Aïda Homs Raubert

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Aïda Homs Raubert Epigenetic alterations in autism spectrum disorders (ASD) Aïda Homs Raubert DOCTORAL THESIS UPF 2015 THESIS SUPERVISORS Prof. Luis A. Pérez Jurado Dra. Ivon Cuscó Martí DEPARTAMENT DE CIÈNCIES EXPERIMENTALS I DE LA SALUT Als meus pares, a l’Alexandra a l’Agustí i als bessons que vindran iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Aquesta no és nomes la meva tesi, en ella han contribuït moltes persones, tant de l’entorn del parc de recerca, de terres lleidatanes, Berguedanes i fins i tot de l’altra banda de l’Atlàntic. Primer, volia agrair als directors de tesi, al Prof. Luis Pérez Jurado i a la Dra. Ivon Cuscó, tot el temps dedicat a revisar i corregir els raonaments i les paraules en aquesta tesi, ja que sempre han tingut la porta oberta per atendre qualsevol dubte. També per haver-me ensenyat una metodologia, un rigor i un llenguatge científic, on l’entrenament és necessari per assolir els conceptes per la recerca en concret, i pel món de la ciència i la genètica. Gràcies per la dedicació, la paciencia, la feina i energia dipositada. No hagués arribat al mateix port si al laboratori no m’hagués trobat amb persones que m’inspiren. Primer de tot, a les nenes: a la Gabi, la companya de vaixell fins i tot el dia de dipositar la tesi, perquè sobretot ens hem sabut acompanyar i entendre malgrat tenir altres maneres de funcionar, gràcies. També a la Marta i la Cristina, que amb la seva honestedat i bona fe, omplen el laboratori de bones energies, gràcies per ser-hi en tot moment. I a la Marta, també per ajudar-me en moltes coses relacionades amb la recerca i la pantalla negra. També, a la Clara i la Maria, que encomanen el seu optimisme i l’amor a la genètica. I a totes elles per totes les vivències juntes, gràcies. Al laboratori, també hi han hagut noves incorporacions, com la Roser, que ha portat un trosset de la manera de treballar americana, sempre disposada a ajudar i sempre amb un somriure. Gràcies per ajudar-me en moltes coses i per l’entesa a nivell personal. Per altra banda, també hi havia incorporacions des dels inicis del lab, com la Raquel, que m’ha ajudat amb moltes coses a nivell tècnic i que sempre s’ha mostrat disposada a ajudar en dissenys d’experiments i interpretacions. A l’Armand, al Marcos, i al Benja que sempre s’han mostrat disposats a ajudar amb la bioinformàtica. I també a tots els altres companys de laboratori, Judit, Mariví, Matilde i becaris que hem compartit estones i treball científic. També al Josep d’informàtica, que l’hem atabalat molt. v A l’altra banda de l’Atlàntic, agrair a la Dra. Janine LaSalle i la Dra. Diane Schroeder de la Universitat de California Davis per la seva acollida, la seva aportació al projecte científic i per tota l’experiència viscuda, que va canviar per complet la meva percepció de la ciència. De quina manera? Docns en la percepció de la ciència allà i aquí, per guanyar confiança en el projecte de recerca i en mi, per l’ambient independent on l’eficiència és palesa, per un altre tipus d’educació,etc. Gràcies a tots els companys del lab en especial a la Diane, per la seva amistat que encara segueix i pel seu suport, fins i tot, quatre dies abans de la tesi, quan on les seves paraules d’ànims reconforten. Agrair als amics les bones estones passades aquests anys. Primer als companys de pis, el Jordi i la Txell, que hem compartit molts sopars, i moltes xerrades. També a la Marta, per ser-hi i anar coordinades en el camí, donant-nos suport i ajudant-nos quan és necessari. A l’Anna Graupera per ser tant bona persona i companya d’experiències per qualsevol bombardeig. A l’Anna Baulies, per la seva energia, per compartir l’amor al Pallars i per mil xerrades. A l’Emma pel cordó umbilical lligat a terres pallareses i per la seva senzillesa. A l’Estel per ser l’estel del nord que va pensar en mi en un moment en concret molt especial. Agrair tot el suport personal als meus pares, la Lidia i el Joaquim, que m’han ajudat molt aquests anys i han simplificat la meva vida cada vegada que els visitava enmig de la naturalesa i els animals. També a la meva germana, l’Alexandra, que percep la vida d’una altra manera i es qüestiona els estàndards, per entendre’m i acompanyar-me. I sobretot, el meu gran amor, l’Agustí, sens dubte el millor regal d’aquests anys de tesis, i amb el qual he trobat una gran persona que m’acompanya i amb el qual m’encanta compartir la vida. També a la seva família. Finalment, a la família que nosaltres formarem que es mereix un capítol especial. Als bessonets que m’han acompanyat en la redacció de la introducció de la tesi sense saber-ho i que han estat aguantant asseguts moltes hores durant la redacció dels altres capítols. Per tot el que imagino junts i per totes les vivències que tindrem plegats. A totes les persones mencionades, ens ha costat deu i ajuda però hem arribat fins aquí! vi ABSTRACT The aetiology of autism spectrum disorders (ASD), a group of neurodevelopmental conditions with early onset, characterized by social and communication impairment and restricted interests, is unknown in about a third of the patients. The intense research done over the past decade has revealed a genetic contribution, while the epigenetic contribution barely begins to show. The epigenetic marks can exert an effect in gene expression without altering the underlying genetic sequence. In turn, these marks can be impaired by genetic mutations in their target sequence. Therefore, research in genomic, epigenomic and transcriptomic fields will provide convergent information to unravel the causes of ASD, necessary to establish improved diagnostic protocols and therapeutic strategies, allowing an earlier diagnosis and personalized treatment crucial for a better prognosis. Our data reveal variants associated to the phenotype which shows genetic-epigenetic interplay along with gene expression consequences. It also reveals region epigenetic variants, which follow a polygenic or complex model. Finally, we found ASD genotype-specific epigenetic marks. In the future, the progress in cost-efficiency technologies assessing epigenomics, and the availability of a reference epigenome in various tissues and cell types will provide the background to set a step-forward in establishing the developmental stage, cell types and tissues involved in the epigenetic mechanisms of the disorder. RESUM L'etiologia dels trastorns de l'espectre autista (TEA), un grup de malalties del neurodesenvolupament d’aparició primerenca caracteritzades per problemes de comunicació, relació social, i per la presencia d’interessos restringits, és desconeguda per un terç dels individus afectats. La intensa investigació feta durant l'última dècada ha revelat una gran contribució genètica en aquesta malaltia, mentre que de l’epigenètica tot just es comença a evidenciar. Les marques epigenètiques, sense alterar la seqüència genètica subjacent, tenen un efecte en l'expressió dels gens. A la vegada, aquestes marques epigenètiques es poden veure afectades per mutacions genètiques a la seqüència. Així doncs, la recerca en genòmica, epigenòmica i transcriptòmica proporcionarà informació convergent per determinar les causes vii dels TEA, indispensable per establir millores en els protocols de diagnòstic i en estratègies terapèutiques, facilitant el diagnòstic precoç i el tractament personalitzat, crucial per a un millor pronòstic. Les nostres dades mostren que hi ha alteracions genètiques i epigenètiques associades al fenotip, que interactuen i tenen conseqüències sobre l’expressió gènica. També hem trobat regions amb alteracions epigenètiques, que sembla que contribueixen de manera additiva i seguint un model complex. Finalment, trobem marques epigenètiques específiques de grups de genotips TEA. En el futur, la millora de les tecnologies disponibles per avaluar l’epigenòmica, i la disponibilitat d'un epigenoma de referència en diversos teixits i tipus cel·lulars, serviran com a base per fer un pas cap endavant en l'establiment de l’etapa del desenvolupament, dels tipus cel·lulars i els teixits involucrats en els mecanismes epigenètics del trastorn. viii PROLOGUE The emergence of genome-wide techniques that permit the characterization to a single-base resolution is recent. For example, for the research work compiled in this thesis, we used several epigenetic techniques: methylation data from the 27k array (Illumina©) covering 27,000 positions, the 450k array (Illumina©) covering 450,000 positions, and more recently, whole methylome sequencing (approximately 1010 positions). This picture is an example of the unprecedented next generation sequencing era, which extrapolates also to the genomics and transcriptomics fields among others, and provides a large amount of data leading to a better knowledge of the genome/epigenome structure, and allowing studying new alterations and mechanisms leading to disease. This thesis present the results of the application of OMICS strategy (whole genome- epigenome-transcriptome) in the study of the aetiology of autism spectrum disorders (ASD), a group of neurodevelopmental conditions, affecting about 1% of children, and with a higher prevalence in males, that involves substantial costs for health and educational system. The thesis is divided in chapters following the classical structure: The introduction is an overview of the ASD characteristics, classification and diagnosis. Also, the neurobiological characteristics and the genetic mechanisms involved in the disease in order to understand the architecture of ASD causes and the inheritance models for the disease. A multifactorial or complex model also involves the epigenetic contribution, which could explain the missing heritability seen in ASD. Therefore, an important section is the overview of the epigenetic general mechanisms, and the specific alterations detected in ASD.
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