Keyboard Layout Typosquatting

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Keyboard Layout Typosquatting 2019 IEEE Security and Privacy Workshops (SPW) bLǑa<·c$Ra0 R8 iwURc- 2uUIRaCN< BNj3aNjCRNI F3w$Ra0 HwRnj iwURc\njjCN< pC,jRa H3 TR,@j. iRL pN ;R3j@3L. rRnj3a DRRc3N CL3,A/CcjaCM3j. Fm H3nq3N kzzS H3nq3N. #3I<CnL &7B`biMK2XHbiMK2'!+bXFmH2mp2MX#2 $cja,jġiwURc\njjCN< Cc j@3 LIC,CRnc Ua,jC,3 R8 a3<Ccj3aCN< mb 2N<ICc@ V[r2`ivW G3w$Ra0 IwRnjY ?Rs3q3a. aRnN0 j@3 0RLCNc j@j a3cnIj 8aRL jwURc L03 s@3N nc3ac jaw jR qCcCj sRaI0 Rj@3a G3w$Ra0 IwRnjc a3 ,RLLRNIw nc30 c s3II- j@3c3 URUnIa 0RLCNcY Ta3qCRnc sRaGc @q3 RNIw ,RNcC03a30 j@3 a3aaN<3 b+BB I3jj3ac Vcn,@ c j@3 x2`iv Ra [r2`ix mb 2N<ICc@ G3w$Ra0 IwRnj. $nj R8 ,Rnac3 Rj@3a IwRnjc a3 sC03Iw nc30 aRnN0 j@3 sRaI0Y BN j@Cc UU3a. s3 nN,Rq3a @Rs IwRnjc nc30 CN 3Y<Y 7aN,3 N0 ;3aLNw a3cU3,jCq3IwW Ra csU jwURc\njj3ac a3 IcR ja<3jCN< ,RLLnNCjC3c j@j nc3 j@3c3 Rj@3a UnN,jnjCRN cwL$RIc 8Ra ,RLLRNIw nc30 ,,3Nj30 ,@a,j3ac IwRnjc $w 3uLCNCN< jwUR 0RLCNc RN NRNAmb 2N<ICc@ G3w$Ra0c V3Y<Y ³ RN bUNCc@ Ra § RN b,N0CNqCN G3w$Ra0cWY 8Ra Szz zzz URUnIa 0RLCNcY r3 ~N0 j@j ;3aLN nc3ac a3 j@3 LRcj ja<3j30. sCj@ Rq3a S9 zzz a3<Ccj3a30 jwUR 0RLCNcY +RLA BN j@Cc UU3a. s3 cjn0w @Rs j@3 jwURc\njjCN< U@3NRL3NRN UNC3c cn,@ c 2\nC8u N0 LyRN @q3 0383NcCq3Iw a3<Ccj3a30 @c 3uUN030 jR ja<3j cU3,C~, IN<n<3c N0 ,RLLnNCjC3c. cn,@ 0RLCNc $nj a3 R8j3N CN,RLUI3j3d LRa3Rq3a. Rj@3a LERa 3uUIRCjCN< jwURc L03 RN NRNAmb 2N<ICc@ G3w$Ra0 IwRnjcY ,RLUNC3c C<NRa3 j@3L IjR<3j@3a N0 IIRs LIC,CRnc ,jRac r3 <3N3aj3 ,N0C0j3 c\njjCN< 0RLCNc ,aRcc Szz zzz URUA jR ,UCjICy3 RN j@3Ca $aN0Y TaGCN< 0RLCNc Ra 0q3ajCcCN< j@3L 8Ra cI3 a3LCNc j@3 LRcj URUnIa LRN3jCyjCRN cjaj3<w nIa 0RLCNc. a3~NCN< Rna c3a,@ jR 0RLCNc j@j s3 ,N LRcj R8 c\njj3ac RN j I3cj :zX R8 a3<Ccj3a30 0RLCNc. $nj s3 IcR a3IC$Iw jjaC$nj3 jR NRNAmb 2N<ICc@ jwURc\njjCN<Y 7Ra j@Rc3 c33 LRa3 @aL8nI Ua,jC,3c. cn,@ c c,L s3$cCj3 j@j cURR8c 0RLCNc j@j a3 a3<Ccj3a30. s3 03j3aLCN3 s@C,@ ,RnNjaC3c j@3w IR,I N3scUU3aY i@Cc UaRq3c j@j 0RLCN c\njj3ac IcR ,RNcC03a ja<3j. s@R RsNc j@3L N0 @Rs j@3w a3 V$Wnc30Y jwURc RN NRNAmb 2N<ICc@ G3w$Ra0c jR $3 qIn$I3. N0 j@j ,RLUNC3c c@RnI0 $3 LRa3 I3aj CN ,ICLCN< j@3c3 0RLCNcY r3 c33 j@j $Rj@ $aN0 RsN3ac N0 0RLCN c\njj3ac a3 BN03u i3aLcġiwURc\njjCN<. r3$ b3,naCjw. /RLCN ML3 sa3 R8 NRNAmb 2N<ICc@ jwURc\njjCN< RUURajnNCjC3cY r@CI3 bwcj3L. BNj3aNjCRNICyjCRN cRL3 ,RLUNC3c sCj@ ja<3j30 0RLCNc @q3 L03 0383NcCq3 a3<CcjajCRNc. nN8RajnNj3Iw j@3w R8j3N LCcc ,3ajCN qaCNjcY BY BϩАЁϱβЛΫАϔϱϩ BN 00CjCRN. f R8 j@3 S4 LRcj ja<3j30 $aN0c @q3 L03 NR /RLCN NL3c a3LCN RN3 R8 j@3 UaRU3ajC3c R8 s3$cCj3 j@j 0383NcCq3 a3<CcjajCRNc s@jcR3q3aY /RLCN c\njj3ac jG3 8nII a3 LRcj qCcC$I3 jR 3N0 nc3ac- j@3w a3 UaRLCN3NjIw 0CcUIw30 0qNj<3 R8 j@3c3 IUc3c. LRcjIw LRN3jCyCN< j@3 jwUR 0RLCNc CN j@3 00a3cc $a R8 $aRsc3ac. c@RsN CN j@3 ICcjCN<c R8 c3a,@ j@aRn<@ 0RLCN UaGCN<. $nj s3 IcR R$c3aq3 LIC,CRnc ,jCqA 3N<CN3 a3cnIjc N0 <3N3aIIw L3NjCRN30 CN LaG3jCN< Lj3aCIY Cjw cn,@ c c,LcY KRa3Rq3a. ,Incj3ac R8 cCj3c a3<Ccj3a30 $w i@3w 8RaL LERa Uaj R8 s3$cCj3ȕc N0. $w 3uj3NcCRN. j@3 cL3 3NjCjw c s3II c UaG30 U<3c j@j a383a3N,3 j@3 $aN0ȕc C03NjCjw. s@C,@ IcR LG3c j@3L UaCL3 ja<3j 8Ra ja<3j30 $aN0c LG3 Cj ,I3a j@j 0RLCN c\njj3ac a3 cU3,C8A LIC,CRnc Ua,jC,3c j@j jaw jR 3Cj@3a ,UCjICy3 RN 0RLCNȕc C,IIw ja<3jCN< NRNAmb 2N<ICc@ G3w$Ra0cY i@Cc ,RN~aLc j@j URUnIaCjw Ra CLU3acRNj3 CjY ,RLUNC3c c@RnI0 Uw jj3NjCRN jR j@Cc GCN0 R8 jwURc\njjCN< iwURc\njjCN< Cc RN3 cn,@ Ua,jC,3. s@3a3 LIC,CRnc ,jRac c s3II. c s3 c33 j@j Cj Cc Ia30w Ua3qI3Nj jR0wY a3<Ccj3a 0RLCNc j@j 3uUIRCj @nLN 3aaRa s@3N 3Nj3aCN< BN cnLLaw. s3 LG3 j@3 8RIIRsCN< ,RNjaC$njCRNc- j@3 m`H R8 URUnIa Vnj@RaCjjCq3W 0RLCNcY 7Ra CNcjN,3. j@3w LC<@j a3<Ccj3a 7+2#QBFX+QKS. s@C,@ Lw $3 a3,@30 $w nNsCjjCN< nc3ac s@3N j@3w LCcjwU3 7+2#QQFX+QK. N0 • r3 cjn0w jwURc\njjCN< j@j ja<3jc NRNAmb 2N<ICc@ G3wA jj3LUj jR LRN3jCy3 Cj CN qaC3jw R8 swc. cn,@ c c@RsCN< $Ra0c N0 j@3 ,RLLnNCjC3c j@j nc3 j@3L. ~N0CN< l4 O:k 0q3ajCc3L3Njc N0 ICNGc jR Ȕa3Ij30ȕ s3$cCj3c j@aRn<@ UaGCN< a3<Ccj3a30 jwUR 0RLCNc j@j LRcjIw ja<3j ;3aLN nc3acY c3aqC,3c )S*. a30Ca3,jCN< jR j@3 nj@RaCjjCq3 0RLCN sCj@ • r3 ~N0 j@j Sl Rnj R8 j@3 S4 LRcj ja<3j30 ,RLUNC3c |ICj3 ICNGc j@j UaRqC03 j@3 c\njj3a sCj@ ,RLLCccCRN RN @q3 a3<Ccj3a30 j I3cj RN3 0RLCN 0383NcCq3Iw. $nj j@j II Una,@c3c )S*Ģ)k*. Ra c3aqCN< LIsa3 ):*. )9*Y RNIw RN3 @c ,Rq3a30 II URj3NjCI jwUR 0RLCNcY Ta3qCRnc sRaGc @q3 cjn0C30 j@3 Ua3qI3N,3 R8 jwURc\njjCN< • r3 ,IccC8w j@3 a3<Ccj3a30 jwUR 0RLCNc. N0 c33 j@j Rq3a jCL3 ):* N0 8Ra Ia<3 c3j R8 URUnIa 0RLCNc )9*. $nj UaGCN< Cc j@3 LRcj URUnIa sw jR LRN3jCy3 j@3L j :zX s@3N 3NnL3ajCN< URj3NjCI jwURc\njjCN< 0RLCNc $c30 RN R8 a3<Ccj3a30 0RLCNcd RNIw kX a3 a3<Ccj3a30 0383NcCq3IwY j@3 UaRuCLCjw R8 G3w$Ra0 G3wc. j@3c3 sRaGc RNIw ,RNcC03a j@3 • r3 03j3,j SSk 0RLCNc j@j I30 jR $I,GICcj30 s3$cCj3c. N0 ~N0 j I3cj SSf LRa3 cCj3c j@j LIC,CRncIw a30Ca3,j Si@Cc 0RLCN Cc 0383NcCq3Iw a3<Ccj3a30 $w 7,3$RRGY jR c,L s3$cCj3Y © 2019, Victor Le Pochat. Under license to IEEE. 187 DOI 10.1109/SPW.2019.00043 BBY #ΞΫϡόЁϱЛϩβ Ξϩβ ϨζАϑϱβЅ #Y /j ,RII3,jCRN Y iwURc\njjCN< LR03I SW F3w$Ra0 IwRnjc- BN Ra03a jR <3N3aj3 ,N0C0j3 jwA BNq3cjC<jCRNc R8 jwURc\njjCN< $nc3 a3\nCa3 LR03I R8 URc\njjCN< 0RLCNc. s3 ~acj R$jCN j@3 c3j R8 G3w$Ra0 IwA s@C,@ 0RLCNc a3 LRcj ICG3Iw jR a3cnIj 8aRL LCcjwUCN<Y Rnjc 03~N30 CN q3acCRN lYl9 R8 j@3 t F3w$Ra0 +RN~<najCRN rN< 3j IY )f* 03~N30 ~q3 GCN0c R8 jwURc- /j$c3 )S:*Y r3 ICLCj Rnac3Iq3c jR j@3 Ȕ$cC,ȕ V038nIjW SW KCccCN<A0Rj jwURc- j@3 0Rj 8RIIRsCN< Ȓsssȓ Cc RLCjj30- G3w$Ra0 IwRnj 8Ra 3,@ CN,In030 ,RnNjaw. 0Cca3<a0CN< LRa3 3Y<Y rrr2tKTH2X+QKY R$c,na3 IwRnjc j@j a3 nNICG3Iw jR $3 ,RLLRNIw nc30 N0 lW +@a,j3aARLCccCRN jwURc- RN3 ,@a,j3a Cc RLCjj30- sRnI0 ICG3Iw CNjaR0n,3 LRa3 ,RIICcCRNc sCj@ $3NC<N 0RLCNcY 3Y<Y 2tKTH2X+QKY r3 3uja,j j@3 LUUCN<c 8aRL U@wcC,I G3wc jR ,@a,j3ac ncCN< kW +@a,j3aAU3aLnjjCRN jwURc- ,RNc3,njCq3 ,@a,j3ac j@3 Uac3a N0 <aLLa R8 j@3 E2v#Q`/ GvQmi 1/BiQ` a3 csUU30- 3Y<Y 2tKTH2X+QKY UUIC,jCRN )S9*. N0 ICcj j@3 0E,3Nj ,@a,j3ac 8Ra 3,@ G3wY :W +@a,j3aAa3UI,3L3Nj jwURc- RN3 ,@a,j3a Cc a3A lW BNUnj 0RLCNc- r3 <3N3aj3 ,N0C0j3 jwURc\njjCN< 0RLCNc 8Ra j@3 Szz zzz LRcj URUnIa 0RLCNc. a3jaC3q30 8aRL UI,30 $w N 0E,3Nj ,@a,j3a RN ȔcjN0a0ȕ VCY3Y mb l 2N<ICc@W G3w$Ra0 IwRnj- 3Y<Y 2txKTH2X+QKY j@3 iaN,R ICcj R8 /3,3L$3a ll. lzS4 Y i@Cc ICcj sc UaRURc30 9W +@a,j3aACNc3ajCRN jwURc- RN3 ,@a,j3a Cc CNc3aj30. $w H3 TR,@j 3j IY )Sf* c a3UI,3L3Nj 8Ra j@3 ,RLLRNIw 3Cj@3a j@3 ,@a,j3a Cjc3I8 V0nUIC,jCRNW Ra N 0E,3Nj nc30 I3u ICcj. c j@Cc ICcj @c $33N c@RsN jR $3 $Rj@ q3aw ,@a,j3a RN ȔcjN0a0ȕ VCY3Y mb 2N<ICc@W G3w$Ra0 IwA qRIjCI3 )Se* N0 qnIN3a$I3 jR Ia<3Ac,I3 LNCUnIjCRN. N0 Rnj- 3Y<Y 2tKTH2X+QK Ra 2txKTH2X+QK a3cU3,jCq3IwY Cc CNcj30 <3N3aj30 $w ,RL$CNCN< 8Rna aNGCN<c Rq3a kz 0wcY kW /RLCN UaRU3ajC3c- iR cc3cc s@3j@3a Rna ,N0C0j3 i@3c3 <3N3aj3 0RLCNc sCj@ /L3anAH3q3Nc@j3CN 0CcA jwURc\njjCN< 0RLCNc a3 a3<Ccj3a30 N0 @Rs j@3w a3 nc30. jN,3 )e*. )4* R8 RN3. CY3Y j@3 CNc3ajCRN. 03I3jCRN. cn$cjCjnjCRN s3 ,RII3,j j@3 8RIIRsCN< 0j c3jc- Ra jaNcURcCjCRN R8 RN3 ,@a,j3ad 8Ra j@3 ,c3 R8 0E,3Nj /Mb a3,Ra0c- r3 a3\n3cj . La N0 aP a3,Ra0c 8Ra $Rj@ G3w$Ra0 ,@a,j3ac. j@3c3 0RLCNc @q3 IcR $33N ,RCN30 c j@3 ,N0C0j3 0RLCNc N0 j@3 nj@RaCjjCq3 0RLCNc j@3w a3 @qCN< 8jA~N<3a 0CcjN,3 R8 RN3 )l*Y i@3c3 a3 j@3 LRcj $c30 RNY r3 ccnL3 ,N0C0j3 0RLCNc jR $3 a3<Ccj3a30 C8 8a3\n3Nj R,,naa3N,3c R8 jwUCN< 3aaRac- 0RLCNc sCj@ LRa3 j@N Nw a3,Ra0 0R3c NRj a3jnaN N Ls.PJAL a3cURNc3. 3u,3Uj RN3 LR0C~,jCRN a3 I3cc ICG3Iw jR R,,na )O* N0 LRa3 UaRN3 8Ra 0RLCNc s@3a3 j@3 iH/ a3jnaNc 038nIj a3,Ra0 8Ra II jR $3 8Ic3 URcCjCq3cY nNa3<Ccj3a30 0RLCNc Vcn,@ c X7K Ra XrbWY r3 ,RNcjan,j Rna cU3,C~, jwURc\njjCN< LR03I ,RNc3aqA r?QBb a3,Ra0c- r3 R$jCN a3<CcjajCRN 0j $w a3jaC3qCN< jCq3Iw- s3 C<NRa3 0RLCNc j@j ,RnI0 @q3 $33N <3N3aj30 N0 UacCN< r?QBb a3,Ra0c sCj@ j@3 `n$w r@RCc IC$aaw )S4*Y j@aRn<@ LRa3 Ȕ,RLLRNȕ N0 Ua3qCRncIw cjn0C30 j3,@NC\n3c.
Recommended publications
  • Plaquette De Présentation De Bépo Est Sous Double Licence CC-BY-SA Et GFDL ©2014 Association Ergodis, Avec L’Aimable Collaboration De Ploum
    Installation moins Bépo s’installe sur la plupart des systèmes , de (Windows, OSX, BSD, Android) et est déjà inclus s dans GNU/Linux, Haiku et FirefoxOS. t m Vous pouvez également télécharger l’archive o « nomade » qui vous permet d’utiliser bépo a partout où vous allez sans avoir besoin d’installer m u préalablement un logiciel. x Rien n’est définitif ! il vous est toujours possible de e basculer en un clic sur votre ancienne disposition. d Apprentissage s u Bépo est conçu pour une utilisation en l aveugle à dix doigts, c’est plus facile P qu’on peut le penser et plus confortable. Choisissez un logiciel de dactylographie et pratiquez les exercices pendant 10 à 15 minutes par jour. la disposition de clavier L’apprentissage de bépo est simplifié par ergonomique, francophone et le fait que dès les premières leçons, vous libre écrivez de vrais mots et non des suites de lettres dénuées de sens. De plus, les caractères de la couche AltGr par l’association sont installés de manière mnémotechnique. Même sans pratique, vous n’oublierez pas les acquis de votre ancienne disposition : C’est comme le vélo, un petit temps d’adaptation et c’est reparti ! Claviers Un clavier avec un marquage particulier Tapez facilement à dix doigts n’est pas nécessaire et est même dans votre langue. contre-indiqué lors de l’apprentissage. http://bepo.fr/ Cependant, il existe des autocollants à coller sur vos touches permettant Notre communauté est prête à d’adapter un clavier existant et même répondre à toutes vos questions.
    [Show full text]
  • The Yubikey Manual
    The YubiKey Manual Usage, configuration and introduction of basic concepts Version: 3.4 Date: 27 March, 2015 The YubiKey Manual Disclaimer The contents of this document are subject to revision without notice due to continued progress in methodology, design, and manufacturing. Yubico shall have no liability for any error or damages of any kind resulting from the use of this document. The Yubico Software referenced in this document is licensed to you under the terms and conditions accompanying the software or as otherwise agreed between you or the company that you are representing. Trademarks Yubico and YubiKey are trademarks of Yubico AB. Contact Information Yubico AB Kungsgatan 37, 8 floor 111 56 Stockholm Sweden [email protected] © Yubico, 2015 Page 2 of 40 Version: Yubikey Manual 3.4 The YubiKey Manual Contents 1 Document Information 1.1 Purpose 1.2 Audience 1.3 Related documentation 1.4 Document History 1.5 Definitions 2 Introduction and basic concepts 2.1 Basic concepts and terms 2.2 Functional blocks 2.3 Security rationale 2.4 OATH-HOTP mode 2.5 Challenge-response mode 2.6 YubiKey NEO 2.7 YubiKey versions and parametric data 2.8 YubiKey Nano 3 Installing the YubiKey 3.1 Inserting the YubiKey for the first time (Windows XP) 3.2 Verifying the installation (Windows XP) 3.3 Installing the key under Mac OS X 3.4 Installing the YubiKey on other platforms 3.5 Understanding the LED indicator 3.6 Testing the installation 3.7 Installation troubleshooting 4 Using the YubiKey 4.1 Using multiple configurations (from version 2.0) 4.2 Updating a
    [Show full text]
  • How to Enter Foreign Language Characters on Computers
    How to Enter Foreign Language Characters on Computers Introduction Current word processors and operating systems provide a large number of methods for writing special characters such as accented letters used in foreign languages. Unfortunately, it is not always obvious just how to enter such characters. Moreover, even when one knows a method of typing an accented letter, there may be a much simpler method for doing the same thing. This note may help you find the most convenient method for typing such characters. The choice of method will largely depend on how frequently you have to type in foreign languages. 1 The “ALT Key” Method This is the most common method of entering special characters. It always works, regardless of what pro- gram you are using. On both PCs and Macs, you can write foreign characters in any application by combining the ALT key (the key next to the space bar) with some alphabetic characters (on the Mac) or numbers (on PCs), pro- vided you type numbers on the numeric keypad, rather than using the numbers at the top of the keyboard. To do that, of course, also requires your NumLock Key to be turned on, which it normally will be. For example, On the Mac, ALT + n generates “ñ”. On the PC, ALT + (number pad) 164 or ALT + (number pad) 0241 generate “ñ”. A list of three- and four-digit PC codes for some common foreign languages appears at the end of this note. 2 The “Insert Symbol” Method Most menus in word processors and other applications offer access to a window displaying all the printable characters in a particular character set.
    [Show full text]
  • Belgian AZERTY Keyboard
    Belgians, Flemings: Demand your Swiss Keyboard! Serge Y. Stroobandt Copyright 2013–2015, licensed under Creative Commons BY-NC-SA Belgian AZERTY keyboard Three variants: French, Belgian and Tamazight (Berber). The AZERTY layout is used in France, Belgium and some African countries. It differs from the QWERTY layout in this: • The location of the [A] and [Q] keys are interchanged. • The location of the [Z] and [W] keys are interchanged. • [M] is moved to the right of [L] (where [; :] is on a US keyboard), • The digits [0] to [9] are on the same keys, but to be typed the shift key must be pressed. The unshifted positions are used for accented characters, • [Caps lock] is replaced by [Shift lock] , thus affecting non-letter keys as well. However, there is an ongoing evolution towards a [Caps lock] key instead of a [Shift lock] . It is used by most French speakers based in Europe, though France and Bel- gium each have their own national variations on the layout. Luxemburg and the French-speaking part of Switzerland use the Swiss QWERTZ keyboard. Most of the residents of Quebec, the mainly French-speaking province of Canada, use a QWERTY keyboard that has been adapted to the French lan- guage, although the government of Quebec and the Canadian federal gov- ernment stipulate and use the Multilingual Standard keyboard CAN/CSA Z243.200-92.[1][2][3] Het is de meest gebruikelijke indeling in België en in Frankrijk. Het toetsen- bord is ontworpen om gemakkelijk Franstalige teksten te kunnen invoeren, doch wordt niet alleen in Franstalige gebieden gebruikt: in heel België, waaron- der het Nederlandstalige Vlaanderen, is AZERTY de norm.
    [Show full text]
  • T R a C K E R B O a R
    106 KEY “TRACKERBOARD” WITH TOUCHPAD Sealing IP65, PS/2 or USB compatible • GENERAL DESCRIPTION The unit features a full MF (multi-functional) keyboard with separate numeric-, cursor- and control keypads. The touchpad uses the Field Distortion Technology to sense the presence of your finger. This device is not pressure sensitive, a light touch is sufficient, tracking your fingertip precisely. The complete unit is sealed IP65. Colour scheme and legend styling fit in with most recent industrial computer equipment. ENCLOSED The keyboard and touchpad are combined in one compact, robust steel enclosure and will fit into 19” rack drawers (1HU) or can be used as desktop model. KBSP106S dim. : 410 x 204 x 42 mm. weight : 2,1 kg. d a PANEL MOUNT p Ideal for front panel h mounting by means of eight M4-threaded studs. c Operation of the keyboard u and touchpad is possible at o all mounting angles (from t horizontal to vertical). Metal covers on the backside protect the mechanical- and electronical components. KBSP106F S dim. : 396 x 180 x 32 mm. weight : 1,3 kg. D R • CONNECTIVITY A The PS/2 keyboards are supplied with two 1,6 m long shielded straight cable ended with 6 pin mini DIN plugs. The USB versions are supplied with two 1,6m long shielded straight cables ended by a USB type O A connector. For optimal performance of the touchpad feature, we recommend to download the touchpad device driver from : http://www.synaptics.com/support/downloads.cfm B R * Due to the increasing differences of PS/2 mouse port specifications of the various PC manufacturers, we do recommend that this unit should be tested on the final PC configuration and operating system prior to installing it in series.
    [Show full text]
  • Lock-In, Path Dependence, and the Internationalization of QWERTY Neil M
    TRATHCLYDE S DISCUSSION PAPERS IN ECONOMICS LOCK IN, PATH DEPENDENCE, AND THE INTERNATIONALIZATION OF QWERTY BY NEIL M KAY NO. 13-10 DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS UNIVERSITY OF STRATHCLYDE GLASGOW Lock-in, path dependence, and the internationalization of QWERTY Neil M. Kay Department of Economics, University of Strathclyde e-mail for correspondence: [email protected] 1 “Professor Kay’s simulation technique, applied to French and German texts and QWERTY’s European cousins, could show whether Sholes solution works in these other environments”. (Stephen Margolis,2013, A tip of the hat to Kay and QWERTY, Research Policy) 2 Abstract This paper looks at the emergence of what is described here as the QWERTY family of standards (QWERTY and its international adaptations QZERTY, AZERTY, and QWERTZ). QWERTY has been described as an inferior solution and an accident of history. However, the analysis here finds that each member of the family represented highly efficient adaptations to specific user needs and technical challenges encountered in their own environments. These findings may be seen to have wider implications given QWERTY’s role as paradigm case in the literature on increasing returns and path dependence, and these are pursued in the paper 3 1. Introduction Increasing returns and path dependence have become two of the most influential concepts in modern social science. Arthur (1983 and 1989) and David (1985) created much of the foundation for later work and while the initial applications were mostly economics-oriented, it has subsequently had major influences on areas as diverse as the location of cities, strategic management, and the development of languages and legal frameworks.
    [Show full text]
  • Asynchronous Non-Invasive High-Speed BCI Speller with Robust
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Asynchronous non-invasive high- speed BCI speller with robust non- control state detection Received: 8 January 2019 Sebastian Nagel & Martin Spüler Accepted: 17 May 2019 Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) enable users to control a computer by using pure brain activity. Published: xx xx xxxx Recent BCIs based on visual evoked potentials (VEPs) have shown to be suitable for high-speed communication. However, all recent high-speed BCIs are synchronous, which means that the system works with fxed time slots so that the user is not able to select a command at his own convenience, which poses a problem in real-world applications. In this paper, we present the frst asynchronous high-speed BCI with robust distinction between intentional control (IC) and non-control (NC), with a nearly perfect NC state detection of only 0.075 erroneous classifcations per minute. The resulting asynchronous speller achieved an average information transfer rate (ITR) of 122.7 bit/min using a 32 target matrix-keyboard. Since the method is based on random stimulation patterns it allows to use an arbitrary number of targets for any application purpose, which was shown by using an 55 target German QWERTZ-keyboard layout which allowed the participants to write an average of 16.1 (up to 30.7) correct case-sensitive letters per minute. As the presented system is the frst asynchronous high-speed BCI speller with a robust non-control state detection, it is an important step for moving BCI applications out of the lab and into real-life. Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) enable users to control a computer by using brain activity.
    [Show full text]
  • Multilingualism, the Needs of the Institutions of the European Community
    COMMISSION Bruxelles le, 30 juillet 1992 DES COMMUNAUTÉS VERSION 4 EUROPÉENNES SERVICE DE TRADUCTION Informatique SdT-02 (92) D/466 M U L T I L I N G U A L I S M The needs of the Institutions of the European Community Adresse provisoire: rue de la Loi 200 - B-1049 Bruxelles, BELGIQUE Téléphone: ligne directe 295.00.94; standard 299.11.11; Telex: COMEU B21877 - Adresse télégraphique COMEUR Bruxelles - Télécopieur 295.89.33 Author: P. Alevantis, Revisor: Dorothy Senez, Document: D:\ALE\DOC\MUL9206.wp, Produced with WORDPERFECT for WINDOWS v. 5.1 Multilingualism V.4 - page 2 this page is left blanc Multilingualism V.4 - page 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS 0. INTRODUCTION 1. LANGUAGES 2. CHARACTER RÉPERTOIRE 3. ORDERING 4. CODING 5. KEYBOARDS ANNEXES 0. DEFINITIONS 1. LANGUAGES 2. CHARACTER RÉPERTOIRE 3. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION CONCERNING ORDERING 4. LIST OF KEYBOARDS REFERENCES Multilingualism V.4 - page 4 this page is left blanc Multilingualism V.4 - page 5 0. INTRODUCTION The Institutions of the European Community produce documents in all 9 official languages of the Community (French, English, German, Italian, Dutch, Danish, Greek, Spanish and Portuguese). The need to handle all these languages at the same time is a political obligation which stems from the Treaties and cannot be questionned. The creation of the European Economic Space which links the European Economic Community with the countries of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) together with the continuing improvement in collaboration with the countries of Central and Eastern Europe oblige the European Institutions to plan for the regular production of documents in European languages other than the 9 official ones on a medium-term basis (i.e.
    [Show full text]
  • MS912+ Wireless Barcode Scanner Quick Guide
    because we care MS912+ Wireless Barcode Scanner Quick Guide For more detailed scanner setting, please go to www.ute.com to download the user manual and scanner configuration manager utility. Version 1.5 FCC WARNING STATEMENT WARNING AND CAUTION This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital 1. Take any metals into contact with the terminals in connectors. device, pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference in a residential installation. 2. Use the scanner where any inflammable gases. This equipment generates, uses and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not If following condition occur, immediately power off the host computer, installed and used in accordance with the instructions, may cause harmful interference disconnect the interface cable, and contact your nearest dealer. to radio communications. However, there is no guarantee that interference will not 1. Smoke, abnormal odors or noises come from the scanner. occur in a particular installation. If this equipment does cause harmful interference to radio or television reception, which can be determined by turning the equipment off 2. Drop the scanner so as to affect the operation or damage its housing. and on, the user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one of the following measures: Do not do behavior below. • Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna. 1. Put the scanner in places excessively high temperatures such as expose • Increase the separation between the equipment and receiver. under direct sunlight. • Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Building Your Mouseless Development Environment
    a Contents Introduction 11 Acknowledgments 12 Welcome, Mouseless Developers 13 Who Should Read This Book? ............................. 14 What Is a Mouseless Development Environment? ................... 14 What Do You Need to Follow Along? .......................... 15 Creating Your Own Cheatsheets ............................ 15 Experimenting Is Key ................................. 16 Styling Conventions .................................. 16 Choose Your Tools ................................... 16 In a Nutshell ...................................... 16 Part I - Linux 18 A General Linux Overview 19 Diving Inside Linux .................................. 19 The Linux Filesystem ................................. 20 Linux Distributions .................................. 21 Packages and Repositories ............................... 22 Why Arch Linux? .................................... 22 The Glory of Rolling Distributions ........................ 22 The Arch Linux Community ........................... 23 Official Repositories and the Arch User Repositories (AUR) ........... 23 The Fabulous Manual ................................. 23 Troubleshooting .................................... 24 General Recommendations ............................ 24 Using VMWare Software ............................. 24 In a Nutshell ...................................... 24 Going Deeper ...................................... 24 The Power Is In Your Fingers 26 Efficient Typing: The Two Rules ........................... 26 The First Week ....................................
    [Show full text]
  • GNU Guix Reference Manual Using the GNU Guix Functional Package Manager
    GNU Guix Reference Manual Using the GNU Guix Functional Package Manager The GNU Guix Developers Edition 34cf1f4 29 September 2021 Copyright c 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 Ludovic Court`es Copyright c 2013, 2014, 2016 Andreas Enge Copyright c 2013 Nikita Karetnikov Copyright c 2014, 2015, 2016 Alex Kost Copyright c 2015, 2016 Mathieu Lirzin Copyright c 2014 Pierre-Antoine Rault Copyright c 2015 Taylan Ulrich Bayırlı/Kammer Copyright c 2015, 2016, 2017, 2019, 2020, 2021 Leo Famulari Copyright c 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020 Ricardo Wurmus Copyright c 2016 Ben Woodcroft Copyright c 2016, 2017, 2018, 2021 Chris Marusich Copyright c 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 Efraim Flashner Copyright c 2016 John Darrington Copyright c 2016, 2017 Nikita Gillmann Copyright c 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020 Jan Nieuwenhuizen Copyright c 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 Julien Lepiller Copyright c 2016 Alex ter Weele Copyright c 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 Christopher Baines Copyright c 2017, 2018, 2019 Cl´ement Lassieur Copyright c 2017, 2018, 2020, 2021 Mathieu Othacehe Copyright c 2017 Federico Beffa Copyright c 2017, 2018 Carlo Zancanaro Copyright c 2017 Thomas Danckaert Copyright c 2017 humanitiesNerd Copyright c 2017, 2021 Christine Lemmer-Webber Copyright c 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 Marius Bakke Copyright c 2017, 2019, 2020 Hartmut Goebel Copyright c 2017, 2019, 2020, 2021 Maxim Cournoyer Copyright c 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 Tobias Geerinckx-Rice Copyright c 2017 George Clemmer Copyright c 2017 Andy Wingo Copyright c 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020 Arun Isaac Copyright c 2017 nee Copyright c 2018 Rutger Helling Copyright c 2018, 2021 Oleg Pykhalov Copyright c 2018 Mike Gerwitz Copyright c 2018 Pierre-Antoine Rouby Copyright c 2018, 2019 G´abor Boskovits Copyright c 2018, 2019, 2020 Florian Pelz Copyright c 2018 Laura Lazzati Copyright c 2018 Alex Vong Copyright c 2019 Josh Holland Copyright c 2019, 2020 Diego Nicola Barbato Copyright c 2019 Ivan Petkov Copyright c 2019 Jakob L.
    [Show full text]
  • Teaching the Ancients to Type: Better Unicode Text Entry for Ancient Greek
    Teaching the Ancients to Type: Better Unicode Text Entry for Ancient Greek Steven Tammen Acknowledgements This project would not have been possible without the support of the University of Georgia’s Center for Under- graduate Research Opportunities (CURO), and the support of my research mentor, Dr. Benjamin M. Wolkow. I would also like to thank all of the Greek faculty and students that completed this project’s research survey. The data from this survey was useful in guiding this project’s progression, and also in motivating its completion. Other people care! Hooray! Finally, I wish to thank my family for all their support and encouragement. I have no doubt talked about key- boards and keyboard layouts enough over the years to drive any group of normal individuals over the edge. But they put up with me nonetheless. Contents 1 About this project 1 1.1 What is this project? ........................................... 1 1.2 Why this project? ............................................ 1 2 Project goals and features 5 2.1 Sane defaults combined with ease of use: the principle of least astonishment ........... 5 2.2 Letter placements that make sense ................................... 5 2.3 Greek letter placements ......................................... 10 2.4 Diacritic and punctuation placements that make sense ........................ 12 2.5 Greek diacritic and punctuation placements .............................. 13 2.6 Intuitive diacritic and backspacing behavior .............................. 16 2.7 Minimal interference with normal computer use ........................... 18 3 Efficient typing practice and Greek language learning 18 3.1 Repetition in typing ........................................... 19 3.2 Repetition in learning .......................................... 20 3.3 Typing, language learning, and frequent words ............................ 20 3.4 Some specific examples ........................................
    [Show full text]