The World Factbook
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5 Major Domains of the Earth Q1. VERY SHORT ANSWERS 1. Name the Strait Between India and Sri Lanka
PT-2 ( 2020-21 ) CLASS-VI SOCIAL Ch- 5 Major Domains Of The Earth Q1. VERY SHORT ANSWERS 1. Name the strait between India and Sri lanka. Ans. The strait between India and Sri lanka is Palk Strait. 2. What is continent? Ans. The large landmasses on the Earth are known as continents. 3. What are the main gases that comprises atmosphere? Ans. The main gases are Nitrogen, Carbon dioxide, Oxygen, Argon etc. 4. Why is Australia called an ‘Island Continent’? Ans. Australia is known as an island continent because it is bound by oceans and seas by all sides. 5. Why is Europe called as peninsula? Ans. Europe is a peninsula as it is surrounded on three sided by water. 6. Name the deepest point of the Pacific ocean and Atlantic ocean. Ans. Pacific ocean –Challenger Deep located in the Mariana Trench Atlantic ocean – Milwaukee Deep located in the Puerto Rico Trench. 7. What is Atmosphere? Ans. The layer of air that surrounds our earth is called the atmosphere. 8. What is Biosphere? Ans. Biosphere is the narrow zone of contact between the lithosphere, the hydrosphere and the atmosphere. The life forms exist in this sphere. 9. What are biomes? Ans. In the biosphere, living things form communities based on their physical surroundings. These communities are referred to as biomes. 10. What is the basis of division of atmosphere? Ans. The basis of division of atmosphere is composition, temperature and other properties. Q2. SHORT ANSWERS- 1. Why there is no permanent settlement in Antarctica? Ans. Antarctica is located in the South Pole region, which is permanently covered with thick ice sheets. -
Earth-Science Reviews 197 (2019) 102896
Earth-Science Reviews 197 (2019) 102896 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Earth-Science Reviews journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/earscirev The five deeps: The location and depth of the deepest place in each of the world's oceans T ⁎ Heather A. Stewarta, , Alan J. Jamiesonb a British Geological Survey, Lyell Centre, Research Avenue South, Edinburgh EH14 4AP, UK b School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: The exact location and depth of the deepest places in each of the world's oceans is surprisingly unresolved or at Bathymetry best ambiguous. Out of date, erroneous, misleading, or non-existent data on these locations have propagated Deepest places uncorrected through online sources and the scientific literature. For clarification, this study reviews and assesses Hadal zone the best resolution bathymetric datasets currently available from public repositories. The deepest place in each Oceanic trenches, five oceans ocean are the Molloy Hole in the Fram Strait (Arctic Ocean; 5669 m, 79.137° N/2.817° E), the trench axis of the Puerto Rico Trench (Atlantic Ocean; 8408 m 19.613° N/67.847° W), an unnamed deep in the Java Trench (Indian Ocean; 7290 m, 11.20° S/118.47° E), Challenger Deep in the Mariana Trench (Pacific Ocean; 10,925 m, 11.332° N/142.202° E) and an unnamed deep in the South Sandwich Trench (Southern Ocean; 7385 m, 60.33° S/ 25.28° W). However, discussed are caveats to these locations that range from the published coordinates for a number of named deeps that require correction, some deeps that should fall into abeyance, deeps that are currently unnamed and the problems surrounding variable and low-resolution bathymetric data. -
World Map with Ocean Features
150 120 90 60 30 0 30 60 90 120 Lo 150 180 mon Alpha Ridge osov Rid ARCTIC OCEAN FRANZ JOSEF ge ARCTIC OCEAN ARCTIC OCEAN LAND SEVERN AYA Physical Map of the World ZEM LYA Ellesmere hi ukc Island Ch au dge QUEEN ELIZABETH late d Ri NEW SIBERIAN ISLANDS P win Svalbard NOVAYA Kara Sea With Ocean Features orth Greenland Sea N ISLANDS (NORWAY) ZEMLYA Banks Laptev Sea Lena Island E Barents Sea Delta Beaufort Sea RIDG Wrangel Chukchi Baffin Greenland MOHNS East Siberian Sea Scale 1:35,000,000 Sea (DENMARK) Island Mackenzie Victoria Bay Norwegian Yenisei Robinson Projection Delta Island Baffin Jan Mayen Delta Chukchi (NORWAY) Sea Standard parallels 38°N and 38°S G E Island Sea BROOKS R A N ARCTIC CIRCLE (66°33') Vøring ARCTIC CIRCLE (66°33') ARCTIC CIRCLE (66°33') Plateau White Sea Ob U. S. Great Delta Mt. McKinley Bear Lake Denmark ICELAND NORWAY S I B E R I A (highest point in North America, 6194 m) Davis SWEDEN S Strait Faroe N Bering E I Strait Islands Gulf FINLAND Lake Strait G A Yukon ID (DEN.) of Ladoga Great R T Delta Bothnia Slave Lake ES N N U R U S S I A 60 Hudson A 60 J O Copper YK Bering M Delta Bay RE ES T . Shelf R Labrador Rockall Bering Sea (U.K.) DS Kodiak k N O n UNITED SLA Island Sea a North Baltic L AT . N I Gulf of Alaska l B DENMARK TIA C A N A D A al Sea LITH. -
Convective Mixing by Internal Waves in the Puerto Rico Trench
Journal of Marine Research, 74, 161–173, 2016 Convective mixing by internal waves in the Puerto Rico Trench by Hans van Haren1,2 and Louis Gostiaux3 ABSTRACT A 2.4 km long deep-sea mooring was deployed for 14 months in the Puerto Rico Trench, the deepest part of the Atlantic Ocean. Below its top buoyancy package, the mooring line held a 200 m long string of high-resolution temperature sensors and a current meter. Over the instrumented range between 6,004 and 6,204 m, waters are very weakly stratified, with local buoyancy frequency equaling about 1.9 times the semidiurnal tidal frequency. Besides quiescent waters, the detailed observations show regular vertical turbulent overturning associated with periodic warming and driven by internal tidal and inertial waves. During such episodes, the 4-day and 200 m vertically averaged dissipation rate increases from approximately 10−11 up to 10−9 m2 s−3, and eddy diffusivity increases from 5 × 10−5 up to 4 × 10−3 m2 s−1. No large-scale shear-driven Kelvin-Helmholtz billows are observed, and free convection seems the dominant primary turbulent overturning mechanism affecting material redistribution and life in the weakly stratified environment. Keywords: High-resolution temperature observations; Puerto Rico Trench; deep-ocean convection in weak stratification 1. Introduction As the ocean is basically stably stratified in density from surface to bottom, vertical (“diapycnal”) turbulent exchange is hampered (Gargett 1984), but not blocked. In fact, open oceans’ weak vertical turbulent exchange is still 100-fold larger than molecular dif- fusion (Gregg 1989). In the strongly stratified portions of open seas and oceans away from boundaries, the main process behind diapycnal exchange is shear instability of (partially) opposing currents above and below the pycnocline in combination with (the sparse break- ing of) high-frequency internal waves supported by the same stratification (e.g., Geyer and Smith 1987; Seim and Gregg 1994). -
The Atlantic Ocean
m a rb el The Atlantic Ocean Where is it? In Greek mythology The Atlantic Ocean occupies an elongated, the Atlantic refers to an Atlas S'shaped basin extending between the Americas to the west, and Eurasia and The oldest known mention of the Atlantic Africa to the east. In the north and north' Ocean is contained in The Histories of He- east, it is separated from the Arctic Ocean rodotus around 450 BC . by the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, Greenland, Iceland, Jan Mayen, Svalbard, Before Europeans discovered other oceans, and mainland Europe. the term "ocean" was synonymous with the waters beyond Western Europe that we now Boundaries to the east of the ocean are: know as the Atlantic and which the Greeks Europe, the Strait of Gibraltar and Africa. had believed to be a gigantic river encircling | In the southeast, the Atlantic merges into the Indian Ocean, the border being de- The Atlantic Ocean in numbers fined by the 20° East meridian, running south from Cape Agulhas to Antarctica. It covers approximatelyonedifth (approx. 22%) of the Earth's surface 82,400,000 square km (31,800,000 sq mi) It is connected in the north to the Arctic Ocean (which is sometimes considered a The volume of the Atlantic Ocean is 323,600,000 cubic km (77,640,000 cu mi) sea of the Atlantic), to the Pacific Ocean in The average depths with its adjacent seas, is 3,339 meters (10,936 ft); without them it is the southwest, the Indian Ocean in the 3,926 meters (12,881 ft) southeast, and the Southern Ocean in the The width varies from 2,848 kilometers (1,770 mi) between Brazil and Sierra Leone to over south. -
Caribbean Earthquakes and Hurricane Technical Report by Dr
Caribbean Earthquakes and Hurricane Technical Report By Dr. Frank J. Collazo March 24, 2010 Acknowledgment Ms. Billie Foster edited, formatted, and provided the necessary support required to finish the report. Dr. Tony DiRienzo contributed to the report the technical description of the Richter Scale used as a tool to measure the magnitude of earthquakes since 1935. Dr. DiRienzo has provided several examples showing the effects of parametric changes of the equation that impacts the magnitude of the earthquake and its effects. Introduction The purpose of this report is to assess what is the best area to invest in a commercial enterprise with minimum risk of being exposed to hurricanes and earthquakes. There are three areas addressed in this report: Costa Rica, Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico. The stability of the governments of Costa Rica and Dominican Republic have been scrutinized and analyzed. Costa Rica is exposed to earthquakes, volcanoes and hurricanes. Costa Rica's governance and economy have been stable for over 60 years. Costa Rica has had ten earthquakes (3.0 to 7.6) for the period December 12, 2009 to 24 January, 2010. The Dominican republic is exposed to hurricanes, frequent mild earthquakes, and Tsunamis. The Dominican Republic has won the Turismo first place in the Caribbean since 2007, previously held by Puerto Rico. The Dominican Republic ha had two major earthquakes (8.0 and 1.3 magnitude) in 1946 and 2003. Puerto Rico had four major earthquakes (1670, 1787, 1867, and 1918) and several major hurricanes. Puerto Rico had several minor earthquakes below a magnitude of 3.0. -
Pacific Ocean Teacher Guide Pacific Ocean Activities Overview
PACIFIC OCEAN TEACHER GUIDE PACIFIC OCEAN ACTIVITIES OVERVIEW Use this helpful overview to decide which activities to do with your students based on their grade/readiness level and the amount of time you have available. An Introduction to the Pacific Ocean Shake & Bake: Earthquakes and Volcanoes of the Pacific. Grades K-4 Time Needed: 45 minutes Learn where volcanoes and earthquakes occur in the Pacific by acting out these geological events on the giant map. Simon Says….Explore!.......................................................Grades K-8 Time Needed: 15 minutes and up (activity is flexible as to grade level, size of group, and amount of time). Play this popular and fun game while exploring the Pacific Ocean. (Can be used as a pre- assessment or post-assessment tool.) Trench – Trench – Rise! ......................................................Grades 3-5 Time Needed: 45 minutes Play a fun game that locates the trenches of the Pacific and the directional movement of the oceanic plates. Animals & Plants of the Pacific...............................................Grades 3-5 Time Needed: 45 minutes Place photo cards of marine iguanas, blue fin tunas, giant squid and twenty-one other animals and plants on their correct habitat in this fun game in which you learn how animals and plants adapt to their habitats. Cities in the Sea: Coral Reefs of the Pacific. Grades 3-8 Time Needed: 45 minutes Explore the biodiversity of the Great Barrier, Galápagos, Hawaiian, and Kingman reefs by handling models, plotting colorful photo cards, and understanding the relationships between organisms in reef ecosystems. Ocean Commotion: Currents and Gyres. Grades 3-8 Time Needed: 45 minutes Catch a wave! Act out the currents and gyres of the Pacific Ocean and see how the Pacific Garbage Patch formed.