α2-Adrenoceptor and 5-Ht3 Serotonin Receptor
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Virginia Commonwealth University VCU Scholars Compass Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 2012 α2-ADRENOCEPTOR AND 5-HT3 SEROTONIN RECEPTOR LIGANDS AS POTENTIAL ANALGESIC ADJUVANTS Genevieve Alley Virginia Commonwealth University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd Part of the Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Commons © The Author Downloaded from https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/2867 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at VCU Scholars Compass. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of VCU Scholars Compass. For more information, please contact [email protected]. © Genevieve Sirles Alley 2012 All Rights Reserved i α2-ADRENOCEPTOR AND 5-HT3 SEROTONIN RECEPTOR LIGANDS AS POTENTIAL ANALGESIC ADJUVANTS A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Virginia Commonwealth University. by Genevieve Sirles Alley Bachelor of Science in Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University 2005 Director: Małgorzata Dukat, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Department of Medicinal Chemistry Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, Virginia August 2012 ii ACKNOWLEDGMENT First, I would like to thank Dr. Małgorzata Dukat for her continued assistance and advice throughout my studies. This guidance has helped me better understand and appreciate medicinal chemistry. Also, a special thanks is given to both Dr. Dukat and Dr. Richard A. Glennon for their constant quizzing during group meetings, which not only helped me recongnize what I did not already understand, but also, improved my ability to devise potential solutions for future research problems. Furthermore, I could not have successfully completed this dissertation work without the help of Dr. Jin-Sung Kim as my synthetic chemistry trainer, Dr. Phil Mosier as my molecular modeling trainer and Dr. Richard Young and Shawquia Young as mentors and instructors for the behavioral animal studies. These trainers provided me with much guidance and leadership, which helped me remain optimistic and patient through the various research problems that occurred. Furthermore, I would like to thank Virginia Commonwealth University and the School of Pharmacy for giving me this opportunity as well as providing me with financial assistance for the graduate school award for dissertation writing. These studies were supported by the Jeffress Memorial Trust RG-J-778 and the A. D. Williams Trust Fund awarded to Dr. Dukat. And last but certainly not least, I would like to thank my husband, Stuart Alley, and my parents, Scott and Louisa Sirles, for their constant support and patience throughout my studies at VCU. A special thanks is given to my graduate school collegues, Jessica Worsham, Kendra Haney and Rossana Ferrera, who provided support, motivation and confidence even when I was filled with frustration and defeat. I could not have successfully completed my graduate work without all of these people in the lab and at home. ii iii TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables ............................................................................................................... ix List of Figures .............................................................................................................. xi List of Schemes ........................................................................................................... xxiv List of Abbreviations .................................................................................................... xxv Abstract ....................................................................................................................... xxviii I. Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1 II. Background ................................................................................................................ 7 A. Current therapy for cancer pain ........................................................................... 7 1. Nonopioid therapies ........................................................................................ 8 2. Opioid therapies ............................................................................................. 9 3. Adjuvant therapies ........................................................................................ 10 4. Pain pathways and pain control theories ...................................................... 10 B. Adrenoceptors .................................................................................................... 11 1. Classification ................................................................................................ 11 2. α2-Adrenoceptors .......................................................................................... 13 a) Structure and distribution ......................................................................... 13 b) Adrenoceptor agonists ............................................................................. 16 iii iv 1) Pharmacology and clinical relevance.................................................. 16 2) Structure-affinity relationships (SAFIRs) ............................................ 17 c) Adrenoceptor antagonists ........................................................................ 21 1) Pharmacology and clinical relevance.................................................. 21 2) Structure-affinity relationships (SAFIRs) ............................................ 21 d) Binding mode of α2-adrenoceptor agonists .............................................. 24 e) Descending control of pain ....................................................................... 25 C. Serotonin receptors ............................................................................................ 26 1. Classification ................................................................................................ 26 2. 5-HT3 receptors ............................................................................................ 29 a) Structure and distribution ......................................................................... 29 b) 5-HT3 receptor agonists ........................................................................... 31 c) 5-HT3 receptor antagonists ...................................................................... 34 d) Descending control of pain ....................................................................... 35 D. MD-354 (21) ...................................................................................................... 39 1. Binding affinity ............................................................................................... 39 2. In vitro functional activity................................................................................ 40 3. In vivo functional activity ................................................................................ 41 a) MD-354 (21) administered alone .............................................................. 41 b) MD-354 (21) administered in combination with clonidine (7) .................... 42 III. Specific aims and rationale ..................................................................................... 49 iv v A. To further investigate the mechanism of action of the analgesia-potentiating effect of clonidine (7) by MD-354 (21) ................................................................ 49 B. Exploration of conformationally-constrained rotamers of MD-354 (21) ............... 56 C. MD-354 (21) binding mode at α2-adrenoceptors ................................................ 61 IV. Results and discussion ........................................................................................... 65 A. Pharmacological studies: Nociceptive and locomotor activity animal models and binding assays ............................................................................................. 65 1. Ondansetron (23) ......................................................................................... 69 2. meta-Chlorophenylbiguanide (20; mCPBG) ................................................. 72 a) Tail-flick assay ......................................................................................... 72 b) Hot-plate assay ........................................................................................ 78 c) Locomotor activity assay .......................................................................... 81 d) Summary .................................................................................................. 83 3. SR57227A (22) ............................................................................................. 84 a) Tail-flick assay ......................................................................................... 84 b) Hot-plate assay ........................................................................................ 89 c) Locomotor activity assay .......................................................................... 91 d) Summary .................................................................................................. 93 4. TDIQ (6)........................................................................................................ 94 a) Tail-flick assay ......................................................................................... 94 b) Hot-plate assay ......................................................................................