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W.E.B. Du Bois and His Place in the Discussion of Racism

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W.E.B. Du Bois and His Place in the Discussion of Racism University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014 1-1-1987 W.E.B. Du Bois and his place in the discussion of racism. Homer L. Meade University of Massachusetts Amherst Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_1 Recommended Citation Meade, Homer L., "W.E.B. Du Bois and his place in the discussion of racism." (1987). Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014. 4300. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_1/4300 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014 by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. W.E.B. DU BOIS AND HIS PLACE IN THE DISCUSSION OF RACISM A Dissertation Presented by Homer L. Meade II Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Massachusetts in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF EDUCATION May 1987 School of Education (C) Copyright by Homer L. Meade II 1987 All Rights Reserved W.E.B. DU BOIS AND HIS PLACE IN THE DISCUSSION OF RACISM A Dissertation Presented by Homer L. Meade II Approved as to style and content by: f. OUL_ Mario FantiDean oT the School cTf Education PREFACE This work reports the findings gathered in determining the place William Edward Burghardt Du Bois holds in the discussion of racism. The mentioning of the name of W.E.B. Du Bois engenders a wide range of reactions. Most of these reactions are emotional and have little bearing on what may be uncovered by a serious review of his life's works. This dissertation is a serious review of one aspect of Du Bois' life's work. However, this dissertation is not a biography, although the writer has had to recount events within that life to establish background or to highlight a specific issue. This work is an investigation of the developed use and application of what has become termed racism. The word 'racism' itself is a relatively new term; we do not find it widely used until the mid-nineteen fifties. However, that social condition which racism denotes, i.e., formal and informal processes of identifying certain members of social organizations as inferior and predicating actions which oppress and discriminate against those same individuals, has been the subject of discussions for much longer. It is in connection to the discussion of racism where the interest in Du Bois lies. The time span which this work specifically investigates begins with the ratification of the Constitution of the IV United States of America. Because certain historical events of importance precede this event of ratification, they are mentioned and discussed but in reference to their connections to this examination of racism as an American experience. To facilitate this discussion the chapters in this work are divided into two sections. Section One (Chapters I - V) contains discussions which review the various attempts made to identify racism and the various definitions of racism which have been offered. The definitions which are given to racism run the gamut from the material to the metaphysical. Since in the second half of the twentieth century racism has been centrally linked to economic policy and decisions (material considerations), Chapter One begins with a review of how economics and racism are alleged to be tied. This chapter is followed by chapters which present alternative accounts of the source and identification of racism (metaphysical considerations). Section One ends with Chapter V which details racism's institutional effects upon the individual within American society. The effects which are reviewed are those which create confusion in what is accepted as morally right or wrong actions. From this the discussion moves to Section Two which looks to the various references scholars and researchers of the connected issues of racism make to W.E.B. Du Bois. Section Two (Chapters VI - XII) then examines in some detail the major works of mid-century which reflect the v conscientious action which attempted to seek remedies to the ravaging effects of racist policy and action. Section Two concludes with three chapters which report research previously missing from discussions of Du Bois and his work. These chapters report the results and activities of federal intelligence gathering agencies' investigations of the work and actions of Du Bois. The issue which these chapters address is that in their investigations of Du Bois these agencies did not benefit from his work, rather they sought to reinforce the distorted impressions of Du Bois which the investigators and administrative officials brought to the investigations. The ramifications of this attitude have been alluded to by the work done in determining the pretext of action which these same agencies directed at individuals during the civil rights movement in the North and South during the late fifties through the early nineteen seventies. The work concludes with a return to the issue of defining racism. The final definition is presented not in describing the effects that racism has on the victims but in underscoring the effects which racism has on the racist and his or her actions which lead to deprivation and vilification of the principles upon which this nation was founded. If there is a practical significance attached to this study of the discussion of racism and the place which Du Bois holds within it, then that significance must be to vi encourage greater effort within institutional as well as individual areas of life to learn of the past efforts to identify the sources of racism and to move for their eradication. vi i ABSTRACT W.E.B. DU BOIS AND HIS PLACE IN THE DISCUSSION OF RACISM MAY 1987 HOMER L. MEADE II, A.B., CORNELL UNIVERSITY M.Ed., NORTH ADAMS STATE COLLEGE M.A., UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS Ed.D., UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS Directed by: Professor Meyer Weinberg Statement of the Problem - Among other things W.E.B. Du Bois is remembered for his struggles waged against what he called the "problem of the color-line". The problem which this dissertation examines is what, in fact, did Du Bois say and do in this struggle and how have his actions been reported in the literature which focusses upon the social issue called racism. The problem is best addressed by reporting the answer(s) to this question: What are the issues concerning racism which were addressed by W.E.B. Du Bois, and which of these issues, in contemporary American society, have just recently been investigated or are presently left unaddressed? Procedure - In seeking answers to the question, the following procedure was implemented: 1) research and investigation of primary source material written by W.E.B. Du Bois; 2) research and investigation of secondary source material written by others which a) address the topic racism, and/or, b) address racism and make reference to W.E.B. Du Bois. vi i i —sults ~ There are two results of note which are presented by this work. The first result, i.e., finding, is that within the formal discussions of racism, especially marked by Gunnar Myrdal's work An American Dilemma, though W.E.B. Du Bois is often mentioned and cited, the wealth of informed statement to be gotten from his efforts has yet to be fully appreciated. Secondly, by viewing Du Bois as a victim of the phenomenon of racism, we find that a half a century of Federal intelligence agency surveillance itself reflects a developed institutional racism of the most vicious sort. Conclusions — It is concluded that the life and works of W.E.B. Du Bois need to be reviewed to come to understand the very real threat racism in contemporary American society presents to its citizens. As early as 1887 W.E.B. Du Bois examined the racial issues of American society. At that time he offered insights which, if heeded, might have resulted in the eventual control or the ending of racist attitudinal development and expression. If we are not to repeat the mistakes of the past, then his insights must be used and learned from at this time. ix TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE. ABSTRACT.. * * .. INTRODUCTION . xii CHAPTER I 1. Background of the Monograph.. 2. The Presence of Racism.’4 3. Enlightenment in the American Colonies . ! 6 4. The Anti-Racist Tradition.. CHAPTER II 1. Interest in the Period.20 2. Post-Bellum Racists and Racism.22 CHAPTER III 1. Definitions of Racism.29 2. The Threat of Institutional Racism.36 3. The Psychology of Racism.39 CHAPTER IV 1. Complexities of Institutional Racism.51 CHAPTER V 1. Societal Racism.65 2. Mid-Twentieth Century Societal Racism.68 3. Focus on Civil Rights.73 CHAPTER VI 1. Reference to Du Bois.75 CHAPTER VII 1. An American Dilemma: What Was Known and When . .93 CHAPTER VIII 1. Subsequent Studies of An American Dilemma . 120 CHAPTER IX 1. Periods of Du Bois' Statements Addressing Racism 155 CHAPTER X 1. Du Bois and The Age of Victimization . ... 192 CHAPTER XI 1. Surveillance and Intelligence Gathering. ... 212 CHAPTER XII 1. Effects of the Racist Faith. ... 240 . ... 257 CONCLUSION . x TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont.) APPENDIX A. Definitions of Racism.264 B. Additional Definitions of Racism (Du Bois) . 269 C. Overview of the Life of W.E.B. Du Bois . ! ! ! 271 BIBLIOGRAPHY . 279 xi INTRODUCTION In the Spring of 1987 it is sad to read of the rising incidents which are alleged to be expressions of racism in the United States of America. The sadness comes from the knowledge that during the two-hundred years that this nation has known of and acknowledged the presence of racism, little has been done which has effectively removed racist thought and action from within the interaction of Americans with one another and within their institutions.
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