The Deep Space Network Committee on the Review of Progress toward Implementing the Decadal Survey Vision & Voyages for Planetary Sciences Joseph Lazio L. Benner, A. Bhanji, A. Biswas, W. Klipstein, S. Lichten, J. Statman, S. Townes

© 2017 California Institute of Technology. Government sponsorship acknowledged. Deep Space Network

Topics - Deep Space communications and navigation - Planetary radar - Future planning

Canberra Goldstone Madrid2 Planetary Sciences-DSN Partnership Don’t Leave Earth Without Us!

Voyager 1 Voyager 2 Cassini New Horizons Geotail Odyssey MOM

Mars Reconnaissance Mars TGO ARTEMIS OSIRIS REx XMM Cluster JUNO Akatsuki MAVEN Orbiter

Chandra MMS STEREO Wind DSCOVR Spitzer SOHO Kepler Hayabusa-2 ACE LRO

Solar Probe Plus TESS JWST BepiColumbo InSight GSSR

Planetary Sciences Vision 2050 3 Telemetry, Tracking, & Command: 5 Year Monthly Data, Averaged over All Missions DSN Network Data Delivery (Fiscal) 100%100.0%

99.5%

99%99.0%

98.5%

98.0%

97.5% • Telemetry • Command 97%97.0% NASA requirement: 95% • RadioMetric Typical DSN performance > 99% • Combined 96.5%

96.0%

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

2011-05 2011-11 2012-05 2012-07 2013-01 2013-07 2014-01 2014-03 2014-09 2015-03 2015-09 2015-11 2016-05 2016-11 2017-05 2011-01 2011-03 2011-07 2011-09 2012-01 2012-03 2012-09 2012-11 2013-03 2013-05 2013-09 2013-11 2014-05 2014-07 2014-11 2015-01 2015-05 2015-07 2016-01 2016-03 2016-07 2016-09 2017-01 2017-03

Network Telemetry % Network Command % Network RadioMetric % Combined % Poly. (Combined %) DSN Status – Planetary Sciences Decadal Mid-Term 4 DSN and 2015: Pluto from New Horizons Credit: NASA/JHUAPL/SwR I

2014: Comet Siding Springs from MAVEN Credit: NASA/JPL- Caltech/University of Arizona

2016: Jupiter from Juno

Credit: NASA/JPL- Caltech/SwRI/ 2017: Saturn MSSS/Betsy from Cassini Asher Hall/Gervasio Credit: NASA/JPL- Robles Caltech/Space Science Institute

DSN Status – Planetary Sciences Decadal Mid-Term jpl..gov5 Planetary Radar The Primitive Bodies Earth-Based Telescopes The Arecibo and Goldstone radar telescopes are powerful, complementary facilities that can characterize the surface structure and three- dimensional shapes of the near-Earth objects within their reach of about one-tenth of the Earth-Sun distance. Arecibo has a sensitivity 20 times greater than Goldstone, but Goldstone has much greater sky coverage than Arecibo. Continued access to facilities for the detailed study of near-Earth objects is essential to primitive bodies studies.

DSN Status – Planetary Sciences Decadal Mid-Term 6 National Radar Assets

Goldstone DSS-14 (DSN) Arecibo (NAIC) 70 m antenna, 500 kW 300 m antenna, 1 MW transmitter, 4 cm transmitter, 13 cm wavelength (X band) wavelength (S band)

Green Bank Telescope (GBO) 100 m antenna, no transmitter 7 Goldstone Solar System Radar

DSS-14: 70 m antenna at Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex

DSN Status – Planetary Sciences Decadal Mid-Term 8 Goldstone Solar System Radar

DSN Status – Planetary Sciences Decadal Mid-Term 9 Goldstone Solar System Radar

New klystron!

DSN Status – Planetary Sciences Decadal Mid-Term 10 Vision and Voyages for Planetary Science in the Decade 2013-2022 The Deep Space Network “The DSN is a critical element of NASA’s solar system exploration program. It is the only asset available for communications with missions to the outer solar system, and is heavily subscribed by inner solar system missions as well. As instruments advance and larger data streams are expected over the coming decade, this capability must keep pace with the needs of the mission portfolio. Future demands on the DSN will be substantial. Missions to the distant outer solar system requires access to either 70-meter antennas or equivalent arrays of smaller antennae. The DSN must also be able to receive data from more than one mission at one station simultaneously. If arrays can only mimic the ability of one 70-meter station and nothing more, missions would still be downlink constrained and would have to compete against one another for limited downlink resources. “Although Ka-band downlink has a clear capacity advantage, there is a need to maintain multiple band downlink capability. For example, three-band telemetry during outer planet atmospheric occultations allows sounding of different pressure depths within the atmosphere. In addition, S-band is required for communications from Venus during probe, balloon, lander, and orbit insertion operations where other bands cannot penetrate the atmosphere. X-band capability is required for communication through the atmosphere of , and also for emergency spacecraft communications. The committee recommends that all three DSN complexes should maintain high power uplink capability in X and Ka-band, and downlink capability in S, Ka, and X-bands. NASA should expand DSN capacities to meet the navigation and communication requirements of missions recommended by this decadal survey, with adequate margins.

DSN Status – Planetary Sciences Decadal Mid-Term 11 2020--2021 Mars Contention Period Planning

New Mars missions launch in mid-2020 and arrive in early 2021 ~ 8-week window

Current Mars Missions 2020--2021 New Mars Missions • TGO 2016 (orbiter) – operating with DSN Support • MAVEN (orbiter) – operating • NASA Mars 2020 (Rover) (EDL) • Curiosity (rover) – operating • ESA ExoMars Rover and • InSIGHT (lander) – operating Surface Platform (RSP) (EDL) • MRO (orbiter) – likely operating • SpaceX Red Dragon lander 1 • MOM-1 (orbiter) – likely operating (EDL) • MER (rover) – possibly operating • SpaceX Red Dragon lander 2 • ODY (orbiter) – possibly operating (EDL) • MEX (orbiter) – possibly operating? • ISRO MOM-2 orbiter (MOI) • UAE EMM orbiter (MOI)

DSN Status – Planetary Sciences Decadal Mid-Term 12 2020--2021 Mars Contention Period Planning Preliminary Findings I

Deep Space Network will be supporting unprecedented volume of missions and data at one planetary body  DSN planning for Mars and 30+ non-Mars missions • Longer term impacts from Mars mission “surge” persists Does not “go away” later --- overall mission load increased  Mitigating actions also long-term strategies: in 2020s--2030s, growth in planetary, crewed missions expected to continue …

DSN Status – Planetary Sciences Decadal Mid-Term 13 DSN Futures Mitigation and Strategy I http://eyes.nasa.gov/dsn/dsn.html Maximize use of Multiple Spacecraft Per Aperture (MSPA) – up to four at once (downlink) – Investigating multiple uplink per aperture Likely requires changes to on- board radios

DSN Status – Planetary Sciences Decadal Mid-Term 14 DSN Futures Mitigation and Strategy II

DSN Aperture Enhancement Project – DSN identified efficiencies to enable construction of DSS-56 foundation additional 34 m antennas in Madrid – Provides multiple mission coverage at each Complex  Addressing Decadal Survey recommendation Maximize use of non-DSN large antennas ESA, Sardinia, JAXA, ISRO, Morehead State

DSN Status – Planetary Sciences Decadal Mid-Term 15 Deep Space Network DSN Aperture Enhancement Project (through 2025)

+ backend digital signal processing

Canberra Goldstone Madrid 16 DSN Futures Mitigation and Strategy III Modify maintenance schedule to maximize DSN availability during critical periods (launches, Mars arrivals)  Accelerate some antennas, defer others cf. change car’s oil before embarking on long road trip

DSN Status – Planetary Sciences Decadal Mid-Term Figure from Space News, April 24, 2017 17 History of Downlink Performance

1012 Jupiter Discovery of 1st gravity assist to 1st close-up orbiter 1,000th planet 1010 visit multiple study of outer planets: Mercury planets and Venus 8 10 Saturn orbiter 1st flyby of Mars 106 1st US Spacecraft to fly by the Moon

4 Array band

Band Band -

10 -

Ka

Ka

Antenna Improved Improved

102 Spacecraft AntennaArraying 1

History to date: m m

- 13

Improved Coding Improved Performance has improved by 10 so far Antenna 10-2 64 Projection:

Equivalent Data Rate from Jupiter from Rate Data Equivalent Demand will continue to increase 10× per decade -4

10 Maser Internet TV relayed 1st Mini 1st Cell IBM PC made 1st Hand-Held iPhone 10-6 by satellite Computer Phone Released Public GPS Receiver Released 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

DSN Status – Planetary Sciences Decadal Mid-Term 18 DSN Future Technologies

Solid-state power amplifiers for higher uplink rates

New, software-defined radios, associated technologies Including for smallsats

Next-generation clocks Standards for cross-agency support and interaction Quantum communications?

DSN Status – Planetary Sciences Decadal Mid-Term 19 Decade 0--1: 10× Improvements over Today Vision for the DSN's Future

Make upgrades to enhance future Mars orbiter relay capabilities … and other spacecraft – On-board  software-defined radios • Universal Space Transponder (UST) • Iris smallsat transponder – On the ground Common Platform signal processor  On board and Universal Space Transponder new digital ground  Ka band (UST) backends

DSN Status – Planetary Sciences Decadal Mid-Term 20 Decade 2+: 100× Improvements over Today Deep Space Optical Communications (DSOC) to be demonstrated!Vision for the DSN's Future

DSN Status – Planetary Sciences Decadal Mid-Term 21 Decade 2+: 100× Improvement over Today Vision for the DSN's Future Dedicated Comm Relays Extend the Internet to Mars, enabling public Human and robotic users engagement 100× today’s data rates from Mars – up to 1 Gbps

Dedicated 12m z Stations NASA + International partnerships Hybrid RF/Optical Antenna High Performance Potential reuse of Optical Terminal: existing infrastructure, To be demonstrated in development today on Pysche

22 DSOC TechnologiesDSOC & Advances Overview

FLIGHT LASER TRANSCEIVER (FLT) GROUND TECHNOLOGY Aluminum Optical Transceiver Assembly Photon-Counting Camera

SiC Flight Laser Packaged Nanowire Array Transceiver (FLT) Electron microscope detail of 320 µm active area tungsten silicide (WSi) superconducting nanowire single photon detector (SNSPD) array

Point-Ahead Mirror

Single strut photo flight-like electronics

Laser Transmitter Average Power 4 W

Isolation Pointing Assembly Palomar Observatory/Hale Telescope 5 m

DSN Status – Planetary Sciences Decadal Mid-Term 23 The DSN and the Interplanetary Internet Vision for the DSN's Future

Mars Moon

Venus Titan Icy Moon

DSN Status – Planetary Sciences Decadal Mid-Term 24 The Deep Space Network

- - - -  Enabling 35+ missions - + - +- +  Maintaining 99% reliability+- + + +- -+ - +- +- +  Radar contributing- + to planetary+ +- -- + - + science and planetary+- - defense  Implementing strategies to continue performance into 2020s and beyond

jpl.nasa.gov