione, Donzelli, Roma 2009). 8 In Osservatorio Legalità e Sicurezza Lazio, Mafie nel Lazio, 2015, p. 18. 9 Tribunale di Roma, Requisitoria del Sostituto Procuratore, 1984, p. 4. 23 Mafia Capitale vicinanza con zone dove è più consolidato l’insediamento mafioso (in particolare la Campania), la presenza di importanti centri del potere economico, finanziario e politico, la dimensione dell’area urbana della capitale, che rende meno agevoli i controlli delle forze dell’ordine e garantisce una più facile mimetizzazione10. Trent’anni dopo queste stesse argomentazioni (contiguità geografica, basso grado di allarme sociale e mimetizzazione economica) prevalgono nella documentazione di settore, che attribuisce alle mafie una predo- minante vocazione agli affari, quasi mai esplicitamente violenta. In una recente relazione, la Commissione parlamentare antimafia (da ora, Cpa) individua tre forme di espansione mafiosa: colonizzazione nel Nord- ovest; delocalizzazione nel Nord-est; espansione economica nel Centro (Toscana e Lazio), poiché «sul territorio laziale non si riscontrano (in maniera sufficiente) gli elementi che tipicamente connotano l’associa- zione di stampo mafioso: la forza di intimidazione, la condizione di as- soggettamento, l’omertà, il capillare controllo del territorio»11. Questa presenza non opprimente rende a lungo difficoltoso il riconoscimento delle mafie laziali in sede giudiziaria. Un aspetto sottolineato anche dalla Direzione Nazionale Antimafia (da ora, Dna): Proprio tali modalità della penetrazione mafiosa sul
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