. MADRAS DISTRICT GAZETTEERS.

MALABAR .AND ANJENGO.

VOLUME L

[6 slzlllings 6 pene1.] MADRAS DISTRICT GAZETTEERS,

MALABAR

AND

ANJENGO.

BY C. A. IN N E S, I. C. S.

EDITED BY F. B. E VA N S, I. C. S.

MADRAS: REPRINTED BY THE SUPERINTENDENT, GOVERNMENT PRESS,

I 9 I~. PREFATORY NOTE

THIS Gazetteer follows the plan prescribed by the Govern­ ment for the series of district gazetteers. Statistics have for the most part been given in a separate volume of Appendices, which is to be revised decennially after each census. The greater part of the book was written in 1904-1905 by Mr. C. A. Innes, I.C.S., then Settlement Officer in Malabar; but owing to his appointment to the Secretariat of the Government of , he was unable to finish it or to revise the proofs of what he had written. Most of the details of the account of the higher castes in Chapter I I I have been contributed by Mr. A. R. Loftus­ Tottenham, I.C.S., who compiled a valuable series of notes on caste customs when he was Special Assistant Collector at ; and wrote a rough draft of a large part of the chapter. Chapter XVI on the was contri­ buted by Mr. C. W. E. Cotton, I.C.S. The whole work has subsequently been revised by Mr. F. B. Evans, I.C.S., whose responsibility extends particularly to the sections on the Early History and the Portuguese period in Chapter II, Chapter III, most of the section on the Economic Position of the Ryots in Chapter IV, and the whole of the account of the Land Tenures in Chapter XI. Free use has been made of the old Malabar Manual published in 1887 by Mr. W. Logan, Collector of Malabar, whose intimate knowledge of the district and the people renders his work a permanent authority of the utmost value. Other authorities to which reference has been made, have been quoted as far as possible in the foot-notes. A list of the principal books consulted is appended. The literature dealing with Malabar is extensive, and it' has often been impossible, within the circumscribed limits of an official compilation such as this, to do more than indicate where fuller and more interesting information may be found. BOOKS AND PUBLICATiONS REFERRED TO.

ALBUQUERQUE, ALPHONSO D': Commentaries. (Translated by Birch for the Hakluyt Society. 1875-83.) 'll BADEN-POWELL, B. H.: The Indian Village Community. (Longmans. 1896.) ------: The Land Systems of British India. (Clarendon Press. 1892.) BARBOSA, DUARTE: The Coasts of East Africa and Malabar. (Translated by the Hon'ble H. E. J. Stanley for the Hakluyt Society. 1866.) · BARROS E DE COUTO: Da . (Decadas 1-111, 1497-1530, by . joao de Barros. Decadas IV-XII, 1530-1600, by Diego de Couto.) BARTOLOMEO: Voyage to the . (Translated by W. Johnston. . 1800.) -BIDDULPH, Col. J.: The Pirates of Malabar. (Smith Elder & Co. 1907.) BucHANAN, Dr. FRANCIS: A Journey through , Canara and Malabar. (3 vols. London. 1807.) - BURNELL, A. C.: Sordh Indian Palceography. (Triibner. 1878.) CASTANHEDA, FERNAO LOPES DE: Historia do Discobrimenta e Conquista da India pelos Portugueses. (Translated in Kerr's Collection of Voyages and Travels, Vol. II. London. 1811.) Cochin Ethnographical Survey. Monographs, Nos. 1-12. CoRREA, CASPAR: Das Lendas. (Translated by Lord Stanley of Adderley for the Hakluyt Society. 1869. The Three Voyages of .) -DANVERS, F. C.: The Portuguese in India. (Allen & Co. 1894.) · DAY, FR-'NCIS: The Land of the Perumals. (Madras. 1863.) -'s Records: Letters recei~:~ed by the East India Company. (Vol. I. 1602-1613. Edited by F. C. Danvers. Vols. 11-VI, 1613-1617. Edited by W. Foster. Allen & Co. 1896-1902.) Epigraphia Indica. I, III, IV, VI, VII, VIII. FERGUSSON, jAMES: History of Indian and Eastern Architecture. (Murray. 1876.) Fifth Report of the Select Committee on the East India Company, (London. 1812.) '·FORBES, jAMES: Oriental Memoirs. (London. 1813.> FRANCIS, W.: Madras Census Report, 1901. (Census of India. Vol. XV.) FRYER, J.: A New Account of the East Indies and Persia. (London. 1698.) GOPAL PANIKKAR, T • .K.: Malabarandits Folk. (Natesan, Madras. 1901.) GRJEME's Report on the District of Malabar. 1822. HAMILTON, Capt. ALEXANDER: A New Account of the East Indies.· (London. 1U~ . IBN BATUTA: Tra'Uels. (Translated from an abridged MSS. by S. Lee Murray. 1829.) . India in the Fifteenth Century, (Travels edited by R. H. Major for the Hakluyt Society. 1857.) - Indian Antiquary, Vols. II, VI, XVIII, XIX, XX, XXI, XXVI, XXX, XXXI. Joint Commissioners, Report of the- deputed to Malabar. 1793. · ]ORDANUS, FRIAR: Wonders of the East. (Translated by .Col. Yule for the Hakluyt Society. 1863.) . KANAKASABHAI, V.: The Eighteen Hundred Years ago. (Higgin-- · botham, Madras. 1904.) · LINSCHOTEN jOHN HUYGHEN VAN: Voyage, (Edited by Burnell and Tiele for the Hakluyt Society. 1884.) LOGAN, W.: Malabar. (2 vols. Madras. 1887.) ---: A Collection of Treaties, Engagements, etc., relating to British Affairs in Malabar. (Madras. 1891.) viii BOOKS AND PUBLICATIONS, ETC.

LoGAN, W.: The Malabar Land Tenures. (Malabar Special Commission, 1883. Madras Government Press.) MACKENZIE, G. T.: Christianity in Tfavancore. (Trevandrum. 1901.) Madras Government Museum Bulletins. Vol. I, No.2. Vol. II, Nos. 1 and 3. Vol. III, Nos. 1, 2 and 3. Vol. IV, Nos. 1 and 3. Madras Journal of Literature and Science, Vols. XI, XIII and XXII. Malabar Land Tenul:s. (A collection of official papers on the subject, 1880-85. Madras Government Press.) Malabar Land Tenures Committee, 1885. Report (Madras Government Press. 1887.) Malabar Marriage Commission. Report. (Madras. 1894.) Malabar Quarterly Review. Vols. I-V. MALLESON: History of the French in India. : Travels. (Translated by Col. Yule.) MATEER, S.: Native Life in . (Allen & Co. 1883.) MAYNE, J.D.: Hindu Law and Usage. (Higginbotham, Madras. 1906.) McCRINDLE, G. W.: Ancient India as described by Megasthenes and Arrian (Triibner. 1877.> MooRE, LEWIS: Malabar Law and Custom. (Higginbotham, Madras. 1905.) - NAGAM AIYAR, V.: The Travancore State Manual. (Trivandrum. 1906.) ORME, ROBERT: History ofindostan. (London. 1803.) PIETRO DELLA VALLE: Travels to India. (Edited by Grey for the Hakluyt Society. 1891.) PYRARD DE LAVAL: Voyage to the East Indies. (Translated by Gray and Bell for the Hakluyt Society. 1887.) RAE, G. MILNE: The Syrian Church in India. (Blackwood. 1892.) RAMUSIO, GIO BATTISTA: Navigatione e Viaggi. (3 vols. Venice. 1556-74.) RISLEY, Sir H.: Census Report, 1901. (Census of India, Vol. I.) Roteiro, Il.: A Journal of the First Voyage of Vasco de Gama. (Translated by Ravenstein for the Hakluyt Society.) .SANKARA MENON, M.: Cochin Census Report, 1901. (Census of India, Vol. XX.) SuBRAMANIA AIYAR, N.: Travancore Censi4S Report, 1901. (Census of India, Vol. XXVI.) Selections from the Records of the Madras Government, Revenue. Vols. I-III. SEWELL, R.: A Forgotten Empire (Vijayanagar) (Swan, Sonnenschein & Co. 1900.) South Indian Inscriptions, II and III. TAVERNIER: Travels in India. (Translated by V. Ball. Macmillan. 1889.) THEVENOT: Travels into the Levant. (London. 1687.) -..,THURSTON, EDGAR: Ethnographic Notes on Southern India. (Madras Government Press, 1906.) TURNER, Sir CHARLES: Minute on the Draft Bill relating to Malabar Land Tenures. (Madras. 1885.) · VARTHEMA, LUDOVICO Dl: Travels. (Edited by:Badger for the Hakluyt Society. 1864.) WALKER, Major: The Malabar'Land Tenures. 1801. WELSH, Col. J.: Military Reminiscences in the East Indies. (Smith Elder & Co. 1830.) · WHrrEHOUSE, T. : Lingerings of Light in a dark Land. (Brown & Co. London. 1&73.) WILKS, Col.: History of t.Iysore. (3 Vols. London. 1810.) YULE: The Book of Ser Marco Polo. (2 vols. Murray. 1903.) ZEIN·UD·DIN: Tahajut-ul-Mujahidin. !Translated by Rowlandson for the . Oriental Translation Fund. Loudon. 1833.) PLAN OF CONTENTS.

CHAPTER PAGES- I. PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION 1-23 II. POLITICAL HiSTORY 24-89 II I. THE PEOPLE 90-213 IV. AGRICULTURE AND IRRIGATION 214-238 V. FORESTS ... 239-247 VI. OccuPATIONS AND TRADE 248-262 VII. MEANS OF COMMUNICATION 263-269 VIII. RAINFALL AND SEASONS---_ 270-275 IX. PUBLIC HEALTH ... 276-280 X. EDUCATION 281-286 XI. LAND REVENUE ADMINISTRATION 287-353 XII. SALT, ABK~RI AND MISCELLANEOUS REVENUE 354-361 XIII. ADMINISTRATION OF JusncE 362-372 XIV. LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT 373-379

XV. GAZETTEER-

Calicut Taluk 380_-390

Chirakkal Taluk ~9I-40I Cochin Taluk ... 402-410 Ernad Taluk 411-420 Taluk 421-429 Kurumbranad Taluk 430-438 Palghat Taluk ... '439-447 Taluk .. : 448-463 Walavanad Taluk 464-471 Wynaad Taluk ... 472-478

XVI. THE LACCADIVE ISLANDS AND MINI COY ... 479-SOI XVII. ANJENGO DISTRICT 502-506 INDEX 507-524 TABLE OF CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I.

PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION. PAG!;;S GENERAL DESCRIPTION (page 1)-Boundaries-Taluks and chief towns (2) -Etymology of name-Scenery. HILLS (3)-The Western ­ Outlying hills-Passes and the Palghat gap. THE RIVER SYSTEM (4)­ Valarpattanam river-K6tta river (5)- river- river (6) --Ponnani river-Cochin river (7)-Tributaries of the Cauvery. THE COAST LINE-Islands (8)-Mud banks-Their origin-Ketta vel/am (g). SOILs-Soils of the Wynaad (II). RAINFALL. CL!l\IATE­ Temperature-Climate of Wynaad (12)-Humidity (13)-Winds. GEOLOGY {14)-Geological formation of the plains-Laterite-Geology of Wynaad (15)- fields of Wynaad (16)-Gold in the plains (18)­ Iron-Other minerals-Building stones (19). FLORA. FAUNA (21)­ Don1estic aninmls-Sheep, goats and pigs-Big game-The lesser animals (22)-Crocodiles-Birds, butterflies and snakes. FISH (23) 1-:13

CHAPTER II.

POLITICAL HISTORY. EARLY HISTORY (page 24)-Dearth of materials-Immigration into Malabar (25)-Parasuramakshetram (26)- or Chera (27)-Early references to the Cheras (28)-Early trade-Trade with Rome (29)-ldentifications of Roman place-names on the West Coast (31)-Karoura, the capital of Chera-Limits of Kerala (32)-Later trade with Rome-The dearth of authorities-Ancient Tamil literature (33)-Chera civilisation- Epigraphic research (34)-Sri Varma-Sri Bhaskara Ravivarma- Other kings known from inscriptions (36)--Stha.na Ravi-Ravivarma-Vira Raghava Chakravarti-Foreign invasions (37)-Chinese trade with Kerala (38)-The Keral6lpatti and Kerala Mahatmyam (39)-The Brahman coloni­ sation of Kerala -The Perumal period (40)-Cheraman Perumal-The question of his identity and chronology (41)-The story possibly a confusion of two distinct traditions (42)-1320 A.D. to 1498 A.D. (43). THE PORTUGUESE PERIOD, A.D. 1498-1663 (44)-Discovery of India, 1498 (45) -Arrival of Cabral, 1500-Discovery of Co chin (46)­ Joao da Nova,· 1501 (47)-Vasco da Gama, 1502-Francis d'Albu­ querque, 1503-Pacheco's defence of Cochin (48)-Almeida, the first Viceroy, 1505-1509-Francis d'Albuquerque, 1509-1515 (49)-Vasco da Gama, Viceroy, 1524-1571 (51)-Decline of the Portuguese (52)-Loss of the monopoly of trade with (53)-The fall of Cochin, 1663. THE STRUGGLE FOR THE PEPPER TRADE, 1663-1766 (54~--The Dutch in Malabar-Rise of the English (55)-Travancore and the decline of the TABLE OF CONTENTS.

I:' AGES Dutch-The French and the English in (56)-North Malabar. politics-Peace with Mahe (5~)-Darmapattanam Island-The Bednur war (59)-Struggles with the hench (61)-•Siege of Tellicherry - Fall of Mahe (62)-Eve'lq in South_ Malabar (64)-'s invasion of Palghat. THE MYSOREAN CONQUEST, 1766-1792 (65)-The invasions of 1766- RebeiJion in Malabar (66)-Negotiations with the chieftains (67)-Attack on Cochin and Trav&ncore (68)-Capitulation of Mahe-Siege of Tellicherry, (69)-Death of Haidar, 1782_:-The peace of 1784 (71)­ Founding of Ferok-Proselytism to (72)- Downfall of Tipu's power _in Malabar (7J). BRITISH SUPREMACY (75}-Changes in the district­ Administration (76)-Mistaken revenue policy of 1792 (77}-The first Pychy rebellion, 1793-1797 (78)-Second Pychy rebellion, 18oo-18o5 (79)~ Other risings (81). MlPPILLA OUTflREAKS (82)-General frature.- 1836 to 1853 (83)-:'olambram Tangals (84)-The Mappilla Acts {85)-Murder of Mr. Conoiiy- :\lr. Logan's commission (86)---Its results--Disarming of the Mappilla taluks-The outbreak of 18g6 (87)-0utbreak of 18g8 (88)- Conclusion (89) 24-89 CHAPTER III. THE PEOPLE. DISTRIBUTION OF PoPULATION (page 90)-Url•an and rural-Movement of population (91). LANGUAGEs-:\lalayalam(92)-Tunjattu Ezhuttacchan­ Folksongs-Prose (93)• RELIGIONS. THE HINDl's-The Malabar Caste System-The.JiarutNakkalldyaiN system (95)-The 1'arn•dd--Origin of system (97rEarly accounts of Sa,.baH-illaNf (98)-Present position (99)­ _The Tali ~eltw-kal_ydHalll (100}-Po\lution (102)-Ceremonial pollution (103)-Birth and death pollution. CONSPECTUS OF CASTE SYSTEM. BRAHMANS (104}-.a-Pattan and Embrindiris (105)-Nambu­ diri sub-divisions \lo6)-Elayads and Mussads (loS}. ANTAR~LA J~THI I (I09)--Kshattriyas and Samantans (112). NAYARS (114)- Highc:aste Nayars-Soutb Malabar (116)-North Malabar (118)-Non­ military NayiUII (uo)-Low caste Nayan (121). POLLUTING CASTES (123) -Tiyanl and hbuvan1 (124)-Mukkuvaos (126)-Artizans, menials, and devil-dancing castes (127)• ABORIGINAL CLASSES (133)-Cherumaos and Pulayana-Parayana (134)-NayaJia (135)-]ungle tribes. FoREIGN CASTES (138). VILLAGES AND DWELLINGS (139). DRESS (143)-Hair (I44)-0maments (145). Fooo. AMUSEMENTS (146)-Kala,.u-Kora'.ta­ ~alii-Games (147)• FESTIVALS. AGRICULTURAL CEREMONIES (149). RELIGION {151)-Temples {152)-Rdigious life (156)-Magic and super­ llition (157)• CEREMONIES ( 158)-N ambudiri marriage-Other Nambu­ diri ceremonies (163) -NambuJiri death ceremonies (r6s)-Ceremonies of Nayars and other castes (166)-Pulikua'i (167)-Cbildbirth (16g)--Pdlu· ltuJi (171) -C4.WIIH,II-Vid_y,i,.amUalll (172)-C4~11latN-Xti111Nkullu­ Tdli ketl• kalyti,am (113)- r;,..,a'ukal_yd,laHI (177)-Marriago (178)­ l''uneral and memorial cer.:monies (185). M~PPILLAS (189)-0rigin-­ Cbaracteristics (190)-Dwelijngs (191)-Dreu-Food (192)-Religion­ )f.osques (193) -Religious observances-Saints ( 195)-.il/aN/aa's-Supenti. tion-Ceremonies ( 196)- Birth -Circumcision-Marriage ( 197)-Death (198). (199)• SYRIAN CHRISTIANs-History (200)­ Cbaracteristics (2o6)-Cburches-Clergy (207)-Doctrines (2o8)­ Fe,tivals-Social ceremonies-Marriage (209)-Deatb (211). ROMAN CATHOLICS. BASEL MISSION (212} ••• 90-213 TABLE OF CONTENTS. xiii

CHAPTER IV.

AGRICULTURE AND IRRIGATION. • PAGES AGRICULTURAL PRACTICE (page 214). IRRIGATION (215). WET LANDS­ Ptmjakbi (216)--Kaipdd cultivation (217)--Piantains and.,) vegetables­ Methods of wet cultivation-· Standard of cultivation (219). DRY CULTI­ VATION-P""a" (220)-.Aioda,, gingelly and samai-Ginger (221). GARDENS (222)-The cocoanut (223)-The jack-tree {225)-The areca­ palm-Pepper (226)-Betel (227). SPECIAL PRODUCTS (228)-Coffee­ Cinchona (229)-Tea {230)--Rubber (231). ECONOMIC POSITION OF RYOTS (232)--Signs of material prosperity-Landlord and tenant- Mr. Logan's report (233)-Rack-renting-Renewal fees (234)-Improve- ment rates-Evictions (235)-Social tyranny of janmis-The kdriyastaNS or land-agents-Mr. Logan's proposals (236)-Criticism;-The Tenants Improvements Act (237)-Effect of the Settlement-Conclusion (238) ... 2J4-238

CHAPTER V.

FORESTS. FoRESTS (page 239)-Denudation of slopes-Zones of forest growth­ Deciduous forests of the plains-Evergreen forests of the ghat slopes (240) -E,·ergreen shola forests-Bamboo forests of the Wynaad (241)-Decidu­ ous forests of the Wynaacl and Attapadi valley. STATE FORESTS (241)­ Growth of con;en·ancy-N orth Malabar (242)- forests of the Wynaad -The Tirunelli forests and the .Kan6th range (243)--Elephant catching -Forests of 1 244)-New reserve-Silent and Attapadi valley reserves (245)-Nilambt'tr teak plantations-Mahogany and rubber (247)-Forest crime 239-247

CHAPTER VI.

OCCUPATIONS AND TRADE. OccUPATIONS (page 248)-Census statistics-Influence of caste (249). INDUS· TRIEs-Cocoanut-oii-Gingelly and other oils (250)-Lemon grass oil -The industry-Timber trade (251)-Coffee curing, etc. (252)­ Tile works-Weaving-Weaving mills-Tailors (253) -Cap-making-Fish­ ing-Toddy-drawing (254)-}aggery (255)-Leaf umbrellas, hats, mats and baskets (256)-Palghat grass mats-Iron smelting (257)--Gold washi~g (258)-Bell metal work. PROFESSIONS (259)- Transport and storage. TRADE-Volume of trade-Ports (260)-Exports-Their distribution­ Imports-Rail-borne trade (261). WEIGHTS AND MEASURES-Weights-

Grain measures (262)-Liquid measures ... 248-26 2 CHAPTER VII.

MEANS OF CO:O.IMUNICATION. '\V ATERWAYS (page 263)-Rivers, backwaters and canals-Their commercial importance. ROADS (264)--Tipu's gun roads--Roads in the first years of the British Snpremacy (265)-Retrogression in the first half of the nineteenth century--Existing road; (266)--Their conrlition (267) -Avenues. TRA· VELLERS' BUNGALOWS. FERRIES (268), RAILWAYS-Projected lines (269) ... 263-:a69 xi1r TABLE OF CONTENTS. CHAPTER Vlll. RAINFALL AND SEASONS. PAGES RAINFALL (page 270)_. SEASONS (271)-Liability to famine--Early scarcities -..The famine ~ff1865-66 (272)-Famine of 1876-78-Scarcity in 189o- 91 (273)• FLOODS (274)-The Tamarasseri laodslip. STORMS (275)- The hurricane of 1848. EARTH\jUAKES ••• 27o-275

CHAPTER IX. PUBLIC HEALTH. MEDICAL INSTITUTIONS (page 276j. VITAL STATISTICS (277)-Sanitation. · GENERAL HEALTH-Characteristic disea~es (278)-Cholera-Small-pox­ Vaccination-Plague (279)-}lalarial fever--Infirmitie~ (280)-Leper and lunatic asylums ••• 276-:18c

CHAPTER X. EDUCATION. . ... LITERACY (page 281)-Literacy by castes, religions llnd taluks. EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS (:z8z)-Collcges-Brennea College-Victoria College (:z83)-The Zamorio's College-Upper Secondary Schools-Lower Second­ ary Schools-1.-emale education (284)-Panchama Schools-Mappilla Schools-Training Schools (286)-Technical education-Indigenous education ••• - 2lh-:z86

CHAPTER XL

LAND REVEXUE ADMINISTRATIOX. THE LAND REVENCE SYSTEM (page 287). LAND TEJoot:REs-Traditional acc:ouoll(:z!il!)-The Kcralolpatti-Early British authorities-1\tr. Farmer (:z89)-Dr. Buchanan-Major Walker (290)-Mr. Thackeray (291}­ Mr. Warden- Mr. Logan's theories-Sir W. Robinson's criticisnu (295}-Views oflhe Commission of 11i84 (296) Sir Charles Turner's minute (297)-Mr. Baden-Powell's account (301)-Criticism (303)-Possible course of evolution-Actual tenures at beginning of nioetec:nth century­ Waste lauds (304)-Lega 1 incidents CJf tenures to-day (305). REVENUE ADMINISTRATIONS (307)-Sources of revenue of Rajas-J..-irst instance of land revenue (3o8)- mode of stating extent of lands. EARL\ Sr.·rTLEMENTS -The Mysorean settlement-South Malabar (309)­ Palgbat taluk (311)-North Malabar (3u)-Results of different systems in Nonh and Sooth Malabar-British rule (313)-Quinquenoial leases­ Smee's pymasb (314;-:Macleod's revisioo-Mr. Rickards' proposals-The Janmi pymub andllinduvi pymash (317)-l'rlunro's report (318)-Grreme's report-The garden settlement (320)-Abortive wet settlement (322)-Pugil l!ivaram pymash (324)-Reversion to jao1a of 18oo-o1 (325)-Presettle­ ment dry rates. THE SURVEY AND SETTLEMENT (327)-Scheme reports '(ABLE OF CONTENTS.

· (328)~Delay in introduction-Settlement with the janmi-Janmam registra· tion (329)-The garden difficulty (330)-Introduction of the settlement­ Principles (331)-Grouping-Wet rates-Dry rates (332)-Garden rates --Average money rates (333)-Financial results (334)-Re"lission and relinquishment (335). \VYN AAD-Warden's wet settlement-Ifs subsequent developments (336)-Dry lands-F.states (337)-Wynaad escheat settle·. ment-Principles of revenue settlement (338)-Sanctioned rates-Average rates (339)-Financial results (340)-Settlement with tenant·decla ~d illegal -Working of settlement (341)-Relinquishments-Pepper (342). CoCHIN -Early revenue history-.. Mr. Conolly's settlement-Escheat settlement (343)-Re-settlement. ANJENGO (344)-Early revenue history-=:Proposed settlement in r86o (345)-Escheat settlement-Introduction of settlement (346). MALABAR ESCHEAT SETTLEMENT-5ale of janmam right--Dis­ content in Cochin (347)-Mr. Logan's proposals (348)-Jamllal>kogam (349)_. INAMS. THE VILLAGE SYSTEM (350)-The Malabar revenue village-The Mysorean system (352}-The- amsam system (353)-Redistri· bution of amsams. DIVISIONAL CHARGES ... 287-353

CHAPTER XII. SALT, ABKARI AND MISCELLANEOTTS REVENUE. SALT (page 354)-The monopoly system-Present system-Source of supply {355)-Armngements with Mahe-Arrangements with Cochin and Travan­ core-Manufacture of earth salt-Fish-curing (356)-Fishery investigations (3S7)· · ABKARI-The joint renting system-Arrack (3S8).:._Jaggery or molasses arrack-Existing system-Special tracts (359)-Foreign liquor­ Toddy-Sweet toddy (36o)-Opium and hemp drugs. Ct'STOMS. iNCOME TAX (361) ... 354-361 •

CHAPTER XIII.

ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE. HISTORICAL !page 362)-justice in andent times--Trials by or deal-(363)­ Procedure against debtors ( 364) ~Sma,.ta virhdrams. CIVIL JusTICE (365: -Early Britim Courts-Existing Civil Courts (366)-Village ·courts­ Volume of litigation. REGISTRATION (367)-Malabar Wills Act ·and Malabar Marriage Act. CRIMINAL JusTICE-The various Courts-Grave crime (368) -Criminal castes-Mappilla outbreaks (369)-Dacoity-Other forms of crime. PoLICE-Present Force (37I)-Malappuram Special Force, jAILS. ARMS ACT (372) . · ••• 362-372

CHAPTER XIV.

LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT. LOCAL BOARDS(page 373)-Receipts-Expenditure(374)-Difliculties. MUNI· CIPA71TIES ~3!5)·:-Calicut Muni:ipality-Palghat (376)-.. Coch.1~ ~umc1pahty (377)-Telhcherry Municipality (378,1-Cannanore Muq1c1pahty ...... 373:.37? xvi TABLE OF CONTENTS. CHAPTER XV. GAZETTEER: PAGES CALICU1' TAL\JK (page 38o)-Beypore (382)-Calicut-Chevayur (389)­ Kanniparamba-h.thupadi (390)-Timarasseri. CHIRAKKAL TALUX (391) -Anjarakandi (392)-Cannanore (393)-Chirakkal (396)-Ettikulam (397)--Irukluir-- (39':!)-Srikandapuram- (399)-Valarpattanam. COCHIM TALUX (402)-British Cochin. ERNAD hLUK '411)-Ariyakkod (413)-Cha!iyam f414}--Ferok (415) -Kadalundi-Kolldotti- (416)-Malappuram-Mambram (417) - (418'-Tirurangildi (419)-Wandlir. K~TTAYAM TALUK (421)-Dannapattanam (422'-lritti-- (423) -·Kottayam-Kattaparamba (424)- Manattana-Pazhassi (426)-Telli­ cberry. KURUMBRANAD TALUX (430)-Badagara (432)-Cbombala (433) -Kottakkai-Kattipuram (434) -Kattiyadi-Mahe (435)-­ Nadavann&r-Pantatayini (436) -Payyuli (437)· PALGHAT TALn (439)-Aiattur (441)-K6llang6d (442)-Palgbat (443)-Para (446) -Pudunagaram (447)-Vadakkancberi. PONN;NI TAL UK (448)-Cbavak­ kad (4SO)-Cbettavayi (4SI)-Edapp:U-Enimakkal (4S2}-Garuriyur­ Kodakkal (453)-Mathilagam (454}-Panniyur--Ponnani-Pudiyangadi (456)-Punnattur (457)-Tanur-Tirunavayi (458)- (462)-Triprayar -Tritala. WALAVANAD TALl'll (464)-Angadippuram (~66)-Attapadi Valley (467)-Cheruk6d (468)--Cherpalcheri-Karimpazha (469)-Kava­ lappara-Kolattur-~lannarakklld (470)-Mank.&da l'alli puram - --Perintalmanna (471)-Sh6ranur-Vaniamkalam. WYNAAD T.&LUK (472)-Chandanat6d (474)-Kalpatta (47S)-K6r6t-Lakkidi­ Manantoddy- (476)-l'anamaram-Pukkot-Sultan's l!attery (477)-Tirunelli-Vayittiri (478) ... 38o-47'i

CHAPTER XVI. TilE LACCADIVE ISLANDS AND MINICOV. The Laccadive Islands (page 479)--Physical aspects (48o)-}1ora (481)- Fauna (482)-The people of the Laccadives (484)-The people of Minicoy (48SJ-Industries and Manufactures (487)-Religion (488}­ Uou~• (489)-Boats-Healtb and Sanitation (491)-Ciimate and rainfall (492)-llistory-l-'iscal Administration (49S)-Pandtirt1Nf lands (499)-- Generaladministration Csoo) ... · ... 479-501

CHAPTER XVII. ANGENGO DISTRICT. ANJE.NGO DISTRICT (page 502)-Anjengo (S03)-Tangaas~ri (50S) ... so:a-so6 507

INDEX.

A Alavu pymash, .117. Albuquerque, Alfonso d', 47-50, 506; Abdul I<.ahiman Samuri, 41. Francisco d', 47, 48. Abdur Razzak, 42, 44, 99, 362, 385. Aleppey, 8, 9, 31, 410. Abercromby, 75, 76, 395· Alexander the Great, 28. Abington, 69, 70. Alexandria, 28. Abkari revenue, 357-360. Ali Mussa, 395· Aboriginal tribes, 133-139· Acchan, title of Palghal Rajas, 116, 441, Ali Rajas, the; origin and history, 4o-1, 395-6 ; rulers of the Laccadives, 493, 445; Randattara Acchanmar, 258, 263. -~ Acchtiram, betrothal, 177, 18L 49So 499• Achin, 52. • Alipa.ramba, 468. Acts, XXVI or 1850, 375; xxnr of lllS4. I Alltir, 40. 85; XXIV of 1854, 85, 372; XXIV of Almeida, 48, 49, 394, 404. 1859, 371; II of 1864, 329; VIII of Alpha Gold-mining Company, 16. 1865, 238; 111 of 1866, 373; IV of 1871, Alwaye, 377• 373 ; I of 1878, 373 ; XIX of 1883, u 5 ; : Akkittiripads, 107, 452. XII of 1884, 215; Ipf 1887, 237;III Amana palaga, tortoise plank, wooden of 1896, 238, 329, 337; IV of 1896, 99, seat used at ceremonies by Nan1bUdiris, 367; V of 1898, 367 ; I of 1900, 86, 119, 161. 237 ; II of 1904, 329. Amarambalam forests, 244-5. Acta Thomre, 200. Ambalavasis, 95, 104, 109. Aden, 48, so Amildars, 79. Adhdnam, a Nan1budiri sacrifice, 107, 452. Amini, 482. Adltigdris, village headmen, 353, seq.; as Amins, headmt:n on Laccadives, 500. Civil Courts, 366 ; as Magistrat~il, 367. Amsam, aggregate of desams, parish, 353· Adhyans, to6. Amsterdam, 19. Adigals, 108, 154. Amulets, 145, 191. Adikaman Elini, 33· Amusements, 146, Adima jaHmam, a service tenure, 307. , 470. Adittiripads, 107, 452. Anamalais, 3, 439· Aditya I, 37. Aditya Varman, 40. Anandravans, junior male members of a Adiy6dis, 113, 119. taru.•ad, 97o 185 . Adultery, trials for, 364- Ananga 111a!a,,J, 14, 471. Adutt6ns, 131. Ancestor worship, 152, 155·

Agalapuzha, 51 251, 430. Andis, 128. Aga-Pothuvals, w8. Andolla Mala, 61, 427. Agattammamar. See Anterjanam, Androth, 479, 481- S ; hurricant: of t848, Agattu Chama Nayars, 116, 120, 168, 175. 275 ; dispensary, 276; riot, 495• Agatti, 479, 482, 484, 488. Andunins, 120. Agni Purana, 39 '\ Angadipumm, 82 -3, 250, ]'69, 466-7. Agni-ddhdnam See Adhanam. Angelo, Fort St., 59, 394-S· Anginda Peak. 3 9, 411, 464. Agni-cha)•ana ydgam, a Nambudiri Animals, 21, 468. sacrifice, 107, 452. Animism, 151, 154-7. Agnih6tri, 107. Anjamkur, 58. Agricultural Associations, 21, 219. Anjara.kandi ; amsam, 228, 392-3; river, Agricultural festivals, 149. S· 59. So. Agricu)ture 214-238; wet land~, 215; Anjengo, the district, 76, 502 ; 'land dry, :n9; gardens, 222; special pro­ revenue, 344-6 ; abkari, etc,, revenues, ducts, 228; experiments, 469. 346, 359 ; the old factory, ss-6, 264, Agriculturists, economic position, 232-8; 503-4 ; the pre>ent town, 502-4; its Loans Acts, 215. industries, 250, 503 ; commercial im· Aix Ia Chapelle, 61. parlance, 264. AI Biruni, 2, 492. Anjuvan'lam, 35-7• .~lattur, village and hill in l'alghat taluk, 1 Annaprdsanam, Ct!remony of giving lint 3, 283, 441 ; hill in Wynaad, 476. rice to child, 164, 171. soS INDEX-

•&.nntir, 206. Ayt~dha /Juja, Da.sara, -148. Alllarala J tithi, intermediate castes. 104. Ayyan Adigal, 36. 109-114- Azhikkal, 268, 391, 3S9· Anterjanams, Nambudiri women, 104. Azhovancheri Tambur.ikkal, 106. 143.364- Afl.. blumam, a species of perpetual lease, B 307· Baber, Mr. T. H., 81-2, 335, 370, 428-g, ),.,.lmnam, hypergamy, 9S. 476. Appal.. , an edible octopus, 48'3. Backwaters, 4, 263-4- Arabia, 41, 81. Badagara, described, 432-3; the fort, 75, Arakkal, 395- 432: ; trade of port, 5, 26:> ; canal, 6, ~nakkal!Jannannar,J65. 263,430. Arayan, a division of Mukkovans, J:z6 ; Baden-Powell, India• Village Comm ... headmen of Mokkovans, 127. nity, 43; Land Systems of British Arayan Kulangara Nayar, 395- India, 303. Architectme, 1 53- BakMe, 31, An:ca palms, 225, 319. 331- Balam, &J. Arimbrakudi Mala, 415. Bali, a form of magic, 157, 172, 176, 178. Ariyakk6d, 87, 266, 414-s­ Baliaratam. See V alarpattanam. Arms Act, 372.- Baliklzala, exorcising ceremony, 167, 16g, Anack revenue, 357-9- 188. Ar.;bad Beg, 71, 31.1- Bamboo forests, 241 ; huts, 142. .Asiris, 127. Bana Perumal, 42· Ashtagarttham, eight spices nsed in Bti..alzlzan, :Mu~kuvan; priest, 127. Ganapathi poja, 11>8. Baoapuram, 42. Ashtamangalyam, the eight lucky things, Banasur, 472. 159. 173. 178. , 74- Ashtaftidyans, lf¥7. Bangles, 145- Asoka, 27. 28. Bank of Madras, 383, 426. Asrlutrapisclaetha #Jrayaschittam, ex­ Barace, 29o 30. piatory ceremony in Nambudiri maniage, Barbosa, Duarte, Coasts of East Africa 159- and Malabar, 41, C}S, 114, 249, 362, Asyans, Jf¥7. 394. 398. 48Z. : Athanasios, 255- Bamacheri, 394- Bartholomew, St., 201. , 1o6, 441. Basel Mission, 212-3 ; schools, 283-4 ; , 48<>. industrial institutions, 252; ; hospitals, Atta, sea slog, 4g8. · 276. Att/Uadalzluim, reversionary right, g6. Baskets, 256. Attan I, 33- Bavali, 4]6. Attan II, 33· Beads, 145- ' Attan Gorikkal, So, 83. Bean;, 22. Attap3di valley, description, 1, 7, 467; Beebe de mer, 483. pec;ple, 91, 467 ; forests, 240, 245; Bednur, 59, 61, 65, ji. ablciri, 358-9- Beer, 359- Attikorissi Nayars, 121, 185, 187. Begsr-us, 138. -~ttingal, 5S. S03· . Beglir forest, 242, 476 ; elephants, in, 22, Attipe,.,., conveyance, landed property, 244.-47Z. 293, 305. • , . ·. .e~ Belem, 45· Attiris, men's clubs m"1 lDlcoy, ...,7. Bella:ry District Gazettea, 101. Att .. vejtp.. , riveiSide gardens, 223, 3~1. Bell-metal, 25lS. Augustus, 32. · • • .. Bench Courts, 366. A ..pa.sana Ggfli, sacred fire at Nambudm Benches of Magistrates. 367. ceremonies, 16o, 165- Bentley, Lieutenant, 493, 4g6. Avenues. 267. Berrio, the. 45· Avinn3t k6vilagam, 431. l Betal, 146, 227· Avul, excavations for paddy on Lacca- Beypore, described, 382 ; P?rt•. 5, 26o ; riva, 6, Sl, 411, 472; samtatlon, 277; dives, 421•- Rajas. 381-2. Ayacotta, 74. 410. 1' A'-ancheri Kovilagam, 431, 434- . BhadJakili, 132. 152, 156. Ayani un feast beginning maniage cere- Bhagavathi, 386, 443, 445· moni;if'I sS. 1'81. , Bharani, cock festhal at Cmnganore, 148, Aycouny, 6o. 40J. Ayi113sseri, 420 Bh3ratha puzha, 6, 439, 448. Ayittdts, Mukkuvan oracle, 127. Bhaskara .Ra'ivannan, 3;, 478. INDEX. 509

Btla.ttattiris, 107. Caligula, 32. BhatJanam, house of Naya.rs, etc., 142. Camel's Hump, 3• 38o, 411.

Bha.va.ni river, 71 464, 467. Canals, 4, 263-4- Bhumanbhupoya.m l'rabya., 40. Cannanore; history, 47, 49, 54• 71o 394-5; Bhutha. l'erumal, 40. Fort St. Angelo, 49, 54, 71, 394 ; Bibi of Caonanore, cedes Darmapattanam, industries, 252-3 ; jail, 253, 371 ; trade, 59; intrigues with Tippu, 73-4; surren· z6o ; weights and measures, 261 ; sani­ ders to British, 7 5 ; the Karar of 1796, tation, 277 ; schools, z83-4 ; municipal 395-6, 494; Princess of the Laccadives, affairs1 378 ; descriptive summary, 494-6. 393-S· Bijapur, 52. Canton, 63. Binga.ram, 47 1 ·So, 482. Cantonment, Cannanore, 394· Bison, 22, 41~, 472. Cap-making, 253· Blake, W., 466. Cape Comorin, 8. Blasser, Herr Wilhelm, 451. Cape of Good Hope, 44, 52. Boats, 2 53 ; on Laccadives, 488, Cape Verde Islands, 45·

Boddam, 76. Capital punishment1 363. Boml:ay, 69, 70, 75; Government, 77· Capu Tamban, 65. Bonito, 4ll3. Capua, 45· Bmhmdchdram, La.cbelor period in Br.lh· Carmelites, 204,-206, 211. man's life, 97, 164. c,rnatic, 68. , 22, 35, 240, 243, 476, 478. Carpets, flower, 147· Hrahmakulam, 31. Caste, 93 ; Malabar system, 94- 138 ; on Brahmans, 104-5; early immigration, 26; Laccadives, 484; :\linicoy, 486. influence, 94, 288-9, 298, 303. See Castor-oil, 220, 326. NambUdiri. Cattanars, Syrian Christian priests, '21J7. Brass work, 127, 258. Cattle. 20;- fairs, 21, 437, 471;- theft, Brennen, Mr., 429 ; College1 282. 369· Bride price, 1So-5. Cauvery, 7· Bridges, 267, 375· Census, 9o-1 Brinjals, 217. Ceremonies, of , 16o-5 ; of Brough Smyth, Mr., 16. ether , 166-189 ; of Mappillas, Brown, Mr. Murdoch, 228, 392-3. 196 ; of Syrian Christians, 209. · Buchanan, Dr. Claudius, 205, 407. Cess, land, 373-4· Buchanan, Dr. Francis, on laterite, 15; Ceylon, 70, 124, 224, 483. on iron smelting, 18, 257; on sam ban· Chakkans, 121, 250. dham, 99 ; on pollution, 102; on slave Chakkingal Nayars, 25, 121. castes, 135 ; on avenues, z67; on land Ch:ikkiyars, 110. tenures, 289 ; on salt manufacture, 354 ; Chdla, hut, 132, 142. on Pattar gramams, 440. Ch:ilapuram, 383. , 42. Chaldaean Christians, 206.

Buffalces, 21. Chalil1 277, 428. Bungalows, 268. Chalisseri, 454, 462. Burnell, Dr., 35, 36, 92. Cbaliyam, 51, 52, 385, 414 Ch:iliyans, 122, 249, 252. c Ch:iliy:ir. See Bey pore river. Chamatha Butea frondosa, r6o-2, 164. Cabral, 45-7, 403-4, 449· Chandanat6d, 474- Cadalay, 6o. Chandra. Gupta, 21), Caelobothra.s, 29. Chandu Menon, 93· Calamina, 201. Chdnthu, an ointment used in Nambu. Caldwell, Dr., 92· diri ceremonies, 16z, 165. C"'licut taluk; descripti,·e summary, 380; Chardkk6l, ornamental arrow used in forests, 241-2; roads, 264 ; Ta.luk Nayar ceremonks, 168, 173. Board, 373· Ch:ittamborayi forest, 245· Calicut town; history, 44-7. 5D-I, 66, , Chattanlparamt.a, 415. 384-5 ; the Portuguese factory, 45-7, Chattrams, 268. • 385; Portuguese fort, 50-r, 385 ; popu­ \:haya Kollans, 128.

lation, 91 ; industries, 248-253; trade, , 4)1 52. 259-261 ; weights and measures, 261·2; Chavakk:id, fort, 74; weights and mea· hospitals, 276; lunatic asylum, 28o ; sures, 261-2 ; distillery, 358; the old schools and colleges, 283-6; co~>rts, 365; ndd, 449; descriptive summary, municipal affairs, 375 ; first· English 450-2. factory, 385 ; Roman Catholic church, Chedleth forest, 221 2421 244. 387; descriptive summary, 382-4. Chekkunnu, 6, 413. 510 INDEX.

Chela NambUdiris and Nayars, 190. Circumcision, I!;6. Chemb6ttis, 120, 127. Civil justice, 365-7. Chembrasseri, 87, 412-3, 420· Claudius, 32. Chenat Nayu forest, 245, 439· Climate, II, 12, 271, 491. Puthuvals, no. Cloths, 143, 252. Chenkku·da,-an, 33. Cochin; Portuguese factory, 46-7, 404 ; Chen6t, 425. Portuguese fort, 48, 404 ; English settle­ Cheraman Perumal, 27, 4<>-2, 491, 384, ment, 53, 404 ; Dutch conquest, 53-4.

405, 406,408, 431 0 458, 46.,). 404 ; surrender to British, 76, 407 ; Cheranad, 21, 215, 413. cocoanuts, 215, 224; cocoanut oil, 249; Cherankod, 76. coir, 251 ; trade, 259, 26o, 261, 264, 407 ; Cheras, the, 31-2, 37;- kings, 33; ·- ! weights and measures, 261 ; hospitals, civilization, 33. 276; education, 282, 284 ; land revenue, Cheri, village of Chaliyans and other._ 34z-3. 347-9 ; abkari, 359 ; courts, castes, 292, 295· 366 ; municipal affairs, 377 ; historical

Cherikkal, demesne lands of Rajas, 289, 1 and descriptive summary, 402,410. J07. , Cochin Ethnographical Survey, 132, Cheriya Perundl, Ramar.an festival, 194. ISS. Cheriyakara, 479· Cochin harbour and backwater, 6, 7. ~- Cheriyam, 479- 264, 4o8. Cherpalcheri, 77, 270, 468. , 4.JC. Cherujanmakar, village menials, uz, Cochin Raja, 64, 74, 403. 297· Cochin State, 7, 75, 76, 81, 355· Cherukk6d, 468. Cochin taluk, 401, 409· Cherumans, origin, 25; characteristics, Cock fighting, 147· 133-4; dress, 146; puberty ceremonies, Cocoanuts ; Cllltivation, 223-5; oil and 178 ; marriage -, 184 ; death- , 188 ; coir industries, 249--50 ; -trade, 26o ; mats and baskets, 256; blindness, 28o; toddy, 254, 35S-9; assessment, 319-2i, education, z81. 33o-1 ; Laccadive coir, 487. Cheruvanntir, 382. Codally, 59· Chetlat, 493· Coffee, cultivation, 228 ; manufacture Chetties, 138; Wynaadan, 123, 477· · 229, 252 ; trade, 26o. Chetturi)i, backwater, 6, 255,263-4.451; , 66, 67, 73· Dutch fort, 54. 61, 63, 68, 451 ; histori­ Coins, 32. cal and descriptive summaJY, 451. Coir, industry, 250 ; trade, z6o; on Lac- - Chevay-.ir, 276, z8o, ]89. cadives, 487-8; monopoly, 495-7. Child-birth ceremonies, of Nambudiris, Colleges, 282. 163; of other Hindus, 16.,) ; of Mappil­ Commerce, 259. - las, 197 ; of Syrian Christians, 209· Commeree, Calicut School of, 286. Chillies, 217. Commissions. See Joint - ; Malabar Land , 38, 2 54· Tenures, Special Commissioners. Chinkanni valley forest, 242. Communications, 263-8 ; waterwa) s, 4, Chirakkal amsam, 396;- Rajas, 3S7· z63; roads, 264 ; ferries, 268 ; rail .. ays, Chirakkal taluk; descriptive summary, 268. 391 ; pepper, 21 s. 2z6 ; kaifuid culti­ Concordat of 1886, 205. vation, 217 ; punam, 220; baskets, Conjeeveram, 36. 256 ; salt, 355- Conolly, Mr., murder of, 85, 371 ; his Chittra kuda kallu, snake stones, ISS· teak plantation, 245 ; report on roads, Ch6las the, 27, 33· I 265-6 ; on settlement, 321, 324, 342-3 ; Ch6lldi pass, S. 472. OD Laccadives, 494· Cholam, 220, 323. 'Conolly canal, s, 263, 380. Cholera, 278. Coonen cross, 204. ChomOOla, 2]8, 433· Coorg, 69, 75· Choulam, hair-cutting ceremony, 172. Coote, Sir Eyre, 69. Choultries, 268. Coote's reef, 8, 384 Chovakkaran family, 426. Coppc:rsmith, 120, 127. Chovvtir gr.imam, 454· Coral, 48o. Christians, 93, It;!J-243· Cosmas Indicopleostes, 2, 25, 202. Churches, 207 ; at Calicut, 386 ; Cochin, Cotton, 253. 409 ; Kuttingal, 450. Cottonara, 30. Ch"ttambalam, buildings in templecourt- Courachy, a form of punishment on Lacca• ya.td, 153· dives, sao. , 3<;8. Court of Wards, 238, 457, 469. Cinchona, 229. Courts of Jusuce, 77,365-7. , 392, 393· Cowries, 496. INDEX. Sit

Cranganore, the backwater, 7, 9; Romar. Drishti, evil eye, 157, 196. trade with, 31 ; the Perumals, 42, 402 ; Droit de seig~urie, 101. the Portuguese, 48, 51 ; the Dutch, 54 ; Drummond, Major, So, 452. the cock festival, f 48, Dey lands, cultivation of, 219=222 ; settle- Crime, 368. ~ ment of, J09o JIS, J20, 125, JJ2, 336. Crocodiles, 22, 364, 392, 451. Duck, 2J.- Crops, 2I4, 216. Duncan, Mr., 76, 459· Cucumbers, 217. Dutch, The ; rise of their power, 53 ; Cultivation, 215-231. supremacy, 54-5 ; decline, 55-7, 59, 6o, Cumhu, 220, 326, 64, 68, 75-6; forts, at , 74; Chettuvayi, 451 ; Cochin, 405 ; Tan~ D seri, so6. Dwajastambam, llagstaff in temple cuun­ Dacoity, 369. yard, 153· Dances, 132, 147, 154-5, 189. Dancing girls, 147· E Darbha grass, eragrostis cyr.osuroides, used in Nambudiri ceremonies, 159, seq. Ear-boring, 172. Darmapattanam or Dam1adam, 55, 59, Earthquakes, 275· 72, 264. 422. Earth sa t, 355. I:asara, I48. East Hill, 383. Dasi, Nayar maidservant of Nambudiris, East India Company, 53-81 passim. 117· ' Economic position of ryots, 23z-.8. Day, Dr., 405, 410. Edachenna Kunjan, So. Death ceremonies, of Nambudiris, I6S; Nayars, 121, Nayars, ISS; Tiyans, I87; Mukkuvans, Edakkal Mala, 15; Cave, 34; 477• I88; Cherumans, 188; Nayadis, 189; Edakkara, 414- Paniyans, 189; :\Iappillas, 198 ; Syrian Edakkulam, 457· Christians, 2 I 1. , 451. Debtors, 304. Edattara, l!o. Deer, 22. Edavalat K6vilagam, 431, 434· Deli, Mount, 3, 45, 391, 396-7. , 413, 418. Deputy Collectors, 353· Edavazhi, path between parambas, 223. Deputy Tahsildars, 353 ; magistrates, Education, z81-6; ceremony of begin~ 358. - ning, 172. Desam, a re\'e!lue village, territorial unit, Edu palli ferey, 48. 350-J. Ekadasi festival, at Guruvayar, 455· Desawizhi, old chief of a desam, 116, 351-• Elaccheram pass, 472. 3. 295· Elambileri, 38o, 472. - Devapura, room where t~ Jares and Elaftiraftam, offering of cocoanuts, at penates are kept, I 58. K6ttiyur, 425, Devil dancing, IJD-1, 132, 154-S· Elattur river, s, 38o, 4- Dh6ni fore~t, 244· Eiavads, r88. - Diamper, Jl. Elephants, 21, 2.43, 468, 472. Diksha, mourning, 144, 161, 188. Elephantiasis, 278. Dionysius, Mar, 205. Eli, kingdom of, 3; koVilagam, 396-7 ; Dipastambam, pillar for lamp outsi

Emakulam, 410, G Erumans, 120. Ettikulam, 62-3, 397. Game, 21, 411, 414, 468, 472. Ettuvittil Pillanmar, 118. Games, 147. Endoxus of Cyzicus, 29. Ganapathl jJuja, 159, 167-8, 172. Eurasian eJucation, 282. , 165. Eusebius, 201. Garbha rakshana, Brahman pregnancy Eus~achius d'Lanoy, 56, 64. ceremony, 167. Eviction, 234-7. Gardens; cultivation of, 222-7 ; settle­ .Evil eye, 157· ment of, 31o-2, 314-6, 318-322, 33o-1, Excise; salt, 354; abkari, 357 ; customs, 333. 342- 360. Garudan, 456. Exports, 26o. Geology, 14-16. Eyttu, a game of archery, 147. George, Fort St., 61. Ezhunuttikkar, 212. Ghats, the Western, 3; passes, 264-266. Ezhuttans, 120. Gingelly, cultivation, 220 ; assessment, 311, 320, 321, 325-6; oil, 250. F Ginger, cultivation, 220; manufacture, 2 52 ; trade, 260. Famine, 271-3. Gneiss, 14. Farmer, Mr., 76, 237, 289. , so, 52. Fateha, part of prayers, 193· Goats, 14. }'auna, 20-3. Gold, 16-18, 258. }'awcett, Mr., 101, 153, 154, 163, 166. Gondophares, 200. Female education, 284- Gonsalvo Vaz, 49· Fergusson, J:~omes, 25, 153· G6jJ11rams, gate-houes of temples, 152. , 71, 252, 264-5. · G6trams, exogamous divisions of Bnlh- }'erries, 268, 346, 374· mans, 104. l'estivals, Hindu, 147; Mappilla, 194; Gouli, liLard, omens of, 158. Christian, 2o8. Goundans, 91, 138, 467. Fever, 279. Grreme, Mr., Special Commissioner in Fish, 23; fish-curing, 356; fisheries, 253, 1822 on land revenue, 308-310, 313, 357· 318-323 ; on canals, 263 ; on ferries, Fish pagoda, 8o,'475- 238 ; on customs ; 360. Fitch, Ralph, 404· Grahappari-virthi cycle, 35· }'loods, 274· Grain measures, 262. !''lora, 19-20, 481. Gram, 326. Fodder, 21. Gramam, Brahman street or ,·illage, 1c61 Folk-songs, 92. 288, 292, 295· 350. }'ood, 145, 192· Gramini Nambudiris, roS. }'oreign liquor, 359· . Grihastya, domestic period of Brahman's Forests, 239-247 ; State, 241 ; bamt.oo, life, 164-S· 241 ; teak, 242-5; offences, 21-7: Ground rent, 343. Forts ; Alip_aramba, 468 ; Angad1ppuram, Gudalur, 472. 466; AnJengo, 503; Badagara, 432; Gulkal Hill, .!, 5, 411. Calicnt, 385; Cannanore (St. Angelo), Gundalpet, 472. 394; Cluiiiy_am, 414 ! Chtiv~k~d, 71; Gundert, Dr., 36, 92, 93· Cherpalchen, 468; Chettnvayt (Wil­ , 452. liam), 451 ; Cochin, 404; Darmadam, Gifford, Mr., 56, 502. 422; Ettikulam, 3~7; . ~6~takkal, 433 ; Kuttipuram, 434 ; Kutt1yad1, 434 ; Lak­ kidi, 47 S ; 1\ladayi, 397 ; l\ladakkara, H 6o • Malappuram, 417 ; , 70; Paighat, 444; Palur, 470 ; , Ha1dar Ali, 64, 66, 71, 420, 44!o 455· 476; Pazhassi, 426; Ponmlni, 455; Hair, 144, 172. Ramagiri, 468; Sultan's Battery,_ 477; H/zj, pilgrimage to Me~ca, 194. Taliparamba, 399 ; Tangassen (St. Halllakkam, 84, 418. Thomas), so6; Tellicherry, 427; Tiru­ Hamilton, Capt. Alexander,!!, 99, 101, 360, rangadi, 419; Tritala, 462; Va:arpatta- 38 s. 395. 432, 434o 45 r, 504. nam, 399. . Hanuman, 456,471. French, the; settlement at Mahe, 57, 435; Harbours, 7. rivalry with Tdlicherry factory, 58-64, Hart, J ., 466. 68, 69, 75, 385-427; present territory, Hartley, Colonel, 74-75, 42c, 4Slo 76, 385, 421, 435· Hatch, Dr.. 18. Fullarton, Colonel, 71, 444• Haydon, Mr., 17, INDEX. 513

Health, 2"7· J Hedder Naigu, 65. Jack trees, cultivation, 225 ; assessment, Hemp drugs, 36o. 309, 310, 314-5, 320, 330-3. Hibiscus, 2, I39· Jacobite Syrians, 205, 21 r. Hindu castes, IOJ-138; dwellings, 141-2; Jaggery, 255, 258. food, 145-6; festivals, 147-151 ; Jails, 371. religion, I5I··I58; ceremonies, 158-- Jains, 446, 478. 189. J amrit pallis, Friday mosques, 193· Hinduvi pymash, 317. janmabhogam, landlord's share of pro- Hipplaus, 14, 29. duce, 336-7, 339, 342, 345--8, 349· Hiradgalli, 26, janmam, proprietary interest in land; History, 24-89; origin of term, 288-305 ; early accounts, Hodges, :vir., 62, 63. 288-291 ; Mr. Logan's theories, 292-7 ; Holothuria, 483, 498. Sir Charles Turner's criticism, 297-9 ; Honore, 65. Baden-Powel's account, 301 ; criticism, hortus Malabaricus, 19, 405. 302; legal incidents, 305 ; registration Hospitals, 276. · of janmam titles, 329, 340. Houses, 139, 142, 191, 488. Janma , a species of mortgage, Hoysalas, 38. 306. Huguessin, ILL., 16. Janmis, relations of Janmis and tenants, Humberstone, Colonel, 70, 75, 420. 86, 233-8 ; registration of janmis, 329, Hurricanes, 275. 340- Hypergamy, 93-5· Japan, 252. jaram, tomb, shrine of Mappilla saint, 195. 416, 418, 450, 455. 485. Jatavamian Sundara Pandya, 1, 38. Jathakarnam, birth ceremony of Nam- bUdiris, 163. Ibn Batuta, 26-42, 259, 264, 362, 384, 400, Jathimatrakar, 107. 422, 436, 492. Jerdon, 23. Illakkar, II]. Jewellery, 145, 192 Illams; Nambudiri houses, 105; exoga­ Jews, 403, 410, Jews' tank at M:idayi, mous sub-divisions of Tiyans, 125 ; of Mukkuvans, 126; of Panans, 132; of 398; Jews' hill, 451; Jews' deeds, 35, Vettuvans, 13S; huts of Malakkars, 407' 41 3· 478. Toa.o da Nova., 47· 137· Imports, 260. Joint Commission of 1793, 77-9, 313, 361-2, 365. Improvements, tenants, 234 ; Acts I of Joseph Rat;ban, 35, 36. r887 and I of 1900, 237. Justice, administration of, 362-372. Inams, 349· Income tax, 361. Jndian Antiquary, 2, 27, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, K 38, 123· Kaccha, cloths presented at weddings, Industries, 249-259, 487-8. 160. Ingapuzha, 231, 390. Kachamkurissi temple, 442. Inscriptions, 25, 34; at Angadippuram, Kadacchi Kollans, 128. 466 ; Chavakkad, 450; Edakkal, 477; Kadalundi, 415 ; river, 6, 263, 411, 464. Guruvayur, 452; Kalpati, 445; K6dak­ Kadamat, 493· kal, 453; 1\Hdayi, 397; Manjeri, 417; Kadans, 137. Nilamb{rr, 418; Panga, 470; Panniy{rr, Kadattanad, 58, 312, 431 ; Rajas, 58, 454; Pudiyangadi, 456; Sultan's Bat­ 61-2, 66, 68-9, 73, 431, 434· tery, 477; Taliparamba, 399; Triprayar, Kadavan, Mukkuvan elder, 127. 462 ; Villayur, 420; in ,Calicut taluk, Kadhakali, dramatic performance, 146. 390; Chirakkal taluk, 401; Kurumbra­ Kadi11a, mortar fired at festivals, 94· had taluk, 437· Kadir{rr, 422. Iravi Kortan, 37, 202. Kadupottan, 122. I ritti, 422. Kaik6Jans, 138. Iron, r8, 257. K aimal, titles of Saman tans, r 1 3. Irrigation, 215. Kaipad, a method of wet cultivation, 217. , 4, 270, 397. Kaividuga otti, a species of mortgage, Iruvalin:id, 58, 6r, 63, 79, 423. 306. Itti Kombu Acchan, 441. Kalari, Nayar gymnasium, us, 146. I zhuvans ; origin, 2 5, I 24 ; characteristics, Kalarivattukkal temple, 409. 124-5; cerenlOnies, pulikudi, r68, Kali, 148. tirandu kalyanam, 178, marriage, r8o. , 412, 420. TTT 514 INDEX.

Kalima, Muhammadan creed, 193, Karuga Mussads, or Nambudiris, 108. Kalk6ttis, 129. , 6, 420. Kalladikk6d, 439, 470. K arias tans, land agents, 235. Kallattu Kurups, 121. Kassarag6d taluk, 57· , river, s. so, 246, 383 ; port, 246, Aathukuttu, ear-boring ceremony, 164, 251, 26o; railway, bridge, 376; Great 171-2. and Little Kallayi, 435· Kattf, knife, old tax on toddy knives, 357. Kalpati, 377, 445· Katttkulam, 476. Kal patta, 47 5· Kaurava kings, 33· , 479-485· , 78, 238, 469, Kalpitti, 479· , 479, 481-4, 488, 493- Kalumalum, 33• Kavil Mussads, 108. Kalvetti, 277, 377-8, 407. Kavilampara, 435· Kammalans, 127-8, 183. Kavu, shrine of inferior deities, 154-6. Kanaka Mala, 421. . Kavuntara, 437• Kanakasabhai, V., 25, 26, 31, 32, 35· Kavuthiyans, Nayar barbers, 121 ; Mukku­ Kanakkans, 133-4• van-, 126; liyan-, 131; Taccha- Kanam, visible property, 1=ash, fee; bride­ 131; Kanisan ·-, 131. price, 123, 180-1 ; lease or usufructuary Kavvayi, 263, 268, 398; river 54, 6o. mortgage ; position of kdnam tenants, Kayal See Punjakol. 233-7; early accounts of tenure, 288-91; Kazhu, eagle, a form of impaling, 363. Mr. Logan's theories, 292-7; Sir C. Kazi, 193, 197, 486. Turner, 300 ; possible origin, 303 ; Keeling, Capt., 53, 385. present legal incidents, 305. Keprobotros, 31. Kanattur, 395· Kerala, etymology, 27 ; early references, Kancharans, 129. • 28-9; tmde with Rome, 29 ; early kings, Kandalur Salai, 37· 36-7 ; invasions, 37-8 ; Brahman coloni­ Kanetti, 32. · zation, 39· Kani, collection of auspicious objects at Kerala mahatmyam, 24, 39, 40. , 148. Kerala Perumal, 27, 458. Kanisan, 129, 149, 256. Kerala Varma Raja, 78. .. Kanjik6d, 439· Keraladesapuram, 45 • Kannamangalam, 412. Keralaputra, 27-" Kannavam, 242, 423. Keral61patti, 24, 32, 39, 40, 42-4, 288, Kanneru, bogey to ward off evil eye, 157, 384, 395. 44 1t 458. 196. Ketta vellan 1tinking water, 9· Kanni, first rice crop, 215-7, 217. Keya PerumaJ, 40. Kannikudi, betrothal ceremony of South KiJtan, 493· Malabar Tiyans, 181. Kindi, bell metal water vessel, 167-187 Kanniparamba, 389. bassim. Kan6tchala, 405. King, Dr. 16. Kan6th, 242-3, 423. Kiri?am.' exogamous sub-division of Kdraima, a service tenure, 307· Nayar;;, 119; - Tiyans, 125 ; -Kamma­ Kartir, agreement; the Cannanore karar, lans, 127, ·- Panans, 132; -Pulluvans, 406, 493· 133· Karikala, 33· . Kiriyattil Nayars, 116-8, 176. Karikkid, 419. Kitdb, Muhammadan scriptures, 193, 456. Karimala, 439· Kizhakke ktfvilagam, 96, 381, 416. Karimbalans, 137· Kizhakkini, eastern wing of nalupura, , river, 5 ; · forest 245 ; doth, 140, 160. 252; k6vilagam, 469. · KizhUr, 21, 437· Karinka·ra, a long wet crop, 218. Klari, 416. Karipad, 396. Kodai Ravi, 35· . Karkkur ghat, 4, So 22, 264-7, 411-2. Kodai Srikantan, 35· Karmabhumi, 40, Kodakallus, umbrella stones, marking old Karnamulpad, title of Samantans, 113; sepulchral chambers, 152; in Calicut the- of Manjeri, 83, 88, 418. taluk, 3.89 ; Emad, 414, 418, 419 ; Karnavan, senior male member of a tar­ Kurumbramtd, 438 ; Ponnani, 453 ; wad; 96, 127, 167-182 passim; on Walavanad, 470. Laccadives, 484. K6dakkal, 252, 25), 276, 453-4· Karo Panikkar, 112. . See Cranganore, , Karoura, 31. K6duvayur, 420. Kartdvu, title of Samantans, 113. , 438. K aruga grass, Cynodon dactylon, used in Kol~r. 251. · · -ceremonies, 109, 165, 169, K6lattanad; 57-8, 67, 312, 396, 491, INDEX. SIS

K6lattiri, the, 4r, 49, so, 5S-69 passim, Kusavans, uo.· 3oS, 360, 406, 40S, 493· Kutba, Friday sermon, 193· Kolattur, S4-5, 273, 469. Kuthiravattat Nayar, 469. Kolayans, 120. Kuttam, caste assembly, 118, 350; Kolk:idan Kutti Assan, 414. exogamous group of Cherumans, 134 ; on Kolkarans, village 1-'eons, 353· Laccadives, 4Sr. Kollakurups, 12S. Kuttan, Paniyan headman and priest, 136. Kollang6d; the Nambidi, I12, 442; 184. forests, 244 ;. sanitation, 277; summary, , 449· 442· Kuttaparamba, 424. Komaram, devil-dancer, 122, 136. Kuttingal, 450. Konam, men's undercloth, 43· Kuttipuram, 6, 73, 75, 434· Kond6tti, 192-3, 415-6. Kuttiyadi, 266, 270, 434-5. Kor6t, 475· Kuzhikanam, improvement lease, 306. , 32. Kydd, Capt., 3S6. Koth6ra, 31. .. . K6tta river, 5, 7, S, 32, 57-S, 65, 71, 269, 430, 433· L Kottadilli, 345• 504. K6ttakkal, in Kurumbranlld, 52, 251, 433; Labbais, 93, 189. in Emad, 416. Labourdonnais, 51, 6r, 435· K6ttapadi, 416, 457· .' Laccadive i£lands; description, 479-80; Kottaram, house of a RaJa, 142. lagoons, 48o; flora, 4S1; fauna, 4S2-31 K6ttayam amsam, 423. people, 484-5; •choo:s, 485; industries, K6ttayam Raja, 57-S, 66-S, 7.i, 79, 423, 487-S ; religion, 488-9; houses, 489 ; · 474· . boa.ts, 489 ; health, 491 ; climate, 492 ; K6ttayam taluk,' descriptive summary, history, 492-4 ; fiscal administration, 421; Nayars, 120; pepper, 215; kaipad 495-9; Panddram lands, 499;' general cultivation, 217; forests, 241, administration, 500-I. K6ttiyur, festival, So, uS, 137, 424; La. goons, 4, 263, ·4So. forest, 242-3. La.kkidi, 47 5· Kovilagam, palar.~, family of Rajas, 96, La.lly, 70, 73, 455· 114· Land-cess, 373· Koyas, 4S4. Land customs, 361. Kshattriyas, Il2. La.nd revenue ; the - system, z87 ;­ Kshetram, temple, 152. under the Rajas, 30S; the Mysorea.n· Kudali Raja, 431. · system, 309 ; early British a.dministra­ Kudamalanad, 3S. tion, 313; Smee's pyma.sh, 314; Kudans, 134, 258. Macleod's revlSlon, 314; Rickard's Kudikadubetta, 7· proposals, 315; the jannu pymash, 317; Kudimajanmam, a service tenure, 307. Grreme's repon, 31S ; Vaughan's settle­ Kudinad, 32. .. ment, 321 ; the pugilvivaram pymash, Kudivekkal, a form of marriage by adop- 324 ; reversion to jama ·of 1800, . 325; tion, 111. the survey and settlement, 327-334 ; Kudiyan, tenant, z8S, 296, 484. Wynaad settlement, 335-342 ; Cochin Kudumi, tuft of hair left unshaved, 144. settlement, 342-4; Anjengo settlement, Kulam, exogamous sub-division of N. 344-6. Malabar Nayars, 1 IS. · Land tP.nures ; traditional accounts, 288 • Kuhng•ua Nayar, 121, 395· early British accounts, 2S9 ; Mr. Logan'~ Knlasekhara, 40, 42, 443· theories, 236, 292 ; criticism, 297--303 • Kulottinga, r, 3S. present legal incidents, 305-6. ' Kundahs, 1, 7, 244, 245, 411, 464. Landlords, 233-8. Kunbali , 93, 433-4, 493· Languages, 91. Kunnimangalam, 259, 391. Laterite, 14, 142, 249· Kurakkeni Kol!amites, 203. Law, Mr. John, 6S, Kurang6d Nayar, 5S, 427. Lemon grass, 2 so. Kuravans, IJ8, 256. Lepers, 276, 280, 491. Kuricchiyans, 25, So. 136, 243, 424, 474· Limurike, 30, 31, 492. Kurumbans, 25, 91, 136, 474· Linschoten, 53, 99, 394, 405, 414, 455· Kurumbranad, summary, 43o-1 ; Pychy Liouid measures, z62. rebellion, 7S-9 ; Nayars, 120; cocoanuts, · Liquor, 358-360, 215; Rajas, 431, 474· Literacy, 2S1. Kurups, 116, 120, 128 .. Literature, 92-3. Kuruthi, vessel of coloured water used in Litigation, 366. magic, 157· Local Boards, 373 ; funds, 374- Sit> INDEX.

Logan, 1\Ir., on the Keral6lpatti, 39 ; on Malay Straits, 48. Cheriman Perumal, 41; on land tenures, Maldive islands, 8, 65, 479, 492. 86, 292-7 ; on landlord and tenant, Ibn Dinar, 41, 398, 400, 436. 233-6; on Mappilla outbreaks, 86-7; on Malik Kafur, 36, 38. the escheat settlement, 348 ; on ,-iJiage 1\Idlikhdna, pensions paid to ancient communities, 350 ; on the Mahamakham Rajas, 382, 397, 413, 423, 431-2, 441, festival, 459· 449, 465. Logan's Treaties, 56, 58-6;, 75-6, 3•5, Malikhans, 486. 344-5· 352, 392, 407, 410. Malumis, 486, 499· Lokanar k:ivu, 433· Mambid, 6, 246, 413. Louet, M., 63. Mambram, 417; Tangal, 84-5, 195, 417. Lourenco, 49· Mammali, 415. Lower Secondary schools, 283. Mammali Kidavus, 395· Lunatic Asylums, 280. 1\Iana, house of Nambudirip:id, 142. Lusiad, the, 41. 1\fdnakkan, Mukkuvan priest, 127. Manancnira, 386. l\lanantoddy, So, 228, 47 5· M Manapuram, 346-8, 451. :\lan:isseri, 38o. :\Iacaulay, Col., 409. l\I anattana, 79, 424· 1\Iacchu, room used as store-rnom and tor 1\Ianat:alan, bridegroom, 173· ceremonies, 141, 173-4. 179, 185. Mandaram, bauhinia, 139· Macleod, 7o-1, 77, &>-1, 262, 314. 357, l\Iangalore, 65, 71, 494 ;-tiles, 252. 392, 455· l\Iang:itt Acchan, 122. Madakkara fort, 6o, 63, 66-7. Mangoes, 223. Madanna, 66-7. Manichaeans, 202. M:idayi, 26, 6o, 397-8. l\Ianigr:imam, 37, 292. Madras Bank, 383, 426. M:inika Vachakar, 202. IUagaram, second crop, 215, 217. Manikan, 43· Magic, 157, I~. Maniytir, 401. :'>Iagistrates, 367. Manjeri, 67, 82, 371, 417-8. :\Iagodai, 37· , 465, 470. Mah:ibh:iratha, 33, 92. Mankara, 70, 265, 439, 446. Mah:idhapattanam, 37, 203. 1\la.nnadiar, 117- :'>lah:imakham, 44, 459· Mannan, 12 5, 130, 1 54. 170. Mahe, French settlement at, 57; captured :'>Iannanmar, 365. by British, 63, 68 ; restoration to French, l\.Iannarakkad, 470. 76 ; commercial importance, 264 ; salt, ,Uannat-ul-islam, l\I:ippilla institution for 355: cnstIaitland, Capt., 444- IJO, 158. :0.l:ikhdum Ali, 64, 70, 75, 468. ,,Iantravddi or mantrak6di, new cloth :\Jakhdum Tangal, 193· presented at tdli kett" kalydnam, I74; ,,Iakkatttiyam, principle of descent veil, 210. through father, 95· Mantravadi, magician, 157· Makki, 474· Manure, 218. Mala Pothu,·:ils, 111, 176, 188. ~H.ppillas; origin, 26, 189 ; characteris­ Malabar, etymology, 2. • . tics, 190; houses, 191 ; dress, 191 ; :'>Ialabar Land Tenures Committee, 86, religion, 192 ; mosques, 193 ; cer_emonies, 236, 296-7. 196; industries, 2_5o-3 ; tducatwn, 281, :\Ialabar Marriage Act, 96, 100, 173, 179, 284-5; on Laccad1ves, 484-5. 367. l\I:ippilla outbreaks, 82-9, 267, 370, 413, Malabar Special Commission of 1881-82, 414-8, 466, 469· 86, 233- :Marakkirs, 93, 433· :\Ialabar Wills Act, 367. l\I:irirs, III, 176. Malacca, 48, 50, 52· Marappanmadi Hill, 5- Malan:id, 32, 37, 39· Maravans, 111. :'>Ialakkans, 13 7. l\Iarco Polo, 3, 38, 44, 396, 398. :\Ialappuram, 83, 87-9, 276, 286, 371, 416. Markets, 260-1, 376-9. ~Ialasars, 137, 184. Marriage ceremonies, Nambudiris, 158, ~.Ialay:ilam, 91-3. 163 • N:iyars, tali kettu kalydnam, 173; Malayans, 131, 137, 256. sa,;bandham, 179; makkattayam INDE.X. 517

I castes, Tlyans and Izhuvans, xSo-1 ; 416; Mambram, 417 ; Ponmini, 456; Mukkuvans, 183; Kammalans, 183; Quilandi, 437; Valarpattanam, 399• Panans, 183; Cherumans, 184 ; Mosquitoes, 484· Nayadis, 184; Mala.sars, 185; Vettuvans, Mount Deli. See Deli. x8s; Sh6\a Nayakkans, 185; Mappillas, Mozhi, Mappilla divorce, 198. 197; Syrian Christians, 209. Muchalapattanam1 446. Martab Khan, 74-5, 415. Mud banks, 8, 9, 384, 408. Martanda \'arma, 56. Mudalakulam, 386. Marumakkattayam, principle of descent Mudalals, soo. through the mother ; the- family Muhammadans, 93, 189. system, 95 ; origin, 97 ; early accounts, Muhurram, 194· ' 98. ' Mukhtim, mausoleum. See Jaram. Maruva,n Sapir Iso, xoo, 203. Mukkuvans ; origin, 126; characteristics, Mas, 490. 126-7; ceremonies, 176--188; industries, Mathilagam, 454· 254· Mats, 256. Mukurti Peak, 3, So 4II. , 84, 426. Mullas, Mappilla priests, 193, 456. Mattalayi, 6o, 63. Multa Praeclare, Papal bull, 205. Matthaeus, 19, 405. Mumba Mulyaka, 485, 492. Mattu, change, ceremonial purification, Mundu, man's cloth, 143• 130, 170. Mundur, 446. Martlad, Mappilla celelJration of Saints, , 373-9· 195· . Munnuttikkar, 212. Mavil6ns, 138, 256. Munnuttans, 131. Mayura, Varma, 26. Munro, Major, 6j. . Mayyat Kunnu, 436. Munro, Sir T., 205, 318, 321. Mayyazhi, 57, 435· Muppans, 136. Mazare, 398. Murram, winnowing basket, 189. Meadows, Gen., 70. Musaliyar, Mappilla preachers, 193, 446. Measures, 262. Musaris, 127, 258. ,(~r, 193, 492. Muvvaris, 120. Medical institutions, 276. Museum, Madras-Bulletins, 102, 109, 129, Megasthenes, 28. 130, IJ2, IJSo 145, 154, 179, 357• Melacheris, 484. Mussad,s, 107, xo8. Melattur, 86, 420,'471. Muttan, u7. Menezes, Archbishop, 204; Viceroy, 436, Mutt:incheri, 53, 409. 455· Muttukulam, 467. Menon, title c.f Nayars, r 16; village Muttupattanam, 446. accountants, 352-3. Muyirikod, 35· Mepp:idi, r6-x8, 476. , 30, 31, 34· Mica, r8. Mysorean invasions, 65-75; the Mysorean· Mills, oil, 249; weaving, 252. settlement, 308-313. · Minang:idi, 474· Minerals, r6-19. Minicoy, 8, 479, 481-2; language, 91, 486; N people, 485-6; boats, 490; trade, 490; Nadapuram, 435· climate, 491-2. Nadavannur, 435· Minjina Sdhids, all-but-martyrs, 83. Nads, divisions of ancient kingdoms, Mitakshara, 26. 43-4, 78; 288, 302, 309, 35o-z, 381, 413, Modan, hill rice; cultivation, 220; assess- 43o-1, 441, 449· ment, 3 II-20 320, 32 5-6, 332. Nadumittam, yard or impluvium in M6hiniyattam, a dance, 147. middle of ndlupura, 140, 159-187 Molasses arrack, 358. passim. Monopo1ies, 495-9· Naduvattam, 64, 441. , 13, 271. N dduvdzhis, old military chiefs of mids, Uookhyists, Mysorean village headmen, I 16, 35o-3, 369. 353· Naganmar, 39· Moore's 'Malabar Law and Custom,' 97, Ndgattdn kdvu, snake shrines, 155, 140, 101, 307· ISS· Morakunnu, 427, Ndgapdttu, song in praise of serpents, I u Morampara,, 421, Ndlambalam, temple quadrangle, 152. Morindacitron, 499- Nalamkur, ss. Mornington, Lord, 75· Ndlupura, house with four wings, 140, Mosques, 193; at Darmadam, 422; Kon. N:ilutara, 435· d6tti, 416; M:idayi, 397 ; Malappuram, Ndmakarmam, naming ceremony, 164 1!1:11~ -518 INDEX,

Nambalak6d amsam, 5, 76, 474· Niskdram, prayer, 199· Nambis, 107. N itria.s, 29. Nambiatiris, 104. Nittur, 252, 428, Nambidis, 109, 113, 442, 449, 457• Nizam, 73· N1~mbiyars, 113, 126. N ambudiris ; origin, 26 ; characteristics, 0 104-5; sub-divisions, 106-8 ; dress, 143-5; marriage, 95, 97, 158-162; other Occupations, 248-9, 456-8. ceremonies, 163-166; education, 282. Ocelis, 29. N andimukham, oblation to ancestors, Odams, boats on Laccadives, 484, 490. JS9· , 227, 412. Odis, Minicoy boats, 490, 497· Nannangdd'is, Kistvaens, 1S2 390, 415-8, Odiyan, magician, 135. 0 Oil, cocoanut, 249, 260; gingelly, 250; 423, 429, 434. 438, 471. Narakkal, 8, 9, 403, 408. lemon grass, 250, 260 ; kerosine, 260. Nasn\ni Mappillas, 190. Olava.kk6d, 252, 268, 439• Nattiga, 462. 6nam festival, 147• Nattukkal, 470. Ootacamund, 472. Naviyans, 122. Ophir, 28. Nayadis, 13s, 146, 184, 189. Opium, 360. Ordeals, 363, soo. !'layars; origin, 2s, 114; characteri~tics, 114; high caste Nayars, 114, 120; non­ Ornaments, 145, 192, 488. military Nayars, 120-1; low caste Ormuz, 48, so. Nayars, 121-3; dress, 142-6; cerem"­ Orphanages, 212. nies, pulikudi, 167; childbirth, 169; Ottanm:ir madam, 459· mdttu, 170; pdlkudi, 171 ; ch6ruoonu, Ottapalam, 2s1, 270, 283, 464-5, 470. 171 ; "Vidyarambham, 172; choulam, Otta.ttu N a yars, 120. 172 ; kdthu-kuttu, 172; tdli kettu Otti, a species of kdnam, 306. kalydnam, 173 ; tirandu kalydnam, Ottikumpuram, a species of mortgage, 306. 177; sambandham, 179; death cere­ Ouchterlony valley, s, 76. mo•nies, 185; education, 282. Neacyndi, 30. . 43, 96, 413. p Nedungaoad, 46s-6. Pacheco, 48. . Nelkuoda, 30, 32. Paddy, cultivation, 215-9; trade, 260 Nellikut forest, 245· Padi, gate, raised seat in porch, 142. Nercha, Mappilla festival in honour of Pddi, group of huts, 136, 142. saints, 19S, 417. Padikkal tada, obstruction at the gate, in Nero, 32. I zhuvan marriages, 180 Nestorian Christians, 202. Padinnara k6vilagam, 78, 96, 381. Netherlands East India Company, 74· Padinattu-muri, 390. Newars, 25. Padinndttu pura, west wit1g of house, 140. Neydttam, oblation of , 425. Padippura, gate-house, 139• N eytikkars, 129. Pal a, areca pot used at f11nerals, 166, 187. Niccwo de Conti, 99· Palat Menon, 468. Nicholson, Sir F., 357· Palayur, 31, 450. Niguthi, assessment, 299 ;- "Vittu, esti­ Paleri k6vilagam, 431. mated quantity of seed required for a Palghat Gap, 1, 4, 13, 70, 268, 439· land, used as a basis of assessment, Palghat Rajas, 64, 44o-1, 44S· 335-6. Palghat ta.luk, descriptive summary, 439- Nikka, Mappilla marriage, 19S· 41 ; cultivation, 215, 220 ; forests, 24 I, Nilambur, 418; forests, 241, 244; teak 244; palmyra.s, 254 ; mats, 256 ; roads, plantatio-ns, 245-6; gold washing, 18, 264. 2S8. Palghat town; the fort, 67, 69, 74, 83, 444; Nila"Vilakku, standing lamp, 167-187 population, 91 ; industries, 252, 256; Passim. trade, 261 ; weights and measures, 261:- Nileswaram, 5, 6o, 62-3; 6o-s, 381. 2 · schools and college, 282-3 ; mum­ Nilgiri Peak, 3, 411. cipal affairs, 376 ; historical and descrip­ Nilgiris, 76, 41I, 464. tive summary, 441-6. Nilgiri Wynaad, 17, 41I. Palissa. Kollans, 128, 176. Nira, first fruits, 150. Pdl-kudi, milk-drinking ceremony, 171, Niracchaveppu, measure of rice and Pallavas, 37. paddy required in most N:iyar cere­ Palli k6vilagam, 397· monies, 167, 169 seq. Pallicchans, 120, Nlrmudal, a. species of mortgage, 306. , 427. 0 , INDEX. 519

Palliport, 276, 28o1 410. Payalur, 443· Pallipuram, 6. · Pananad, 32, 44, 89, u8, 431. l'alliyals, seed-bcJs, terraced paddy land, Payyanur, 39, 108, 398. 215 Payy6li, 5, 251, 263, 437. _ Palms, 223; palm-leaf umbrellas and hats, Payy6rmala, 44, 431. 256. Pazhassi, 77-81, 426. Palmyras, 254; thatch, 142; fibre, 251; Pazha.yangadi. See Madayi. hats, 256. Pazhayankur, 204. Palura, 31. Peal'owl, 23. Palur k6tta, 470. Pepper, cultivation, 226-7 ;- trade, 26o ; Pamban tullal, snake dance, 132, ISS· assessment, 326, 342. Panakkadans, 247. , 401. Panamaram, 8o, 476. Peramb:idi ghat, 4, 266, 421. Panans, 13I-2, 16], 183-4· 256. Peravur, 424. Panayam, simple mortgage, 306. Perinkollans, 127. Panchama schools, 284. P<'rinkulam Ferry, 65. l'andalur Hill, 3, 82, 371, 4I3, 464. Perintalmanna, 261, 471. l'andarams, 138. Periplus maris Ery•thraei, 25, 30, 32, 491. Pandaram, Government, 482; lands on Periya Ghat, 4, 79, 264-5, 421, 472. the Laccadives; 499· Perlya Kunjara Mala, 43g, 464. l'dndibali, triangular platter of plantain Periya. Peak, 474· leaf, <.sed in magic, 157, I76, Periyar river, 34· Pandikkad, S7, zso, 371, 413, 420. Persian Gulf, 48. Pandya kings, 27, 33, 37--l>. Persian wheels, 10, 216. Panikkar, 116, 120. Perukkam, a land measure, 326. Paniyankara, 383. Perumals, 40-2. Paniyans, 135-6, 184, 18y. Perumudiyur, 471.. Panniyur gramam, 37; 39, 108, 454· Peruvantala, 433• l'antalayini Kollam, 8, 45, 48, 436. Petronius, 29. Fapis, 10S. . Peutingerian tables, 32. Pappadam, wafer l!alen with , 145, Physical description, 1-23, 48o-1. 1]1. Pidarans, 108, 1 54· Para, a grain measure, 262 ; a land Pietro della Valle, 53;99. measure, 308-9. Pig, 21. Para, 446. Pigeon, 23. Para Kurups, 129. Pilla tilam, magic oil, 135· Parali, 439, 478. Pisharodi, II I. Parambattu kavu, 390. , 479· Parambil, 434· Plague, 279. l'arappanad, 44, 72, 382, 413. Plantains, 217. ParaF!Janangadi, 413, 419, Pldsu, Butea frondosa, used in Nambu. Nayars, uo. diri ceremonies, 16o, 164. Parasu Rama, 26-7, 38-9, 443· Pliny, 29-30. · Parasuramakshetram, 26. Pokkur, 390. Paravannangadi, 412. - P6lan:id, 32, 43, 44, 381, 384- l'ara vans, 129. Police, 369. Parayans, 134-5, 146, 256. Political history, 2 5-89. Parbutti, Mysorean Village Officer, 353· Poll tax, 497. hrdaillan, M.de, 57 Po!Iachi, 3, 442. . Parry & Co., 255, 358-w Pollution, 102 ; ceremonial, 103 ; birth and Parur, 64. death, 103 ; - periods of various, astes, Pasture, 21. 1]0, Pathinalu ''arma, 128. Polpalli, 440. Pathinettans, 128. Polyandry, 97-8. Path ita jdthi, polluting castes, UJ-133- Polygamy, 198. Patta, palmyra leaf representing ghost, , 63, 68, 435· 186. Ponmala, 416, Pdttam, rent, 292, 294-6, 305, 3o8, 310-5, Ponmeri, 434- 318-9, 325, 333, 345; outlying portions , 411. of Cochin Taluk, 2. 342, 410, Ponnani ; Portuguese fort, 52, 455 ; Eng­ Pa.ttambi, 470- lish factory, 55, 455; Tangal. 193, 456; Pa.ttarunnis, 109. coir, 250; trade, 259; port, 26o; Pattars; 105 6, 143, 440. weights and measures, 261-2; Union, Pa.ttas, 232. 373; descriptive summary, 454-6. Pa.ttuvam, 400. Ponnani Canal, 6, :z63, INDEX.

Ponnani river, 6, 263. Pushpinis, 109, 174- Ponn:i.ni taluJc. cultivation, 215, 224 ; salt, Puthanangadi Mosque, 467. 355; crime, :;69; summary, 448-9. Puthari, ceremonial eating of new rice, Ponnettu, 238. 150. Ponpuzha, 51 246, 472. Pnthupadi, 390· Population, go-1. Pothupattanam, 32, 431. Poravannorkarans, 128. Pychy rebellion, 77 81. Porlattiri Raja, 43, 381, 384. 431. Pymash; Smee's, 314, 1\Iacleod's, 314 ; Ports, 7, 259, 361. Warden's, 317. Porters, 2 59· Pyrard de Laval, 53, 99, J6Z, 355. 405, Portuguese ; arrh·al at Calicut, 45 ; rise of 4JI, 434, 493• power, 46-48 ; Viceroys of the Indies, 48-51 ; decline, 52-4 ; at Calicut, 45, Q 50, 385; at Cannanore, 47, 4lHJ, 394; at , 51-2, 414 ; at Cochin, 46- Quails, 23. 8, 53-4. 404; at Cranganore, 48, 51 ; Quiloo, 7. 9. 36, 47-48, 51, s6. at Goa, 49-50. Quilandi, 437· , .Pothuvals, 1o8, uo, 176, 187. Poyyanad, 422. R Pradalsl•inam, circumambulation of • sacred trees, shrines, etc., 154. 161-187, Rae, Milne, 200-4- passim ; kumbha-, 165, 1S6. Ragi, 22o, 326. Priuakod, 464- Ragonatt, 59· Prastidam, !lowers, etc., given to worship­ Rail-borne uade, 26o. pers, 148, 154- Railways, 268. Prathiwmam, violation of hypergamy, Rainfall, 11, 270, 491. 95· Raja, title of Samaotans, 113. Pregnancy ceremonies, 163, 167. Raja Kesa.ri Varma, 27. Professions, 259· Raja Raja, 1, 37· Ptolemy, 29. 31-2, 34. 415. Rajendra Chola, 11, 37· Pseudostomu, 31. Ramagiri Fort, 70, 468. Pudamuri, a marriage ceremony, 100, 179. Ramanatkara, 419. Pudiyang:i.di, 67, 456. lUmantalli, 396, 401. . Pndunagaram, 446. Ramantirutti, 410. Pugilvivaram pymash, 324- Ramasami Modaliar, Sir, 276. Pukkot, 476. Ramasami tirtam, 446. Fukkoya Tangal, Sg, 416. Ramazan, 89, 194- Pnia.,-ayi, 381. Ramdilty fortress, 62. Pula)·ans, 25, 133, 256. Ramruid, 413. Pnlayakodans, 128. Randattara, 58-9, 66, 263, 422. Pulikudi, tamarind-drinking ceremony, Rashtrakuta, 37· 167, 208. Rats, 22 5, 482. Pulavans, 132. Ra.-ari Nayars, 118. P11msavanam, :Sambudiri ceremony dur­ Raveris, 486. ing pregnancy, 163. Ravi Varma, 34, 38, 42, 73· Pumukham, portico, 141. Ravottans, 91, 18g, 440, 447· Punam, hill shifting cuhh-alion, 220, 239, Ra);rimaogalam, 457· 320,326. .Raza Khan, 66. Punambis, 109. Red Sea, 49· Punjakol, a method of wet culthation, Reefs, 7, 8, 384, 48o. 216-7. Reformed Syrians, zo6. Punishments, 363. Registrars, 367. Punnattlir, 113, 449, 457· Registration, of hirth3 and deaths, 277 ; of p,;,,;z, Brahman thread, 104. J anmis, 329, 340; of documents, 367. Pura, house of low castes, 142; family .Regulation XXVI of 18o2, 329. house in Laccadives, 485· Religions, 93; Hindu-, 151-6; Mappilla, Pnrameri, 434- 1<;2-4, 487-8. Puranad, ss, 423· Relinquishments, 341. Purappad, balance of pattam payable to Remission, 335, 341. janmi after deducting . interest on Revenue. See Land-, Abk

Robinson, Sir W., 295, 322, 325, 494-5· Seslzam, cloth worn by mourners, 165, Rocks, 14; rock caves, 390, 399, 415-8, 186, 188, 423, 429, 434. 438, 471. Sessions Courts, 366, 368. Rohini, 36. Settlement; Mysorean, 309-13; quin­ R6lans, 134, quennial leases, 313; Smee's pymash, Roman Catholics, 211. 314; Macleod's revision, 314; Rickard's , 38. proposals, 314-7; Warden's janmi Romo-Syrians, 204. pymash, 317; Grreme's report, 318-23 ; Rubber; cultivation, 231, 247; manufac­ Pugil vivaram pymash, 324 ; reversion ture, 232. to jama of 18oo, 325-7 ; the survey and Rufinus, 201. -, 327-35 ; of Wynaad, 335-41 ; of Cochin, 342-4; of Anjengo, 344-6; s of Escheats, 346- 9· Shabi Bacit, 194. Sabha, caste assembly, 352. Shafi, 192. Sacrifice rock, 7, 31-2, 433· Shantikar, officiating priest, 153, 172. Sadr Adalat, 84, Sheep, :u. Sago palm, 223. Sheikkinde palli, 386. Stihids, Mappilla saints, 82-4, 86, 88-g, Sherishtadar-Magistrates, 368. . 195. 416-7. Shiahs, 192 • Salt-fish, 254, 356. Shikar, 21. Salt-revenue, 354-5 ; Mahl:-, 355 ; Shikaris, 123, 135, 137· Travancore and Cochip-, 355· Sh6la Nayakkans, 136, 184- Samai, 220, 326. , 252, 471. Samantans, 94-5, 112-3. Sibbandi, 370". Samanya Nambudiri, 107. Silent Valley, 1, 6, 245-7, 420, 464- 5· Samavartanam, ceremony on entering Simantam, Nambudiri ceremony during domestic life, 164. pregnancy, 163. Sambandham, a form of marriage involv­ Singalese, 91. ing no legal obligations, 93 ; origin, 97; Singhana, 38. e~ly accounts, 98 ; present position, 99; Sirdar Khan, 68-9. ceremonies, 178, 180; Pula community , 87, :z66, 413, 419-20. of pollution. 95; Muthal-, community Sivaratri, 148. of property, 95, 179, 367. Small-pox, 278, 491. Sambhur, 22, 415, 472. Smarta, 207, 364. Sanchayanam, collection of bones and Smarta-vicharam, Nambudiri caste tri- ashes at funeral, 165, 187. biUlal, 104, 107, 364. Sandhyavandanam, Brahmans' daily wor- Smee, 314. ship of sun, 156. Smugglers' Pass, 424, 472. Sanitation, 277, 49~1. Snakes, 23. , 92-3, Snipe, 23. Santa Cruz cathedral, 404-5, 409. Soarez, 48, sI' 506. Santhasthi Brahamasvam, a species of Socotra, 49· perpetual lease, 306, Soils, 10-11, 331, 338, 480. Sanyasi, 107, 111, 123. Solomon, 28. Sapthas, 108. S6mattiripad, 107. Sarvaswadhtinam, a fom1 of adoption, Soma-yagam, Nambudiri sacrifice, 107, 26. 452. Sastcingakar, 108. Sorcery, 13~1, 135, 157, 195. Sdsvatham, a species of perpetual lease, South Indian Railway, :z68. 307, Special Commissioners: Mr. Strange, 84 ; Saw-mills, 251. Mr. Logan, 86-8, 233 ; Mr. Farmer, 236; Sayid Fasl, 84, 105, 417. Mr. Grreme, 318-20; SirT. Munro, 318. Sayyids. See Sahids. Special Police :Force, 371, 416, . Schools, 283-6, 485. Spirits, 358. . Sea-borne Trade, 258. Sraddha, memorial ceremonies, 166, 187. Sea Customs, 361, 495· Srikandapuram, 398. Seasons, 271. Sri kovil, inner shrine, 120, 152, Second crop, 215, 218; 332. Srimutrakunnu, 418. Seer, 23. Srinivasa Rao, 68. Sembai, 31. Srivishnu Varma, 34• Sengannam, 33· Stadtholder of Holland, 75-6. Sepulchral caves, 152, 390, 399, 415, 423, Stana Ravi, 36, 41. 434. 438, 471. Stdnam, title with property attached, 96 Seringapatam, 6g; 74t 76, 79· Stationary Magistrates, 368. 52.2 INDEX.

Stevenson, Col., 8o. Tangals, Mappilla religious leaders, 192' Storms, 27 S· 3; i\lambram-, 1>4, 417; Pukkoya-o Strabo, 28. 89, 416; Ponnani --, 192, 456. Strange, Mr., 84-6. ; Portuguese factory and fort, Stuan, Col., 74· so; ceded to British, 76; land revenue, Stuart, Mr. A. E. C., 338. · 344-6; abkari, etc., 346, 359; descrip- Sub-jails, 372, tive and historical summary, 50s-6. Sub-Judges, 366. Tanjore, 70. Sub-Magistrates, 368. Tantri, ritual expert, 107, Sub-Registrars, 367. Tanur, 61, 457· Si1dra Nayars, II7.. Tara, platform, altar, 140, 153; aggregate Sufi, 486. of families, caste community, 292, 295, , 255· 350- Suheli, 479· Taragans, 117. , 37, 451. Tarisa church, 36. Suleiman, 42, Tariy6t, 472. Sullivan, 70. Tarwdd, family, family house, 95; Sultan's Battery, 34, So, 82, 477· -islands, 480, 483. Sultan's Canal, 263. Tattans, 127. Sunnis, 192. Tti:ttu, ceremonial fashion of wearing Superstition, 157, 195, 484, 485. cloth, 143. 159, 162, 165. Survey, 327-35. Tavazhi, branch of tarwdd, 96. Swarubakkar, 117. Tea; cultivalion, 230; manufacture, 230, Sweet-toddy, 360. 252; trade, 260. Syrian Christians, 93, 199; history, zoo, Teak, 241, 243, 245, 251. 45o-1 ; Pazhayankur and Puttankur, Teal, 23. 204; Romo-Syrians, 204; Refurmed, or Technical schools, z86. St. Thomas' Syrians, zo6; Jacobites, Tekkelamkur, 58, 431. zo6 ; Chaldeans, 206 ; Anni1r, zo6 ; Tekkini, south wing of house, 140. Carmelite Missionaries, 206; churches, Tekkumbhagar, io3. zo6 ; clergy, 207 ; doctrines, zo8 ; festi­ Tellicherry ; the old factory and fort, 55- vals, 208 ; ceremonies, 209. 7 5 passim ; industries, 252, 357 ; trade, 259-6o; weights and measures, 261-2; health, 279 ; schools and college, zSz ; T courts, 365-7 ; municipal council, 378; descriptive and historical summary, 426-8. Tacchampara, 470. Temperature, 1-12. Tacch6li Otbenan, 93, 433· Temples, IS2; Guruvayi1r, 452; Kalpati, Tagadur, 33· 445; Keraladesapuram, 451 ; Kottiyi1r, Tagarapadi, 270. . 424; Panniyiu, 454; , 400; Tahajtlr-ul-Mujahidin, 41, 52, 398, 422, Srimutra Kunnu, 418 ; Sukapuram, 451 ; 436. Taliparamba, 399 ; Talli, 383 ; Tiru­ Tahsildars, 353, 367. mantham Kunnu, 466; Tirunavayi, 458 ; Tailors, 253. Tirunelli, 478; Trikkalayiu, 414; Trik­ Takkiya, 415. kandayur, 462 ; Triprang6d, 453 ; Tri­ Takrus, 486. prayar, 462; Vallur K:ivu, 476. Talakindavans, 121. Tenants, 86, 233-7, 288-307. Tali, marriage IJadge, Ioo, ·1 59, I 74, 198, Tenari, 446. 206, 209. Tenmalapuram, 441. Tali kettu kalyanam, symbolical Tenmalas, 3, 439· marriage, 10o-2, 173-7. Teyyamb:idi Kurups, uz. Taliparamba, 6o, 128, 226, 252, 399· Teyyattam. See Tiyattam. · Taluk Boards, 373-4· Thackeray, Mr., 265, 291. Tamarasseri, 381, 390 ;-ghat, 68, 71, 75, Theft, 369. · 264-5, 267, 274, 380,472. Thomas of Cana, 202. Tambunikkal, 129, 441. Thomas, Saint, zoo, 450 ; Syrians, zo6. Tamburtin, title of Samantan, 96, 113. Thurston, Mr. E., 23, 101, 198. Tamil, 92. Tiberius, 32. , 32, Tigers, 22, 123. Tamils 180o years ago, The, 25-6, 31-2, Tikk6di, 433· 35, 92. Ti!akam, 449· Tanadhars, 370. Tiles, 252. Tandans, us, 1271 182-3. Timber, trees, 240-7 ; trade, 251 Tandels, 484. Tinnakara, 479-80, INDEX.

Tipu, 7o-5, 77, 264, 415, 493-4. Tukku-vilakku, hanging lamp, 167. Tirandu kalyanam, puberty cueruony; Tulasi, Ocimum sanctum, basil, 140, 177-8. 168, seq. Tirukarur, 32. Tuni, woman's long cloth, ·143· Tirumanthamkunnu, 466. Tunjattu Eihutacchan, 92, 462. Tirumulpad, title of Samantans, 113 ;. Tupf>ukuli, ·blackmail, 36;~. Nilambur, 245, 258, 418. Turner, Sir Charles, 297· Tirunavayi, 41, 44, 45!1. Turtles, 483, 498. Tirunelli, 34-5, 243· 477-8. Tutha river, 6, 66, 464-5. Tirur, 6, 268, 448, 462. , 371, 412. , 70, 75, 84, 270, 419. Tyre, 28. Tiruvangad, u8, 429. Tiruvanjikularu, 31. u Tiruv:Hhira, 148. Tiruvazhamkunnu, 464. Uccharal, agricultural ceremony, 151. Tivakara.m, 31. Ucchtroeli, a form of exorcism, 132. Tiyans, origin, 25, 124; characteristics, Udaga-kriya, oblation nf water, 165, 186. 125; ceremonies, p~tlikudi, 168 ; child­ Udayamangalam K6vilagam, J97· · birth, 169; tati kettukalyanam, 175; Udiamperur, 31. tirandu kalydnam, 178 ; marriage, Udiya, 37· 184; death, 188; industries, 251, 254; Ulumbans, 118. education, 282. Umbrellas, 144, 256. Tiyapdd, Tiyans' pollution distance, 102. Unions, 373· Ti)>dttam, a ceremonial dance, no, 132. Unni Mutta Muppan, 78, 8o. Tiyattu Nambiyars, 110. upanayanam, investiture with thread, Toda, boss-shaped earring, I45· '164. Toddy, 254, 359· Upper Secondary schools, 283. TOI-kollans, 128. [J,., village, 353· Tolls, 374· .Urakars, 4!S4t. T6panad, 470. Topi kallus, hat stones, marking sepul- Urali Nayars, 120. chral chambers. See koda kallu. Urile-parisha Mussads, 1o8. Torayur, 437· Ur6t Mt~.la, 3, 147, 4II. Tortoise-shell, 483, 498. Ushiccltal, a magic, 1 57· Tort~< mundu, upper cloth, 143· Torture, 363. T6ttams, excavations for dry crops on v Laccadives, 480. Town Improvements Act, 375· Vaccination, 278. Trade, 25;r61, 489-90. Vadakkancheri, 447· Training schools, 286. Vadakkelamkur, 58.

Travancore, 6, 8, 41 1 44, 55, 66, 73-4, 79, Vadakkettara., 442. 81, 355· Vadakkini, north wing of house, -140, Travancore Census Report, 108, 1101 163. 159. 167, 178. • Tra\'ancore State Manual, 36, 200. Vadainalapura.m, 441. Travellers' bungalows, 268. Vadamalas, 3, 439· · Tree tax, 359· Vadanapalli, 250. Trepang, 483, 498. Vadhyar, 107. Tribunals, 333-S· ·Vadikkakam, 345· Trichaleri, 478. Vadugans, 129. Trichammaram, 399· • Vaidigan, 107. Trich:ira.kunnu, 478. Valappad, 462. Trichiramanna, ~24. Valarpattanam, 75, 243, 258, 399 ;-river, Trichera. Terupa, 72. . 4. 6, 59-62, 243· 263. Trichur, 68, 442, 452, 458. Vah\yar, 267, 439· Trikkada, 454· Valinchians, 122. Trikkalang6d, 419. ' Valiyakara, 479· Trikkalayur, 87, 245, 414. . Valiya Perunal, 194· . Trikkandiyur, 462. V dlkannadi, bell-metal hand mirror, 159, Trikkariyur, 399· 168, 173• Trikkayikkad, 457· Vallabha Raja, 465. Triprang6d, 270, 453-4, 456-7. Vall6dis, 113. Triprayar, 462. Valhir kavu, 476. Trit:ila, 462-3. Valluva Kon, 44 Trivandrum, 6. Valluvans, 127. 524 INDEX. Vdnap,·ashta, dwelling in jungi.c, one of I Vishu, 147, 149· the four periods of Brahman's life, 107. Vishuj>halam, agricultural forecast, 148. Vaniamkulam, 21, 276, 471. · Visishta NambUdiris, 107. Vanians, 121, 250. Vital statistics, 277. Vanji, 31, 33· Viyyattil, 215, 217, 448-9. Vcinku, Mappilla call to prayers. 194· Vyavabara Mala, :zJO. Vannans, IJO. Vypeen, 8, 47, 53-4. 81, 402-3, 40 Vannattans, 121. Van Spall, 76, 407. Varakkal, 386. ·.w Varangi, Minicoy women's club, 487. Variyars, 111. Walavanad, descriptive summary, 464-s ; Varthema, 99, 101, 362, 364, 394·· . Mappillas, 71,77; cultivation, 215, 217; Vasco da Gama, 44-5, 47, 51, 404, 436. forests, 241 ; palmyras, · 254; iron Vattekkadans. 121. smelting, 257 ; weights and measures, VattesshuHu, 35,451. 261 ; crime, 369•. Vattis, 131. Walker, Major, 290. Vaughan, Mr., 32o-1. Warden, Mr., 291, 315-7, 335· Vavul Mala, J, s. 38o, 411. Wards, 457, 469. Vayittiri, 16, 478. Warren 1Iastings, 68. Vegetables, 217, 481. Waste lands, 214. 232, 304. Velam, 4or. Water-supply, 277, 376-8. V etans, 130. Waterways, 263-4. Velapuram, 43, 384. Watson, Capt., St, 370. Velicchaj>dd, Oracle, 131, 134. ISS· Weaving, 252. Velliyang6d, 6, 449· Weights and measures, 262. Vellalars, 138. Wellesley, Gen., 79· _Yellari Mala, 16, 18, 38o, 411, 472. • Wells. 21S, 277. v ellatiri, 46 S· West Hill, 383, 386. Vellayur, 420. , 1, 77, 411, 464. 472. , 437· Wet lands, cultivation, ZIS-9; assessment, "Velliyan kallu, 433, 463. 30