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Plodia Interpunctella H

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Plodia Interpunctella H ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت آﻓﺎت ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ 1397 -8 (1): 69-82 ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﺳﺎزي ﻣﺼﺮف ﺣﺸﺮه ﻛﺶ ﻛﻠﺮﭘﺎﻳﺮﻳﻔﻮس ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺷﺐ ﭘﺮه ﻫﻨﺪي Plodia interpunctella ، ﺷﺐ ﭘﺮه ﻣﺪﻳﺘﺮاﻧﻪ اي آرد Anagasta kuehniella و ﺷﺐ ﭘﺮه ﻣﻮم ﺧﻮار ﺑﺰرگ Galleria mellonella ﺑﺎ روش ﺳﻄﺢ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﺮﺿﺎ ﺷﻌﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﻧﮋاد1 و ﻣﺮﻳﻢ ﻋﺠﻢ ﺣﺴﻨﻲ1* 1 - داﻧﺸﻜﺪه ﻛﺸﺎورزي، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ ﺷﺎﻫﺮود، ﺷﺎﻫﺮود ( ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ درﻳﺎﻓﺖ /8: 11/ 96 ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﭘﺬﻳﺮش : 97/3/30) ﭼﻜﻴﺪه ﺷﺐ ﭘﺮه ﻫﻨﺪي .Plodia interpunctella H، ﺷﺐ ﭘﺮه ﻣﺪﻳﺘﺮاﻧﻪ اي آرد .Anagasta kuehniella Z و ﺷﺐ ﭘﺮه ﻣﻮم ﺧﻮار ﺑﺰرگ Galleria .mellonella L ا ز آﻓﺎت ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻣﻬﻢ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت اﻧﺒﺎري ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﻛﻨﺘﺮل آنﻫﺎ، ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻣﻌﻤﻮل از ﺣﺸﺮه ﻛﺶﻫﺎي ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲ - ﺷﻮد. اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺑﻲ روﻳﻪ از ﺣﺸﺮه ﻛﺶﻫﺎ، ﻣﺸﻜﻼت ﺟﺪي زﻳﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻋﻮارض ﻣﺰﻣﻨﻲ روي ﺳﻼﻣﺖ اﻧﺴﺎن اﻳﺠﺎد ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ، ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﺑﺎ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب اﻟﮕﻮي ﺻﺤﻴﺢ و ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎ رﮔﻴﺮي روش ﻫﺎي ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮان ﻣﻴﺰان ﻣﺼﺮف ﺣﺸﺮه ﻛﺶ را ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﻛﺮد. در اﻳﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ از روش ﺳﻄﺢ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻧﻘﺎط ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﻣﺼﺮف ﺣﺸﺮه ﻛﺶ ﻛﻠﺮﭘﺎﻳﺮﻳﻔﻮس، ﺟﻬﺖ دﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﻴﻨﻪ ﻣﺮگ و ﻣﻴﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﻳﻦ دز ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻲ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪ و ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ دﻣﺎ ( 25-35 درﺟﻪ ﺳﻠﺴﻴﻮس)، رﻃﻮﺑﺖ ( 60-80 %) و د ز ﻣﺼﺮف ( 1400-2000 ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻟﻴﺘﺮ) ﺑﺮ ﻣﻴﺰان ﻣﺮگ و ﻣﻴﺮ ﻻرو ﺳﻦ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ ﺳﻪ آﻓﺖ ﻣﻬﻢ اﻧﺒﺎري ﻣﻮرد ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﻃﺮح ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﻣﺮﻛﺰي، اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ. ﺑﻴﺸﻴﻨﻪ ﻣﺮگ و ﻣﻴﺮ ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ روش، 9/7 ﻋﺪد ﻻرو ﺳﻦ ﭘﻨﺞ ﺷﺐ ﭘﺮه ﻫﻨﺪي در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ دﻣﺎﻳ ﻲ 35 درﺟﻪ ﺳﻠﺴﻴﻮس، رﻃﻮﺑﺖ 80 % و دز 1400 ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻟﻴﺘﺮ ﺣﺸﺮه ﻛﺶ در 1000 ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻟﻴﺘﺮ آب، 1/7 ﻋﺪد ﻻرو ﺷﺐ ﭘﺮه ﻣﺪﻳﺘﺮاﻧﻪ اي در دﻣﺎي 35 درﺟﻪ ﺳﻠﺴﻴﻮس، رﻃﻮﺑﺖ 75 % و دز 1400 ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻟﻴﺘﺮ ﺣﺸﺮه ﻛﺶ در 1000 ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻟﻴﺘﺮ آب و ﺑﺮاي ﺷﺐ ﭘﺮه ﻣﻮم ﺧﻮار ﺑﺰرگ 7/9 ﻋﺪد ﻻرو ﺳﻦ ﭘﻨﺞ در دﻣﺎي 35 درﺟﻪ ﺳﻠﺴﻴﻮس، رﻃﻮﺑﺖ 80 % و دز ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻲ 1500 ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻟﻴﺘﺮ ﺣﺸﺮه ﻛﺶ در 1000 ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻟﻴﺘﺮ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﺪ . ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﺧﻄﻲ و درﺟﻪ دوم ﻣﻌﻨﻲ دار دز ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻲ و درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت روي ﻣﺮگ و ﻣﻴﺮ ﻻرو ﺳﻦ ﭘﻨﺞ اﻳﻦ ﺳﻪ آﻓﺖ اﺳﺖ. واژه ﻫﺎي ﻛﻠﻴﺪي : آﻓﺎت اﻧﺒﺎري، روش ﺳﻄﺢ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ، ﻛﻠﺮﭘﺎﻳﺮﻳﻔﻮس ، ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﺳﺎزي Archive of SID * ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪه ﻣﺴﺌﻮل: [email protected] www.SID.ir 70 ﺷﻌﺒﺎﻧﻲ و ﻋﺠﻢ ﺣﺴﻨﻲ، ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﺳﺎزي ﻣﺼﺮف ﻛﻠﺮﭘﺎﻳﺮﻳﻔﻮس ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺷﺐ ﭘﺮه ﻫﻨﺪي، ﺷﺐ ﭘﺮه ﻣﺪﻳﺘﺮاﻧﻪ اي آرد و.... ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺷﺪ ( Benhalima et al ., 2004; Rajendran and آﻣﺎر و ارﻗﺎم ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن ﻫﺎي رﺳﻤﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﻧﺸﺎن دﻫﻨﺪه ي Sriranjini, 2008 )، ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮري ﻛﻪ ﮔﺰارش ﻫﺎﻳﻲ از ﻛﺸﻮر- اﻳﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺳﺎﻟ ﻪ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﻲ از ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪات ﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻌﺪد در راﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺷﻜﺴﺖ ﻓﺴﻔﻴﻦ در ﻛﻨﺘﺮل آﻓﺎت ﻛﺸﺎورزي ﺟﻬﺎن ﺑﻪ وﺳﻴﻠﻪ آﻓﺎت در اﻧﺒﺎر ﻫﺎ از ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻲ روﻧﺪ. اﻧﺒﺎري ﺑﻪ ﭼﺎپ رﺳﻴﺪ. از اﻳﻦ رو ﺟﺴﺖ وﺟﻮ ﺑﺮاي ﮕﺟﺎﻳ ﺰﻳﻨﻲ در ﻛﺸﻮرﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻓﻨﺎوري ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﻧﺒﺎرداري ﻧﺪارﻧﺪ ، ﺧﺴﺎرت ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ آﻓﺖ ﻛﺶ ﻫﺎي ﺗﺪﺧﻴﻨﻲ ﻓﻮق اﺟﺘﻨﺎب ﻧﺎﭘﺬﻳﺮ اﺳﺖ آﻓﺎت اﻧﺒﺎري د ر ﺑﺮﺧﻲ از ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺑﻪ 10 ﺗﺎ 40 درﺻﺪ ﻣﺤﺼﻮل ( Rajendran and Sriranjini, 2008 ). ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ، ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻲ رﺳﺪ. ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ﻛﺸﺎورزي اﻧﺒﺎري ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ از ﻣﺒﺎرزه ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ آﻓﺎ ت ﺣﺸﺮه ﻛﺶ ﻛﻠﺮﭘﺎﻳﺮﻓﻮس ﻛﻪ از ﻧﻈﺮ ﻗﺎب ﺑﺎﻻن، ﺑﺎل ﭘﻮﻟﻚ داران و ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎ دﺳﺖ ﺧﻮش ﺧﺴﺎرت ﻫﺎي ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﭼﻨﺪان ﭘﺎ ﻳﺪار ﻧﺒﻮده و ﻣﺪت ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻲ در ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺖ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻛﻤﻲ و ﻛﻴﻔﻲ ﻓﺮاوان ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ. ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ﻧﻤﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﺪ ، ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ اﺳﺖ. اﻳﻦ آﻓﺖ ﻛﺶ داراي ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺖ ﻏﺬاﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ آﻓﺎت و ﻧﮕﺮاﻧﻲ دوﻟﺖ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﻏﺬاي ﻏﻴﺮﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻴﻚ و اﺛﺮ ﺗﻤﺎﺳﻲ، ﮔﻮارﺷﻲ و ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻲ ( ﺗﺪﺧﻴﻨﻲ ) ) ﻛﺎﻓﻲ، ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ روش ﻫﺎي ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺮاي از ﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺮدن آن ﻫﺎ اﺳﺖ ( Talebi-Jahromi, 2006 ) . ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻫﺎي اﺧﻴﺮ ﻧﺸﺎن از ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﻫﺎي اﺻﻠﻲ ﺟﻮاﻣﻊ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ داده اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮﭼﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ آﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﻛﺸﺎورزان ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان اﺻﻠﻲ - ( Rajendran and Sriranjini, 2008 ). در ﺑﻴﻦ آﻓﺎت ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮان آﻓﺖ ﻛﺶ ﻫﺎ از ﭘﻴﺎﻣﺪﻫﺎي زﻳﺎن ﺑﺎر ﺳﻤﻮم ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ اﻧﺒﺎري، ﺑﺎل ﭘﻮﻟﻚ ادار ن ﺟﻨﺲ ﻫﺎي Ephestia ، Plodia و ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ، از اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻏﻴﺮ ﺿﺮوري آن ﻫﺎ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ اﺟﺘﻨﺎب ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ . Galleria از ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده Pyralidae داراي اﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ . اﻳﻦ ﭘﺲ ﺑﺎ آﻣﻮزش ﻛﺸﺎورزان و ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ از ﺳﻤﻮم آﻓﺎت در ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺟﻬ ،ﺎن ﺑﻪ وﻳﮋه ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺣﺎره اي آﺳﻴﺎ، در زﻣﺎن ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮان از ﻛ ﺎﻫﺶ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ و ﻛﻤﻴﺖ آﻓﺮﻳﻘﺎ و آﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺶ دارﻧﺪ و از ﺑﻴﺶ از 20 ﻧﻮع از اﻧﻮاع ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت اﻧﺒﺎري و ﻋﻮارض ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﻣﺼﺮف ﺳﻤﻮم ﻣﻐﺰ ﻫﺎ و ﻣﻴﻮه ﻫﺎي ﺧﺸﻚ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ. در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي ﻛﺮد ( Heidari and Shirazi, 2010 .) ﻫﺪف از اﻛﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻚ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ، ﺑﺎ زادآوري زﻳﺎد و ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻧﺴﻞ ﻫﺎي ﭘﻲ در ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﺳﺎزي ، ﻪﺑ ﻛﺎرﮔﻴﺮي روش ﻫﺎي ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ در ﻣﺼﺮف ﭘﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ در ﻣﺪت ﻛﻮﺗﺎه ، زﻳﺎن ﻫﺎي ﻫﻨﮕﻔﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎر آورﻧﺪ ﺣﺸﺮه ﻛﺶ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻋﻼوه ﺑﺮ اﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻣﺘﻀﻤﻦ اﺛﺮ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ ﺣﺸﺮه- ( Mohandass et al ., 2007 ). در ﻛﻨﺘﺮل آﻓﺎت اﻧﺒﺎري، ﺑﻪ - ﻛﺶ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ، ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﺼﺮف آن را ﻧﻴﺰ در ﭘﻲ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﺎرﮔﻴﺮي ﺣﺸﺮه ﻛﺶ ﻫﺎي ﺗﺪﺧﻴﻨﻲ ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر و ﻧﻔﻮذ آن - ( Shabani nejad et al., 2016 .) ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از روش ﺳﻄﺢ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ درون ﺗﻮده ﻣﺤﺼﻮل، در ﻣﻴﺎن روش ﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻌﺪد ﻣﺒﺎرزه، ﭘﺎﺳﺦ، ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺣﺸﺮه ﻛﺶ دﻟﺘﺎﻣﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺮاي از ﻣﻬﻢ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ روش ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ ، اﻣﺎ در ﭼﻨﺪ ﺳﺎل اﺧﻴﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎرﮔﻴﺮي ﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺮدن 7/6 ﻋﺪد ﻻرو ﺳﻦ ﭘﻨﺞ ﺷﺐ ﭘﺮه ﻣﻮم ﺧﻮار ﺑﺰرگ ﺗﻌﺪاد زﻳﺎدي از ﺣﺸﺮه ﻛﺶ ﻫﺎي ﺗﺪﺧﻴﻨﻲ ﻣﻨﺴﻮخ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. در دﻣﺎي 25 درﺟﻪ ﺳﻠﺴﻴﻮس، رﻃﻮﺑﺖ 70 % و دز 200 ﻣﺘﻴﻞ ﺑﺮوﻣ ﺎﻳﺪ از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺣﺸﺮه ﻛﺶ ﻫﺎيSID ﺗﺪﺧﻴﻨﻲ ﻣﻲofﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻟﻴﺘﺮ در 1000 ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻟﻴﺘﺮ Archiveآب ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﺪ ( Shabani ﺳﺒﺐ ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ ﻻﻳﻪ اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﻮﺳﻔﺮي ازون ﺷﺪه و ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن nejad et al., 2016 ). ﺗﺎ ﻛﻨﻮن ﮔﺰارﺷﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻣﺒﻨﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ زﻳﺴﺖ اﻳﺎﻻت ﻣﺘﺤﺪه آﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان دﺳﺘﻪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺣﺸﺮه ﻛﺶ ﻛﻠﺮﭘﺎﻳﺮﻳﻔﻮس ﺑﺮاي ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﺷﺐ ﭘﺮه اول ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻫﺎي ﻻﻳﻪ اوزن ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ﻫﻨﺪي Plodia interpunctella Hubner ( EPA, 2006 ). اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از اﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ در ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻛﺸﻮرﻫﺎي (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) ، ﺷﺐ ﭘﺮه ﻣﺪﻳﺘﺮاﻧﻪ اي آرد ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﺗﻮاﻓﻖ ﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﭘﺮوﺗﻮﻛﻞ ﻣﻮﻧﺘﺮال :Anagasta kuhniella Zeller (Lepidoptera (Pyralidae و ﺷﺐ ﭘﺮه ﻣﻮم ﺧﻮار ﺑﺰرگ Galleria ﻛﻨﺎر ﮔﺬاﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ( Mohandass et al ., 2007 ). mellonella Linnaeus (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) ﭘﺲ از ﻣﻤﻨﻮﻋﻴﺖ ﻣ ﺘﻴﻞ ﺑﺮوﻣﺎﻳﺪ ، اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻓﺴﻔﻴﻦ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ اراﺋﻪ ﻧﺸﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺪم وﺟﻮد ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ در ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ، اﻣﺎ ﻋﺪم ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻫﺎي ﺗﺪﺧﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺑﺮوز اﻳﻦ زﻣﻴﻨﻪ، ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﻮﺛﺮ وﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﻣﺼﺮف ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﻫﺎي ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ در آﻓﺎت اﻧﺒﺎري ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ ﺣﺸﺮه ﻛﺶ- www.SID.ir ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت آﻓﺎت ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ، ﺟﻠﺪ ،8 ﺷﻤﺎره ،1 ﺳﺎل 1397 71 ﺣﺸﺮه ﻛﺶ ، ﻳﻚ ﺿﺮورت ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲ رﺳﺪ. ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﻫﺪف از ﺷﺪﻧﺪ. در اﻳﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ از ﻻروﻫﺎي ﺳﻦ آﺧﺮ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪ. ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ، ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ دﻣﺎ، رﻃﻮﺑﺖ و دز ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻻروﻫﺎي ﺳﻦ ﭘﻨﺞ ﺑﺮاي ﺷﺐ ﭘﺮه ﻣﺪﻳﺘﺮاﻧﻪ اي ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻲ ﺣﺸﺮه ﻛﺶ ﻛﻠﺮﭘﺎﻳ ﺮﻳﻔﻮس ﺑﺮ ﻣﻴﺰان ﺗﻠﻔﺎت ﻻرو ﺳﻦ آرد و ﺷﺐ ﭘﺮه ﻣﻮم ﺧﻮار ﺑﺰرگ ، اﻧﺪازه ﮔﻴﺮي ﻃﻮل ﺑﺪن و ﭘﻨﺞ ﺷﺐ ﭘﺮه ﻫﻨﺪي، ﺷﺐ ﭘﺮه ﻣﺪﻳﺘﺮاﻧﻪ اي آرد و ﺷﺐ ﭘﺮه ﻣﻮم ﻋﺮض ﻛﭙﺴﻮل ﺳﺮ ﺑﻮد. ﺑﺮاي ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻻرو ﺳﻦ ﭘﻨﺞ ﺷﺐ ﭘﺮه ﺧﻮار ﺑﺰرگ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮاي اﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر از روش ﺳﻄﺢ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻫﻨﺪي ﻧﻴﺰ از ﻃﻮل ﺑﺪن و ﻋﺮض ﻛﭙﺴﻮل ﺳﺮ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻫﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪ. ﻋﻼوه ﻻرو ﻫﺎي ﺳﻦ آﺧﺮ اﻳﻦ آﻓﺖ در ﻧﻴﻤﻪ دوم زﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺧﻮد ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﻧﺪاﺷﺘﻪ و زﻣﻴﻦ ﮔﺮاﻳﻲ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﭘﻴﺪا ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ . ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ از ﻣﻮاد و روش ﻫﺎ ﻏﺬا ﺧﺎرج ﺷﺪه و ﺑﻪ دﻧﺒﺎل ﻣﻜﺎن ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺷﺪن ﺑﻪ ﭘﺮورش ﺣﺸﺮات ﺷﻔﻴﺮه ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ ( Mohandass et al ., 2007; Shabani در آذرﻣﺎه 1393 ﺷﺐ ﭘﺮه ﻫﻨﺪي و ﺷﺐ ﭘﺮه ﻣﺪﻳﺘﺮاﻧﻪ اي nejad et al ., 2016 ). ). آرد از اﻧﺴﻜﺘﺎرﻳﻮم داﻧﺸﻜ ﺪه ﻛﺸﺎورزي داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻫﺎي زﻳﺴﺖ ﺳﻨﺠﻲ ﺷﺎﻫﺮود ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺷﺪ ﻧﺪ . ﺷﺐ ﭘﺮه ﻫﻨﺪي روي ﺟﻴﺮه ﻏﺬاي ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻫﺎي ﺳﻤﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺸﺨﺺ از ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﻲ ﻃﺒﻖ روش ﺳﻴﺖ وﻫﻤﻜﺎران ( Sait et al ., 1997) ﻓﺮﻣﻮﻻﺳﻴﻮن ﺗﺠﺎري ﺣﺸﺮه ﻛﺶ ﻛﻠﺮﭘﺎﻳﺮﻳﻔﻮس ﭘﺮورش داده ﺷﺪ. ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت ﻏﺬاي ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﻲ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ: ﻣﺨﻤﺮ ( Chlorpyrifos 40.8% EC ) ﺷﺮﻛﺖ آرﻳﺎ ﺷﻴﻤﻲ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده 160 ﮔﺮم، ﮔﻠﻴﺴﺮول 200 ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻟﻴﺘﺮ، ﻋﺴﻞ 200 ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻟﻴﺘﺮ و ﺷﺪ. آﻟﻮده ﺳﺎزي ﻻروﻫﺎي ﺳﻦ ﭘﻨﺞ ﺑﺎ روش ﻏﻮﻃﻪ ور ﺳﺎزي ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﻮس ﮔﻨﺪم 800 ﮔﺮم ﺑﻮد. ﺷﺐ ﭘﺮه ﻣﺪﻳﺘﺮاﻧﻪ اي آرد ﻫﻢ ﻣﺪت 10 ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺖ. آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻫﺎي زﻳﺴﺖ ﺳﻨﺠﻲ روي ﺟﻴﺮه ﻏﺬاﻳﻲ ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت آرد ﮔﻨﺪم 45 % ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﻫﺎي ﻛﺸﻨﺪه ﻛﻪ ﺗﻠﻔﺎت %20 ﺗﺎ %80 را 80% (وزﻧﻲ)، آرد ذرت 45 % (وزﻧﻲ) و ﻣﺨﻤﺮ 10 % (وزﻧﻲ) اﻳﺠﺎد ﻣﻲ ﻛﺮدﻧﺪ ، اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ . ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﻫﺎي اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪه ﭘﺮورش داده ﺷﺪ (Yazdanian, 2000) . ﻣﻮم ﻫﺎي آﻟﻮده ﺑﻪ ﺣﺸﺮه ﻛﺶ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ 1 1/5، 2، 3و ﭘﻲ ﭘﻲ ام ﺑﻮد . ﺑﺮاي ﻫﺮ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﻻرو و ﺷﻔﻴﺮه ﺷﺐ ﭘﺮه ﻣﻮم ﺧﻮار ﺑﺰرگ در دي ﻣﺎه 1393 از 4 ﺗﻜﺮار اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪه و ﻫﺮ ﺗﻜﺮار ﺷﺎﻣﻞ 10 ﻋﺪد ﻻرو ﻫﻤﺴﻦ زﻧﺒﻮرداري ﻫﺎي اﻃﺮاف ﺷﺎﻫﺮود ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻛﻠﻨﻲ اوﻟﻴﻪ ﺟﻤﻊ - ﺑﻮد. ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﻫﺎي 1/4 2و ﭘﻲ ﭘﻲ ام ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان LC 25 و آوري و ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ در ﻇﺮف ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ LC 75 ﺑﺮاي ﺷﺐ ﭘﺮه ﻫﻨﺪي ، ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﻫﺎي 1 2و ﭘﻲ ﭘﻲ ام ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎوي ﻣﻮم ﻗﺮار داده ﺷﺪﻧﺪ. ﭘﺮورش اﻧﺒﻮه اﻳﻦ ﺳﻪ آﻓﺖ در ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان LC 25 و LC 75 ﺑﺮاي ﺷﺐ ﭘﺮه ﻣﺪﻳﺘﺮاﻧﻪ اي آرد اﺗﺎﻗﻚ رﺷﺪ ﺑﺎ دﻣﺎي C 27±1° و رﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ 1± 65 درﺻﺪ 1/5و 2/2و ﭘﻲ ﭘﻲ ام ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان LC 25 و LC 75 ﺑﺮاي ﺷﺐ ﭘﺮه و دوره ﻧﻮري 16:8 ﺳﺎﻋﺖ (ﺗﺎرﻳﻜﻲ:روﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ) اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ. ﻣﻮم ﺧﻮار ﺑﺰرگ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ. دﻣﺎ ي ﻻزم ﺑﺮاي رﺷﺪ و ﻧﻤﻮ ﻫﻢ ﺳﻦ ﺳﺎزي ﻻرو ﻫﺎ اﻳﻦ ﺳﻪ آﻓﺖ ﺑﻴﻦ 20 ﺗﺎ 32 درﺟﻪ ﺳ ﻠﺴﻴﻮس ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ و رﻃﻮﺑﺖ Basirat and Archive of SID ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺨﻢ ﮔﻴﺮي از ﺷﺐ ﭘﺮه ﻫ ﻨﺪي و ﺷﺐ ﭘﺮه ﻣﺪﻳﺘﺮاﻧﻪ اي ﺑﻴﻦ 60 ﺗﺎ 80 درﺻﺪ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ ( آرد از ﻗﻴﻒ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪ .
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    ISSN 0258-7122 (Print), 2408-8293 (Online) Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 41(2): 297-310, June 2016 EFFECT OF STORAGE DURATION ON THE STORED PUPAE OF PARASITOID Bracon hebetor (Say) AND ITS IMPACT ON PARASITOID QUALITY M. S. ALAM1, M. Z. ALAM2, S. N. ALAM3 M. R. U. MIAH4 AND M. I. H. MIAN5 Abstract The ecto-endo larval parasitoid, Bracon hebetor (Say) is an important bio- control agent. Effective storage methods for B. hebetor are essential for raising its success as a commercial bio-control agent against lepidopteran pests. The study was undertaken to determine the effect of storage duration on the pupae of Bracon hebetor in terms of pupal survival, adult emergence, percent parasitism, female and male longevity, female fecundity and sex ratio. Three to four days old pupae were stored for 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 weeks at 4 ± 1oC. The ranges of time for adult emergence from stored pupae, production of total adult, survivability of pupae, parasitism of host larvae by the parasitoid, longevity of adult female and male and fecundity were 63.0 -7.5 days, 6.8-43.8/50 host larvae, 13.0-99.5%, 0.0 -97.5%, 0.00-20.75 days, 0.00-17.25 days and 0.00- 73.00/50 female, respectively. The time of adult emergence and mortality of pupae increased but total number of adult emergence, survivability of pupae, longevity of adult female and male decreased gradually with the progress of storage period of B. hebetor pupae. The prevalence of male was always higher than that of female.
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  • Wax Worms (Galleria Mellonella) As Potential Bioremediators for Plastic Pollution Student Researcher: Alexandria Elliott Faculty Mentor: Danielle Garneau, Ph.D
    Wax Worms (Galleria mellonella) as Potential Bioremediators for Plastic Pollution Student Researcher: Alexandria Elliott Faculty Mentor: Danielle Garneau, Ph.D. Center for Earth and Environmental Science SUNY Plattsburgh, Plattsburgh, NY 12901 Plastic Pollution Life History Stages Results Discussion • 30 million tons of plastic Combination of holes in plastic and • Egg stage: average length (0.478mm) • waste is generated annually and width (0.394mm) and persists 3-10 nylon in frass suggests worms are in the USA (Coalition 2018). days (Kwadha et al. 2017)(Fig. 3). digesting plastic (Figs. 6,7). • Larval stage: max length (30mm), white Of the plastic pilot trials which • 50% landfill, < 10% cream in color, possess 3 apical teeth, exhibited signs of feeding, two were HDPE (Fig. 6). recycled (PlasticsEurope, and persists 22-69 days. A Plastics The Facts 2013) • Pre-pupal/Pupal stage: length (12- • Bombelli et al. (2017) and Yang et al. 20mm) and persists 3-12 and 8-10 days, (2014) found wax worms were capable respectively. All extremities are glued to of PE consumption. • 10% of world’s plastic waste body with molting substance. Common bond (CH -CH ) in PE is 2 2 ends up in ocean 70% • Moth stage: sexual dimorphism is same as that in beeswax (Bombelli et sinks 30% floats in Fig. 1. Plastic Use distinct. Moths max length (20mm) and Fig. 5. Change in worm weight as a function of plastic pilot trial. al. 2017). Fig. 9. PE degradation as currents (Gyres, Fig. 2). (Plastics Europe). persists on average 6-14 days (males) B • Greater negative change in worm weight (g)/day for all FT-IR shows degradation of PE (i.e., evidenced by FT-IR PE and 23 days (females).
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  • Effect of Gamma Radiation and Entomopathogenic Nematodes on Greater Wax Moth, Galleria Mellonella (Linnaeus) [Lep., Pyralidae]
    Effect of gamma radiation and entomopathogenic nematodes on greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella (Linnaeus) [Lep., Pyralidae] A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of M. Sc. in Entomology By Rehab Mahmoud Sayed Ali B.Sc. Entomology, 2001 Supervised by Prof. Dr. Prof. Dr. Mohamed Adel Hussein Soryia El-Tantawy Hafez Professor of Entomology Professor of Entomology Entomology Department, Faculty of Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University Science, Ain Shams University Prof. Dr . Hedayat-Allah Mahmoud Mohamed Salem Professor of Entomology Natural Products Department, National Center for Radiation Sciences & Technology Department of Entomology Faculty of Science Ain Shams University 2008 Faculty of Science Approval Sheet M. Sc. Thesis Name: Rehab Mahmoud Sayed Ali Title: Effect of gamma radiation and entomopathogenic nematodes on the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella (Linnaeus) [Lep., Pyralidae] This Thesis for M. Sc. Degree in Entomology has been approved by: Prof. Dr. Hedayat-Allah Mahmoud Mohamed Salem Professor of Entomology, Natural Products Department, National Center for Radiation Sciences & Technology. Prof. Dr. Mohamed Adel Hussein Professor of Entomology, Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University. Prof. Dr. Mohamed Salem Abd EL-Wahed Professor of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University. Prof. Dr . Mahmoud Mohamed Saleh Professor of Nematodes, Pests and Plant Protection Department, National research centre. Date: / / Ain Shams
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  • Dodecanol, Metabolite of Entomopathogenic Fungus
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Dodecanol, metabolite of entomopathogenic fungus Conidiobolus coronatus, afects fatty acid composition and cellular immunity of Galleria mellonella and Calliphora vicina Michalina Kazek1*, Agata Kaczmarek1, Anna Katarzyna Wrońska1 & Mieczysława Irena Boguś1,2 One group of promising pest control agents are the entomopathogenic fungi; one such example is Conidiobolus coronatus, which produces a range of metabolites. Our present fndings reveal for the frst time that C. coronatus also produces dodecanol, a compound widely used to make surfactants and pharmaceuticals, and enhance favors in food. The main aim of the study was to determine the infuence of dodecanol on insect defense systems, i.e. cuticular lipid composition and the condition of insect immunocompetent cells; hence, its efect was examined in detail on two species difering in susceptibility to fungal infection: Galleria mellonella and Calliphora vicina. Dodecanol treatment elicited signifcant quantitative and qualitative diferences in cuticular free fatty acid (FFA) profles between the species, based on gas chromatography analysis with mass spectrometry (GC/MS), and had a negative efect on G. mellonella and C. vicina hemocytes and a Sf9 cell line in vitro: after 48 h, almost all the cells were completely disintegrated. The metabolite had a negative efect on the insect defense system, suggesting that it could play an important role during C. coronatus infection. Its high insecticidal activity and lack of toxicity towards vertebrates suggest it could be an efective insecticide. In their natural environment, insects have to cope with a variety of microorganisms, and as such, have developed a complex and efcient defense system. Te frst line of defense is a cuticle formed of several layers, with an epi- cuticle on the outside, a procuticle underneath it and an epidermis beneath that.
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  • Using the Wax Moth Larvae As a Model to Study the Immune System
    Using the Wax Moth Larvae as a Model to Study the Immune System Antonio Gamboa Garey High School 321 W. Lexington Ave Pomona CA 91766 [email protected] Funded by The American Association of Immunologists Mentored by Dr. Stephen O’Barr, Ph.D. Associate Professor and Chair Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences College of Pharmacy Western University of Health Sciences E-Mail: [email protected] 1 Table of Contents Teacher Section I. Science Background…………………………………….. 3 II. Student Outcomes………………………………………. 4 III. Learning Objectives……………………………………. 5 IV. Time Requirements…………………………………… 5 V. Advanced Preparation………………………………….. 6 VI. Materials and Equipment…………………………...…. 8 VII. Student Prior Knowledge……………………………. 10 VIII. Daily Unit Plans……………………………………….. 10 IX. Summative Assessment………………………………. 14 Student Section I. Rationale and Vocabulary……………………………… 14 II. Materials…………………………………………………. 16 III. Procedure………………………………………………... 16 IV. Data Collection…………………………………………. 18 V. Discussion/Analysis ……………………………………. 18 Bibliography……………………………………………….. 19 . 2 I. Science Background The innate immune response of vertebrates is remarkably similar to the immune response in insects. One of the most common insect models for studying the innate immune response is the greater wax moth or honeycomb moth (Galleria mellonella). The larvae of Galleria mellonella (GML) are found in most regions of the world, from Europe to North America and Australia. Studies using the larvae have elucidated several positive correlations between virulence and host responses, and have proven to be a simple and reliable model system to study infections in this insect. Some of the microorganisms studied using GML include Acinetobacter baumanii (1,2), Francisella tularensis (3), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (4,5), Yersinia pseudotuberculosis (6), Staphylococcus aureus (7), Streptococcus pyogenes (8), Streptococcus mutans (9), Enterococcus faecalis (10,11), Candida albicans (12), and Cryptococcus neoformans (13).
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  • A New Species of Galleria Fabricius (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) from Korea
    ZooKeys 970: 51–61 (2020) A peer-reviewed open-access journal doi: 10.3897/zookeys.970.54960 RESEARCH ARTIclE https://zookeys.pensoft.net Launched to accelerate biodiversity research A new species of Galleria Fabricius (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) from Korea based on molecular and morphological characters Seung Jin Roh1, Haechul Park1, Seong-Hyun Kim1, So-Yun Kim1, Yong-Su Choi1, Jeong-Hun Song1 1 Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Wanju 55365, South Korea Corresponding author: Jeong-Hun Song ([email protected]) Academic editor: Colin Plant | Received 8 June 2020 | Accepted 4 August 2020 | Published 21 September 2020 http://zoobank.org/8069F755-8DF6-4AEB-A1D7-FD20096B4C5C Citation: Roh SJ, Park H, Kim S-H, Kim S-Y, Choi Y-S, Song J-H (2020) A new species of Galleria Fabricius (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) from Korea based on molecular and morphological characters. ZooKeys 970: 51–61. https:// doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.970.54960 Abstract The greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella Linnaeus, is well known as a pest of honey bees and for the biodegradation of wax and polyethylene by their larvae. The genus Galleria has long been considered monotypic and found worldwide. A taxonomic study of the genus Galleria is presented based on morpho- logical and molecular characters (COI, CAD, wg). A new species (Galleria similis Roh & Song, sp. nov.) is recognized on the Korean peninsula. The new species is superficially similar to G. mellonella but they can be separated by the structures of hindwing venation and male genitalia. Habitus photographs and illustra- tions of diagnostic characters are provided. Keywords cryptic species, Galleriinae, new species, plastic eating moth, Pyraloidea, wax worms Copyright Seung Jin Roh et al.
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  • Natural Enemies of Greater Wax Moth Galleria Mellonella Linnaeus in Honey Bee Colonies
    Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(8): 3418-3421 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 6 Number 8 (2017) pp. 3418-3421 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.608.409 Natural enemies of Greater Wax Moth Galleria mellonella Linnaeus in Honey Bee Colonies B.C. Hanumanthaswamy1* and D. Rajagopal2 1ICAR-Krishi Vigyan Kendra, UAHS, Shivamogga, Karnataka, India 2UAS, Bangalore, Karnataka, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT K e yw or ds Among the different natural enemies recorded on Greater wax moth the Natural enemies, Greater wax hymenopteran larval parasitoid, Apanteles galleriae Wilkinson was considered as important species. During the course of investigation, one moth, Honey bee colonies . more species of hymenopteran parasitoid (Antrocephalus galleriae Article Info Subbarao), two species of ants (Solenopsis geminata Fab. and Camponotus compressus Fab.), one species each of ear wig (Euborellia stali Dohrn) and Accepted: 27 June 2017 Spider (Theridion sp.), one each of fungal (Beauveria bassiana Bals) and Available Online: viral (Densonucleosus virus) pathogens were recorded. 10 August 2017 Introduction The bee wax, a by- product of apiculture has Greater wax moth is also affected by several numerous uses in bee keeping as well as in parasitoids, predators and pathogens. Of other industries. It is chiefly used to these, hymenopteran larval parasitoid manufacture the comb foundation sheets on Apanteles galleriae is the most important which bees construct their combs. The enemy of greater wax moth. cosmetic and the pharmaceutical industries are the other large users of bee wax. The Materials and Methods greater wax moth Galleria mellonella Linnaeus is a notorious pest of honey bee Observations were recorded on the incidence colonies.
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  • Galleria Mellonella) As a Model Organism in Antimicrobial Compound Discovery
    microorganisms Article Methods and Challenges of Using the Greater Wax Moth (Galleria mellonella) as a Model Organism in Antimicrobial Compound Discovery Athina Andrea 1 , Karen Angeliki Krogfelt 1,2 and Håvard Jenssen 1,* 1 Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark; [email protected] (A.A.); [email protected] (K.A.K.) 2 Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 22 February 2019; Accepted: 14 March 2019; Published: 19 March 2019 Abstract: Among non-mammalian infection model organisms, the larvae of the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella have seen increasing popularity in recent years. Unlike other invertebrate models, these larvae can be incubated at 37 ◦C and can be dosed relatively precisely. Despite the increasing number of publications describing the use of this model organism, there is a high variability with regard to how the model is produced in different laboratories, with respect to larva size, age, origin, storage, and rest periods, as well as dosing for infection and treatment. Here, we provide suggestions regarding how some of these factors can be approached, to facilitate the comparability of studies between different laboratories. We introduce a linear regression curve correlating the total larva weight to the liquid volume in order to estimate the in vivo concentration of pathogens and the administered drug concentration. Finally, we discuss several other aspects, including in vivo antibiotic stability in larvae, the infection doses for different pathogens and suggest guidelines for larvae selection. Keywords: invertebrate model; Galleria mellonella; infection model; antimicrobial compound 1. Introduction In order to study infectious diseases, as well as the in vivo potential of novel antimicrobials, developing reliable animal models that mimic clinical manifestations in humans is essential.
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  • Larvae Used In: Insects Waxworm – Galleria Mellonella Background
    Larvae used in: Insects Waxworm – Galleria mellonella Background. The waxworm is the larva of the greater wax moth, a small nondescript flying insect that lays its eggs in beehives, where the growing larvae feed on honey and wax. A robust hive of honey bees can repel the onslaught of waxworms, keeping the damage to a minimum, but waxworms can overrun and destroy a stressed colony. Waxworms are white to tan, plump, clearly segmented, and moderately active. They are a little softer than mealworms, so they must be treated somewhat more gently, but they are still very easy for first and second graders to handle. The waxworm has 13 segments (head, three thoracic, nine abdominal) and the mandatory six legs. But unlike the mealworm (a beetle), the waxworm has four pairs of leglike structures called prolegs—one pair on abdominal segments three through six. These prolegs are equipped with muscular pads called claspers, which help the larvae hold onto surfaces, and the 13th segment (tail) also has a clasper. The waxworm has bristles (stiff hairs) on its body and a row of clearly visible openings called spiracles along each side. The larvae have no lungs—oxygen enters through these spiracles and is distributed through the fluids of the body. Waxworms, like all moths, make silk. Silk is used as a lifeline, as a webbing over which the larvae can walk, and as a material to build a protective cocoon. The silk is produced in a gland under the head and extruded through structures called spinnerets. Waxworm habitat. Like mealworms, waxworms apply themselves to a career of eating and growing.
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  • Rearing and Maintenance of Galleria Mellonella and Its Application to Study Fungal Virulence
    Journal of Fungi Review Rearing and Maintenance of Galleria mellonella and Its Application to Study Fungal Virulence 1,2, 1, 1, 1,3, Carolina Firacative y , Aziza Khan y , Shuyao Duan y , Kennio Ferreira-Paim y , Diana Leemon 4 and Wieland Meyer 1,* 1 Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, Westmead Clinical School, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital (Research and Education Network), Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead 2145, NSW, Australia; cfi[email protected] (C.F.); [email protected] (A.K.); [email protected] (S.D.); [email protected] (K.F.-P.) 2 Studies in Translational Microbiology and Emerging Diseases Research Group (MICROS), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota 111221, Colombia 3 Infectious Disease Department, Triangulo Mineiro Federal University, Uberaba 38025-440, Brazil 4 Agri Science Queensland, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries and Forestry, Brisbane 4102, QLD, Australia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +61-2-86273430 These authors contributed equally. y Received: 3 July 2020; Accepted: 5 August 2020; Published: 7 August 2020 Abstract: Galleria mellonella larvae have been widely used as alternative non-mammalian models for the study of fungal virulence and pathogenesis. The larvae can be acquired in small volumes from worm farms, pet stores, or other independent suppliers commonly found in the United States and parts of Europe. However, in countries with no or limited commercial availability, the process of shipping these larvae can cause them stress, resulting in decreased or altered immunity.
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  • Galleria Mellonella) in Different Gauzes of Plastics
    S. Dhakal et al. (2020) Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 8(2): 235-240 DOI: 10.3126/ijasbt.v8i2.29594 Research Article The Feeding Potential of Greater Wax Moth (Galleria mellonella) in Different Gauzes of Plastics Sulav Dhakal*, Susmita Panthi, Bimala Kumari Khanal, Laxmi Pandey, Shiva Shankar Bhattarai Department of plant protection and horticulture, Tribhuvan University, Paklihawa Campus, Paklihawa-Rupandehi, ZIP- 32900, Nepal. Article Information Abstract Received: 20 May 2020 Greater wax moth (Galleria mellonella), the honey comb moth, is the member Revised version received: 17 June 2020 of family pyralidae, considered as the serious pest of the bee industry, is also Accepted: 19 June 2020 known for its plastics digesting ability. This research was carried out in two Published: 25 June 2020 phases in the month of September- October & December- January. The data on change in weight of the plastics using digital balance and area of plastic Cite this article as: consumed by the larvae was taken for 30 and 15 consecutive days in winter and S. Dhakal et al. (2020) Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol summer respectively. From the statistical analysis the results found out; 8.4 mg, 8(2): 235-240. DOI: 10.3126/ijasbt.v8i2.29594 2.4 mg & 1.6mg mean change in weight in the treatment T1, T2, T3 respectively; that the area of plastic consumed by the larvae was higher in *Corresponding author plastics of 200 gauze i.e. smaller the gauze of plastic, greater the area Sulav Dhakal, consumed. The study revealed the similar change in weight of plastics within Department of plant protection and horticulture, the range of 300-500 gauze which was lower than the change in weight of the Tribhuvan University, Paklihawa Campus, Paklihawa- natural feed, wax.
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  • Novel Attractants of Galleria Mellonella L (Lepidoptera Pyralidae Galleriinae) L Türker, I Togan, S Ergezen, M Özer
    Novel attractants of Galleria mellonella L (Lepidoptera Pyralidae Galleriinae) L Türker, I Togan, S Ergezen, M Özer To cite this version: L Türker, I Togan, S Ergezen, M Özer. Novel attractants of Galleria mellonella L (Lepidoptera Pyralidae Galleriinae). Apidologie, Springer Verlag, 1993, 24 (4), pp.425-430. hal-00891087 HAL Id: hal-00891087 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00891087 Submitted on 1 Jan 1993 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Original article Novel attractants of Galleria mellonella L (Lepidoptera Pyralidae Galleriinae) L Türker I2 Togan S Ergezen3 M Özer1 1 Middle East Technical University, Department of Chemistry, Ankara; 2 Middle East Technical University, Department of Biology, Ankara; 3 Marmara Universitesi, Egitim Fakültesi Bioloji Bölümü, Istanbul, Turkey (Received 20 January 1993; accepted 14 April 1993) Summary &mdash; Various synthetic esters were tested for their attractiveness to females of Galleria mel- lonella in comparison with n-nonanal, a component of the sex pheromone of Galleria mellonella. It has been shown that methyl octanoate, ethyl octanoate and methyl decanoate attract females. Parti- cularly, methyl octanoate is as effective as n-nonanal in bioassay and could be a potential pest control agent.
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