LETTERS DOI: 10.7589/2017-09-218 Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 54(2), 2018, Pp
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LETTERS DOI: 10.7589/2017-09-218 Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 54(2), 2018, pp. 000–000 Ó Wildlife Disease Association 2018 Lack of Detection of Avian Influenza, Newcastle Disease, and West Nile Viruses in Wild Birds of Northeastern Brazil Camile Lugarini,1,2,3,6 Renata Hurtado,4,5 Jansen de Araujo,5 Tatiana Ometto,5 Luciano Thomazelli,5 Marina de Seixas,5 Edison Durigon,5 and Jean Carlos Silva2,3 1Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservac¸a˜o de Aves Silvestres, Rodovia Maur´ıcio Sirotski Sobrinho s/n, SC 402—km 02, Trevo Jurere,ˆ Florianopolis,´ Santa Catarina, 88.053- 700, Brazil; 2Departamento de Medicina Veterina´ria, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros, s/n, Dois Irma˜os, Recife, Pernambuco, 52171-900, Brazil; 3Instituto Brasileiro para Medicina da Conservac¸a˜o- Tr´ıade. Rua Silveira Lobo, 32, Caixa Postal 48, Casa Forte, Recife, Pernambuco, 852061-030, Brazil; 4Departamento de Medicina Veterina´ria Preventiva e Saude´ Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterina´ria e Zootecnia, Universidade de Sa˜o Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Cidade Universita´ria, 05508-270, Sa˜o Paulo, Brazil; 5Laboratorio´ BSL3þ de Virologia Cl´ınica e Molecular, Instituto de Cienciasˆ Biome´dicas, Universidade de Sa˜o Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1374, Cidade Universita´ria, Sa˜o Paulo, 05508-900, Brazil; 6Corresponding author (e-mail: camile.lugarini@ icmbio.gov.br) ABSTRACT: We tested 529 wild birds captured in The NDV (Paramyxoviridae), a variant of northeastern Brazil for infection by avian influ- avian paramyxovirus 1, is classified as either enza, Newcastle disease, and West Nile. Viruses lentogenic, mesogenic, or velogenic. It is one were not detected by real-time PCR with the exception of one Tropical Gnatcatcher (Polioptila of the most important viruses of avian species plumbea) positive for influenza virus, but this globally, with outbreaks potentially leading to could not be confirmed by viral isolation or gene substantial economic losses to the poultry sequencing. industry. Newcastle disease virus was first introduced to Brazil in 1953, and a series of Avian influenza viruses (AIVs), Newcastle outbreaks was recorded in Brazil during the disease virus (NDV), and West Nile virus 1970s and 1980s. It was only in 2003, after (WNV) are significant to animal and public stricter control measures and extensive vacci- health and may be relevant to the conserva- nation campaigns of poultry with attenuated tion of wild birds worldwide. Despite their strains were implemented, that the country was recognized as free of pathogenic NDV importance, few studies of these viruses in strains (Orsi et al. 2010). However, serologic wild birds have been conducted in Brazil. studies demonstrate more recent circulation The AIV (Orthomyxoviridae) are a global of lentogenic NDV strains in wild and threat to food animal production and distri- domestic birds (Silva et al. 2006). Lentogenic bution systems, as well as to human health, NDV was detected by real-time PCR in a and have been detected in a broad variety of Sanderling (Calidris alba) and a Semipalmat- mammals and birds (Salomon and Webster ed Sandpiper in northeastern Brazil in 2007 2009). Aquatic birds are traditionally per- (Thomazelli et al. 2012). ceived as the main reservoirs of these viruses; The WNV (Flaviviridae) is a mosquito- however, recent studies have shown that AIV borne virus maintained in nature in an maintenance is dependent upon complex enzootic transmission cycle between birds multiavian systems (Caron et al. 2017). There and ornithophilic mosquitoes that infect a have been relatively few studies about AIV in range of vertebrate hosts and may have a high Brazil, and to date, only low-pathogenicity impact on human and animal health (McLean AIV strains have been isolated, including an and Ubico 2007). Serologic surveys in Brazil H2N1 strain from a Semipalmated Sandpiper have identified equids and chickens seropos- (Calidris pusilla), an H3 strain from a Ruddy itive for WNV, but not wild birds, and no Turnstone (Arenaria interpres), a Kelp Gull studies have obtained positive results in (Larus dominicanus), and a Semipalmated equine and avian hosts through direct diag- Sandpiper, and an H11N9 strain from Ruddy nostic methods (Ometto et al. 2013). Howev- Turnstones (Hurtado and Vanstreels 2016). er, the first human case of WNV encephalitis 1 2 JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES, VOL. 54, NO. 2, APRIL 2018 in the country was recorded in 2014 in Piauı´ Gnatcatcher (Polioptila plumbea) captured at State, highlighting the importance of surveil- Raso da Catarina Ecological Station in April lance of the virus in northeastern Brazil 2013 that appeared healthy. The cycle thresh- (Vieira et al. 2015). old (CT) value for this sample was 38, which In this study, we investigated the occur- indicates a relatively low concentration of viral rence of AIV, NDV, and WNV in wild birds in RNA. The positive sample was inoculated into two morphoclimatic domains in northeastern 9-d-old specific-pathogen-free embryonated Brazil: Caatinga and Atlantic Forest. The chicken eggs; Sanger sequencing of a con- Caatinga is in a semiarid region with a hot served region of 192 base pairs of genomic and dry climate, composed of a mosaic of nonstructural segment was attempted for the thornscrubandseasonallydryforest;it PCR-positive sample (Araujo et al. 2014). We harbors about 510 avian species (Silva et al. could not retrieve AIV by these methods and 2003). The Atlantic Forest is an extensive it was concluded that the sample was negative. block of evergreen forests that extend mostly This was not surprising, as it is well estab- along the coast of Brazil and parts of Paraguay lished that these techniques have limited and Argentina, harboring about 620 avian success when applied to samples with high species, of which 29% are endemic (Myers et CT values due to the low quantity of viable al. 2000). Despite their remarkable biodiver- virions or the partial degradation of viral RNA sity, Caatinga and the northeastern parts of (Stallknecht et al. 2012; Hurtado et al. 2016). Atlantic Forest have been largely neglected by We were therefore unable to confirm active the scientific community and are underpro- shedding of AIV, NDV, or WNV in the birds tected (Silva et al. 2003; Tabarelli et al. 2010), sampled. This does not exclude the circulation and there is virtually no information on the of these viruses in the region, as the circulation of AIV, NDV, and WNV in the prevalence of these viruses may vary tempo- avian communities of these habitats. rally. Hurtado et al. (2016) reported that, with From July 2012 to July 2013, oropharyngeal few exceptions, real-time PCR-positive results and cloacal swabs were collected from 529 were obtained only for species with .100 wild birds (adults and juveniles) from 89 sampled individuals, possibly an indication species belonging to 26 families in two that the species sampled in this study may also protected areas (Figure 1, Table S1): Guaribas have been infected but the sample size was Biological Reserve, an area of coastal Atlantic too small to allow for detection. Forest in Paraıba´ State (684301000 S, In conclusion, Brazil harbors highly diverse 358110600 W), and Raso da Catarina Ecological avian communities that remain poorly studied Station, an area of Caatinga in Bahia State for these viruses. Further surveillance efforts (984504700 S, 3883102600 W). Sampling and sam- to detect these and other avian-borne viruses ple storage were conducted in accordance are therefore necessary, particularly in areas with the protocol of Hurtado et al. (2016). All of high avian diversity and endemism. RNAs were extracted using 53 MagMAXe 96 We are grateful to the Conselho Nacional viral isolation kit (AM1836, Applied Biosys- de Desenvolvimento Cientıfico´ e Tecnologico´ temse, ThermoFisher Scientific, Foster City, for its financial support (CNPq 481663/2011- California, USA) following the manufacturer’s 8) and for the fellowships to E.D. and J.C.S.. instructions. Methodology for viral nucleic Thank you to Justin Zweck and Ralph acid detection, virus isolation, and sequencing Vanstreels for kindly reviewing this manu- is described by Araujo et al. (2014) for AIV, script. Thomazelli et al. (2012) for NDV, and Ometto et al. (2013) for WNV. SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL All samples were negative for NDV and WNV, and all but one sample were negative Supplementary material for this article is for AIV. The only AIV-positive result was online at http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/ obtained from an adult female of Tropical 2017-09-218. LETTERS 3 FIGURE 1. Map of the study areas: Guaribas Biological Reserve in the northeastern Brazilian Atlantic Forest and Raso da Catarina Ecological Reserve in Caatinga. Sampling sites are indicated with small stars. The positive avian influenza virus (AIV) sample from a Tropical Gnatcatcher (Polioptila plumbea) was detected at Raso da Catarina Ecological Station (large star). Previously reported virus detections (Obenauer et al. 2006, Senne et al. 2010, Thomazelli et al. 2012, Araujo´ et al. 2014, Vieira et al. 2015) are indicated and include: AIV in wild birds (triangles), AIV and lentogenic Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in wild birds (square), and the first human case of West Nile virus (WNV) encephalitis in Brazil (circle). LITERATURE CITED Myers N, Mittermeier RA, Mittermeier CG, da Fonseca GAB, Kent J. 2000. Biodiversity hotspots for conser- Araujo J, Azevedo SM Jr, Gaidet N, Hurtado RF, Walker vation priorities. Nature 403:853–858. D, Thomazelli LM, Ometto T, Seixas MMM, Ro- Ometto T, Durigon EL, de Araujo J, Aprelon R, de Aguiar drigues R, Galindo DB, et al. 2014. Avian influenza DM, Cavalcante GT, Melo RM, Levi JE, de Azevedo virus (H11N9) in migratory shorebirds wintering in SM, Junior´ Petry MV, et al. 2013. West Nile virus the Amazon region, Brazil. PLoS One 9:e110141. surveillance, Brazil, 2008–2010.