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2.2 Contribution of Capture Fisheries and Aquaculture in Philippine Economy

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2.2 Contribution of Capture Fisheries and Aquaculture in Philippine Economy Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized An Overview of Agricultural Pollution Public Disclosure Authorized in the Philippines The Fisheries Sector 2016 Public Disclosure Authorized An Overview of Agricultural Pollution in the Philippines The Fisheries Sector 2016 Submitted to The World Bank’s Agriculture and Environment & Natural Resources Global Practices © 2016 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail: [email protected]. Cite this report as: Cuvin-Aralar, M.L.A., C.H. Ricafort, and A. Salvacion. 2016. “An Overview of Agricultural Pollution in the Philippines: The Fisheries Sector.” Prepared for the World Bank. Washington, D.C. Publication design and typesetting by The Word Express, Inc. Cover photos courtesy of istock.com and shutterstock.com. CONTENTS Abbreviations and Acronyms ......................................vii Foreword .....................................................ix 1 Introduction . 1 1.1 History of Capture Fisheries and Aquaculture in the Philippines ..... 1 1.2 Capture Fisheries and Aquaculture Development in the Philippines .. 3 2 Increased Population and Drive for Economic Growth Pushed for Increasing Fisheries Production in the Philippines . 15 2.1 Population Pressure to Increase Fish Production from Capture Fisheries and Aquaculture .......................... 15 2.2 Contribution of Capture Fisheries and Aquaculture in Philippine Economy ..................................... 17 3 Approaches to Improve Fisheries Production Resulted in the Various Impacts and Became Sources of Environmental Problems and Pollution . 21 3.1 Conversion of Land and Water Resources for Aquaculture ........ 21 3.2 Practices to Prepare and Improve Culture Environment .......... 24 3.3 Practices to Improve Production ............................ 26 3.4 Practices to Improve Aquatic Animal Health ................... 29 3.5 Practice to Diversity Cultured Commodities ................... 30 4 Physical Impacts . 33 4.1 Environmental Impacts .................................. 33 4.2 Impact of Diversification of Culture Commodities through Species Introductions .............................. 37 iv An Overview of Agricultural Pollution in the Philippines: The Fisheries Sector 5 Socioeconomic and Health Impacts of Fisheries and Aquaculture Practices . 41 5.1 Human Health Impacts ..................................................41 5.2 Socioeconomic Impacts ...................................................42 6 Solutions to Mitigate Impacts of Aquaculture Pollutants . 45 6.1 Use of Eubiotics and Strategies to Improve Health of Aquatic Animals ...............45 6.2 Legislations and Regulations on the Use of Chemicals and Fisheries and Aquaculture ....47 6.3 Regulations on the introduction of nonnative species for culture and protecting local species ..........................................52 6.4 Technologies to Reduce Nutrients from Aquaculture. 52 References ...................................................................57 List of Figures Figure 1: The Philippines’ total fisheries production compared to total world production from capture fisheries and aquaculture .....................................3 Figure 2: Percentage contribution and rank of Philippine fisheries to world production .......4 Figure 3: Trend of fisheries production in the Philippines ..............................4 Figure 4: Average change in volume of production in Philippine fisheries from 1980 to 2014 ........................................................5 Figure 5: Capture fisheries data for the Philippines ...................................5 Figure 6: Average change in volume of production in Philippine capture fisheries from 1980 to 2014 ...................................................5 Figure 7: Marine and inland capture fisheries data ...................................6 Figure 8: Average change in volume of production in Philippine marine capture fisheries from 1980 to 2014 ...................................................6 Figure 9: Average volume of production in Philippine marine capture fisheries from 1980 to 2014 ...................................................6 Figure 10: Average volume of production in Philippine inland capture fisheries from 1980 to 2014 ...................................................7 Figure 11: Average change in volume of production in Philippine inland capture fisheries from 1980 to 2014 ...................................................7 Figure 12: Aquaculture production in marine, freshwater, and brackish-water culture environments (excluding aquatic plants) .............................8 Figure 13: Average volume of production in Philippine brackish-water aquaculture from 1996 to 2014 ...................................................8 Figure 14: Average change in volume of production in Philippine brackish-water aquaculture from 1996 to 2014 ...................................................9 Figure 15: Average volume of production in Philippine freshwater aquaculture from 1996 to 2014 ...................................................9 Figure 16: Average change in volume of production in Philippine freshwater aquaculture from 1996 to 2014 ...................................................9 Figure 17: Top aquaculture fishery commodities in Philippine aquaculture ................10 Figure 18: Average volume of production in Philippine marine aquaculture from 1996 to 2014 ..................................................10 Contents v Figure 19: Average change in volume of production in Philippine marine aquaculture from 1996 to 2014 ..................................................11 Figure 20: Volume of production in Philippine small-farm reservoir in 2014 ...............11 Figure 21: Average change in volume of production in Philippine peneid shrimp aquaculture from 1996 to 2014 .........................................11 Figure 22: Average volume of production in Philippine peneid shrimp aquaculture from 1996 to 2014 ..................................................12 Figure 23: Average volume of production in Philippine tilapia aquaculture from 1996 to 2014 ..................................................13 Figure 24: Average change in volume of production in Philippine tilapia aquaculture from 1996 to 2014 ..................................................13 Figure 25: Average change in volume of production in Philippine milkfish aquaculture from 1996 to 2014 ..................................................13 Figure 26: Average volume of production in Philippine milkfish aquaculture from 1996 to 2014 ..................................................14 Figure 27: Philippine population growth ..........................................16 Figure 28: Value of fisheries production in Philippine pesos from 1980 to 2014 .............17 Figure 29: Contribution of fisheries to the Philippines’ GDP ...........................17 Figure 30: Contribution of fisheries to GVA at constant prices ..........................18 Figure 31: Comparison of value of exports and imports of fisheries products ...............18 Figure 32: Import dependency ratio of three major fish culture commodities ...............19 Figure 33: Production cost, farm gate price, and profit margins for milkfish culture ..........19 Figure 34: Process of establishment of MPs in the Philippines ..........................22 Figure 35: Site of MPs for establishment in the Philippines ............................23 Figure 36: Number of aquatic animal species introductions in the Philippines in the various decades ................................................30 Figure 37: The loss of mangrove areas and the development of brackish-water ponds in the Philippines ....................................................33 Figure 38: Occurrences of fish kill in Taal Lake due to various factors including lake overturn, population, oxygen depletion, sulfur upwelling, and timud infestation based on BFAR announcements and reports from 1998 to 2011 .....................36 Figure 39: Schematic diagram of direct and indirect impacts of species introduction on biodiversity ......................................................39 Figure 40: Sources and pathways of how antibiotics are released into the environment ........43 Figure 41: Schematic diagram of farm layout (top-top view; bottom-cross-sectional view) of rice-prawn culture in Laguna based on a 1,000 m2 area .....................54
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