The Case of Canoly Canal, Calicut, Kerala, India

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Case of Canoly Canal, Calicut, Kerala, India The Asian Conference on Sustainability, Energy and the Environment 2013 Official Conference Proceedings Osaka, Japan Maintenance of Water Depth in Navigation Canals Versus Wetland System Loss- The Case of Canoly Canal, Calicut, Kerala, India Anjana Bhagyanathan, Kasthurba A.K National Institute of Technology, India 0266 The Asian Conference on Sustainability, Energy & the Environment 2013 Official Conference Proceedings 2013 Abstract Inland navigation canals built during the Colonial Period in India, more often than not, connect distinct watersheds, and rely upon wetlands to sustain water levels required for navigation. This study addresses the impacts such navigations canals have on the surface flow patterns of the wetlands by analysing the case of Canoly canal and Kottuli Wetlands in Calicut, Kerala. The canal was constructed during the British rule in 1848. The canal connects two watersheds, that of the Kallayi river and Mangala river, linking both the estuaries and is geographically aligned to direct the flow of water from two wetland systems, Kottuli and Perunthuruthi to sustain water levels. Two thirds of the northern reaches of the canal falls in the Mangala basin and the southern part in the Kallayi river basin. The Kottuli wetland covering an area of 87.04 hectares is one of the 115 wetlands identified by the Ministry of Environment and forests, Government of India under the National Wetland Conservation Programme. Surface water from the wetlands flows into the canal through weirs while the groundwater seepage is generalised along the length of the canal. Presently there are two proposed interventions for the canal. The Kerala Shipping and Inland Navigation Department’s proposal to revive the West Coast Canal System, of which Canoly canal is a part, includes deepening and widening of the canal to ensure flow and to hold passenger and cargo vessels. The Irrigation Department proposes to deepen Canoly Canal to improve the flood drainage and domestic sewage into the canal. This scenario was analysed with respect to the drainage pattern of the region. A topographical map of 2m contour interval was prepared based on Google Earth imagery using Autocad. Surface drainage flow patterns were demarcated using Arcmap. Flow dynamics between the wetlands and the canal was documented with field observations. The study showed that the canal changed the flow pattern from the wetland. The outflow to the Arabian Sea has been diverted to the canal, both from the surface and the aquifer. This channelizes the flow, thus increasing the outflow and hence decreasing the water holding capacity. Further deepening of Canoly canal as proposed by the Shipping and Inland Navigation Department can result in outflow of water from Kottuli wetlands into the canal both from the surface and the aquifer; the extent of wetland loss will depend on the depth proposed for the canal. This will change the hydrodynamics of the wetland on which is the most important determinant for establishment and maintenance of ecosystem processes. The study recommends that this balance of water exchange needs to be understood and impacts quantified before any intervention that can potentially alter the hydrodynamics. Successful water management requires the adoption of methodologies which consider all bodies of water within a basin as opposed to just one body in a system. iafor The International Academic Forum www.iafor.org 234 The Asian Conference on Sustainability, Energy and the Environment 2013 Official Conference Proceedings Osaka, Japan STUDY AREA Figure 1. Location N Kozhikode (Calicut), is on the south west coastal belt of India (Fig. 1). The coast of the district is about 71 Km and the area is 91 square kilometers. Kozhikode city is the nodal point for the four districts in the northern region of the state of Kerala. Kozhikode has traditionally been developed as a centre for forest and agro based industries. It has a high order of development in trade especially in food grains, marine products and spices. The city offers high potential for development of the entire northern region of the state. In view of this, Kozhikode is considered as one of the priority cities in the state. (District Urbanization Report, Kozhikode, 2011). The district has a humid tropical climate and an average annual rainfall of approximately 300mm (Bazak and Nazimuddin, 1988) Figure 2. Kozhikode district map and study area 235 The Asian Conference on Sustainability, Energy and the Environment 2013 Official Conference Proceedings Osaka, Japan Canoly Canal The Canoly Canal is part of the West Coast Canal system and is situated in the city of Kozhikode (See fig 2). The canal was constructed during the British rule in 1848 under the orders of the then Collector, the administrative head of the region, Mr. R. Canoly. The canal is 11.4 km long, the width ranges from 6m to 20m and water depth in the peak rain period varies from 0.5 to 2m (Harikumar et al, 2004). Most of the length of the canal, except the northern part, is heavily urbanized (Fig. 3). The canal connects the Kallayi River in the south and the Mangala River in the north, passing through Kottuli wetlands and Perunthuruthi wetlands Figure 3. Canoly Canal in Kozhikode Corporation Limits 236 The Asian Conference on Sustainability, Energy and the Environment 2013 Official Conference Proceedings Osaka, Japan WETLANDS Kottuli Wetlands Kottuli wetland is one of the largest eco- patches within the city limits. It is interlinked with Canoly canal which receives tidal influx from the estuary of river Kallayi. The wetland covering an area of 87.04 hectares is rich in species of mangroves and mangrove associates. It is reported to be rich in aquatic organisms and bird species. This wetland has been identified by the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India, under National Wetland Conservation Programme. It is one of the 115 wetlands identified as on June 26, 2009 by the programme (Government of India, 2009). Figure 4a. Canoly Canal and wetlands location – Google satellite imagery 237 The Asian Conference on Sustainability, Energy and the Environment 2013 Official Conference Proceedings Osaka, Japan Perunthuruthi Wetlands The Perunthuruthi Wetlands cover an area of about 60 hectares, in two parts. The northern part is called Mangala River, though morphologically it is part of the estuary of Korappuzha. It receives tidal influx from Korappuzha River. The second part has no surface connection to Mangala River. It is located further south and east of Mangala river estuary. It experiences tidal influx and salinity consequently through the Canoly Canal. The area is under aquaculture. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY Canals meant for navigation, more often than not, connect distinct watersheds, and rely upon wetlands to sustain water levels required for navigation. Interventions meant for the canals are undertaken without considering the qualitative and quantitative impacts on the wetlands they are connected to. The Kerala Shipping and Inland Navigation Department’s proposal to revive the West Coast Canal System includes the deepening and widening of Canoly Canal. The National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) is assisting the project to de-silt the Canoly canal and Kallayi River. The proposal to deepen Kallayi River to ensure flow from the canal to the river is funded by the River Management Fund. The objective of the project is to improve drainage in the city. This study addresses the impacts on hydrodynamics in Kottuli wetlands by the proposed deepening of Canoly Canal. A similar study undertaken on Mangala river and Perunthuruthi wetlands will help draw up development plans for land use and inland navigation that take into account the impacts on the wetlands. LIMITATIONS The study concerns itself only with the flow patterns deduced from topographical analysis and field observations. Qualitative aspects like pollution and salinity intrusion have not been dealt with here, but have been covered in other studies (Hamno and Pettersson, 2005). Quantitative aspects of the flow dynamics is a further area of study. TOPOGRAPHY The Canal is oriented to direct inflow from 4 water bodies: 1. Mangala River 2. Perunthuruthi Wetlands 3. Kottuli Wetlands 4. Kallayi River The highest elevation is found at Kunduparamba and lowest at Kottuli. (see Fig. 3 ) The red line shows the alignment of the canal and the dark ones are 5m contour lines. The blue areas represent water bodies. 238 The Asian Conference on Sustainability, Energy and the Environment 2013 Official Conference Proceedings Osaka, Japan Figure 4b. Topography of canal environs HYDROLOGY Surface Water Hydrology Analysis of the topography of the region shows that the stretch of the canal from Elathur to Kunduparamba falls in the Mangala river basin, and the rest, from Kunduparamba to Kallayi, falls in the Kallayippuzha (Kallayi river) basin. The canal passes through the ridge between 239 The Asian Conference on Sustainability, Energy and the Environment 2013 Official Conference Proceedings Osaka, Japan the two basins between Puthiyangadi and Kunduparamba; this is also the point that has maximum depth of the canal, minimum water depth and minimum tidal fluctuations. Tidal influx into the Canal is experienced for a distance of 3km into the canal from both ends, from Mangala River and Kallayi River (Hamno and Pettersson, 2005).Other than secondary tributaries of Kallayi river, it is the two wetlands – Kottuli and Perunthuruthi, that maintain the water level in the canal in the mid sections(Anjana, AKK and Deepak, 2013). Fresh water from the wetlands flows into the canal and into the Kallayi estuary and reaches the sea. The quantum of this outflow needs to be determined to estimate the extent of fresh surface water loss involved. Ground Water Hydrology Kozhikode district is underlain by a shallow unconfined sandy aquifer with thickness varying from 4m to 12m (Bazak and Nazimuddin, 1983). The depth to the groundwater varies over the year from 0.21 m and 4.5 (Bazak and Nazimuddin, 1988).
Recommended publications
  • Destruction of Timber Structures in the Estuarine Systems of the Soutr West Coast of India, the Kallayi and Beypore Backwaters
    J. mar. biol. Ass. India, 19%, 38 (1 & 2) : 25 - 33 DESTRUCTION OF TIMBER STRUCTURES IN THE ESTUARINE SYSTEMS OF THE SOUTR WEST COAST OF INDIA, THE KALLAYI AND BEYPORE BACKWATERS N. BALAKRISHNANNAIR Department of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries, University of Kerala, Trivandrum, 695 007. ABSTRACT The nature. of destruction of timber structures in the Kallayi and Beypore backwaters of'the South-West mast of India has been examined. Five species of shipworms namely Dicyathifet manni, Lyroduspedicellatus, Teredo furcifera, Nausitora hedleyi and Banhia carinata, two species of pholads Martesin striata, Martesia (Pam'coma) nairi and three species and a variety of sphaeromatids Sphaeroma terebrans, S. annandalei, S. a. travancorensis and S. walkeri constituted the boring community. The incidence, and relative abundance of these borers in relation to the salinity profile of the estuary have been reported. where large quantities of wood are exposed to their attack. The present paper describes the nature of distribution of wood borers in two TIMBERis extensively used all along our backwater systems of Kerala. coastal zone for harbour structures, waterfront installations, different types of fishing crafts and aquaculture implements. Mangrove forests fringe the shore line, more especially the Collections wCre camed out of sheltered areas and are exposed to wood-boring organisms from Kallayi and submergence and emergence during the tidal Beypore backwater systems during the cycles. All these are subject to the attack of pre-monsoon period February-May of 1988. timber boring organisms. The total damage The availability of infested wooden samples inflicted is indeed great, but very difficult to and the area of the system from the bar-mouth assess, yet it is estimated that in India, the to the upper reaches were taken into fishing industry alone suffers an annual loss consideration while selecting sampling sites.
    [Show full text]
  • Coastal Stability and Micro Morphology; Disturbances Due to Human Interventions Along West Coast of India
    EGU2020-7140, updated on 03 Oct 2021 https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-7140 EGU General Assembly 2020 © Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Coastal Stability and Micro Morphology; Disturbances due to Human Interventions along West Coast of India Rafeeque Mk1,2, Akhil Thulasidharan1, Mintu E George1,3, Suresh Babu Ds1, and Prasad Tk2 1National Centre for Earth Science Studies, Coastal Processes, Thiruvananthapuram, India ([email protected]) 2University of Kerala, Department of Geography, Thiruvananthapuram, India 3Cochin University of Science and Technology, Department of Marine Geology and Geophysics, Ernakulm, Kerala, India Coastal areas are known as cradles of civilization from the beginning of human settlements and the coastal belts in tropics experience high density of population all over the world. Indian coastal region is one of the most populated coastal belts of the world. Kerala coastal region of South West Peninsular India hosts 2931 person per sq. km. Stability of coastal zone helps to prevent the intensity of coastal hazards like extreme waves, coastal flooding and coastal erosion, which is quite noticeable in the northern part of Kerala state, when compared to the southern coastal region. The paleo-shoreline of Kozhikode coast in northern Kerala is identified as 2.5 to 5 km landward from the modern shoreline in the Beypur – Kallayi sector, 1 to 2 km in the Kallayi – Korapuzha Sector and 1 to 2.5 km in the Korapuzha – Quilandi Sector. This proves that the area is an accreting one over the recent geological history. The sediment discharge of Chaliyar, Korapuzha, Kadalundi and Kallayi rivers along with micro morphology leads to the evolution and development of this coastal plain for last few centuries.
    [Show full text]
  • Hydrobiological Studies on the River Kallayi in Kerala*
    HYDROBIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THE RIVER KALLAYI IN KERALA* VARKEY JOHN St. Thomas College, Kozhencheri, Kerala. ABSTRACT Hydrobiological studies were conducted on Kallayi river In northern Kerala, during 1965-66. The data on water temperature showed a correlation to the sea­ sonal cycle of variations of atmospheric air. pH varied within narrow ranges. Considerable amount of nutrients which are released from land during monsoons enhanced the production of planktonic organisms during October to December and January to May. Salinity distribution in the river was influenced by tidal currents especially during January to June, November and Deosmber. Peak values of sali­ nity were observed during April-May and the salinity was considerably decreased in monsoon periods due to the influx of rainwater from uplands. Dissolved oxygen varied considerably during the seasoiis. The decomposing organic materials from the coconut husks and timber barks were the causative factors for the decline in the oxygen. However, the oxygen content increased during the monsoon periods. There was a definite inverse correlation between salinity and dissolved-oxygen content. The phytoplankton was abundant especially during the pre- and post- monsoon seasons. Diatoms were the dominating group among the phytoplankton. The zooplankton distribution was influenced by hydrological factors especially tide and salinity. Most of the zooplankters were brackishwater types and they were numerically more during periods of high salinity (January to May). However, these forms dwindled off during monsoons commencing in June, only to increase again from October. The poor fish catch of Kallayi river could be attributed to the low oxygen content. INTRODUCTION Kallayi river originates from Kunnamangalam as a small stream and flows down 30 km through Kunnathupalam, Mankavu and Kallayi towns and ends in the Arabian Sea (Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Investible Projects in Kerala
    Project Profiles Kerala Investment Potential Mega Projects Kerala State Industrial Development Corporation November 2017 Disclaimer: The findings contained in this document are based on the initial information collated through primary and secondary research, which is indicative in nature. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favouring by KSIDC or any entities thereof. It is, however, advisable to get a detailed feasibility study prepared before taking a final investment decision. List of Profiles # Project Name Sector Estimated Proposed Location Project Cost 1 Electronic Hardware Park Infrastructure INR 1200 Cr Amballur, Cochin 2 Multi-modal Logistics Park Industry INR 1500 Cr Cochin (MMLP) Infrastructure 3 Free Trade Warehousing Industry INR 250 Cr Vizhinjam Zone Infrastructure 4 Port based Cruise Tourism Tourism INR 100 Cr Vizhinjam 5 Light Metro- Trivandrum Urban Transport INR 4219 Cr Trivandrum 6 Light Metro - Kozhikode Urban Transport INR 2509 Cr Kozhikode 7 Marina at Allepey Tourism INR 100 Cr Allepey 8 Medium Density Fibreboard Manufacturing INR 200 Cr Ernakulam-Perumbavoor (MDF) Plant area 8 Abattoir and modern meat Food Processing INR 250 Cr Wayanad or Idukki processing unit 10 Air Taxi Transport/Tourism INR 1100 Cr Trivandrum, Alappuzha, Kottayam, Idukki, Ernakulam, Wayanad and Kasaragod 11 International Exhibition & Hospitality/Tourism INR 500 Cr Kakkanad, Cochin Conference Center
    [Show full text]
  • Government of India Geographical Indications Journal No. 100
    GI Journal No. 100 1 August 30, 2017 GOVERNMENT OF INDIA GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS JOURNAL NO. 100 AUGUST 30, 2017 / BHADRAPADA 8, SAKA 1939 GI Journal No. 100 2 August 30, 2017 INDEX S. No. Particulars Page No. 1 Official Notices 4 2 New G.I Application Details 5 3 Public Notice 6 4 GI Applications Lamphun Brocade Thai Silk - GI Application No. 534 7 Nilambur Teak - GI Application No. 543 5 General Information 6 Registration Process GI Journal No. 100 3 August 30, 2017 OFFICIAL NOTICES Sub: Notice is given under Rule 41(1) of Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration & Protection) Rules, 2002. 1. As per the requirement of Rule 41(1) it is informed that the issue of Journal 100 of the Geographical Indications Journal dated 30th August, 2017 / Bhadrapada 8th, Saka 1939 has been made available to the public from 30th August, 2017. GI Journal No. 100 4 August 30, 2017 NEW G.I APPLICATION DETAILS App.No. Geographical Indications Class Goods 566 Wooden Mask of Kushmani 20 Handi Crafts 567 Madurkathi 20,27 Handi Crafts 568 Darjeeling White 30 Agricultural 569 Darjeeling Green 30 Agricultural 570 Otho Dongo 19 Manufactured 571 Jaipuri Razai 24 Textiles 572 Komal Chaul of Assam 30 Agricultural 573 Lucknow Bone Carving 20 Handi Crafts 574 Thaikkal Rattan Furniture 20 Handi Crafts 575 Kalpetta Bamboo Craft 20 Handi Crafts 576 Kannur Baby Wraps 24 Textiles 577 Grana Padano 29 Manufactured 578 Lucknow Chikan Craft (Logo) 24 Handi Crafts 579 Krishnagar Sarpuria 30 Food Stuff 580 Krishnagar Sarbhaja 30 Food Stuff 581 Punjab Seed Potato 31 Agricultural 582 Tawlhlohpuan 24 & 25 Textiles 583 Mizo Puanchei 24 & 25 Textiles 584 Silao Khaja 30 Food Stuff 585 Pethapur Printing Blocks 16 Handicraft GI Journal No.
    [Show full text]
  • 'Artech Malabar Hills'
    Proposed Residential Building Project ‘Artech Malabar Hills’, at Kasaba, Kozhikode FORM-1 FOR ENVIRONMENTAL CLEARANCE FOR THE PROPOSED RESIDENTIAL BUILDING PROJECT ‘ARTECH MALABAR HILLS’ AT KASABA VILLAGE KOZHIKODE TALUK KOZHIKODE DISTRICT BY PEEVEEKAY PROPERTIES AND HOTELS PVT LTD 5TH FLOOR, INDUS AVENUE, KALLAYI ROAD CALICUT Prepared by ULTRA-TECH Environmental Consultancy and Laboratory Proposed Residential Building Project ‘Artech Malabar Hills’, at Kasaba, Kozhikode FORM 1 (I) Basic Information Serial Item Details Number 1. Name of the project/s Artech Malabar Hills, Residential Building Project at Kasaba Village, Kozhikode Taluk, Kozhikode District 2. S.No. in the schedule 8 (a), Category (B2) 3. Proposed Total plot area: 8277 m2 capacity/area/length/tonnage to be FSI: 3.87 handled/ command area/lease Total construction built-up area for the project: area/number of wells to be drilled 51, 688.57 m2 Coverage: 57.54 % No.of floors: G+21 floors 4. New/Expansion/Modernization New 5. Existing Capacity/Area etc. Not Applicable 6. Category of Project i.e.’A’ or ‘B’ Category (B2) 7. Does it attract the general Not Applicable condition? If yes, please specify. 8. Does it attract the specific Not Applicable condition? If yes, please specify 9. Location Kasaba Village, Kozhikode Taluk, Kozhikode District Plot/Survey/Khasra No. Resurvey No. 105/1C, 105/1 A1 and Sy No.s 989/1, 989/1,2 Village Kasaba Tehsil Kozhikode District Kozhikode State Kerala 10. Nearest railway station/airport The nearest railway stations are Vellayil railway station at a along with distance in kms distance of 2.9 km and Kozhikode railway station at a distance of 3.8 km The nearest airport is Calicut International Airport at a distance of 28.4 km 11.
    [Show full text]
  • Accused Persons Arrested in Kozhikodu City District from 28.06.2015 to 04.07.2015
    Accused Persons arrested in Kozhikodu city district from 28.06.2015 to 04.07.2015 Name of Name of the Name of the Place at Date & Arresting Court at Sl. Name of the Age & Cr. No & Sec Police father of Address of Accused which Time of Officer, Rank which No. Accused Sex of Law Station Accused Arrested Arrest & accused Designation produced 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 CrNo. Souparnika, Ayyappan 56/15 17.00 hrs 518/15U/s SI Suresh Bailed by 1 Ramesan Cherukulam, Purakkattiri Elathur PS Pilla Male 28/06/2015 118(a) of KP Babu Police Choyibazar ACT CrNo.519/201 22/15 Edavanathazham, Kunduparamb 18.05 hrs 5 U/s 279 Jr Si Aswani. Bailed by 2 Vysakh Premanandan Elathur PS Male Makkada, Kakkodi a 28/05/2015 IPC 185 Of J.S Police MV Act CrNo.520/201 Akhil 24/15 Kozhipadannayil, 18.20 hrs 5 U/s 279 Jr Si Aswani. Bailed by 3 Prakasan Elathur Elathur PS Prakash Male Elathur 28/06/2015 IPC 185 Of J.S Police MV Act CrNo.522/201 Puthanayil, SI 56/15 19.30 hrs 5 U/s 279 Bailed by 4 Rajendran Sadanandan Rarichan road, Morikkara Elathur PS Jayachandra Male 29/06/2015 IPC 185 Of Police Eranhippalam Kumar MV Act CrNo.523/201 Kolathur Paramba, 19.40 hrs 40/15 5 U/s 279 SI Surendran Bailed by 5 Baiju Chathukutti Padinhattumuri, Morikkara 29/- Elathur PS Male IPC 185 Of T Police Kakkodi 06/2015 MV Act Vinod @ 32/15 Satheesh Nivas, 14.00 hrs Cr.
    [Show full text]
  • Government of India Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change Lok Sabha Unstarred Question No.3595 to Be Answered on 08.08.2017
    GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, FOREST AND CLIMATE CHANGE LOK SABHA UNSTARRED QUESTION NO.3595 TO BE ANSWERED ON 08.08.2017 Cleaning of Rivers 3595. SHRI M.K. RAGHAVAN: DR. KIRIT P. SOLANKI: Will the Minister of ENVIRONMENT, FOREST AND CLIMATE CHANGE be pleased to state: (a) whether there is any proposal to clean rivers across the country including in Kerala and restore them to its pristine glory, apart from river Ganga; (b) if so, the details thereof along with the rivers covered under the said programme, River/State-wise; (c) whether there is any proposal to restore dying 40 km long Kallayi river of Kozhikode including building of protection walls and desilting and if so, the details thereof; and (d) the details of funds allocated/ sanctioned and utilized so far for cleaning of rivers, State-wise? ANSWER MINISTER OF ENVIRONMENT, FOREST AND CLIMATE CHANGE (DR. HARSH VARDHAN) (a) to (d) Pollution abatement of rivers is a continuous and ongoing process. It is the responsibility of the State Governments/ concerned local bodies to set up facilities for collection, transportation and treatment of sewage for abatement of pollution of rivers. This Ministry has been supplementing the efforts of the State Governments in abatement of pollution in identified stretches of various rivers under National River Conservation Plan (NRCP), which has covered polluted stretches of 31 rivers (excluding Ganga & its tributaries) in 75 towns spread over 14 States, including Kerala at a sanctioned cost of Rs. 4517.82 crore. So far, Central share of Rs. 2066.98 crore has been released to the State Governments for implementation of various pollution abatement schemes and sewage treatment capacity of 2455.43 mld (million litres per day) has been created under the NRCP.
    [Show full text]
  • Economic History of Kerala from 1800 to 1947 Ad Part I : Malabar
    ECONOMIC HISTORY OF KERALA FROM 1800 TO 1947 AD PART I : MALABAR Change in Agriculture, Industry, Transport and Education B. A. Prakash Thiruvananthapuram Economic Studies Society November 2018 1 Contents Preface 1 Agricultural Backwardness 4 Introduction – Agricultural situation – colonial policies – Feudal land tenure system – Colonial extraction of agricultural surplus – Prices of agricultural products – colonial policies in non-agricultural sector – institution of caste system 42 Industrial Change 35 Industrial situation – Colonial policies – growth in traditional industries – Large scale industries – Industrial employment 3 Transport Sector 45 Colonial policies – Development of in-land water transport – Ports – Roads – Road transport – Railways 4 Educational Change 56 Educational situation – Colonial policies – Basel mission – Growth in educational institution – Literacy rate – Educational change among different communities 5 Conclusion 64 2 Preface Though a lot of literature is available on political and social history of Kerala, not much attempts have been made to study the economic history. As a scholar interested in Kerala‟s economic studies, I made some attempts to study the economic history of Kerala during the period 1986 and 1989, when I was a visiting scholar at Centre for Development Studies, Thiruvananthapuram. Based on my research, a few papers were published on agricultural backwardness of Malabar (Social Scientist, June-July 1988), survey of studies on Agricultural Development from 1800 AD to 1980 AD (Centre for Development Studies, Working Paper No. 220), land tenures, agrarian change etc. Though I wish to publish my studies in a book form, it has not materialised. In this context, I publish my studies on economic history of Kerala covering the period between 1800 AD and 1947 AD in two parts viz.
    [Show full text]
  • Site Assessment Study Covering Soil Investigation, Topographic Study Covering Geographical and Environmental Features of Njalianparambu in Calicut District Kerala”
    2018 Site Assessment Study Covering Soil Investigation, Topographic Study Covering Geographical and Environmental Features of Njalianparambu in Calicut District Kerala” IRG Systems South Asia Pvt. Ltd. E-16, 3rd Floor, Main Market, HauzKhas, New Delhi – 110 016 Tel.: +91-11-45974597 E-Mail: [email protected] IRG Systems South Asia Pvt. Ltd. 1 TABLE OF C ONTENT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................................................................................................... 5 Chapter – 1: Introduction & Methodology ........................................................................................................... 8 1.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 8 1.2 Need for Study ...................................................................................................................................... 8 1.3 Objectives of Study ............................................................................................................................... 8 1.4 Scope of Work ....................................................................................................................................... 8 1.5 Approach & Methodology ..................................................................................................................... 9 1.6 Format of Report ...............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • NEW RAILWAYS NEW KERALA a Progressive Journey Since 2014-2021* Kozhikode Parliamentary Constituency
    NEW RAILWAYS NEW KERALA A progressive journey since 2014-2021* Kozhikode Parliamentary Constituency *upto 31.03.2021 PREFACE Indian Railways is heralding a new era working for a turnaround in the system. To cater to the diverse rail needs of the burgeoning populace, an array of modern facilities and services are being inducted into the system progressively. Railways has achieved many significant milestones in the past 7 years. 3529 Route Kilometrage of Southern Railway network, accounting for about 70%, has been electrified till March 2021. Piloting with a passenger-centric vision, Southern Railway operated over 1303 Trains per day and transported over 800 million passengers annually in the pre-pandemic times. During the unprecedented nation-wide lockdown in 2020, Southern Railway, with its well formulated strategies to combat COVID-19, geared up to operate 507 Shramik Specials for the benefit of interstate workers and stranded persons. Besides, the zone has also been running special trains, workmen specials apart from special freight and Parcel services since last year. The dedicated team of railway officials are working relentlessly, focussing on developing infrastructure, enhancing capacity, operating passenger-friendly train services and ensuring safety, security and cleanliness. This booklet is aimed at listing out some of the important accomplishments in recent past and current projects in the constituency. We also seek your co-operation towards Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan and to maintain cleanliness in rail premises. INPUTS BY RAILWAY IN KOZHIKODE PARLIAMENTARY CONSTITUENCY KOZHIKODE PARLIAMENTARY CONSTITUENCY A. ASSEMBLY SEGMENTS : Baluserri, (SC), Elathur, Kozhikode North, Kozhikode South, Beypore,Kunnamangalam and Koduvally B. Railway Stations: Kadalundi,Feroke, Kallayi,Kozhikode,Vellayil Halt , West Hill, Elattur (7 stations) C.
    [Show full text]
  • Ground Water Information Booklet of Kozhikode District, Kerala State
    TECHNICAL REPORTS: SERIES ‘D’ CONSERVE WATER – SAVE LIFE भारत सरकार GOVERNMENT OF INDIA जल संसाधन मंत्रालय MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES कᴂ द्रीय भूजल बो셍 ड CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD केरल क्षेत्र KERALA REGION भूजल सूचना पुस्तिका, कोषकोड स्ज쥍ला, केरल रा煍य GROUND WATER INFORMATION BOOKLET OF KOZHIKODE DISTRICT, KERALA STATE तत셁वनंतपुरम Thiruvananthapuram December 2013 1 GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD GROUND WATER INFORMATION BOOKLET OF KOZHIKODE DISTRICT, KERALA ए रषि वैज्ञातनक ग A. Ravi Scientist C KERALA REGION BHUJAL BHAVAN KEDARAM, KESAVADASAPURAM NH-IV, FARIDABAD THIRUVANANTHAPURAM – 695 004 HARYANA- 121 001 TEL: 0471-2442175 TEL: 0129- 2419075 FAX: 0471-2442191 FAX: 0129- 2142524 GROUND WATER INFORMATION BOOKLET OF KOZHIKODE DISTRICT, KERALA TABLE OF CONTENTS DISTRICT AT A GLANCE 1.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 1 2.0 RAINFALL AND CLIMATE ................................................................................................ 3 3.0 GEOMORPHOLOGY AND SOIL TYPES ......................................................................... 5 4.0 GROUNDWATER SCENARIO ............................................................................................ 6 5.0 GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT STRATEGY .......................................................... 10 6.0 GROUNDWATER RELATED ISSUES AND PROBLEMS ............................................ 12 7.0 AWARENESS AND TRAINING ACTIVITY ..................................................................
    [Show full text]