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UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA Santa Barbara Military Achievement And UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Santa Barbara Military Achievement and Late-Republican Aristocratic Values, 81-49 BCE. A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Classics by Noah A.S. Segal Committee in charge: Professor Robert Morstein-Marx, Chair Professor Dorota Dutsch Professor Elizabeth Depalma Digeser Professor Nathan Rosenstein June, 2019 The dissertation of Noah A.S. Segal is approved. ____________________________________________ Prof. Nathan Rosenstein ____________________________________________ Prof. Dorota Dutsch _____________________________________________ Prof. Elizabeth Depalma Digeser ____________________________________________ Prof. Robert Morstein-Marx, Committee Chair May, 2019 Military Achievement and Late-Republican Aristocratic Values, 81-49 BCE. Copyright © 2019 by Noah A.S. Segal iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS While I have, like most graduate students, began many boasts (and some laments) with the word’s “my dissertation,” as I write these acknowledgements I am overwhelmed with gratitude to the many people who were instrumental to this project. The merits of this work truly belong to them as well. To begin with, my dissertation committee was blessed with – to use a sports metaphor – a “dream team” of scholars: Beth Depalma Digeser, Dorota Dutsch, Nathan Rosenstein, and Robert Morstein-Marx. In their comments and in their classrooms each of these excellent people far exceeded the traditional expectations of readers and educators. Anything excellent about this project is a direct result of their involvement, and I am forever grateful to each of them for their incredible patience, compassion, and encouragement. I owe to Robert Morstein-Marx, the supervisor of this dissertation, more thanks and praise than I am permitted to include here. There is, I have found, a false belief in some corners of academia that brilliance and humanity are often incompatible in dissertation superviors. To those who hold such a belief I submit my advisor, Robert Morstein-Marx, who is living proof that the first-rate qualities of both scholar and friend can coexisit seamlessly. He has been a mentor, collaborator, and friend of the highest caliber. As this dissertation marks the culmination of my PhD, my conscience dictates I acknowledge more people than perhaps tradtion allows for. I am thankful to all my teachers over the years, first at Ohio State, then at the University of Pennsylvania, and finally at the University of California Santa Barbara. There are more names than I can list, but a few merit eponomous mention. From my pre-graduate days: Anna Peterson, Maxwell Teitel-Paule, Stephen Maiullo, Ric Rader, Will Batstone, Cynthia Damon, Julie Nishimura-Jensen. I have also been fortunate to work in a graduate department in which the entire faculty take an interest in the education and work of every graduate student in the program, rather than simply their own advisees. Thus, special thanks is also due to Emilio Capettini, Francis Dunn, Brice Erickson, Ralph Gallucci, Sara Lindheim, Rose MacLean, Helen Morales, and Amit Shilo. UCSB has also provided a vibrant, interdisciplinary community in which it has been a pleasure to participate, and thus I must also mention John Lee, Christine Thomas, and Claudia Moser. Graduate school is a difficult process, but one made much easier by fellow travelers. I have had the good fortune of being surrounded by excellent graduate collegaues, but some bear special mention: Joshua Smith, Brett Collins, Marshall Evans, Eva Braunstein, Ryan Kelly, Adam Parison, Nicole Taynton, Tejas Aralere. Two chapters of this work were presented at SCS annual meetings, and I am grateful especially to the chairs of those panels, Michele Salzman and Matthew Roller, for their feedback. Finally, thanks are due as well to Cary Barber who read drafts of some of this work and gave immensely useful comments. It is appropriate in transitioning from the professional to the personal that I begin with my wife, Ranjani Atur, to whom this work is dedicated. It would have been impossible to complete my degree, much less this project, if she had not sat next to me in Greek 243. For all intents and purposes Ranjani served as a fifth member of my dissertation committee, and this work benefited enormously from her knowledge, editing, and feedback. Ranjani’s value as a collaborator is matched by her excellence as a spouse. This work is as much a result of her tireless and selfless support as it is of anything. I am forever indebted to her for her patience, encouragement, humor, compassion, and love. iv Finally, I would not be where I am were it not for the love and support of my family. Any humanities PhD is the result of a love of reading, and I received this from my parents, Richard and Adrien Segal. I grew up in a house that fostered curiosity and learning, and for that I am eternally grateful to them. They saw something in me that I did not see in myself, and it is by their support and sacrifice that I have gotten the opportunity to pursue my dreams and passions. Last but not least, I am thankful also for the support and companionship of my brothers: Cameron Segal, Marshall Segal, and Dieudonne Tamfu. Santa Barbara, California June 10th, 2019 v For Ranjani. vi VITA OF NOAH A.S. SEGAL May 2019 EDUCATION Bachelor of Arts in Ancient History & Classics, The Ohio State University, June 2011. Post-Baccalaureate Program in Classical Languages, University of Pennsylvania, June 2012. Master of Arts in Classics (Emphasis Ancient History) University of California, Santa Barbara, June, 2015. Doctor of Philosophy in Classics (Emphasis Ancient History and Ancient Mediterranean Studies), University of California, Santa Barbara, June, 2019. PROFESSIONAL EMPLOYMENT 2012-Present: Teaching Assistant/Teaching Associate Department of Classics, University of California, Santa Barbara AWARDS 2017 Keith Aldrich Award for Outstanding Graduate Student in Classics vii ABSTRACT Military Achievement and Late-Republican Aristocratic Values. 81-49 BCE. by Noah A.S. Segal Our modern attempts to understand the aristocratic values of the Roman Republic have long held that military achievement was the most important sources of political prestige. Based largely upon middle-republican evidence, surveys of the aristocratic ethos often focus upon military activity at every stage of the senatorial career: aristocrats were expected to serve for long periods in the army as youths and then, upon obtaining political office, distinguish themselves as commanders. In discussions of aristocratic values, therefore, non-martial pursuits are frequently relegated to secondary importance. This model, however, reconciles poorly with the evidence we have from the Republic’s best-attested period, the Late Republic. In the Republic’s final generation we see clearly a number of sure signs that the aristocracy was increasingly spurning military activity in favor of non-martial political action. To name a few prominent examples: youthful military service was in decline, praetors and consul rejected traditionally-coveted command positions, and the frequency of triumphs fell precipitously. These changes are part of a larger cultural renegotiation of the importance of military achievement that was taking place during the last decades of the Republic, and this dissertation aims to provide a more nuanced understanding of the extent of this shift in aristocratic values and the implications it had for the period. The middle-republican evidence does seem to suggest an elite preoccupation with military service, but the influence of this evidence has clouded our view of the ideological changes of the first century BCE. Rather than a monolithic system of aristocratic values, what we see in the Late Republic is competition between different views on what kind of actions should form the basis of aristocratic legitimacy, and disagreement often centered upon the role of military achievement. This project approaches the topic in three different ways: Chapter 1 examines how common youthful military service was among the Roman elite. Chapter 2 takes a closer look at a problem we have some evidence for in the first century: inexperience among military commanders. And the final chapter provides a new, values-focused reading of the epistolary exchange between Cicero and Cato about Cicero’s pursuit of triumph. A better understanding of this cultural shift will also have some major implications for many of the main historical narratives regarding the Late Republic. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction: A Farewell to Arms?..........................…………………………………..….……..1 2. Youthful Military Service and Aristocratic Values……………………………………………..30 3. "We Will Have to Raise Marius from the Underworld!": Cicero's Pro Fonteio and the Shortage of Commanders in the Late Republic..............113 4. Procession Recession: Triumphs, Letters, and Ideology..………….............................162 5. Conclusion: The Aristocratic Military Ethos and Historical Narratives......................................................................................................225 Appendix I: Evidence for Pre-Consular Command Among the Consuls of 81-49 BCE.……………………………………………………………………239 Appendix II: Casualties Among Magistrates 91-71 BCE.………………………….………….244 Bibliography..................................................................................................................251 ix 1. Introduction: A Farewell to Arms? Prima igitur est adulescenti commendatio ad gloriam, si qua
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