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Phd Thesis Vandergeest 2011 The Dagara farmer at home and away : migration, environment and development in Ghana Geest, K.van der Citation Geest, Kvan der. (2011). The Dagara farmer at home and away : migration, environment and development in Ghana. African Studies Centre, Leiden. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/17766 Version: Not Applicable (or Unknown) License: Downloaded from: https://hdl.handle.net/1887/17766 Note: To cite this publication please use the final published version (if applicable). The Dagara farmer at home and away Migration, environment and development in Ghana ACADEMISCH PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit van Amsterdam op gezag van de Rector Magnificus prof. dr. D.C. van den Boom ten overstaan van een door het college voor promoties ingestelde commissie, in het openbaar te verdedigen in de Agnietenkapel op dinsdag 21 juni 2011, te 12:00 uur door Kees Anton Martinus van der Geest Geboren te Haskerland Promotiecommissie Promotor: Prof. dr. Ton Dietz Co-promotor: Dr. Kees Burger Overige leden: Prof. dr. Richard Black Prof. dr. Saa Dittoh Prof. dr. Valentina Mazzucato Prof. dr. Isa Baud Prof. dr. James Sidaway FACULTEIT DER MAATSCHAPPIJ- EN GEDRAGSWETENSCHAPPEN African Studies Centre African Studies Collection, vol. 33 The Dagara farmer at home and away Migration, environment and development in Ghana Kees van der Geest Institutional support for this study was provided by the Amsterdam institute for Metropolitan and International Development Studies (AMIDSt), now Amsterdam Institute for Social Science Research (AISSR), Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, University of Amsterdam. The Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) funded this research as part of the Milieu & Economie (Environ- ment & Economics) programme. The Research School for Resource Studies for Development (CERES) provided academic training. Published by: African Studies Centre P.O. Box 9555 2300 RB Leiden The Netherlands Tel: +31 (0)71-5273372 E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.ascleiden.nl Cover design: Heike Slingerland Photographs: Kees van der Geest Maps and artwork: Kees van der Geest Printed by Ipskamp Drukkers, Enschede ISSN: 1876-018x ISBN: 978-90-5448-103-4 © Kees van der Geest, 2011 To: Eva, amor de mi vida & Ruben Kontana, luz de mis ojos Contents List of tables x List of figures xi List of maps xi List of pictures xii Preface and acknowledgements xiii 1 INTRODUCTION 1 The Dagara 3 At home and away 4 Problem statement, disciplinary embedding and research questions 8 Outline of the thesis 15 Final remarks 18 2 MIGRATION AND ENVIRONMENT IN GHANA : A CROSS -DISTRICT ANALYSIS OF HUMAN MOBILITY AND VEGETATION DYNAMICS 19 Introduction 20 Materials and methods 22 Migration in Ghana 24 Vegetation and rainfall in Ghana 27 Migration and vegetation dynamics 29 Conclusion 37 3 NORTH -SOUTH MIGRATION IN GHANA : WHAT ROLE FOR THE ENVIRONMENT ? 39 Introduction 40 Migration from Northern Ghana: patterns and trends 42 Cross-sectional analysis 45 Longitudinal analysis 51 Case study: The Dagara of Northwest Ghana 53 A note on international migration 59 Conclusion 61 vii 4 DAGARA MIGRATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE IN GHANA ’S FOREST -SAVANNAH TRANSITION ZONE 63 Introduction 64 Dagara migration 69 Population growth 70 Land Use and Land Cover Studies 73 Research locations and methodology 76 Local discourses of environmental change 79 Perceptions of land use by ‘the other’ 82 Land use sustainability of settlers and native farmers 84 Conclusion 96 5 LOCAL PERCEPTIONS OF MIGRATION FROM NORTHWEST GHANA 99 Introduction 100 Migration and development 102 A short history of migration from Northwest Ghana 104 Methodology 105 Migration propensities 107 Perceptions of seasonal migration 108 Perceptions of long-term migration 112 Perceptions of return migration 116 Use of savings and remittances 119 Conclusion 120 6 THE MALTHUS -BOSERUP CURVE AND MIGRATION IN NORTHERN GHANA 123 Introduction 124 Northern Ghana 131 Cross-district analysis of migration and agricultural productivity 137 Conclusion and implication for policy 145 7 MIGRATION AND AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN NANDOM , NORTHWEST GHANA 149 Introduction 149 Agricultural productivity 152 Policy environment 155 Survey and sample design 161 Description of the research population 164 Migration propensities 167 Impact of migration on agriculture 173 viii Summary of survey findings 198 Conclusion 201 8 CONCLUSIONS 205 Driving forces in the Dagara migration system 207 The environmental refugee debate 209 The population-environment debate 211 The migration and development debate 216 Concluding remark 219 Appendix 220 References 223 Summary 232 Samenvatting (summary in Dutch) 241 About the author 251 ix List of tables 1.1 Coverage of migration, environment and development linkages 15 3.1 Trend in North-South migration propensities (1931-2000) 44 3.2 Migration causes of Dagara settlers in the Brong Ahafo Region 54 4.1 Population growth in the Brong Ahafo Region (1960-2000) 72 4.2 Survey sample of Dagara settlers 78 4.3 Perception of differences in farming methods by settlers and natives 83 4.4 Socio-economic profile by migrant status, ecological zone and market access 86 4.5 Land tenure (% of fields) 87 4.6 Farm size (acres) 88 4.7 Crop mix (% of farmers cultivating each crop) 90 4.8 Crop sales (¢ 1000) 90 4.9 Tools used for land preparation and weeding (% of farmers) 91 4.10 Farming techniques (% of farmers) 92 4.11 Farm expenditure (¢ 1000) 93 4.12 Tree cutting and planting 94 5.1 Uses of migrant savings and remittances 120 6.1 Out-migration, population density and agricultural productivity 140 6.2 Out-migration, population density and agricultural productivity, subset of districts in the first half of the Malthus-Boserup curve 141 7.1 Production of five principal crops in Lawra District (1993-2007) 153 7.2 Production of five principal crops in the Upper West Region (1993-2007) 153 7.3 Perceptions of agricultural and environmental change in Nandom 157 7.4 An overview of external interventions in agriculture and environment 160 7.5 Demographic and economic characteristics of the surveyed households 164 7.6 Population density and migration characteristics in the research villages 172 7.7 Correlations between migration and household sex and age structure 176 7.8 Household composition, migration propensities and farm characteristics 178 7.9 Household composition and adoption of labour intensive farm practices 181 7.10 Migration propensities and adoption of labour intensive farm practices 181 7.11 Other drivers of labour-led intensification 182 7.12 Remittances of children and siblings 186 7.13 Remittances by level of migrants’ education 186 7.14 Distribution of remittances among income groups 188 7.15 Use of remittances and investments in agriculture 189 7.16 Sources of investment in crop cultivation 190 7.17 Remittances and capital-led intensification 192 7.18 Other drivers of capital-led intensification 193 7.19 Other factors explaining farm investments 193 x 7.20 Return migration and farm characteristics 196 7.21 Return migration and income groups 197 List of figures 1.1 Disciplinary embedding, academic debates and research questions 10 3.1 Annual population growth in six inter-censal periods (1911-2000) 43 3.2 Rainfall and migration propensities in Northern Ghana (1960-2000) 52 3.3 Annual average NDVI trend in Northern Ghana (1982-2006) 52 4.1 Land degradation in the Brong Ahafo Region (LANDSAT, 1973 – 2003) 64 4.2 Average monthly NDVI and NDVI trend in Wenchi District (1982-2006) 66 4.3 Population density (inh/km 2) in the Brong Ahafo Region (1960-2000) 72 6.1 The Malthus-Boserup curve between population density and crop yields 126 6.2 Simple model of migration, population density and agricultural productivity 128 6.3 Causal model of migration, population density and agricultural productivity 138 6.4 Migration, population density and agricultural productivity in N-Ghana 143 6.5 Findings for districts in the first half of the Malthus-Boserup curve 144 6.6 Policy implications 147 7.1 Annual rainfall (mm) in Nandom (1980-2008) 150 7.2 Agricultural production in Lawra and the Upper West Region (1993-2007) 154 7.3 Prices of the principal food crops cultivated in Lawra District (1991-2008) 155 7.4 Population density and migration indicators in the research villages 173 List of maps 1.1 Map of Ghana showing the research areas 4 2.1 Inter-regional migration in Ghana 25 2.2 In-migration per district in Ghana (%) 26 2.3 Out-migration per district in Ghana (%) 26 2.4 Net-migration per district in Ghana (%) 26 2.5 Rural population density per district in Ghana 26 2.6 Average vegetation density (NDVI) per district in Ghana (1982-2006) 28 2.7 Average annual rainfall (mm) per district in Ghana (1982-2002) 28 2.8 NDVI change per district in Ghana (1982-2006) 28 2.9 Rainfall change per district in Ghana (1982-2002) 28 2.10 Average Maximum NDVI per district in Ghana (1982-2006) 34 2.11 Maximum NDVI change per district in Ghana (1982-2006) 34 2.12 Average Minimum NDVI (1982-2006) 34 xi 2.13 Minimum NDVI change (1982-2006) 34 3.1 Map of North-South migration in Ghana (2000) 45 3.2 North-South migration propensities per district in Northern Ghana (2000) 46 3.3 Average annual rainfall per district in Northern Ghana (1982 to 2002) 47 3.4 Average NDVI per district in Northern Ghana (1982-2006) 48 3.5 Average crop yields per district in Northern Ghana (1998-2002) 49 3.6 Rural population density per district in Northern Ghana (2000) 49 4.1 Ghana, Dagara migration and coverage of the LANDSAT
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