Psychological Therapy in Prisons and Other Secure Settings
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Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 01:43 24 May 2016 Psychological Therapy in Prisons and Other Secure Settings Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 01:43 24 May 2016 Psychological Therapy in Prisons and Other Secure Settings Edited by Joel Harvey and Kirsty Smedley Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 01:43 24 May 2016 Published by Willan Publishing 2 Park Square Milton Park Abingdon Oxon OX14 4RN Published simultaneously in the USA and Canada by Willan Publishing 270 Madison Avenue New York NY 10016 © The editors and contributors 2010 All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the Publishers or a licence permitting copying in the UK issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. First published 2010 ISBN 978-1-84392-799-0 paperback 978-1-84392-800-3 hardback British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 01:43 24 May 2016 Project managed by Deer Park Productions, Tavistock, Devon Typeset by GCS, Leighton Buzzard, Bedfordshire Printed and bound by T.J. International, Padstow, Cornwall (01) Prelims.indd 4 28/09/2010 10:57:14 Contents List of figures and tables ix List of abbreviations xi Acknowledgements xv Notes on contributors xvii Foreword by Graham J. Towl xxiii 1 Introduction 1 Joel Harvey and Kirsty Smedley The mental health needs of prisoners 3 The psychosocial experience of imprisonment 5 Meeting the mental health needs of prisoners through psychological therapy 7 A shift in the role of psychologists in prisons 10 Outline of chapters 12 Keeping context central to therapy provision 18 2 Therapy and mental health in-reach teams 26 Alice Mills and Kathleen Kendall Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 01:43 24 May 2016 Introduction 26 The context of the prison mental health in-reach programme 26 The realities of the in-reach programme 31 Equivalence: Achievable? Realistic? Desirable? 37 Prison therapy: a contradiction in terms? 40 Conclusion 42 v (02) Contents.indd 5 28/09/2010 10:46:17 Psychological Therapy in Prisons and Other Secure Settings 3 Attachment-based psychodynamic psychotherapy 48 Mary Haley Introduction 48 Key theoretical concepts 49 Attachment theory and its relevance to adult offenders 53 Attachment-related themes in the prison environment 56 Providing therapy in prison 59 Case example 62 Markers of progress in therapy 65 Endings 66 The importance of clinical supervision 66 Conclusion 67 4 Cognitive behaviour therapy with adolescents in secure settings 71 Kirsty Smedley The secure estate for young people 72 Prevalence rates of mental health difficulties in young offenders 73 Developmental issues in adolescence 74 An overview of cognitive behaviour therapy 75 The evidence base for CBT 78 Using CBT with adolescents in secure settings 79 Defining and understanding psychosis 80 Psychosis and evidence-based practice 82 Case vignette 84 The challenges of providing therapy in prisons 94 Conclusion 97 5 Cognitive analytic therapy with young adult offenders 102 Abigail Willis Introduction 102 Engaging young adult offenders in mental health services 105 Cognitive analytic therapy 106 Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 01:43 24 May 2016 What does cognitive analytic therapy involve? 108 Cognitive analytic therapy reformulation with young adult offenders 111 Reformulation in practice 113 Cognitive analytic therapy recognition with young adult offenders 119 Cognitive analytic therapy revision (developing exits) with young adult offenders 120 vi Contents Contextual challenges for achieving change: the role for consultation and systemic approach 122 The need for a flexible application of the cognitive analytic therapy model and tools 124 Ethical considerations 125 Conclusion 126 6 Systemic psychotherapy in prison 130 David Shelton A brief history and context 130 The author’s work context 132 Research and systemic practice in prisons and forensic mental health settings 133 Recent developments 134 Key systemic concepts in the author’s practice 135 Case example 140 Conclusion 146 7 Working with trauma in a prison setting 150 Andrew Rogers and Heather Law Introduction 150 Brief trauma theory and the ‘fight or flight’ response 151 Traumatic re-enactment 152 Attachment, trauma and brain development 153 Post-traumatic stress disorder 155 Intervention approaches 158 Case example 162 Challenges and ethical considerations 170 Conclusion 172 8 Therapeutic practice with women in prisons and other secure settings 176 Jules Pearson Understanding the internal world of women in Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 01:43 24 May 2016 forensic settings 179 Case example 1 181 Problematic service dynamics 182 Case example 2 185 Helping staff to respond, rather than react, to disturbing histories and enactments of the past 186 Conclusion 191 vii (02) Contents.indd 7 28/09/2010 10:47:04 Psychological Therapy in Prisons and Other Secure Settings 9 Therapy with black and minority ethnic people in prisons and secure mental health settings: keeping race in mind 195 Frank Lowe and Jules Pearson Background and context 196 Clinical assessments and psychological input for black and minority ethnic people in forensic settings 197 Case example 1 200 Case example 2 202 Discussion of case examples 1 and 2 204 Thinking about psychological input for black people 205 Conclusion 210 10 The role of therapeutic communities in forensic settings: developments, research and adaptations 215 Richard Shuker and John Shine Introduction 215 Origins and background to therapeutic community practice 215 Therapeutic communities and interventions for offenders 217 The development of a treatment model 219 Therapeutic communities and evidence-based practice 221 TCs, research and treatment outcomes 222 Research and prison-based TCs 223 TCs and responsivity: which offender groups benefit from treatment? 224 Treatment dosage and sequencing 225 Future challenges 226 Conclusion 230 11 Therapy and offending behaviour programmes 234 Danny Clark Introduction 234 Early psychological interventions with offenders 234 Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 01:43 24 May 2016 The development of offending behaviour programmes 238 The standardisation and accreditation of programmes 242 Evaluation and outcomes of programmes 245 Back to basics 247 Improving offending behaviour programmes 251 Index 25 viii List of figures and tables Figures 4.1 Psychological formulation 89 5.1 Aggression trap 116 5.2 Caring for others trap 117 5.3 Avoidance snag 118 Tables 5.1 Predominant reciprocal roles 115 Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 01:43 24 May 2016 ix List of abbreviations A&E Accident and Emergency AAI Adult Attachment Interview ADHD Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder APA American Psychological Association BME Black and minority ethnic people CAMHS Child and adolescent mental health services CARAT Counselling, assessment, referral, advice and throughcare CAT Cognitive analytic therapy CBT Cognitive-behaviour[al] therapy CMHTs Community mental health teams CPA Care programme approach CPN Community psychiatric nurse CRE Commission for Racial Equality CSAP Correctional Services Accreditation Panel CSIP Care Services Improvement Partnership DBT Dialectical behavioural therapy DCSF Department of Children, Schools and Families Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 01:43 24 May 2016 DH Department of Health DRE Delivering Race Equality DSM-IV-TR Diagnostic Statistical Manual IV Text Revision DSPD Dangerous and Severe Personality Disorder DTO Detention and training order EMDR Eye movement desensitisation reprocessing ETS Enhanced Thinking Skills FOR Focus on Resettlement xi (04) List of abbreviations.indd 11 28/09/2010 10:47:33 Psychological Therapy in Prisons and Other Secure Settings FWT Family work team GBH Grievous bodily harm GHQ General health questionnaire GP General practitioner HMCIP Her Majesty’s Chief Inspector of Prisons HMP Her Majesty’s Prison HMPS Her Majesty’s Prison Service HMSO Her Majesty’s Stationery Office IAPT Improving access to psychological therapies ICD International Classification of Diseases IEP Incentives and earned privileges IQ Intelligence quotient KPIs Key performance indicators LASCH Local authority secure children’s home MAPPA Multi-agency public protection arrangements MDT Multi-disciplinary team MHA Mental Health Act MHIRTs Mental health in-reach teams MST Multi-systemic therapy NHS National Health Service NICE National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence NOMS National Offender Management Service NPM New public management NSF National Service Framework OBPs Offending behaviour programmes OBPU Offending Behaviour Programmes Unit OMSAS Offender management and sentencing analytical services OPB Offence Paralleling Behaviour PCTs Primary Care Trusts PD Personality disorder PORT Patient Outcomes Research Team PRT Prison Reform Trust Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 01:43 24 May 2016 PTSD Post-traumatic stress disorder RCT Randomised controlled trial RNR Risk-needs responsivity SC Supportive counselling SCMH Sainsbury Centre for Mental Health SMI Severe and enduring mental illness SoCRATES The Study of Cognitive Realignment Therapy in Early Schizophrenia xii List of abbreviations SOTP Sex Offender Treatment Programme SST Strange Situation Test STC Secure