Turbinicarpus Alonsoi, Biznaguita

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Turbinicarpus Alonsoi, Biznaguita The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ ISSN 2307-8235 (online) IUCN 2008: T40972A2948392 Turbinicarpus alonsoi, Biznaguita Assessment by: Fitz Maurice, W.A., Sánchez , E., Fitz Maurice, B & Guadalupe Martínez, J. View on www.iucnredlist.org Citation: Fitz Maurice, W.A., Sánchez , E., Fitz Maurice, B & Guadalupe Martínez, J. 2013. Turbinicarpus alonsoi. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T40972A2948392. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T40972A2948392.en Copyright: © 2015 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorized without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale, reposting or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission from the copyright holder. For further details see Terms of Use. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ is produced and managed by the IUCN Global Species Programme, the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) and The IUCN Red List Partnership. The IUCN Red List Partners are: BirdLife International; Botanic Gardens Conservation International; Conservation International; Microsoft; NatureServe; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Sapienza University of Rome; Texas A&M University; Wildscreen; and Zoological Society of London. If you see any errors or have any questions or suggestions on what is shown in this document, please provide us with feedback so that we can correct or extend the information provided. THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™ Taxonomy Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Plantae Tracheophyta Magnoliopsida Caryophyllales Cactaceae Taxon Name: Turbinicarpus alonsoi Glass & S.Arias Common Name(s): • Spanish: Biznaguita Taxonomic Source(s): Hunt, D., Taylor, N. and Charles, G. (compilers and editors). 2006. The New Cactus Lexicon. dh Books, Milborne Port, UK. Taxonomic Notes: Accepted as a valid species by Anderson (2001) and Hunt (1999) Assessment Information Red List Category & Criteria: Critically Endangered B1ab(v)+2ab(v) ver 3.1 Year Published: 2013 Date Assessed: November 19, 2009 Justification: Turbinicarpus alonsoi is considered to be Critically Endangered due to its occurrence in a single location with an area of less than 10 km², and because it is continuing to rapidly decline as a result of illegal collecting. Previously Published Red List Assessments 2002 – Critically Endangered (CR) Geographic Range Range Description: This species is endemic to Guanajuato, Mexico. It grows in a single location of less than 10 km² near Xichú, at about 1,900 m asl. Country Occurrence: Native: Mexico (Guanajuato) © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Turbinicarpus alonsoi – published in 2013. 1 http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T40972A2948392.en Population The current estimated population size is less than 5,000 individuals. Current Population Trend: Decreasing Habitat and Ecology (see Appendix for additional information) This cactus grows in semi-desert scrub on steep rocky calcareous slopes. Systems: Terrestrial Use and Trade (see Appendix for additional information) The species is used as an ornamental, for which it is illegally collected in the wild. Threats (see Appendix for additional information) These plants are threatened by illegal collecting. The habitat has become widely known to collectors. Since its discovery, the population has been reduced by more than 50%. Conservation Actions (see Appendix for additional information) This cactus does not occur in any protected area. It is listed on CITES Appendix I, but the laws governing imports in the countries of destination need to be enforced. This species is currently propagated in Europe from illegally collected plants. The Cadereyta Regional Botanic Gardens has developed a universal technique to reproduce species of the genus Turbinicarpus (including Gymnocactus), with a rate of 5x/4 weeks and 95% soil adaptation success (E. Sánchez pers. comm. 2011). Credits Assessor(s): Fitz Maurice, W.A., Sánchez , E., Fitz Maurice, B & Guadalupe Martínez, J. Reviewer(s): Superina, M. & Goettsch, B.K. © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Turbinicarpus alonsoi – published in 2013. 2 http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T40972A2948392.en Bibliography Anderson, E.F. 2001. The Cactus Family. Timber Press, Portland. Hunt, D. 1999. CITES Cactaceae Checklist, 2nd ed. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and International Organization for Succulent Plant Study (IOS). IUCN. 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (ver. 2013.1). Available at: http://www.iucnredlist.org. (Accessed: 12 June 2013). Citation Fitz Maurice, W.A., Sánchez , E., Fitz Maurice, B & Guadalupe Martínez, J. 2013. Turbinicarpus alonsoi. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T40972A2948392. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T40972A2948392.en Disclaimer To make use of this information, please check the Terms of Use. External Resources For Images and External Links to Additional Information, please see the Red List website. © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Turbinicarpus alonsoi – published in 2013. 3 http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T40972A2948392.en Appendix Habitats (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes) Major Season Suitability Habitat Importance? 3. Shrubland -> 3.5. Shrubland - Subtropical/Tropical Dry Resident Suitable Yes 0. Root -> 6. Rocky areas (eg. inland cliffs, mountain peaks) Resident Suitable - Use and Trade (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes) End Use Local National International Pets/display animals, horticulture Yes Yes No Threats (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes) Threat Timing Scope Severity Impact Score 5. Biological resource use -> 5.2. Gathering terrestrial Ongoing Majority (50- Rapid declines Medium plants -> 5.2.1. Intentional use (species is the target) 90%) impact: 7 Conservation Actions in Place (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes) Conservation Actions in Place In-Place Land/Water Protection and Management Occur in at least one PA: No In-Place Education Included in international legislation: Yes Subject to any international management/trade controls: Yes Conservation Actions Needed (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes) Conservation Actions Needed 5. Law & policy -> 5.4. Compliance and enforcement -> 5.4.1. International level © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Turbinicarpus alonsoi – published in 2013. 4 http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T40972A2948392.en Additional Data Fields Distribution Estimated area of occupancy (AOO) (km²): 9 Estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) (km²): 9 Number of Locations: 1 Lower elevation limit (m): 1900 Upper elevation limit (m): 1900 Population Number of mature individuals: 4999 Continuing decline of mature individuals: Yes All individuals in one subpopulation: Yes © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Turbinicarpus alonsoi – published in 2013. 5 http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T40972A2948392.en The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ ISSN 2307-8235 (online) IUCN 2008: T40972A2948392 The IUCN Red List Partnership The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ is produced and managed by the IUCN Global Species Programme, the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) and The IUCN Red List Partnership. The IUCN Red List Partners are: BirdLife International; Botanic Gardens Conservation International; Conservation International; Microsoft; NatureServe; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Sapienza University of Rome; Texas A&M University; Wildscreen; and Zoological Society of London. THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™ © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Turbinicarpus alonsoi – published in 2013. 6 http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T40972A2948392.en.
Recommended publications
  • Comercio Espinoso Comercio Espinoso
    Comercio EspinosoComercio TRAFFIC NORTEAMÉRICA Comercio Espinoso Comercio y conservacion de cactos en el Desierto Chihuahuense Christopher S. Robbins, Editor TRAFFIC, the wildlife trade monitoring network, works to ensure that trade in wild plants and animals is not a threat to the con- servation of nature. It has offices covering most parts of the world and works in close co-operation with the Secretariat of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). For further information contact: The Director TRAFFIC North America c/o World Wildlife Fund-US 1250 24th Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20037 Telephone: 202-293-4800 Fax: 202-775-8287 Email: [email protected] Web Site: www.traffic.org Comercio Espinoso Comercio y conservación de cactos en el Desierto Chihuahuense Christopher S. Robbins, Editor Parte I: Los cactos del Desierto Chihuahuense en los Estados Unidos: Una evaluación del comercio, la administración y las prioridades de conservación por Christopher S. Robbins Parte II: Los cactos del Desierto Chihuahuense en México: Una evaluación del comercio, la administración y las prioridades de conservación por Rolando Tenoch Bárcenas Luna Enero 2003 TRAFFIC Norteamérica Fondo Mundial para la Naturaleza 1250 24th Street NW Washington DC 20037 Visite www.traffic.org para una edición electrónica de este informe, y para obtener más información sobre TRAFFIC Norteamérica. © 2003 WWF. Todos los derechos reservados por el Fondo Mundial para la Naturaleza, Inc. Todo el material que aparece en esta publicación está protegido por los derechos del autor y puede ser reproducido con permiso previo. Cualquier reproducción, de toda o parte de esta publicación debe acreditar a TRAFFIC Norteamérica.
    [Show full text]
  • T16870 RAMIREZ CANO, ELIZABET TESIS.Pdf (800.3Kb)
    UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA AGRARIA “ANTONIO NARRO” DIVISIÓN DE AGRONOMÍA - DEPARTAMENTO DE BOTÁNICA Germinación in vitro de dos especies de cactáceas de los genero Mammillaria y Turbinicarpus, en estatus de riesgo POR: ELIZABET RAMIREZ CANO TESIS Presentada como requisito parcial para obtener el titulo de: INGENIERO EN AGROBIOLOGÍA Buenavista, Saltillo, Coahuila, México. Noviembre de 2008 ii Agradecimientos. A Dios por permitirme estar aquí y ahora, y por no dejarme nunca de su mano. A la Universidad Autónoma Agraria “Antonio Narro” por ser una institución humanitaria y maternal, por hacernos sentir sus hijos en nuestro paso por sus instalaciones. Por permitirme realizar mis estudios y ser una mejor mexicana. Por seguir siendo “El Alma Terra Mater” de todos aquellos que quieren superarse. Al Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP) Campo Experimental Saltillo CIRNE-INIFAP por aceptarme en su institución para realizar mis practicas profesionales y mi tesis de licenciatura en el Laboratorio de Cultivo de Tejidos Vegetales, brindándome confianza y conocimientos que llevare siempre conmigo. Por darme la oportunidad de realizar mi trabajo de tesis, dentro de sus proyectos e instalaciones Al SNICS-SINAREFI por su importante aportación para realización de este trabajo. A la Biol. Sofía Comparán Sánchez, por brindarme su apoyo, disposición y asesoría en este trabajo. Por su paciencia, tiempo, comprensión y conocimientos brindados durante toda mi formación profesional. A la M. C. Edith Villavicencio Gutiérrez, por confiar en mí al realizar mis prácticas profesionales, por brindarme la oportunidad de pertenecer a su grupo de trabajo en mi estancia en el Laboratorio de Cultivo de Tejidos Vegetales del Campo Experimental Saltillo CIRNE-INIFAP.
    [Show full text]
  • Conserving North America's Threatened Plants
    Conserving North America’s Threatened Plants Progress report on Target 8 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation Conserving North America’s Threatened Plants Progress report on Target 8 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation By Andrea Kramer, Abby Hird, Kirsty Shaw, Michael Dosmann, and Ray Mims January 2011 Recommended ciTaTion: Kramer, A., A. Hird, K. Shaw, M. Dosmann, and R. Mims. 2011. Conserving North America’s Threatened Plants: Progress report on Target 8 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation . BoTanic Gardens ConservaTion InTernaTional U.S. Published by BoTanic Gardens ConservaTion InTernaTional U.S. 1000 Lake Cook Road Glencoe, IL 60022 USA www.bgci.org/usa Design: John Morgan, [email protected] Contents Acknowledgements . .3 Foreword . .4 Executive Summary . .5 Chapter 1. The North American Flora . .6 1.1 North America’s plant diversity . .7 1.2 Threats to North America’s plant diversity . .7 1.3 Conservation status and protection of North America’s plants . .8 1.3.1 Regional conservaTion sTaTus and naTional proTecTion . .9 1.3.2 Global conservaTion sTaTus and proTecTion . .10 1.4 Integrated plant conservation . .11 1.4.1 In situ conservaTion . .11 1.4.2 Ex situ collecTions and conservaTion applicaTions . .12 1.4.3 ParameTers of ex situ collecTions for conservaTion . .16 1.5 Global perspective and work on ex situ conservation . .18 1.5.1 Global STraTegy for PlanT ConservaTion, TargeT 8 . .18 Chapter 2. North American Collections Assessment . .19 2.1 Background . .19 2.2 Methodology . .19 2.2.1 Compiling lisTs of ThreaTened NorTh American Taxa .
    [Show full text]
  • Prickly Trade: Trade & Conservation of Chihuahuan Desert Cacti (PDF, 1.1
    Prickly Trade Trade and Conservation of Chihuahuan Desert Cacti Christopher S. Robbins, Editor Prickly Trade Trade and Conservation of Chihuahuan Desert Cacti Christopher S. Robbins, Editor Part I: Chihuahuan Desert Cacti in the United States: An Assessment of Trade, Management, and Conservation Priorities by Christopher S. Robbins Part II: Chihuahuan Desert Cacti in Mexico: An Assessment of Trade, Management, and Conservation Priorities by Rolando Tenoch Bárcenas Luna January 2003 TRAFFIC North America World Wildlife Fund 1250 24th Street NW Washington DC 20037 Visit www.traffic.org for an electronic edition of this report, and for more information about TRAFFIC North America. © 2003 WWF. All rights reserved by World Wildlife Fund, Inc. All material appearing in this publication is copyrighted and may be reproduced with permission. Any reproduction, in full or in part, of this publication must credit TRAFFIC North America. The views of the authors expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of the TRAFFIC Network, World Wildlife Fund (WWF), or IUCN-The World Conservation Union. The designation of geographical entities in this publication and the presentation of the material do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of TRAFFIC or its supporting organizations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The TRAFFIC symbol copyright and Registered Trademark ownership are held by WWF. TRAFFIC is a joint program of WWF and IUCN. Suggested citation: Robbins, Christopher S., ed. 2003. Prickly Trade: Trade and Conservation of Chihuahuan Desert Cacti, by Christopher S.
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Systematics of the Cactaceae
    See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: http://www.researchgate.net/publication/230030192 Molecular systematics of the Cactaceae ARTICLE in CLADISTICS · FEBRUARY 2011 Impact Factor: 6.09 · DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2011.00350.x CITATIONS DOWNLOADS VIEWS 24 75 261 3 AUTHORS, INCLUDING: Rolando T. Barcenas Julie A. Hawkins Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, UAQ University of Reading 14 PUBLICATIONS 162 CITATIONS 44 PUBLICATIONS 753 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Available from: Julie A. Hawkins Retrieved on: 15 September 2015 Cladistics Cladistics 27 (2011) 470–489 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2011.00350.x Molecular systematics of the Cactaceae Rolando T. Ba´rcenasa, Chris Yessonb, and Julie A. Hawkinsb,* aDarwin Laboratorium of Molecular Systematics and Evolution, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Auto´noma de Quere´taro, Av. De la Ciencia s ⁄ n, Juriquilla, Quere´taro, CP 76230, Me´xico; bSchool of Biological Sciences, Lyle Tower, The University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6BX, UK Accepted 12 January 2011 Abstract Bayesian, maximum-likelihood, and maximum-parsimony phylogenies, constructed using nucleotide sequences from the plastid gene region trnK-matK, are employed to investigate relationships within the Cactaceae. These phylogenies sample 666 plants representing 532 of the 1438 species recognized in the family. All four subfamilies, all nine tribes, and 69% of currently recognized genera of Cactaceae are sampled. We found strong support for three of the four currently recognized subfamilies, although
    [Show full text]
  • Cactus Explorers Journal
    TheCactus Explorer The first free on-line Journal for Cactus and Succulent Enthusiasts 1 Matucana rebutiiflora 2 The 2013 Meeting Report Number 10 3 Travels in Nicaragua ISSN 2048-0482 4 Erich Werdermann December 2013 5 Sclerocactus in habitat The Cactus Explorer ISSN 2048-0482 Number10 December 2013 IN THIS EDITION Regular Features Articles Introduction 3 Locate the Cryptic, Hunt the Hybrid News and Events 4 and Expect the Unexpected. Recent New Descriptions 10 (The story of the 2013 Explorers Weekend) 26 In the Glasshouse 13 Nicaraguan Field Notes (1) 46 Journal Roundup 16 Travel with the Cactus Expert (9) 50 On-line Journals 18 The Type Locality of Melocactus paucispinus 55 The Love of Books 21 Cactus People Histories 24 Society Pages 58 Plants and Seeds for Sale 61 Books for Sale 66 The No.1 source for on-line information about cacti and succulents is http://www.cactus-mall.com Cover Picture The recently described Matucana rebutiiflora flowering in habitat. Photograph by Graham Charles Invitation to Contributors Please consider the Cactus Explorer as the place to publish your articles. We welcome contributions for any of the regular features or a longer article with pictures on any aspect of cacti and succulents. The editorial team is happy to help you with preparing your work. Please send your submissions as plain text in a ‘Word’ document together with jpeg or tiff images with the maximum resolution available. A major advantage of this on-line format is the possibility of publishing contributions quickly and any issue is never full! We aim to publish your article within 3 months and the copy deadline is just a few days before the publication date which is planned for the 10th of February, May, August and November.
    [Show full text]
  • PC25 Doc. 39.2
    Original language: Spanish PC25 Doc. 39.2 CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES OF WILD FAUNA AND FLORA ___________________ Twenty-fifth meeting of the Plants Committee Geneva (Switzerland), 17 and 20-23 July 2020 Species specific matters Maintenance of the Appendices Periodic Review of species included in Appendices I and II PERIODIC REVIEW OF ARIOCARPUS RETUSUS 1. This document has been submitted by Mexico (Scientific Authority of Mexico – CONABIO).* 2. During the 23rd meeting of the Plants Committee (Geneva, Switzerland, July 2017), in response to Notification to the Parties No. 2017/069, Mexico volunteered to assess Ariocarpus retusus as part of the periodic review of species included in the CITES Appendices in accordance with Resolution Conf. 14.8 (Rev. CoP17). 3. Ariocarpus retusus is a cactus that is endemic to Mexico. Its distribution is restricted to the Chihuahuan Desert, where it grows on rocky limestone hills with dry shrubland vegetation. The potential area of distribution of the species is about 100,000 km2, but its area of occupancy has been estimated to range between 10,490 km2 and 12,661.15 km2. Only 8.6% of the area of occupancy of A. retusus falls within a protected area. The estimated population size was ~ 9,252.36 individuals in 2019. The species has intrinsic biological, reproductive and demographic restrictions which, combined with changes in land use and illegal harvest of wild specimens, pose a threat to the persistence and viability of its wild populations. 4. There is high demand of A. retusus in international trade because it is one of the species most appreciated by collectors.
    [Show full text]
  • Micro-Morphology and Anatomy of Turbinicarpus (Cactaceae) Spines
    Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 80: 119- 128, 2009 http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/ib.20078706e.2009.001.589 Micro-morphology and anatomy of Turbinicarpus (Cactaceae) spines Micromorfología y anatomía de las espinas de Turbinicarpus (Cactaceae) Alessandro Mosco University of Trieste, Department of Biology, Via Giorgeri 7, I-34127 Trieste, Italy Correspondent:[email protected] Abstract. Spines are a striking feature of cacti and display wide variation in size, number, shape, and texture. This study showed that Turbinicarpus species exhibit not only a high variability in the gross morphology of the spines, but also in their micro-morphology. Their surface can be smooth or ornamented with projections that can be low, conical, pinnate, or long trichomes. The epidermis can be continuous, broken up into single cell elements or transversely fi ssured, the fi ssures extending deeply into the underlying sclerenchyma. The mechanical properties of the spines are related to their anatomy, here documented for the fi rst time. The woody rigid spines being made up of fi bers with thick walls (> 3 μm), while papery or corky spines have a sclerenchyma made up of fi bers with thin walls (< 2 μm). Alternatively, spine anatomy can be dimorphic with the outermost layers made up of thin-walled fi bers and an inner core made up of thick-walled fi bers. Turbinicarpus taxonomy mostly relies on spine features and the newly collected data can contribute to a better understanding of the interspecifi c relationships. The epidermal features like long trichomes or the lack of ornamentation as well as the modifi ed anatomy of corky spines may be apomorphic characters within the genus.
    [Show full text]
  • Micro-Morphology and Anatomy of Turbinicarpus (Cactaceae) Spines
    Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 80: 119- 128, 2009 Micro-morphology and anatomy of Turbinicarpus (Cactaceae) spines Micromorfología y anatomía de las espinas de Turbinicarpus (Cactaceae) Alessandro Mosco University of Trieste, Department of Biology, Via Giorgeri 7, I-34127 Trieste, Italy Correspondent:[email protected] Abstract. Spines are a striking feature of cacti and display wide variation in size, number, shape, and texture. This study showed that Turbinicarpus species exhibit not only a high variability in the gross morphology of the spines, but also in their micro-morphology. Their surface can be smooth or ornamented with projections that can be low, conical, pinnate, or long trichomes. The epidermis can be continuous, broken up into single cell elements or transversely fi ssured, the fi ssures extending deeply into the underlying sclerenchyma. The mechanical properties of the spines are related to their anatomy, here documented for the fi rst time. The woody rigid spines being made up of fi bers with thick walls (> 3 μm), while papery or corky spines have a sclerenchyma made up of fi bers with thin walls (< 2 μm). Alternatively, spine anatomy can be dimorphic with the outermost layers made up of thin-walled fi bers and an inner core made up of thick-walled fi bers. Turbinicarpus taxonomy mostly relies on spine features and the newly collected data can contribute to a better understanding of the interspecifi c relationships. The epidermal features like long trichomes or the lack of ornamentation as well as the modifi ed anatomy of corky spines may be apomorphic characters within the genus. Key words: spine anatomy, sclerenchyma, fi bers, spine micro-morphology.
    [Show full text]
  • The Cactus Alkaloids Nomenclature, Physical Properties, Pharmacology & Occurrences
    ““More than YOU need to know?” SACRED CACTI Fourth Edition Part C: Cactus Chemistry: Section 1 Trout’s Notes on The Cactus Alkaloids Nomenclature, Physical properties, Pharmacology & Occurrences Assembled by Keeper Trout & friends A Better Days Publication “More than you need to know?” C13-2013 PDF generated 3 December, 2013 updated to fix bad links Jan. 2018 Working Draft Version Still In-Editing & Proofing Trouts Notes on The Cactus Alkaloids Copyright ©2013, 2007 by MydriaticProductions Copyright ©1997, 1998, 2003 by Trout’s Notes & Mydriatic Productions (where applicable). Originally published in part as Appendix A to Sacred Cacti (first edition) in 1997 and again in 1998 as Trout’s Notes #C-9 Cactus Alkaloids, other than Mescaline; Reported from Mescaline Containing Cacti; (including Coryphantha alkaloids) Now retitled as“The Cactus Alkaloids” it has been expanded to encompass all of the known cactus alkaloids. It also now includes what formerly were several chapters concerning Mescaline in Sacred Cacti Part A. This illustrated version merges, updates, corrects and replaces all previous versions. All rights reserved. Produced by Mydriatic Productions; a division of Better Days Publishing © Photos by K. Trout except where specified otherwise. All other photos remain copyrighted by the photographer(s) credited. Reproduction without express written authorization is prohibited. MydriaticProductions Unauthorized commercial reproduction, distribution and/or sales of Trout’s Notes is prohibited. However: This series of works is intended to serve the reader as reference material for further research and study. Trout’s Notes therefore strongly encourages the dissemination of any and all factual information contained within these pages so long as proper acknowledgment of author- ships as cited herein are maintained.
    [Show full text]
  • Invasive Cactus Species: a Global Review
    Review Introduced and invasive cactus species: a global review Ana Novoa1*, Johannes J. Le Roux1, Mark P. Robertson2, John R.U. Wilson1,3 and David M. Richardson1 1 Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland 7602, South Africa 2 Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa 3 Invasive Species Programme, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Kirstenbosch Research Centre, Claremont 7735, South Africa Downloaded from Received: 27 September 2014; Accepted: 13 November 2014; Published: 3 December 2014 Associate Editor: J. Hall Cushman Citation: Novoa A, Le Roux JJ, Robertson MP, Wilson JRU, Richardson DM. 2015. Introduced and invasive cactus species: a global review. AoB PLANTS 7: plu078; doi:10.1093/aobpla/plu078 http://aobpla.oxfordjournals.org/ Abstract. Understanding which species are introduced and become invasive, and why, are central questions in invasion science. Comparative studies on model taxa have provided important insights, but much more needs to be done to unravel the context dependencies of these findings. The cactus family (Cactaceae), one of the most popular horticultural plant groups, is an interesting case study. Hundreds of cactus species have been introduced outside their native ranges; a few of them are among the most damaging invasive plant species in the world. We reviewed the dri- vers of introductions and invasions in the family and seek insights that can be used to minimize future risks. We com- piled a list of species in the family and determined which have been recorded as invasive. We also mapped current global distributions and modelled the potential global distributions based on distribution data of known invasive at University of Stellenosch on February 6, 2015 taxa.
    [Show full text]
  • References for Sacred Cacti & Cactus Alkaloids
    References References for Sacred Cacti & Cactus Alkaloids Echinocereus coccineus (Val Verde Co., Texas) 251 The Cactus Alkaloids Aztekium ritteri (HBG) 252 References References for Sacred Cacti Fourth Edition 154. “Production of cross-tolerance to psychosis-producing doses of lysergic acid diethylamide and psilocybin.” (H.A. Part A: The mescaline containing species Abramson, A. Rolo, B. Sklarofsky & J. Stache) Part B: San Pedro & related Trichocereus species Abramson, Harold A. (1960) Journal of Psychology, 49: 57–65, Part C: Cactus Chemistry “Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD-25): XXX. The Question- Section 1: Cactus Alkaloids aire Technique with Notes on its Use.” Achari et al. (1980) Planta Med. Suppl. 5–7 Section 2: Cactus Chemistry: By Species Achiwa (1977) Heterocycles, 8: 247 [Brackets around a title indicates it is an English translation of the Ackermann, D. et al. (1924) Zeitschrift fuer Biologie (Munich), actual title. ] 82: 278–284. “The occurrence of methyladenine, dimethylhis- Incomplete citations or the use of the qualifier “From” usually indicates tamine, guanidine, betaine, and elodinine in Geodia gigas.” that the paper listed was a second-hand reference. This means that this (D. Ackermann, F. Holtz & H. Reimwein) work was unavailable to us but was the reference cited by our source. Acosta, P. José de (1590) Historia Natural y Moral de las Indias. J. de León: Seville. 535 pages [from YACOVLEFF & HERRERA Aardvark, David (ed.) (1998) Entheogen Review (The Journal 1935 & GUERRA 1967] of Unauthorized Research on Visionary Plants and Drugs.) Acosta, José (1954) Historia natural y moral de las Indias 7 (3): 70–71 & 7 (4): 99–100. [Aardvark: editor; beginning (1590) in Obras, Madrid, Biblioteca de Autores Españoles.
    [Show full text]