Presented at:

Atlanta Source Reduction Conference Managing MSW: The Source Reduction Option Atlanta, Georgia

R.C. Herndon and E. B. Jones The Southern Information Exchange The Florida Center for Solid & Management Florida State University Tallahassee, Florida

May 4, 1994 TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. Introduction: The Waste Exchange Concept...... 1 II. Historical Overview of the Southem Waste Information Exchange (SWIX) Clearinghouse ...... 3 IJI. Waste Materials Suitable for Exchange ...... 5 IV. Results of the SWIX Program in 1993...... 6 V. Conclusion ...... 7

Table 1. Quantity of Materials Available by Waste Category...... 9 Table 2. Percentage of Inquiries by Waste Category for Available...... 9 Appendix A Waste Exchanges Operating in North America (April, 1994)...... 10 Appendix B: Materials Available Listed in the SWIX Catalogs ...... 14 L INTRODUCTION THE WASTE EXCHANGE CONCEPT

For many generators, particularly for those generating significant solid and hazardous wastes, practical solutions to problems typically require a multi-faceted approach. Due to the costs resulting from compliance with federal, state and local regulations, many generators are utilizing altematives to landfilling such as waste reduction, , and through the services of a waste exchange.

Within the last decade, waste exchanges have played an important role in assisting waste generators and others in the identifying recycling and waste minimization opportunities. A variety of factors has created significant incentives for firms, agencies and associations to participate in the activities of waste exchange operations. The increased levels of participation experienced by most waste exchange operations have occurred for a number of reasons. To some extent, the client base of a typical waste exchange has expanded as a result of a change in focus away from "strictly dealiig with hazardous waste" to broader waste management issues including, small quantity generator issues, municipal waste combustion issues, medical waste disposal issues, and other RCRA-related issues. In addition, the tools which waste exchanges typically we have become more sophisticated and, as a result, waste exchanges can provide a broader range of services to an expanded base of clients who are involved with a variety of waste management issues. In the past, a waste exchange would typically publish a periodic newsletter or catalog which would list wastes that were available or wanted for re-use. Today, some waste exchanges publish relatively extensive catalogs that include: display advertising; listings of environmental consultants, manufacturers, legal assistance; regulatory information; lists of

1 .. conferences, training courses, workshops; and other forms of useful information. In addition, some waste exchanges utilize toll-free "hotlines", conduct training courses, operate 24-hour, computer-accessed networks (e.g., bulletin boards) and work closely with agencies and associations to provide services to these clients.

There are five groups that typically participate in waste exchange operations and, while some overlap exists, each of these groups may be influenced by a different set of incentives. The five groups of waste exchange participants are the following:

0 mte fenerators (e.g., firm and agencies producing both solid and hazardous wastes and excess or surplus materials);

w- 0 w- (e.g., direct users, recyclers, brokers); 0 Frov iders of environmental eoods a nd serviw (e.g., manufacturers, consultants); . federa 1. state and local agencia (e.g., regulatory, commerce- oriented); and . Usociations.. (e.& trade associations and Chambers of Commerce).

While the primary participants of a waste exchange are waste generators and waste demanders, there has been relatively rapid growth of participation by the other three groups over the last five years, particularly with waste exchanges that publish catalogs containing display advertising, regulatory information and other information that is of use to waste generators.

There are two basic types of waste exchanges: information exchanges (or clearinghouses) and material exchanges. The function of the clearinghouse type of exchange is to inform and bring together waste

2 generators and waste users. An information exchange will typically function as a non-profit organization. The material exchange differs from the clearinghouse in that it either operates as a broker between waste generators and waste users or it will take possession of the material and perform whatever functions (e.g., reprocessing, packaging, marketing) are required in order to market the material. A material exchange often functions as a for- profit organization.

There are fifty waste exchanges operating in North America. Forty- nine of these exchanges are non-profit waste information exchanges and one is a for-profit waste material exchange. Appendix A is a list of the waste exchanges operating in North America.

JI, HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF THE SOUTHERN WASTE INFORMATION EXCHANGE (SWIX) CLEARINGHOUSE

Responding to a need to assist in the management of solid and hazardous waste in the state of Florida, the Florida State University in conjunction with the Florida Chamber of Commerce began the operation of the Florida Waste Information exchange (FWIX) in 1981. In 1982, the FWIX significantly expanded its service area to the southern region of the United States in order to improve the waste recycling and opportunities for Florida firms, as well as to more effectively respond to the many inquiries from firms outside of the state of Florida. In order to reflect its expanded service area, the FWIX changed its name to the Southern Waste Information exchange (SWIX).In 1984, the Virginia Waste exchange merged it activities with the SWIX. In 1988, SWIX introduced a toll-free hotline for use by waste managers, generators and local governments in the US. in an effort to increase service.

3 The SWIX operates as a non-profit clearinghouse for information on: the availability of and demand for waste materials; waste management services and products; and state and federal regulations that affect waste management. A primary objective of the SWIX is to actively facilitate the recycling and minimization of waste materials which, if improperly managed, can adversely affect human health and the environment. To facilitate this objective, the SWIX publishes and distributes catalogs to firms in over 500 industries. The SWIX Catalog is distributed to firms in the United States, Canada, Puerto Rico, and the Bahamas.

The SWIX Catalog includes waste materials that are "available" from and "wanted by both privately-owned firms and public agencies. Many of the waste materials included in the SWIX Catalog are listed so as to keep confidential the identity of the firm or agency listing the material. As a result, a firm wishing to obtain information concerning the waste materials included in the SWIX Catalog will usually need to complete and return an inquiry form (a copy of which is in the Catalog). This inquiry form is then sent to the respective firm or agency. The firm or agency receiving the inquiry form then decides whether to initiate any action with the firm or agency making the inquiry. The negotiations conceming any subsequent transfers are handled directly by the two entities. Using such an approach, the identity of the firm or agency listing the material remains confidential, and the SWIX functions only to initiate and facilitate potential transfers.

4 IU. WASTE MATERIALS SUITABLE FOR EXCHANGE

Although the title of this section emphasizes waste materials, the recycling of other commodities is also possible. A more inclusive title might be "Materials Suitable for Investment Recovery" because the concept of resource reuse can be applied to surplus equipment, unused supplies, and discontinued products as well as wastes requiring disposal.

Increasing the amount of knowledge concerning waste management altematives is necessary in order to encourage waste generators and users to transfer or exchange wastes for their mutual benefit. Waste exchange operators have played a major role in increasing the awareness of the benefits of waste re-use. It is possible to view each segment of the materials transfer continuum as either a catalyst or an inhibitor. The optimal situation is one in which all parties (including generators, waste exchanges, brokers, governmental agencies and users) serve as a catalyst to encourage successful transfers of waste for re-use.

The universe of potentially transferable materials is large. As a result, waste exchanges throughout North America have cooperatively established eleven standard categories for the listing of potentially transferable materials in both "materials available" and "materials wanted". These eleven categories are: acids; alkalis; other inorganic chemicals, solvents; other organic chemicals; oils and waxes; plastics and rubber; textiles and leather; wood and paper;

5 metal and metal sludges; and miscellaneous.

Waste materials which have had the greatest exchange success include: solvents; used oils; mercury; caustic wastes, acids, spent plating solutions, organic and inorganic chemicals (off-grade, obsolete or in leaking containers), ethylene glycol, plastics, paper, and precious metals solutions.

Waste exchanges have expended a great deal of effort in identifying materials which may have opportunities for resource reuse. For this reason, education and information dissemination are key components in assisting waste generators. Waste exchanges play an important role in educating generators concerning the benefits of energy recovery, material recovery, substitution of raw materials or processes which provide generators with cost- effective alternatives for recycling waste materials.

IV. RESULTS OF THE SWIX PROGRAM IN 1993

The SWIX Catalog listed approximately 40 million metric tons of waste materials during 1993 that were "available" for recycliig or reuse and that, otherwise, would probably have been sent to for disposal. Appendix B contains a list of "materials available" which were listed in the SWIX Catalogs. Table 1 lists the quantity (in metric tons) of "materials available" by waste category. It should be noted that of the eleven waste categories shown in Table 1, "Metal and Metal Sludges" account for 94% (by weight) of the "materials available". This category reflects a listing for a large quantity of iron oxide material. The next largest category, "Miscellaneous" (e.g., fly ash, flue brick, mushroom ), accounts for 5%. The remaining nine waste categories comprise approximately 1%of the total "materials available" listed

6 in the SWIX Catalog.

During 1993, the SWIX received approximately 3,200 requests for information on waste management needs as well as the services offered by the SWIX. Of the requests for information concerning the materials that were listed in the SWIX Catalog, approximately 51% were for "materials available" and 49% were for "materials wanted. Of the materials listed as available, the largest number of inquiries concerned "Plastics and Rubber", "Miscellaneous", "Acids", and "Wood and Paper". Of the materials listed as wanted, the largest number of inquiries concerned "Metal and Metal Sludges", "Miscellaneous", and "Plastics and Rubber". Table 2 contains the percentage of inquiries by waste category for "wastes available".

V. CONCLUSION

Information on approximately 40 million metric tons of waste material "available" that potentially could be either recycled or reused was disseminated using the services of the SWIX. Based on twelve years of operating experience, the typical rate of transfer of "materials available" and "materials wanted" for SWIX is 10-30 percent. As a conservative estimate, 4 million metric tons of waste were successfully recycled or reused during the project period. This figure only reflects the waste materials listed as "available" and does not include the waste materials listed as "wanted in the SWIX Catalog (Le., waste materials "wanted are not listed in the SWIX Catalog by quantity as are the waste materials "available"). Although the SwD< encourages its clients to report successful transactions, a policy of the SWIX is to withdraw from subsequent negotiations (unless requested otherwise) after a "pairing" of waste generator and demander has been made.

7 As a result of not participating directly in the negotiations between the waste generator and demander, as well as the proprietary nature of the transaction, many successful exchanges go unreported to the SWIX.

The direct finanaal benefits to waste generators resulting from reduced operating costs associated with these 4 million metric tons of waste are substantial. Also of equal importance are the environmental benefits made possible by having this waste diverted bom landfills through increased levels of waste recycling and reuse.

In addition to helping meet state and federal regulatory requirements, participation in the SWIX program provides both government agency and private firm generators with an opportunity to explore alternative waste management options which may result in significantly reduced operating costs as well as increased protection of the environment. The SWIX represents an important waste management resource for both the private and public sectors as a means to protect the environment through recycling and waste reuse.

8 TABLE 1. Quantity of Materials Available by Waste Category.

Amount Waste Category (Metric Tons) Percent

Metal and Metal Sludges 37,353,748 93.64% Miscellaneous 2,041,409 5.12% Other Inorganic Chemicals 260,999 0.65% Wood and Paper 110,408 0.28% Oils 55,067 0.14% Acids 35,135 0.09% Plastics and Rubber 19,491 0.05% Alkalis 8,551 0.02% Other Organic Chemicals 5,174 0.01% Solvents 564 <0.01% Textiles and Leather 100 <0.01%

Total: 39,890,646 100%

TABLE 2. Percentage of Inquiries by Waste Category for Wastes Available.

Waste Category Percentage of Inquiries

Plastics and Rubber 20% Miscellaneous 19% Acids 14% Wood and Paper 13% Metal and Metal Sludges 8% Solvents 8% Other Organic Chemicals 6% Alkalis 6% Oils 3% Other Inorganic Chemicals 2% Textiles and Leather 0%

9 APPENDIX A. Waste Exchanges Operating in North America (April 1994)

Alabama Waste Materials Exchange British Columbia Materials Exchange Ms. Linda QuiM Ms. Jill Gillett 404 Wilson Dam Avenue 225 Smithe Street SheffieId, AL 35660 Suite 201 (205) 760-4623 Vancouver, B.C. V6B 2x7 (604) 683-Mx)9 Alberta Waste Materials Exchange FAX. (604) 734-7223 Ms. Cidy Jensen 350,6815 8th. Street NE. Bureau of Solid Waste Management Digital Bldg., 3rd Floor Ms. Lynn Persson Calgary, Alberta T2E 7H7 Post Office Box 7921 (403) 297-7505 Madison, WI 53707 FAX: (403) 297-7548 (608) 267-3763

Arizona Waste Exchange By-product and Waste Search Mr. Barrie Herr Service (BAWSS) 4725 E. Sunrise Drive Ms. Susan Salterberg Suite 215 Iowa Waste Reduction Center Tucson,AZ 85718 University of Northem Iowa (602) 299-7716 Cedar Falls, IA 50614-0185 FAX: (602) 299-7716 (800) 422-3109 (319) 273-2079 Arkansas Industrial Development Councilb FAX: (319) 273-2893 Mr. Ed Davis #I Capitol Hill California Materials Exchange Little Rock, AR 72201 Ms. Joyce L. Mason (501) 682-1370 Integrated Waste Management Board 8800 Cal Center Drive Bam Raisers, Inc. Sacramento, CA 95826 Ms. Maryellen McPhee (916) 255-2369 227 S. Pearl Street FAX: (916) 255-2221 Albany, NY 12202 (518) 462-0139 California Waste Exchange Ms. Claudia Moore B.A.R.T.E.R. Waste Exchange Hazardous Waste Management Program Mr. Jamie Anderson Department of Toxic Substances Control MPIRG Post Office Box 806 2512 Delaware Street SE Sacramento, CA 95812-0806 Minneapolis, MN 55414 (916) 322-4742 (612) 627-6811 Canadian Chemical Exchange a Bourse Quebecoise des Mr. Philippe LaRoche Matieres Secondaires P. 0. Box 1135 Mr. Franccois Lafortune Ste-Adele, Quebec JOR 1LO 14 Place Du Commerce, (514) 229-6511 Bureau 350 (800) 561-6511 Le-Des-Squeurs, Quebec H3E IT5 FAX: (514) 229-5344 (514) 762-9012 FAX: (514) 873-6542

10 Canadian Waste Materials Exchange Industrial Materials Exchange (IMEX) ORTECH International Mr. Bill Lawrence Dr. Robert Laughlin 110 Prefontaine Place South 2395 Speak” Drive Suite 210 Mississauga, Ontario L5K 1B3 Seattle, WA 98104 (416) 8224111 (Ext. 265) (206) 296-4899 FAX: (416) 823-1446 FAX: (206) 296-3997

Dept. Of Environmental Protectionb Industrial Materials Exchange Service Mr. Charles Peters Ms. Diane Shockey 18 Riley Road Post Office Box 19276, #34 Frankfort, KY 40601 Springfield, IL 62794-9276 (502) 564-6761 (217) 782-0450 FAX: (217) 782-9142 Durham Region Waste Exchange Ms. Elaine ColIis Intercontinental Waste Exchange Region of Durham Ms. Anne Stemberg Works Department 5200 Town Center Circle, Suite 303 Box 603,105 Conaumes Drive Boca Raton, FL 33486 Whitby, Ontario LlN EA3 (800) 541-o400 (416)668-7721 FAX: (407) 393-6164 FAX: (416) 668-2051 Louisiana/Gulf Coast Waste Exchange Essex-Windsor Waste Exchange Ms. Rita Czek Mr. Steve Stephenson 1419 CEBA Essex-Windsor Waste Management Baton Rouge, LA 70803 Committee (504) 388-4594 360 Fairview Avenue West FAX: (504)388-4945 Essex, Ontario N8M 1Y6 (519) 776-6441 Manitoba Waste Exchange FAX: (519) 776-4455 Mr. Todd Lohvinenko c/o Recycling Council of Manitoba, Inc. Hawaii Materials Exchange 1812-330 Portage Avenue Mr. Jeff Stark Winnipeg, Manitoba R3C K4 Post Office Box 1048 (204) 942-7781 Paia, Hawaii 96779 FAX: (204) 942-4207 (808) 579-9109 FAX: (808) 579-9109 MISSTAP Ms. Caroline Hill Hudson Valley Materials Exchange Post Office Drawer CN and BuyRecycled! Consortium Mississippi State, MS 39762 Ms. Jill Gruber (601) 325-8454 Post Office Box 550 FAX: (601) 325-2482 New Paltz, NY 12561 (914) 246-6181 Missouri Envir. Improvement Authorityb (914) 255-3749 Mr. Thomas Welch FAX: (914) 255-4084 325 Jefferson Street Jefferson City, MO 65101 Indiana Waste Exchange (314) 751-4919 C/O Recycler’sTrade Network, Inc. Mr. Jim Britt Post Office Box 454 Cannel, IN 46032 (317) 574-6505 FAX: (317) 844-8765 11 Minnesota Technical Assistance Programb Olmsted County Materials Exchange Ms. Helen Addy Mr. Jack Stansfield 1313 5th Street, Suite 307 Olmsted County Public Works Minneapolis, MN 55414 2122 Campus Drive (612) 627-4555 Rochester, MN 55904 (507) 285-8231 Montana Exchange FAX: (507) 287-2320 Manager Montana Chamber of Commerce Ontario Waste Exchange P. 0. Box 1730 ORTECH Intemational Helena, M'I 59624 Ms. Mary Jane Hanley (406) 442-2405 2395 Speakman Drive Mississauga, Ontario L5K lB3 New Hampshire Waste Exchange (416) 822-4111 (Ext. 512) Ms. Emily Hess FAX: (416) 823-1446 122 N. Main Street Concord, NH 03301 PenCycle (603) 224-5388 Manager FAX: (603) 224-2872 Pennsylvania Recycling Council 25 W 3rd Street New Jersey Industrial Waste Media, PA 19063 Information Exchange (215) 892-9940 Mr. William Payne FAX: (215) 892-0504 50 West State Street Suite 1110 Pacific Materials Exchange Trenton, NJ 08608 Mr. Bob Smee (609) 989-7888 1522 North Washington FAX: (609)989-9696 Suite 202 Spokane, WA 99205 New Mexico Material Exchange (509) 325-0551 Mr. Dwight Long FAX: (309) 325-2086 Four Comers Recycling Post Office Box 904 Portland Chemical Consortium Fannington, NM 87499 Dr. Bruce Brown (505) 325-2157 Post Office Box 751 FAX: (505) 326-0015 Portland OR 97207-0751 (503) 725-4270 Northeast Industrial Waste Exchange, Inc. FAX. (503) 725-3888 Ms. Carrie Mauhs-Pugh 620 Erie Blvd. W. RENEW Suite 211 Ms. Hope Castillo Syracuse, NY 13204-2442 Texas Water Commission (315) 422-6572 Post Office Box 13087 FAX: (315) 422-4005 Austin, TX 78711-3087 (512) 463-7773 Oklahoma Waste Exchange Program FAX: (512) 475-4599 Mr. Fenton Rude Post Office Box 53551 Review Materials Exchange , Oklahoma City, OK 73152 Mr. Adam Haecker (405) 271-5338 345 Cedar Street Suite 800 St. Paul, MN 55101 (612) 222-2508 FAX: (612) 222-8212

12 Rhode Island Dept. of Wastelink, Division of Tencon, Inc. Environmental Management Ms. Mary E. Malotke Ms. Marya Carr 140 Wooster Pike Box 1943 Milford, OH 45150 Brown University (513) 248-0012 Providence, RI 02912 FAX: (513) 248-1094 (401) 863-2715 Waterloo Waste Exchange Rocky Mountain Materials Exchange Mr. Mike Birett Mr. John Wright Region of Waterloo 418 S Vine Street 925 Erb St. West Denver,CO 80209 Waterloo, Ontario N2J 324 (303) 692-3009 (519) 883-5137 FAX: (303) 744-2153 (519) 747-4944

SEMREX Ms. Anne Morse 171 West 3rd Street W~OM,MN 55987 (507) 457-6460 a For-Profit Material Waste Exchange South Carolina Waste Exchange b Industrial Materials Exchange Service Mr. Doug Woodson Distributors 155 Wilton Hill Road Columbia, SC 29212 (803) 755-3325 FAX: (803) 755-3833

Southeast Waste Exchange Ms. Maxie May Urban Institute UNCC Station Charlotte, NC 28223 (704) 547-2307

Southem Waste Information Exchange Mr. Eugene B. Jones Post Office Box 960 Tallahassee, FL 32302 (800) 441-SWIX (7949) (904) 644-5516 FAX: (904) 574-6704 E-Mail [email protected]

Vermont Business Materials Exchange Ms. Connie Leach Bisson or Mr. Muriel Durgin Post Office Box 630 Montpelier, VT 05601 (802) 223-3441 FAX: (802) 223-2345

13 APPENDIX B. Materials Available Listed in the SWIX Catalogs.

Category Waste Materials Listed

Acids: Acetic Acid Chromate Cooling Water Ferric Chloride Ferrous Chloride HF/Nitric Acid Hydrochloric Acid Hydrochloric Acid Mixed Acids Phosphoric Acid Polymerization Catalyst Sulfuric Acid Various Mineral Acids

Alkalis: Potassium Hydroxide Solution Spent Caustic Solution Sulfidic Caustic

Other Inorganic Chemicals: Alumina Silica Catalyst Fines Ammonium Chloride Calcium Carbonate Calcium Phosphate Commercial Biocide Sodium Chloride, Granular Sodium Solution Sulphur Filter Cake TCLP Solidification Agent

Solvents:

1,1,1 Trichloroethene Acetonitrille Cleaning Solvent Glycol Ether EB

14 Isopropanol, Mineral Spirits Isopropyl Alcohol Lacquer Thinner Methanol Orthodic Chloro Benzene Recovered Solvents Solvent Blend Solvent Mixture Solvent Wash Solvents - Surplus Trichloroethylene

Other Organic Chemicals: Activated Carbon Activated Granular Carbon Aniline Distillation Btms. (K083) Benzoyl Peroxide Chlorophenol, Technical - Surplus Epoxy, Resins, Polymers - Surplus Ethylene Glycol Lactic Acid Wood Preservative, Virgin Material

Oils: Asphalt Fuel Oil, #5 Grease No. 6 Fuel Oil oil Oil/Waste Coolant Oils, Hydraulic Fluids - Surplus Plating Wax - Black

Plastics and Rubber: Butadiene/Styrene Copolymer Cured Butyl Compound Cured Solid Isocyanate Foam Gold Colored Foil on Plastic Isocyanate Foam Components - Surplus

15 MBS Polymer Natural Rubber Petroleum Grease, Surplus Plastics - PVC, ABS, PS, Noryl Polypropylene Tubes Polyvinyl Chloride Color Concentrate Polyvinyl Color Concentrate RTV Silicone Components - Surplus Shredded Tires Silicon Rubber Synthetic Rubber Tires Truck Tire Tread Walls Vinyl Nitrile Foam Scrap

Textiles and Leather: Assorted Textile Waste

Wood and Paper: Corrugated Clippings Creosote Construction Debris Hardwood Lumber Wood Chips Wood Crates Wood Flour Wood Pallets/Wood Shavings Wood Scraps Woodchips Yard & Tree Waste Woodpulp Sludge

Metal and Metal Sludges: Alumina Fines (Aluminum Oxide) Alumina Hydrous Aluminum Oxide Aluminum Powder - Surplus Aluminum Trihydrate

16 . Copper Solution Dehydrated Zinc Sludge Fluorescent Fixtures Gas Tanks, Crushed Iron Oxide Iron, Iron Oxide Mercury Metal Sludge Nickel Plating Bath Titanium Swarf Zinc Zinc Plating Bath Zinc Sulfate

Miscellaneous: Acrylate Copolymer Asphalt Roofing Compound, Surplus Brine Solution Carbon Black Cellulose Sponge Clay Fines/Fullers Earth Electrolytic Bath Electrostatic Precipitator Dust Elemental Sulfur Emulsion of Waxes Flashlight Batteries Flue Brick, Silicon Fly Ash Glycol Bottoms - 6Oy0 Ash Igneous Rock Fines Laboratory Reagent Chemicals - Surplus Laboratory Chemicals Miscellaneous - surplus Multiclone Dust Mushroom Compost Nitrocellulose Patented Rice Hull Ash By-product Plastizer - Surplus Roofing Shingle Tabs Speedi-Dry Steel and Plastic Drums Styrene/Acrylic Polymer Emulsion Synthetic Graphite Used Bulk Bags

17