the SUMMIT HIGH SCHOOL FRIDAY, MARCH 18, 2016 PINNACLE VOLUME 15, ISSUE 4

The lights are on as the staff welcomes eighth graders as incoming freshmen for an evening of orientation activities. One reason our energy costs are higher may well rest in the fact that our school is open seven days a week and is often utilized by college and community groups in the evenings and on weekends. Building lights, heat and air conditioning units make up the largest portion of our electricity bill, which runs more than $13,000 each month. With its high ceilings and large windows, the school requires a larger amount of energy than most. Photo by Miranda Harris Hamlin NUMBER ONE IN ENERGY CONSUMPTION

Kevin Crawford dollars saved for the American driver. Now, in 2016, the effects of this push for energy Editor-in-Chief efficiency, both indirect and direct, are everywhere. In April of 2010, the federal government adopted new standards for automobiles, Georgetown University, in solidarity with this national and global movement, requiring manufacturers, like Ford and Chevrolet, to improve the average fuel challenged 50 communities across the U.S. to, over a two-year period spanning from efficiency of their new-car fleets by 30 percent by 2016. , in an 2015 to 2016, massively reduce their energy usage. editorial entitled “Everybody Wins,” said the standards would produce a “trifecta of The winning community, which will be selected in July of 2017, will receive five benefits.” In 2009, these benefits were enumerated by then U.S. Secretary of Energy million dollars to help fund further energy efficiency-improving projects. Bend is one Steven Chu: a reduction in total oil consumption of 1.8 billion barrels; the elimination of of these 50 communities. 950 million metric tons of greenhouse-gas emissions; and, on average, three thousand energy consumption / A3 Revisions to AP Student works at Snapchat OpenAI advances, curriculum to as server connectivity expert refines artificial benefit students intelligence Carley Epple commands to and receive replies from the Staff Writer Grace Boyle server,” said Key. Nathan Lovejoy News Editor The technology guru and computer “Ultimately, my goal is to optimize Staff Writer “AP courses offer rigorous college- programmer Carson Key is not your all scripts that deal with the connection In December, the Silicon Valley level curricula and assessments to typical high school student—the junior between two servers,” said Key. He is one entrepreneurial mastermind Elon Musk students in high school. The program sets has been newly employed by the multi- of the few young and, at the same time, launched his latest project: a not-for- the standard for academic achievement million dollar video messaging application qualified workers for Snapchat versed in profit research organization called in 34 courses and offers extensive teacher Snapchat as a server connectivity expert server connectivity. OpenAI. Its objective is “to advance professional development,” reported and specialist. Balancing school classes, work and digital intelligence in the way that is most College Board officials recently. Snapchat, created by Evan Spiegel, extra-curricular activities, Key’s schedule likely to benefit humanity as a whole.” Last year, 885 students took Advanced Bobby Murphy, and Reggie Brown 2011, is difficult to maintain. He is an active The one billion-dollar company is Placement (AP) exams, earning a 72 is a corporation with fewer than 200 member of the Robotics Team and has ostensibly galvanized by Musk’s fear of percent passing rate. employees, making the staff selection been participating in the club since his a hypothetical technological singularity, The AP program continues to evolve extremely exclusive and competitive. freshman year. Even in his spare time, Key when AI would supersede the intelligence and the recent changes to AP curriculum Key was hired by a friend who currently can be found working on his computer. and ingenuity of humans. Intrigued by the offerings have been spelled out in the oversees server connectivity at Snapchat. While Key is highly involved in the collaborative opportunities presented by 2016-17 course catalog. And although the 17-year-old Key did world of social media, he does not use open sourcing and enthused by OpenAI’s AP Human Geography, a class have this connection, he was hired solely most applications himself. Key is not noble impetus, many top researchers are originally taken by freshmen, will no for his technology skills. an active user of Snapchat, Instagram, expected to leave their private employers longer be offered next year. Instead, AP Key specializes in server connectivity, Twitter, or any others modes of social to share their expertise and wisdom with Human Geography will return for the an expertise that is particularly rare. media. Key simply “does not have the the new enterprise. 2017-18 school year as an elective choice “In computer science, a database time, nor interest in the applications.” A very ambitious not-for-profit for juniors and seniors. connection is the means by which a Key has built his connections and organization thus becomes an inspired Freshmen will enroll, instead, in pre- database server and its client software knowledge of the corporation all by business decision by Elon Musk AP World History in order to prepare communicate with each other. The term himself and has scored himself a place and partner Sam Altman. “The two them for future AP courses. is used whether or not the client and the among some of the most intelligent, savvy entrepreneurs can access ideas they “Freshman will learn the writing skills server are on different machines. The employees at Snapchat and in technology. couldn’t get their hands on before,” writes for document based questions (DBQ) client uses a database connection to send Snapchat/ A3 Cade Metz of Wired. If OpenAI indeed and free response questions (FRQ) that levels the playing field by siphoning brain are history-based, in preparation for power from established tech juggernauts, sophomore year,” said AP teacher Monica cutting-edge artificial intelligence will be Freeman. Freeman will be teaching the available to virtually anyone. preparatory class next fall. Widened access to AI can be seen as According to the College Board, good news to those who signed a letter “AP courses are rarely offered in ninth last July warning of the dangers of grade, and exam results show that, for autonomous weapons. Signers include the most part, ninth grade students are Stephen Hawking, Steve Wozniak and not sufficiently prepared to participate Elon Musk. in a college-level course. Therefore, the Artificially intelligent weapons are College Board believes these students considered especially terrifying because would be better served by coursework of their ability to make decisions about focusing on the academic building blocks potential targets without the guidance of necessary for later, successful enrollment human thoughts. in college-level courses.” Despite the manifold risks posed by Many college admissions officers strong AI, it is becoming an indispensable support this position, and often suggest asset in 21st century lives. In fields such students should not be rushed into AP as computer science, medicine and coursework too early and should instead transportation, industry is increasingly develop necessary skills and conceptual turning from manpower to computer understandings in foundational courses Snapchat employee, Carson Key, who specializes in server connectivity, performs a basic components that can do the same job prior to enrolling in AP classes. maintenance check on a Dell computer in a Photo II class. Photo by Cathal Doyle more efficiently. AP Changes/ A2 Artificial Intelligence/ A2 NEWS OPINIONS FEATURES SPORTS BURNS CONFLICT/ A4 SMART DRUGS/ B8 FILM CAMERAS/ C4 WINTER PREVIEWS/ D8 Although the 41-day occupation is over, Smart drug morality and efficacy Film photography and black and white Storm teams add girls swimming, nordic life hasn’t quite returned to normal at the becoming national issue as availability of darkrooms, once thought dead and killed and alpine state team titles. Several Malheur Field Station. performance-enhancing drugs increases. by the digital era, gain momentum. individual state titles claimed, as well. A2 NEWS FRIDAY, MARCH 18, 2016 Student entrepreneur profits from local tourism

Hanna Merzbach Bend Adventures has only created winter itineraries so the word out, Albertazzi has also contacted The Bend Crest Editor far, most often allocating skiing to the bulk of the day. Bulletin, suggesting a story be written on his business. With Bend’s popularity growing each year, the summer “If people are coming to Bend for skiing, they are (Soon after, he was interviewed and an article was of 2015 saw record-high tourist counts. For many native often looking for restaurants and night activities,” said published about his burgeoning business.) Since then, Bendites, this posed an array of new problems: increased Albertazzi. While skiing often dominates, activities a number of businesses have contacted Albertazzi in traffic, insufficient parking and occasional run-ins with range anywhere from climbing Smith Rock to hiking hopes of collaborating, including a limo rental service Californians experiencing roundabouts for the first time. one of Bend’s most famous landmarks, South Sister. and several real estate companies. Bend has transformed from what was once referred After submitting a completed survey, tourists provide As advertising opportunities emerge, Bend to as a “big small-town” to a “small big-city.” To most of their contact and payment information. Albertazzi Adventure’s client base will likely expand this upcoming Bend, these high tourism rates mean inconvenience—but charges five dollars for each day he plans, allowing summer. Albertazzi is contemplating a more efficient to senior Dylan Albertazzi, they mean profit. means of turning survey information into individualized Pondering the idea since eighth grade and further personalized itineraries. solidifying it this past summer, Albertazzi finally “I want to ensure that they have a “I have two options. I can either get more people to launched his business, Bend Adventures, this winter. good time and make them feel like fill the itineraries out or figure out a way to automate He aims to provide all tourists with personalized trip the process. As of right now, I am not sure which option itineraries, gaining information from the 10 survey they are getting the most out of would further benefit my company. I will cross that questions that can be filled out on his self-produced their experience.” bridge when I get there,” said Albertazzi. website, bendoradventures.com. While company expansion can often result in de- “The itineraries are basically where to eat, how to get Dylan Albertazzi personalization, Albertazzi plans to stay true to his there and what to do,” said Albertazzi. original objective: creating a schedule specific for every The initial survey questions provide Albertazzi with single client. basic information, such as the group’s age range, number customers to pick anywhere from one day to 10 day “The goal is not for them to follow the itinerary of members and dates they are visiting. This section adventures. Once this is done, Albertazzi gets down absolutely perfectly. Not any [sic.] vacation can be truly allows clients to select any time between 6 a.m. to 12 p.m. to business. Closely examining each given answer perfect, even in Bend. I just want my clients to be happy to start their day, the most popular start time being 9 p.m. alongside an all-encompassing activity and restaurant with my work and I want to ensure that they have a good The following section of the survey dives deeper list, he manually creates a personalized schedule and time and make them feel like they are getting the most into the group’s specific interests. When filling out the emails it to the client. out of their experience,” said Albertazzi. winter survey, tourists are asked if they would like to ski So far, search engine optimization—placing his With the city’s wide variety of vacation opportunities (nordic, downhill, or both), sled, hike and/or snowshoe, website first when keywords are searched with Google— and activities, Albertazzi is hopeful about the future of whereas the summer survey allows them to pick from has been Albertazzi’s main form of advertisement and Bend Adventures and looks forward to welcoming more activities such as hiking, paddle boarding, or biking. has noticeably increased his client yield. In order to get people to Bend’s unique culture. Artificial intelligence is the inspiration for the Turing Test, in news in brief Continued from Page A1 which a participant interacts with either another human or an AI and must decide Extensive research is going into which one is which. driverless cars, for example. Though If Elon Musk’s nightmares are manufacturers are still a long way from grounded in fact, then we may one perfecting a car driven by AI, it seems only day have to broaden the definition of a matter of time before the active human consciousness to make room for different driver becomes the idle passenger. types of nonliving things. AI has captured the imagination of An AI that passes rigorous Turing Hollywood, as evidenced by the highest- Tests is sufficiently capable of mimicking grossing titles of 2015. The beloved droids human thought processes and of Star Wars and the villainous Ultron mannerisms to pose as a human, and it from the second Avengers film were may even possess a computer that can integral parts of their respective movies’ process information at a much higher plots. level than a human brain. Today the science fiction genre is The lone boundary between such an brimming with artificial intelligence, AI and life is that its “brain” is comprised from the ever-useful TARS and CASE of electronic hardware rather than cells in Interstellar, to the title character of and tissues. Chappie to the charming, yet devious, “AI is a frontier, kind of like space”, androids of Ex Machina. said junior Mohamed Elwefati, an auto Mark Zuckerberg is intrigued by the didactic student of philosophy, “it’s idea of smart, helpful robots and has undeniably dangerous, but I really think announced that his personal challenge that it has a ton of potential to help for this year is to build and program humanity. I am excited and ready to see an artificially intelligent assistant. The where this invention will go.” product of his grandiose plan will Perhaps the greatest danger of artificial presumably be seen next December. intelligence is not autonomous weaponry, The late Alan Turing believed that a supposed technological singularity, or if a computer could fool a human into even playing God and creating a living believing that it was also human, then it machine; it is tricking ourselves into deserved to be called sentient. This belief believing that we have. infographic by Josh Renton

the PINNACLE AP Changes coming year, either, but will return in 2017 students across the country. However, Summit High School; 2855 Clearwater Dr.; Bend, OR 97703 Adviser Karen Boone Continued from Page A1 as a junior/senior elective. some claim the content is not difficult AP World History, AP Computer enough and should be further intensified. In an attempt to make these courses Science, AP Calculus, both AB and BC, “AP courses are not remotely equivalent Editors-in-Chief Connor Duggan more manageable for freshmen, the AP Statistics, AP Biology will be open to the college-level courses they are said Kevin Crawford Krista Elliot rigor of the APs could be comprised. It is improbable that ninth-graders taking to sophomores, juniors and seniors who to approximate,” said high school teacher Senna Phillips Carley Epple have met the proper prerequisites. John Tierney, who is a contributing writer Parker Robertson Max Ford an AP course would complete the same quality or amount of work as a junior or AP Art History, AP Art Studio, AP for the “Atlantic.” News Editors Quin Fraley Lang, AP Psych, AP Physics 1 and 2, AP In his article, “AP Classes Are a Scam,” Marie Gammond senior enrolled in the same AP, let alone a Grace Boyle high level college student. Psychology, AP Chemistry, AP French Tierney suggests that AP classes fail to Skylar Grayson Fiona Dolan “It has nothing to do with the and AP Spanish will be offered to all prepare students for college. He feels the Samantha Short Sean Green intelligence level of incoming freshman. juniors and seniors. difficulty levels of the AP courses currently Opinions Hayden Hall We feel Pre-AP World History will help Seniors may enroll in AP Comparative being offered by most high schools are not Editors Evan Heimuller prepare freshman for their future in Government or AP US Government and comparable to that of college courses. Joseph Hicks Politics, along with standard AP Literature AP tests do, however, benefit college- Reese Ringo Advanced Placement courses,” counselor Jake Hoskins Karen Luke said. “The freshmen coming and Composition. bound students. “I took a few of the AP Ethan Smith Benjamin Pierce, AP tests in May and plan on receiving some Features Lyle Jarvis from middle school were intelligent Jane Jones enough for the course, but most were not History teacher, admits his class is of the credit for college. It’s really nice Editors Maddi Jura prepared for the immense work load and difficult. Pierce has taught the course for because it allows students to possibly take Ali Epple Kyra Kadhim the advanced study skills required.” nine years and believes the class should be a year abroad and not fall behind with a taken by upperclassmen. few extra credits earned in high school,” Miranda Harris Hamlin McElle Kelley “We want to move AP Human Geography to an elective credit, the way “The current AP U.S. History-Honors said senior Lauren Gallivan. Sarah Heinly Sierra Klapproth AP intended it to be. After the pre-AP English collaboration class for sophomores Although several changes to the Emma Huntsman Brianna Leary Sports EditorS class, all sophomores could then tackle will no longer be offered and will be Advanced Placement courses at Summit Grant Leiphart AP World History. We want students to reinstated as separate classes. Knoll and I are taking place within the next few Colin Burdsall Nathan Lovejoy first experience AP World History and the worked very well together, but the change years, the majority of AP will work as it Sollie Clark Hanna Maiorano change will align the district curriculum, is for the best,” said Pierce. has in the past. The changes are expected Crest Editor Jackson Malace as well,” Freeman said. Advanced Placement coursework to impel students to learn and work in Hanna Merzbach Hannah Mavis AP US History will not be offered in the continues to challenge a majority of unison, ultimately helping all involved. Exposure Taj Mercer Editor Eva Merrill Collin Orton Lauren Goldstein Lila Reinecke Graphics Josh Renton Editor Emily Rice Gordon Zhang Dawson Ruhl staff Catherine Runco Eliana Alexander Sophia Sahm Alexa Anderson Evan Sarafian Calvin Askew Tom Schoderbek Matt Barry Jenna Schultz Natalie Burdsall Alexis Shofstall Jack Carlson Taylor Smith Noah Cooper Emma Stevenson Megan Cornett Allison Taylor Amy Daines Matthew Thornton Mary Daubenschmidt Morgan Tien Cameron Davis Grant Tobias Cade Doan Troy Viola Cathal Doyle Anniston Ward contact us Call/Fax: 541-355-4150 Email: [email protected] Corrections: The Pinnacle corrects significant errors of fact. If you see an error in the newspaper, please contact us via the above information. We will print a correction in our next issue. THE PINNACLE • SUMMIT HIGH SCHOOL NEWS A3 Snapchat Continued from Page A1

Key is currently on a six month contract, but occasionally the programmer is paid per hour. His contract is based on a weekly schedule, rather than day to day, but he is expected to work 25 hours a week. Aside from Snapchat, Key has also worked for other businesses in the field of server connectivity. “Snapchat is the biggest corporation I have ever been a part of, the second being an airline company. I used to do some white-hat hacking, as well.” (These are hackers who attempt to hack systems in order to test the strength of the program.) Key also has the luxury of working Infographic by Gordon Zhang from home, but must find time in between his school activities to fit in his job. “After my six-month contract is up, it 3D printing yields technological innovations will be up to Snapchat whether I continue to work for them or not. I would love to Jake Hoskins been a major step for prototyping, assembly and replacement of Staff Writer continue to work for them because I think parts. that the entire company is very inspiring. If 3D printing, otherwise known as additive manufacturing, “The ability to create hard prototypes within hours right at they offered me the job, I would definitely is a process that involves creating objects from the ground up your desktop has increased product development efficiency continue working for them to further my out of materials such as sandstone and various plastics. The many times over,” said local product designer and business career,” said Key. technology was pioneered in 1984, but has been improving ever owner Matt Hoskins in testament to the utility of consumer-level Key works alongside his boss and 20 since. 3D printers work the same way as regular printers, with 3D printing technology. other coworkers who are in charge of the the exception that they are working on the X, Y and Z planes. 3D printing is also not only for enthusiasts and manufacturers. network engineering of the servers. Some The process of 3D printing begins with the 3D file. The The medical industry has used the technology to create prosthetics, of these employees work at the Snapchat user will design something in a program such as Autodesk’s drugs and even organs. Medical 3D printing is primarily used headquarters, while others work entirely AutoCAD or Google’s Sketchup. The user will then send the file for specialized dental and bone implants, as well as prosthetic from home. to the printer either through a USB cord, SD card or wirelessly. limbs. And 3D printed prosthetics are not just for people; dogs Key plans to pursue computer technology The printer will then begin to layer material onto a heated glass who have amputated legs have also received custom limbs for in college and wants to continue working or ceramic plate and eventually the object will take form as the ease of mobility. in the industry. material is layered higher and higher. Experts have postulated that, in conjunction with stem cell “I hope to carry forward as a network Autodesk hosts a library of apps for iOS and Android that research, fabrication of made-to-donate organs may reach new engineer and study computer technology can be used to create 3D files, including 123D Design, which horizons with the advent of 3D printing. Innovators in the field in college,” said Key, who wishes to attend allows users to create their own printable files. 123D Catch have created models of organs to help surgeons perform surgery Cal Poly after he graduates. “I am looking also allows users to take photos and make 3D models of objects and created new surgical tools to aid in surgeries, for example, into affordable schools with strong science photographed from 360 degrees. Both can be downloaded for ACL reconstruction. and math departments. Although I did free off of the Google Play Store and Apple App Store. Doctors can create 3D models of organs to be operated on investigate a couple of other schools, Cal Usage of 3D printers is not restricted to engineering students; unique for each patient, allowing for precise preparation for Poly continues to be my number-one pick.” science students and teachers could use models of body parts, risky surgeries. AdvancedRP is a company that provides these Given his background and current work both human and animal, printed in-house, while architecture models to hospitals using a Stratasys Objet500 Connex3 Multi- experience, Key has an advantage within students could create 3D models of houses and chemistry Material 3D Printer in addition to 3D models provided by CT or the technological world. Having had a well students could create large models of complex molecules, the MRI imaging. paying, advanced job at such a young age, possibilities are as wide as the users’ imaginations. “Once patient scan data from MRI or CT imaging is fed he has also been exposed to real-world Another advantage is the modeling and printing of historical into the Stratasys 3D Printer, doctors can create a model finance issues. and archaeological artifacts for students to see. Many classes do with all its intricacies, specific features and fine detail,” said “Having a serious job, and a company not allow students to touch fragile objects, such as fossils and Stratasys’ General Manager of Medical Solutions, Scott Rader. that relies on you can be stressful, but I am historical artifacts, but now institutions are offering libraries of “This significantly enhances surgical preparedness, reduces lucky and thankful to have the opportunity 3D files of fossils that can be printed. These printed fossils can complications and decreases operating time.” to better my self in all aspects because of allow tactile and visual learners to engage better in classes. Art 3D printing is the step into the next generation of innovation Snapchat” said Key. classes can have an alternative to ceramics for 3D art, creating and personalization, and can only become faster and more With his background with Snapchat, intricate sculptures out of plastic, glass or ceramic. Artists can available. Even today we’re seeing leaps and bounds in the Carson Key is expected to have an extremely even design and assemble kinetic sculptures designed to move. technology which are already helping millions of people in promising future in both college and in the Both in large and small-scale manufacturing, 3D printing has numerous types of industries. growing technological industry. energy consumption wasted in America every year, according But this is not to say that efficiency comes Pfister, is “largely systemic.”Replacing Continued from Page A1 to the BEC, that means approximately without a price tag. The school’s primary light bulbs at the school with LED and “The Bend Energy Challenge” (BEC) $11,000 of energy is paid for, but not used energy waste is a result of, according to more efficient fluorescent bulbs is one of is the city’s local “team leader” and the by the school each month. That adds up to DeWittie, a poorly constructed HVAC these fixes; a fix that is, in the words of focal point for all efforts to monitor and $132,000 per year. (heating, ventilation, air conditioning) environmentalist Amory Lovins, “not a improve upon energy use citywide. When speaking on energy efficiency— system. “These systems are bad at every free lunch, but a lunch you’re paid to eat,” Working alongside them is the city’s and when making statements regarding school I’ve been in—Portland, Reynolds since a fluorescent bulb will usually save other green powerhouse, the Bend whether one instance of energy use is and, now, here,” said DeWittie, going on enough electricity to more than offset Environmental Center. In November of worse than another—a balancing metric to cite the fact that school districts accept its higher purchase price. But, since the last year, the Environmental Center sent is always sought, something to establish contractors based upon bid numbers. The school’s biggest source of inefficiency is a representative to the school for a staff as center. In the case of the school, such lowest bids receive jobs—and, more often the heating and cooling system, replacing meeting to deliver what science teacher a metric does not exist. Principal Alice than not, a low bidding contractor is also a light bulbs is “like treating a broken leg Callie Pfister called “alarming news:” DeWittie addressed this by saying she low-quality builder. Accordingly, schools with a Band-aid,” according to Allen. the school is the largest energy consumer “doesn’t know if [the school] is worse everywhere suffer from poorly insulated At a more general level, at the level among Bend-La Pine schools. off as a staff or a community—it’s just and poorly vented heating and cooling where awareness equates to a long-term Built in 2001, Summit is Bend’s impossible to tell. We are too different,” systems that can cost districts hundreds solution, DeWittie hopes, one day, to youngest high school—and many assume referring to the fact that Summit is the only of thousands of dollars a year in wasted “create an environmental science class— its most energy efficient. Merritt Allen, high school to be built in the past decade. energy costs. that kind of thing does a lot.” Until president of the school’s environmental Newer schools, like Miller and Pacific The other major energy drain at the then, however, DeWittie and Allen both club, “Roots and Shoots,” was especially Crest, exist, but lack the appropriate school—that which DeWittie refers to as recommend the school begins to do its surprised to hear the news. “Bend High size and, because they are, respectively, “the obvious problem”—is the lighting. If best to change at an everyday level, which has outdated insulation, a sprawling elementary and middle schools, student one hall has its lights turned on, the entire includes things like turning off lights campus and constantly rents out its body type to justify comparison. The school, excluding classrooms, is lit up. when not in use, not tampering with the auditorium for extracurricular use—it just only way to accurately conclude that This happens because, when it was built heating systems and cutting down on doesn’t make sense to me that [the school] the school is inefficiently using energy and when the light control was wired, the amount of waste the school produces could use more energy considering how is to examine how energy is used and to every hallway was routed to one master by recycling more. If the school fails to much newer it is,” said Allen. But it seems approximate how much is lost—this is switch. Because of this, a night janitor change, blame will not fall to it if the city that the school, for all its modernity, where the $11,000-paid-for-but-not-used mopping in A Hall uses not just the loses the Energy Challenge; instead, the draws upon vastly more energy than any figure comes in. amount of energy to illuminate one hall, BEC provides a more hopeful alternative: of its sibling schools: in an average month, Energy efficiency has been popularly but the energy required to illuminate the “we will significantly raise the visibility of Summit spends $13,000 on electricity and labelled, almost universally, as a cost- entire building. In finding a solution to energy efficiency and its benefits, and we $6,000 on heating alone; considering that free tool for accelerating the developed the school’s energy problem, many small will dramatically reduce our community’s an average of 58 percent of energy is world towards a green-energy economy. fixes exist to a problem that, according to energy use and carbon footprint.”

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1 parker robertson Editor-in-Chief awn unfolds slowly across the front of the sheriff’s office. The crowd then the occupation would continue until the of students polled plains, banishing the night; for returned to the Safeway and disbanded. federal government turned all of its land most in Malheur County, Ore., Meanwhile, an entirely different protest over to the residents of the appropriate supported the 38% occupation the sunrise on Jan. 2 was no was beginning. The core orchestrators of the county. “We need the states to stand up to specialD thing. For the key players in the larger protest had broken off from the group the federal government,” said Bundy. occupation of the Malheur Wildlife Refuge, and taken control of the Malheur Wildlife With the spotlight of the media shining however, this was the beginning of the end. Refuge. As it was a holiday weekend, the on the Malheur Refuge, people from all think states should As hundreds protest the allegedly unjust refuge was devoid of employees. Initially, corners of the U.S. flocked to Oregon. imprisonment of the Hammond Family Bundy and Payne had believed they would Several well-established militant groups control current 60% federal lands downtown Burns, a small group breaks glean support from the larger group of who had previously denounced the off from the rest. With all eyes on Burns, protestors, who would hopefully flock occupation sent groups to help defend the said group rushes to the Malheur Wildlife to the refuge to augment the core group. refuge, including the “3 Percenters” and Refuge, nearly 30 miles from civilization, Unfortunately for the masterminds behind the “Pacific Patriot Network.” On Jan. 16, believe the Oregon and sets up camp. This marked the start of this plan, no one came. Their vision had Stewart Rhodes, the founder of militant state government a 41-day standoff between the Bundys and been grand: take over the nearly 300 acres group “Oath Keeper,” posted on Oath responded effectively the Bureau of Land Management; between of ranching land at the refuge, establish an Keeper’s website that, if the standoff at the 45% to the occupation the Militants and the State; between the agrarian community unrestricted by the Malheur Refuge deteriorated into violence, Ranchers and the Regulators. federal government and ranch and live in the government would risk “starting a None of this happened by chance. In peace for the rest of their years. conflagration so great, it cannot be stopped, believe the Federal fact, the leaders of the occupation had No one was buying it. With no leading to a bloody, brutal civil war.” been embedded in Burns, Ore., for nearly group throwing their support behind Appealing for an expedited conclusion government a month prior to the protest. Arriving the occupation, the masterminds of the to the occupation, Governor responded effectively in December, and Ryan occupation decided to change their goal. called on President Barack Obama to 62% to the occupation Payne began strategizing. Originally, Realizing there was no movement to settle resolve the standoff. On Jan. 21, Ammon the militant group was drawn to Burns the Malheur Wildlife Refuge, the occupiers Bundy began negotiations with the FBI. He to protest against the imprisonment of were back to the drawing board. refused to continue negotiations soon after, believe the shooting Dwight Hammond Jr. (73) and son Steven The new plan: rally support from however, as the FBI declined to allow said Hammond (42). The pair was accused the ranchers. Visiting with the ranchers discussions to go public. of LaVoy Finicum of starting an unauthorized fire on their surrounding the refuge, the militants Invited to John Day by Grant County 49% was justified family ranch to cover up illegal poaching encountered the same lack of support. Sheriff , a core group of in 2006. In 2011 the U.S. Attorney’s Office Deemed “outsiders” and “provocateurs,” occupiers pile into two cars and depart the decided to recharge the Hammonds on it was clear there was little outside support Malheur Wildlife Refuge. At around 5:00 domestic terrorism charges. By June of for the occupiers. p.m. on Jan. 26, the cars are stopped by state YOUR VOICE 2012, Dwight and Steven were found guilty Enter the media. The number one and federal authorities on U.S. Route 395. 600 students polled of starting fires both in 2001 and 2006; the trending hashtag on Twitter by Jan. 4 was One vehicle, containing Ammon Bundy, pair was sentenced to three and 12 months #OregonUnderAttack. Initial headlines surrendered peacefully and was taken in prison, respectively. Although this was warned Americans of hundreds of armed into custody. The second vehicle, driven below the minimum terrorism sentence of militants in a bitter standoff with the by LaVoy Finicum, refused to stop. In an five years, the judge overseeing this case government. In reality, between six and 12 aerial video released by the FBI, Finicum is determined that the minimum sentences militants had, with relative ease, slipped seen speeding down the highway towards would violate the eighth amendment as into the Malheur Wildlife Refuge. No a roadblock, ultimately veering off the road “cruel and unusual punishment.” police presence materialized. “We have no in an attempt to avoid crashing. After serving their time, and paying intention of using any type of force. Those As Finicum exits the car, the video the $400,000 fine to the Bureau of Land are not our methods,” said Bundy. “We’re footage shows him reaching down and Management, the Hammond family had armed because in order to truly express our turning—according to the FBI, he was returned to their ranch by January of 2014. first amendment rights, we have to have attempting to brandish a gun. According A year and a half later, in October of 2015, our second amendment rights.” to CNN, the SWAT team then opened fire the Ninth District Court re-sentenced The FBI had assumed the lead role in the and killed Finicum, lightly wounding Ryan the pair, requiring them to serve the investigation by Jan. 3. Calls to neighboring Bundy (who remained in the car) in the 2 minimum five-year sentence associated sheriffs went out, and personnel from nine crossfire. Shawna Cox and Victoria Sharp, with a domestic terrorism conviction. The Oregon counties were sent to Harney two occupiers in the back seat of Finicum’s judge who had originally sentenced the County. “These men came to Harney vehicle, were unscathed. Hammonds, and who had determined the County claiming to be part of militia “We’re 30 miles from town, there’s no full minimum sentence to be unjust, had groups supporting local ranchers, when in one being threatened, that would be a silly retired. Both Hammonds were ordered reality these men had alternative motives, thing to do over a few rotten buildings. to report to federal prison by Jan. 4, 2016. to attempt to overthrow the county and That’s not going to happen,” said Finicum Dwight Hammond Jr. will be 79 when he federal government in hopes to spark a when asked about the possibility of an is released. movement across the U.S.,” said Sheriff armed encounter with authorities by The Ammon Bundy, the leader of the militia, to KTVZ News. Pinnacle on Jan. 3. claims he received a divine message On Jan. 4, the Hammonds quietly turned Following the Jan. 26 climax, four “ordering” him to rectify the “wrongful themselves in to serve the remainder of occupiers remained for several weeks after imprisonment” of the Hammonds. By their prison sentences. Undeterred, the the arrest of Ammon Bundy, claiming 3 early December 2015, Bundy and Ryan militants proclaimed that they would they would stay for the foreseeable future Payne had established themselves in leave the refuge only if the people of Burns in an interview with Oregon Public Burns. Meeting with locals, as well as the told them to. A public meeting on Jan. 6 Broadcasting. Several days later, on Feb. Hammond family, the duo organized a shed some light on local sentiment: when 10, the remaining militants agree to turn rally at the Harney County Fairgrounds asked if the militants should leave, nearly themselves in to the FBI. On March 8, to gauge local sentiment regarding the every person attending raised their hands, a press conference was held to discuss Hammond arrests. The rally ended in according to Oregon Public Broadcasting. the failure of FBI agents to disclose two a decision to stage a peaceful protest in Following this public forum, Sheriff shots fired during the attempted arrest of downtown Burns on Jan. 2. Ward met with Bundy and Payne in an Finicum. In the press conference it was At noon, a crowd of approximately 300 attempt to offer the group safe passage revealed that the five unnamed FBI agents gathers at Safeway downtown Burns. The to the Harney County line. The pair involved in the death of Finicum are under group marches to the home of Dwight and rejected the offer, redefining their mission criminal investigation by the U.S. Justice Steve Hammond, stopping to protest in statement in the process by stating that Department’s Inspector General. 4

5 FEDERALLY OWNED LAND

The Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, settlement of all Western territories. At first, land in affirmation that federal ownership of public encompassing over 187,000 acres of public lands, was disposed of, both to settlers and states, based lands was incontestable, and that Congress had became the center of controversy over federal on conditions set by the federal government. But granted the Executive Branch power to manage land ownership during the 40 day occupation. by the late 19th century, federal policy had shifted these lands. Cattleman Fred Light and Shepard Ammon Bundy’s insurrectionary goal was to to managing these lands, instead of disposing Pierre Grimaud were unanimously defeated in the put an end to the out-of-date system of national them, for the public’s good. President Theodore nation’s highest court in 1911 after caught illegally land management that dates back to the 19th Roosevelt—who established the Malheur grazing on national forest lands. The Colorado century. His attempt has reinvigorated the Refuge in 1908 to protect local bird populations— legislature—in an attempt to prove that states country’s complicated debate on state sovereignty was a large proponent of preserving these lands. have sovereignty over land within their border, superceding that of the national government. New tight regulations and a re-designation not the federal government—even paid for all of From a constitutional perspective, federal land of public domain portions in the early 20th Light’s legal expenses. ownership is justified. The property clause (Article century, all enacted by the newly created Forest The rulings failed to alter Western resistance. 4, Section 3, Clause 2) equipped Congress with the Service, caused a substantial outcry from To this day, federal land management agencies power to “make all needful Rules and Regulations local populations. For the first time, fees were still have control over lands within state borders, respecting the Territory or other Property” of the required for local ranchers and miners to access and there continues to be confrontations over United States. Under such an ambiguous clause, resources that had, up until then, always been which body should manage them. The Malheur the federal government succeeded for over free. However, several Supreme Court decisions occupation is just one example of a complex, two centuries in overseeing and managing the ruled in favor of the Forest Service and resulted ongoing debate.

1) Sun sets on the Malheur Wildlife refuge. 2) The building in which occupiers set up base camp. The facilities include TIMELINE fully functional living accommodations, running water and electricity. During the occupation, Ammon Bundy set up a makeshift control center in this building, Occupation of Malheur National Wildlife Refuge commences with several militants on computers JAN. 2 attempting to encourage support online. Despite their best efforts to recruit other like-minded people to their cause, few responded to calls for reinforcements. JAN. 3 Ammon Bundy announces group has no intention of violence unless acted upon 3) Ammon Bundy and LaVoy Finicum address the press in front of the Malheur Wildlife Refuge. Behind them, the Flag 6 of the United States of America is seen draped over the Malheur Wildlife Refuge JAN. 4 Hammonds report to federal prison to finish sentence sign as a symbol of the occupier’s protests. 4) Ammon Bundy addresses national media near the Malheur Wildlife Refuge. Nearly 100 press gathered near the remote refuge to cover the occupation. Bundy JAN. 7Sheriff meets with Ammon Bundy to discuss ending occupation allowed the press nearly unlimited access throughout the occupation, speaking with many news agencies throughout the 41- day long ordeal. 5) A panoramic view of Harney County. To JAN. 15 Public meeting to reveal occupiers “exit strategy” is cancelled the left lies Burns, Ore., population 2,800. The vast majority of those living in Harney County either work for the Bureau of Land Management or are ranchers themselves. Ammon Bundy negotiates with FBI for the first time 6) Birds take flight from a stoic tree on JAN. 21 7 the Malheur Wildlife Refuge. Despite the tumultuous events which occurred here the prior month, a sense of calm has settled once again over the unperturbed FBI arrests Ammon Bundy, shoots and kills Lavoy Finicum landscape. JAN. 26 7) The watchtower stands stoic against the cerulean sky. During the occupation, militants used the watch tower as a lookout perch, with snipers stationed around the After series of arrests and departures, four occupiers remain clock at its pinnacle. Prior to its use as a JAN. 28 defensive tower, it was used by the Forest Service to look for fires on the horizon. 8) The Bureau of Land Management has a large presence in Burns. Most families have FEB. 3 Grand jury gives indictments to Ammon Bundy and 15 other supporters at least one member employed by the BLM. As Burns is largely agrarian, interactions between ranchers and the BLM occur frequently. FBI holds a press conference to discuss the failure to report two fired shots 8 Photos by Parker Robertson MAR. 8 A6 NEWS FRIDAY, MARCH 18, 2016 Cascadia fault threatens West Coast Eliana Alexander Staff Writer and notifies both citizens and hospitals before the earthquake takes effect. These systems are still in the How prepared is Central Oregon for the Cascadia process of being developed. Earthquake? “Considering the potential damage that Since British Columbia, Washington and Oregon a magnitude nine earthquake could do, we are not are less susceptible to earthquakes, there are fewer prepared at all,” said science teacher Jim Moehl. Since precautions being taken in preparation for an earthquake the Pacific Northwest is not prone to regular calamities with a magnitude of nine. “Oregon lacks a sufficient such as earthquakes and tsunamis, very few precautions early warning system, although some representatives have been taken to offset the aftershock. are pushing for these sensors to be put in place in the Researchers at Oregon State University suggest near future,” said McKay. the likelihood of the earthquake, which is predicted The fault is also causing the land between the coast to devastate the western coast of the United States, and the Cascade Mountain range to rise significantly— is increasing. Natural disasters, such as potential then drop. When the earthquake hits, semi-inland areas, earthquakes caused by the San Andreas fault in such as Portland, are susceptible to damaging aftershock , have caused widespread paranoia. The that may include the loss of elevation. Cascadia Subduction Zone earthquake, however, is At higher elevations, the strength of the earthquake supported by scientific evidence. Scientists at OSU have will be less evident than regions located near sea level, as closely monitored the fault line that runs adjacent to well as the repercussions of the tsunami that is predicted the west coast, which is overdue for a high magnitude to follow. earthquake. Tyler Leeds, writer for the Bend Bulletin, suggests The Cascadia fault stretches from Vancouver Island, earthquake victims would most likely flee to Bend. B.C., to Cape Mendocino, Calif. The 621 mile fault line The Bend-Redmond Airport is prepared to serve as a is referred to as the Great Subduction Zone. Cascadia shipment center where resources will be transported to is an immensely large convergent plate boundary that aid the repercussions of the disaster. separates the Juan de Fuca and North America plates. Sensors are designed to pick up evidence of a P-wave, The Juan de Fuca plate bends underneath the North the first wave sent out as an earthquake begins. “The American, creating the subduction zone where the two first wave you usually can’t feel. The second wave is plates meet. what causes all the damage,” said McKay. “The amount Southern B.C., Canada, Washington, Oregon and of time between the first and second waves can range Northern California are bisected by the subduction zone, from a few seconds to multiple minutes.” The moments putting them at risk of a mega earthquake predicted to between waves are necessary to notify citizens within devastate the Pacific Northwest within the next 50 years. danger zones and enact earthquake protocol. Although there is a possibility of the entire subduction The last known earthquake to hit the Cascadia fracturing, according to Daniele McKay, a professor Subduction Zone occurred Jan. 26, 1700. The earthquake and natural disaster specialist at OSU Cascades, there registered a magnitude of nine, according to the USGS. is a 15 percent chance that it would cause a devastating The earthquake triggered a tsunami that sent massive magnitude nine earthquake and tsunami. The probability waves to Japan, destroying towns along the coast, and of one section of the fault breaking and causing a less flooded forests in Washington and Oregon. traumatic quake of about eight to 8.5 magnitude, is about Although there is no definite way of knowing when 30 percent higher. the earthquake would hit the Pacific Northwest, there are California frequently experiences minor earthquakes, many precautions that can be taken at home to prepare making them significantly more prepared. The U.S. for the aftermath. OPB’s website provides a feature that Geological Survey (USGS) and the state of California, assesses the predicted strength of the earthquake in your are in the process of implementing an automated early specific region and recommends disaster action plans. warning system, called ShakeAlert. This project is “Aftershock” gives Oregonians an idea of how designed to alert people within close proximity to an much they will be able to feel the earthquake, what earthquake, as the sensors will detect a earthquake as infrastructure within their community will be effected it begins. The system shuts down public transportation, and how much they must prepare themselves within blocks cars from crossing bridges, turns off gas lines their own home. Infographic by Kevin Crawford Deschutes County to commemorate 100 year anniversary FIONA DOLAN The project was pushed forward by in the United States, while Oregon and volunteers have organized events to News Editor the Oregon Trunk Line, which, as of 1911, itself has been the named “Top Moving consolidate the community in order to Deschutes County is celebrating its was transporting agricultural products Destination” for the third year in a row. commemorate the accomplishment. The 100th year of establishment in 2016. A and timber to the area. The many opportunities for group began with a Centennial Poster ballot passed in 1916 created the youngest Next, several lumber mills, including recreational activities provide increasing Contest, which ended Feb. 16. A theatrical county in Oregon, residing in Central Shevlin-Hixon and Brooklyn- prosperity for the county and the production is next on the list, in order to Oregon and encompassing the cities of Scanlon, moved to Bend from entire state. honor the history behind splitting from Bend, La Pine, Redmond and Sisters. Minnesota in order to access Deschutes County is Crook County 100 years ago. It will The area also includes a portion of the abundance of Ponderosa known for having thriving performed in Bend, Redmond, Sisters and the Cascade Mountain Range and the Pine trees in the region. cattle, potato, timber and La Pine. Plateau. The county plans to The resulting increase in agricultural businesses. A traveling historic display and a have a year-long celebration to mark the jobs lead to an influx of However, tourism might centennial time capsule will be featured importance of incorporating the county people, which led to an be the county’s greatest at the Deschutes Historical Museum and a century ago during a time of major increase of opportunities. source of income of any will be opened 100 years from now at the political, social and economic change. The county takes up industry. “It’s crazy how county’s bicentennial. A lumber mill along the Deschutes 3,055 square miles and much growth I’ve seen The County Clerk also plans to have River, a railroad line connecting multiple began with a population in Bend and throughout the an art contest for grades four through towns and an eager group of citizens of 5,000 residents: by 1920, county recently. It seems as seven, and the winner will be featured on wanting to split Crook County in half was however, this number had doubled. if everywhere I go there is a new the cover of the 2016 Deschutes County what defined the area at the beginning Redmond and Bend were first established neighborhood, housing complex or some Voters’ pamphlets. of the 19th century. Residents wanted to in 1905 and 1910, respectively, however, sort of park or recreational area for people Finally, The Deschutes Historical create their own government, and a ballot Sisters and La Pine were founded much to enjoy,” said junior Madeline Singer. Museum will host a celebration in that passed in November of 1916 made it later, in 1946 and 2006. The centennial celebration honoring December to end the important year on a feasible to achieve these goals. On Dec. In fact, Deschutes County is reported the county’s progress has already begun. significant, positive note in order to honor 13, 1916, Deschutes County was born. to be one of the fastest growing areas The Deschutes County Historical Society the importance of the county’s roots. Local book study combats racism KYRA KADHIM “The goal is to get people to dig deep Staff Writer and have deeper conversations about In honor of the season of nonviolence, racial justice. We can’t live in a world communities throughout Central Oregon where we’re isolated from these issues, are participating in a local book study. and this is a place where we can all The goal of this study is to awaken the deepen our understanding—and build generally isolated society in Bend to the a community that provides a space for grievous violations of justice that have everybody and respects the dignity of occurred throughout American history all,” said Greg Delgado, a facilitator of and their persistence in many of today’s the Central Oregon Social Justice Center’s institutions. Twelve groups, totalling book group and Representative of more than 100 people, are meeting once a Causa, an immigrant rights organization week after having read various chapters to in Oregon. discuss the book “The Whistling Vivaldi: The book study is primarily organized And Other Clues to How Stereotypes by the Central Oregon Community Affect Us,” by Claude Steele. College Multicultural Institute. Claude Steele has been a professor of Director of the program Karen Roth has social psychology at many universities in continually provided citizens of Bend the United States and a faculty member with educational opportunities to become at Stanford University. This African- more engaged in the community and American author is renowned for his challenges that it faces. dedication to eliminating systemic “Anytime we have a society where any discrimination in American society and group feels devalued or discriminated empowering marginalized peoples to against, it affects all of us,” said Roth. achieve their full potential. “The more that we all become familiar “The Whistling Vivaldi” was carefully and learn about stereotypes and social chosen by the Building Common Ground injustice, then corroboratively as a Coalition of Central Oregon and other community, we can move forward and well-read individuals in Bend to recognize create greater equity in Central Oregon.” all of the different types of prejudice and The book study is informing citizens at stereotypes that exist, even where people a local level to end discrimination within least expect them. communities, and at a national level. THE PINNACLE • SUMMIT HIGH SCHOOL NEWS A7 ALS Ice Bucket Challenge raises 220 million dollars Mary Daubenschmidt Staff Writer Considered to be “the ‘Harlem Shake’ of the summer,” the Ice Bucket challenge that began in 2014 is the result of a desperate need for a cure to the rare disease commonly known as Lou Gehrig’s disease. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) was discovered by a French neurologist named Jean-Martin Charcot in 1869. It is a disease in which the motor neurons die, making the brain unable to control muscle movement in the spinal cord. Inactive motor neurons cause the body to, essentially, become paralyzed. With just one drug that only slows progression in some people, the ALS Association set out to raise awareness and money for the cause; thus, the ice bucket challenge was born. The original Ice Bucket Challenge was started by Chris Kennedy, a professional golfer who challenged his sister, Jeanette Senerchia, who is married to a man infected with ALS, to pour a bucket of ice water over her head. Word spread quickly through Facebook to Pat Quinn and Pete Frates (both men suffering from the disease); from their social media sites, the challenge was shot across the nation, spreading like wildfire. Summit High School accepted the challenge when Vice Principal Jay Etnier decided to challenge the other schools in town. The once-small idea resulted in more than $1,000 in donations. “At first, we had an idea that no students would do it, and a student actually told me that no one was going to participate. We decided we were just going to start calling the students out and eventually we filled the infographic by gordon zhang field,” said Vice Principal Michael McDonald. So many students participated that the 500 buckets the typical budget was increased to $40 million for the More than $77 million was sent to research, which is borrowed from Home Depot weren’t enough. fiscal year. And the effects of the challenge aren’t just 67 percent of the funds raised. The rest went to assisting “It took a lot of planning and execution, but in the end limited to an increased budget. families living with those inflicted, education on the it was all worth it, and it was just a great opportunity to The association started four new initiatives involving topic, fundraising and other processing fees. show the type of community that Summit can be,” said research that have been identified as critical to finding The efforts have greatly increased in the pursuit of McDonald when reflecting on the event that took place new treatments: ALS Accelerated Therapeutics, New treatments, and hopes are high for a cure, although a early last school year. “It’s one of those things people Yorker Genome Center, Neuro Collaborative and Project good portion of the ALS Association’s time and funds are will always remember.” Mine. still devoted to assisting families affected by ALS. Efforts Not only did the Ice Bucket Challenge raise Research has accelerated, with a plan laid out to triple also go towards pushing research-positive legislation awareness, it raised more money than the association the amount spent on research every year. The timeline through Congress. originally predicted, and they have put every dollar to on treatment development has been accelerated and According to Barb Newhouse, the president and CEO use. According to ALS.org, pre-challenge, the typical additional resources to pursue new programs have been of the ALS Association, “the campaign will run this budget was approximately $20 million; post-challenge, put into place. August, and every August, until there is a cure.” UN Climate Change Conference tackles global warming crisis Skylar Grayson because of “Intended Nationally Determined Contributions” (INDCs). These plans Staff Writer were submitted by each participating country ahead of the conference and outlined Leaders from around the world gathered in Paris to confront the growing threat of how and how much each country would reduce emissions and how they would climate change at the UN Climate Change Conference, also known as COP21. strengthen their resilience against climate change. The INDCs were submitted by the COP21 was preceded by monumental marches all around the world in over 175 more than 155 countries that produce over 90 percent of the world’s emissions. countries. These marches were to demonstrate solidarity to the representatives at The over-reaching goal of climate conferences, such as COP21, is to prevent global the conference and emphasize the importance and necessity of action against climate temperatures from rising more than two degrees Celsius by the end of the century. Two change. The Global Organization 350 reported that approximately 2,300 marches took degrees would have disastrous effects, so it has become the international environmental place worldwide, involving more than 785,000 people. Both Pope Francis and UN community’s main focus to prevent such an increase by securing agreements from Secretary General Ban Ki-moon spoke to the importance of action. Bend hosted its own global powers. Temperatures have already risen 0.85 degrees, with devastating effects climate march with more than 200 people and speakers from many different sectors of upon the poles. the community. The conference resulted in 186 agreements and action plans from countries around “I think it’s very important that the People’s Climate March represented cooperation the world, a monumental and historic number. However, the agreements submitted will on the part of the international community,” said junior Danny Little. “Climate change only contain temperatures to between a 2.7 and 3 degrees rise. Thus, the participating is an issue that people all over the world need to overcome differences to solve, because countries will be asked to reevaluate their targets every five years, and raise targets to a in the end, if not dealt with, we will permanent affect the lives of our children. But if point that can be closer to the two degrees Celsius goal. we, as a planet, can come together to solve the problem, we could secure a better life The eventual action that must be taken will be the complete cutting of fossil fuel for future generations.” use and shifts to clean energy sources such as wind and solar. Finances are also being A negotiated agreement of legal plans for moving forward, as well as national climate raised to adapt to the already apparent effects of climate change, such as rising sea levels plans and a credible financial package were developed. Leaders of less developed globally. The agreement will not be signed and entered into force until late April, when countries claimed that, although more developed countries were the leading cause of it must be signed by a minimum of 55 countries. climate change, third world countries were being affected the most. It is coming to be understood that action must happen at local and regional levels to “Climate change has devastating impacts,” said Little. “Sea levels are rising, spearhead and encourage larger movements. Already many cities have adapted their causing millions of people to lose their homes, and additional changes to climate affect own climate action plans, and Eugene became the first city in the country to adopt an agriculture, disrupt food production and cause food shortages. The ripple effects of ordinance actively fighting climate change and carbon emissions. Bend is beginning climate change will cause, and are already causing, ecological imbalance, economic to take steps to lower climate impacts locally, including participation in the Energy chaos, increase in poverty and global instability.” Challenge, a nationwide competition. This competition has hopes of creating a greater According to the UN website, this conference is different from those in the past degree of knowledge and an increased sensitivity of the Earth in the community.

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2 3 4 SPREADING KINDNESS

Samantha Short to reflect upon how you treat others News Editor when you are young,” said Balyeat. Members of the Student Council Balyeat’s original idea to spread and Principles of Leadership class kindness among the children of Bend challenged themselves during manifested when the council made a “Kindness Week” to spread awareness trip to Juniper Elementary School to about the importance of compassion deliver presentations, hold an assembly and kindness throughout the and play games, which encompassed community. The initial plan was to all aspects of compassion. ultimately inspire both teachers and “We spoke in front of the students at students to identify and praise all acts a school-wide assembly. We discussed of kindness within classrooms for how to be kind to others and showed an entire week with hopes that these the students a video exemplifying how habits would continue even after the to be a good friend. We later went to week was over. each classroom, individually, in order To achieve this goal, Activities to further the discussion and engage Director Sarah Warsaw and her the kids outside of the assembly,” said students arranged for a “Kindness freshman class representative William Tree” to be hung up in the commons. Anderson. Students were encouraged to write Leadership students gave individual short notes praising and complimenting cards to students of different grade others, stating an act of kindness they levels, asking them to write down an had recently witnessed or simply example of what being kind looked like sharing a fond memory. These notes to them. 5 were placed on the tree for all students, In order to engage with the students teachers and visitors to see. on a more personal level, Student 1) Senior Brodie Mead gives game Students loved the idea and Council members interacted with the directions to Juniper Elementary proceeded to make the “Kindness Tree” children during both lunch and recess. students. 2) Senior Shade Streeter a major success. Junior representative Students of all ages demonstrated discusses the definition of kindness with Mohamed Elwefati believes that their interest in the older students a kindergartner. hanging these notes on the tree and in the idea of spreading more 3) Two Juniper Elementary students symbolized growth as a student body, kindness around their school and their demonstrate an act of kindness by given that the notion went viral. community. giving each other a bear hug. (Names “We were so happy to see how “During recess, we got to see the of elementary students omitted per seriously all of our peers took the students put what they had just learned request of Juniper principal Dan “Kindness Tree.” We were worried into action. It was awesome to see them Wolnick.) 4) Junior Mohamed Elwefati people would think it wasn’t important, so engaged. I noticed kids of all ages helps a kindergarten student write but we were definitely proven wrong,” being nice to each other, giving high a note for the “Kindness Tree.” The said Elwefati. fives, hugs and compliments,” said students hung notes on a tree to With the success of Kindness Week, Student Body President Shade Streeter. symbolize the school unity. “I was Student Council was impelled to “Student Council is proud of what surprised that the elementary students spread kindness awareness to Juniper they have accomplished and is looking were so excited and happy to have Elementary School students. forward to integrating kindness into us visit,” said Elwefati. 5) Freshman Having been initially inspired by the future community events.” Representative William Anderson idea to write kindness cards through “I have a lot of plans as to what reads a story about being kind to a Gabe Pagano’s Principles of Leadership we could do next to make this entire kindergarten student. “I really loved class in 2015, Spirit Commissioner kindness concept even bigger. I think reading to the kids,” said Anderson. Atticus Balyeat sought to bring the that our students will be willing to help “They were all so friendly and innocent. topic to other classrooms. us make a change in the community,” “We wanted to step outside of Their eyes just lit up when they saw us.” said senior representative Dylan our school and do something for the Albertazzi. “Furthering the idea of 6)Mohamed Elwefati and the Principles greater good of the community. Being kindness is something that students can of Leadership class form a tunnel to kind to others is something that should look forward to being a part of in the greet the students. “The kids were so be emphasized in schools and I wanted future. Student Council is prepared to sweet and really understood why being to bring the idea to elementary schools work in conventional harmony to take kind is important.” Photos by L. Goldstein 6 because I think that it is most important on larger projects than ever before.”