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Water/Road Interaction: an Annotated Bibliography United States Department of Agriculture Water/Road Interaction: Forest Service Technology & An Annotated Development Program 7700—Transportation System 2500—Watershed and Air Mgmt Bibliography December 1997 9777 1816—SDTDC An Annotated Bibliography Compiled By: Ronald L. Copstead, P.E., Research Engineer Pacific Northwest Research Station Kemset Moore, E.I.T. Interagency Watershed Analysis Center Tyler Ledwith, Hydrologist Interagency Watershed Analysis Center Mike Furniss, Hydrologist Interagency Watershed Analysis Center San Dimas Technology and Development Center San Dimas, CA January 1, 1998 Information contained in this document has been developed for the guidance of employees of the Forest Service, USDA, its contractors, and cooperating Federal and State agencies. The Department of Agri- culture assumes no responsibility for the interpretation or use of this information by other than its own employees. The use of trade, firm, or corporation names is for the information and convenience of the reader. Such use does not constitute an official evaluation, conclusion, recom- mendation, endorsement, or approval of any product or service to the exclusion of others that may be suitable. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimi- nation in its programs on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, and marital or familial status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabili- ties who require alternative means for communication of program in- formation (braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at 202-720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint, write the Secretary of Agriculture, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC 20250, or call 1-800-245-6340 (voice) or 202-720-1127 (Tdd). USDA is an equal opportunity employer. Table of Contents INTRODUCTION v BIBLIOGRAPHY 1 AUTHOR INDEX 144 KEYWORD INDEX 151 iii INTRODUCTION This document comprises a snapshot of references relating to interactions between low volume roads and hydrology, particularly for forested land. It is intended to be a companion to the water/ road interaction technology series of publications coordinated by the San Dimas Technology Development Center and sponsored by U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service Engineering Staff to identify information and methods on hydrological aspects of developing, operating, and managing forest roads. The goals of the effort are to 1) help communicate state-of-the-art water/road interaction information effectively among field personnel, 2) identify knowledge gaps, and 3) provide a framework for addressing future research and development and technology needs on this subject. The reference items chosen for inclusion here are those that have shaped current thinking on the subject, as well as those that may not be widely known, but that may contain information useful to the intended audience. The publication is not all-inclusive. In fact, there is a large body of literature that generally applies to the subjects represented here. We estimate the items included here represent about 25 percent of the items that were reviewed. Items were not included for any of the following reasons: Publication information was incomplete, and therefore we judged it would be more difficult to obtain the item through easily accessible channels. We did not have time to review them. In this case, it is hoped they will eventually be included in the on-line version (see below) of this bibliography. The subject was already covered in some way by other publications. We tried to include at least one publication in all representative subject areas related to water/road interaction in forested areas. The keyword index is available for the reader to access items of a particular interest. Additionally, there are undoubtedly a large number of publications relating to this subject of which we are not aware. For the above reasons, and because the subject matter continues to be studied vigorously, an electronic version of this document has been made available. It is our intention to periodically update the electronic version; it can be accessed as shown on the cover letter of the binder or via the Forest Service Web at http://fsweb.sdtdc.wo.fs.fed.us/programs/eng/w-r/w-r.html We have tried to provide sufficient information for each item so that readers can 1) judge for themselves whether the item will be of use and 2) obtain the item. In some cases we were not able to achieve this. In a few cases we included an item, even though we could not provide annotation because the item may be more easily obtained by the reader than by us, or we did not have time to provide a summary. Some obvious sources of information on these topics were not included. For example, some reference handbooks available from the Federal Highways Administration are not included, nor are classical textbooks on civil engineering, hydraulics, or fish biology. v BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Abt, Steven R.; Brisbane, Thomas E.; Frick, David M.; McKnight, Charles A. 1992. Trash rack blockage in supercritical flow. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering. 118(12):1694-1696. Localized system flooding can result from debris clogging of trash racks placed on hydraulic structures. A portion of a drainage structure was physically modeled, including a trash rack located upstream from an inlet drop structure. The drainage system was modeled with trash rack orientations of 1:2 slope and 3:1 slope. The trash rack was systematically blocked until flooding resulted. Trash rack designs were evaluated with flows representing 100-year reoccurrence events simulating partially developed to fully developed conditions of the simulated basin. Supercritical flows prevailed throughout the system. Results indicated that a 40 percent blockage be assumed for trash-rack analysis in supercritical flow. Assuming that debris is floating may become a fatal flaw in the design process. Keywords: trash rack; drainage; flood estimation and control 2. Abt, Steven R.; Donnell, Charles A.; Ruff, James F.; Doehring, Frederick K. 1985. Culvert slope and shape effects on outlet scour. Transportation Research Record. 1017:24-30. Contained in this report are results of a flume study that was conducted to evaluate the effects culvert shape and slope have on outlet scour after 316 minutes of testing. A circular culvert was tested at 0-, 2-, and 5-percent slopes. The scour hole characteristics of depth, width, length, and volume were correlated to the discharge intensity for each slope. The results indicated that an increase in slope subsequently increased the dimensions of scour. The culvert slope significantly affected the scour volume estimates based on prediction equations currently in practice. Tests of circular, square, arch, and rectangular culverts were made with full flow for 316 minutes. The maximum depth, width, length, and volume of scour were correlated to modified discharge intensity for each culvert shape. Relationships were derived for predicting outlet scour for each culvert shape. Composite representations were compiled that correlate the dimensions of scour to the modified discharge intensity independent of culvert shape. The results indicate that culvert shape has a limited effect on outlet scour. (A). Keywords: culvert design, flume study, scour, culvert outlets 3. Abt, Steven R.; Kloberdanz, A.M.; Mendoza, Cesar. 1984. Unified culvert scour determination. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering. 110(10):1475-1479. The ability to predict the magnitude and geometry of scour is useful in the control and management of localized erosion. Localized scour prediction procedures resulting from previous studies generally apply to specific noncohesive materials seldom encountered in the field. The problem to be investigated is to present a design procedure for estimating the dimensions of scour in a variety of noncohesive materials at culvert outlets. Test programs to evaluate how an impinging jet affects the geometry of localized scour in five noncohesive bed materials were conducted in recirculating flumes of various dimensions. A single relationship is derived which estimates the dimensions of scour based upon the discharge, culvert diameter, material mean grain diameter, and material standard deviation. Keywords: scour, erosion control, culvert outlets, culvert analysis 1 4. Abt, Steven R.; Ruff, James F.; Doehring, Frederick K. 1985. Culvert slope effects on outlet scour. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering. 111(10):1363-1367. Culvert slope may affect the extent of scour that occurs at a culvert outlet. Previous studies for predicting scour hole geometry at culvert outlets do not incorporate a means for adjusting the dimensions of scour for culvert slope. The effects of culvert slope on scour hole geometry are investigated by tests in a flume. A circular steel pipe is projected into the flume, with pipe slopes of 0, 2, 5, 7 and 10 percent. Bed material is uniformly graded sand. Dimensionless depth, width, length, and volume of scour at 316 minutes are correlated graphically. Results indicate that a sloped culvert can increase the maximum dimensions of scour from 10 to 40 percent over the scour dimensions for a horizontal culvert. Keywords: culvert design, scour, culvert outlets 5. Abt, Steven R.; Ruff, James F.; Doehring, Frederick K.; Donnell, Charles A. 1987. Influence of culvert shape on outlet scour. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering. 113(3):393-400. Laboratory tests on culverts indicate that the culvert
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