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Composition and Distribution of Aquatic Coleoptera (Insecta) in Low- Order Streams in the State of São Paulo, Brazil: Influence of Environmental Factors

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Composition and Distribution of Aquatic Coleoptera (Insecta) in Low- Order Streams in the State of São Paulo, Brazil: Influence of Environmental Factors Composition and distribution of aquatic Coleoptera (Insecta) in low- order streams in the state of São Paulo, Brazil: influence of environmental factors. SEGURA1 , M.O., FONSECA-GESSNER2 , A.A. & TANAKA2, M.O. 1 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Recursos Naturais, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, [email protected] 2 Laboratório de Entomologia Aquática, Departamento de Hidrobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Cx Postal 676. CEP 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brasil. ABSTRACT: Composition and distribution of aquatic Coleoptera (Insecta) in low-order streams in the State of São Paulo, Brazil: Influence of environmental factors. A comparative study of the coleopteran fauna in low-order streams was carried out within six Conservation Units in São Paulo State, Brazil, in order to make an inventory and assess environmental influences. Twenty streams were sampled, between May and October 2005, with a Surber sampler. Some abiotic factors, such as temperature, stream velocity, electrical conductivity, pH and dissolved oxygen, were recorded at each collection site. Examination of 1,506 specimens of Coleoptera revealed 43 genera distributed in 13 families, one of these (Elmidae) representing 83.47% of all specimens. The abiotic data for the various streams were compared by principal component analysis (PCA) and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was employed to verify the influence of environmental variables on species composition and abundance in the sampled streams. The environmental variables indicated various differences among the streams and the distribution of coleopteran species in the streams was best explained by water temperatures and deforestation. Environmental and spatial variables jointly contributed with 20% to explain the variance in assemblage structure, so that the collection of sites analyzed here present low variation, and can be used as reference sites in biomonitoring programmes. Key-words: aquatic insects, abiotic factors, conservation units, Neotropical region. RESUMO: Composição e distribuição de Coleoptera aquáticos (Insecta) em córregos de baixa ordem no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil: Influência dos fatores ambientais. O presente trabalho foi realizado em seis Unidades de Conservação do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, tendo como objetivo inventariar e comparar a fauna de coleópteros em córregos de baixa ordem. Foram amostrados vinte córregos entre os meses de maio e outubro em 2005, com amostrador tipo Surber. Alguns fatores abióticos, como temperatura, velocidade da corrente, condutividade, pH, oxigênio dissolvido da água foram registrados em todos os pontos de coleta. A análise dos 1506 exemplares de Coleoptera indicou a presença de 43 gêneros distribuídos em 13 famílias, das quais Elmidae representou 83,47% do total de indivíduos coletados. Para comparar os córregos em relação aos dados abióticos foi realizada uma Análise de Componentes Principais (PCA) e uma Análise Correspondência Canônica (CCA) para verificar a relação das variáveis ambientais com a composição e abundância das espécies, bem como os córregos amostrados. O conjunto de variáveis ambientais analisa- das neste estudo evidenciou algumas diferenças entre os córregos e a temperatura da água bem como o desflorestamento foram as variáveis que melhor explicaram a distribui- ção das espécies de Coleoptera nos córregos amostrados. As variáveis espaciais e ambientais explicaram cerca de 20% da variância na estrutura das comunidades. Assim, os córregos amostrados aqui apresentaram baixa variação, e podem ser usados como áreas de referência em programas de biomonitoramento. Palavras-chave: insetos aquáticos, fatores abióticos, unidades de conservação, Região Neotropical. Introduction freshwater ecosystems, which can be found in all kinds of aquatic and semiaquatic Aquatic coleopterans comprise a environments, inhabiting water bodies of group of insects widely distributed in all types and sizes that include special Acta Limnol. Bras., 19(3):247-256, 2007 247 ecosystems such as brackish lagoons, where historically the land has suffered temporary pools in hollow trees and large-scale substitution of the natural biota bromeliads, marshes, high-altitude lakes, by sugarcane plantations and cattle ranches, rapids and temporary puddles (Ribera et al., so that only a few natural patches remain 2002; Merritt & Cummins, 1996). (in Conservation Units), this study was Coleopterans play an important part elaborated with the aim of listing and in maintaining the ecological equilibrium in comparing the coleopteran fauna in low- aquatic habitats, as these insects occupy order streams in Conservation Units in São niches at several trophic levels, from plant- Paulo State. The focus on low-order streams eating scrapers up to predators (Merritt & is based on the recorded presence of a Cummins, 1996; Costa et al., 2006). In fact, unique community of insects in these some species of the superfamily habitats. Dryopoidea are often used as diagnostic indicators of water quality (Brown, 1981; Material and methods Hilsenhoff, 1977) and certain scientists incorporate the order Coleoptera into the Study area EPT (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and The field material was collected, Trichoptera) Index of water quality (Compin between May and October 2005, from 20 & Céréghino, 2003). low-order streams - orders 1 to 3 in Strahler´s Around 350,000 species of insects are hydrological classification (1957) - located classified as coleopterans. About 6,000 of in 6 Conservation Units in São Paulo State, these species are aquatic or semiaquatic; in zones of the Atlantic Forest these are distributed in 27 families (semideciduous, mixed evergreen and (Hutchinson, 1957), of which 16 are known dense evergreen rainforest) and the cerra- in Brazil (Costa et al., 1988). do, two biodiversity hotspots regarded The collecting of information on worldwide as priority conservation areas. aquatic coleopterans in the Neotropical The units visited were: Parque Estadual de region is still at an early stage and most of Campos de Jordão (PECJ), Parque Estadual the existing data is scattered in various de Vassununga (PEV), Parque Estadual de publications on the taxonomy and ecology Intervales (PEI), Parque Estadual do Morro of the region (Benetti & Hamada, 2003; do Diabo (PEMD), Estação Ecológica de Benetti et al., 2003; Passos et al., 2003). Caetetus (EEC) and Parque Estadual de No up-to-date list of genera found in Brazil Furnas do Bom Jesus (PEFBJ). is available, the two existing rarities being those compiled by Blackwelder (1944; 1957, neotropical distribution of coleopterans) and Sampling and data analysis Brown (1981, world distribution of the In each stream, the main environmental Elmidae family). features (presence of riparian vegetation and In Brazil, the ever-growing impact of closed canopy) were noted and human activity on freshwater bodies, physicochemical properties of the water together with the scarcity of data on local (dissolved oxygen content (D.O.), pH, coleopterans, has led to general concern electrical conductivity and temperature) on the part of researchers about the possible were measured with a Horiba U-10 loss of species, probably including many multiprobe. In addition, the depth of the as yet undescribed. Currently, around 22 water column and width of the stream were species of aquatic coleopterans are named recorded and the average speed of the in the IUCN (International Union for the water current was calculated from float-test Conservation of Nature) red list of measurements (Wetzel & Likens, 1991). threatened species, under the heading The sampling effort employed was 6 “extinct”, including two Brazilian dytiscid sites per stream, including riffles and pools, species, Megadytes ducalis and Rhantus within a single stretch of 100 m. Samples orbignyi, (IUCN, 2006). of the fauna were taken with a Surber In view of the ecological importance sampler with a surface contact area of 30x and diversity of coleopterans, together with 30 cm and a 250 mm mesh. the lack of data on their occurrence in lotic The samples were packed in labeled water, especially in São Paulo State, Brazil, jars containing water from the same site 248 SEGURA, M.O. et al. Composition and distribution of aquatic Coleptera (Insecta)... and transported to the study centre of the Results conservation unit, where the material was sorted on a bottom-lit surface and chosen The measurements of abiotic variable specimens were fixed and preserved in 70% data revealed little variability among the ethanol. Later, in the laboratory, coleopterans sampled streams (Tab. I). Thus, the streams were identified under stereoscopic low- could be characterized as follows: shallow power microscope and counted. Animals (maximum depth 30 cm), narrow (maximum were identified with the help of taxonomic width 2.7m) and slow flowing (mean speed keys, by comparing with descriptions and 0.1-0.6m/s), with well-oxygenated (D.O. 5.9- drawings and, when possible, by a 10.8 mg.L-1) water of low electrical specialist. Some of the identified material conductivity (10-70mS.cm-1) and near-neutral was deposited in the aquatic insect pH (4.35-7.12). The streams in the Parque collection of the Aquatic Entomology Estadual de Intervales contrasted with the Laboratory of the Department of rest, having pH values from 8,8 to 8,3 and Hydrobiology at the Federal University of high conductivities (56-204 mS.cm-1). The São Carlos (UFSCar, SP, Brazil) and some lowest water temperatures were recorded specimens in the São Paulo Zoology in streams in the
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