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The Principles of International Termination Rate
AN ASSESSMENT OF INTERNATIONAL VOICE TRAFFIC TERMINATION RATES Policy, Competition & Economic Analysis Department July, 2015 TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents...……………………………………………………………………………………………………….1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ………………………………………………………………………………………………2 1.0 INTRODUCTION… …………………………………………………………………...........................4 1.1 What Is International Termination Rate………………………………..………..5 1.2 Administrative and Legal Framework…………………………………………………7 1.3 Pricing Principles for Telecommunications ….;…………………………………..8 1.4 International Telecommunication Pricing Structure and Trend………………………………………………………………………………………………………….9 1.5 Traditional International Telecommunication Accounting and Settlement Arrangements...……………………………………………………………….…11 1.6 Collection Charges …………………………………………………………………………………. 15 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW…………………………………………………………….........................17 2.1 International Settlements Process ………………………………………………..….17 3.0 INFORMATION ANALYSIS.………………………………………………………..………….…...19 3.1 Trends in International Termination Rate…………………………………………19 3.2 USTR/FCC Response to Increases in Fixed and Mobile International Call Termination Rates………………………………………………….23 3.3 Nigeria’s Commitment under World Trade Organisation and Gats Reference Paper ……………………………………………………………………….27 3.4 Nigerian Int’l Termination Rate and Selected African Countries……………………………………………………………………………………………………30 4.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION………………………………………………… 33 References……….…………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………34 POLICY COMPETITION & ECONOMIC ANALYSIS DE PARTMENT -
GLOSSARY of Telecommunications Terms List of Abbreviations for Telecommunications Terms
GLOSSARY of Telecommunications Terms List of Abbreviations for Telecommunications Terms AAL – ATM Adaptation Layer ADPCM – Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation ADSL – Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line AIN – Advanced Intelligent Network ALI – Automatic Location Information AMA - Automatic Message Accounting ANI – Automatic Number Identification ANSI –American National Standards Institute API – Applications Programming Interface ATM – Asychronous Transfer Mode BHCA – Busy Hour Call Attempts BHCC – Busy Hour Call Completions B-ISDN – Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network B-ISUP – Broadband ISDN User’s Part BLV – Busy Line Verification BNS – Billed Number Screening BRI – Basic Rate Interface CAC – Carrier Access Code CCS – Centi Call Seconds CCV – Calling Card Validation CDR – Call Detail Record CIC – Circuit Identification Code CLASS – Custom Local Area Signaling CLEC – Competitive Local Exchange Carrier CO – Central Office CPE – Customer Provided/Premise Equipment CPN – Called Party Number CTI – Computer Telephony Intergration DLC – Digital Loop Carrier System DN – Directory Number DSL – Digital Subscriber Line DSLAM – Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer DSP – Digital Signal Processor DTMF – Dual Tone Multi-Frequency ESS – Electronic Switching System ETSI - European Telecommunications Standards Institute GAP – Generic Address Parameter GT – Global Title GTT – Global Title Translations HFC – Hybrid Fiber Coax IAD – Integrated Access Device IAM – Initial Address Message ICP – Integrated Communications Provider ILEC -
Guidelines on Mobile Device Forensics
NIST Special Publication 800-101 Revision 1 Guidelines on Mobile Device Forensics Rick Ayers Sam Brothers Wayne Jansen http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/NIST.SP.800-101r1 NIST Special Publication 800-101 Revision 1 Guidelines on Mobile Device Forensics Rick Ayers Software and Systems Division Information Technology Laboratory Sam Brothers U.S. Customs and Border Protection Department of Homeland Security Springfield, VA Wayne Jansen Booz-Allen-Hamilton McLean, VA http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/NIST.SP. 800-101r1 May 2014 U.S. Department of Commerce Penny Pritzker, Secretary National Institute of Standards and Technology Patrick D. Gallagher, Under Secretary of Commerce for Standards and Technology and Director Authority This publication has been developed by NIST in accordance with its statutory responsibilities under the Federal Information Security Management Act of 2002 (FISMA), 44 U.S.C. § 3541 et seq., Public Law (P.L.) 107-347. NIST is responsible for developing information security standards and guidelines, including minimum requirements for Federal information systems, but such standards and guidelines shall not apply to national security systems without the express approval of appropriate Federal officials exercising policy authority over such systems. This guideline is consistent with the requirements of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Circular A-130, Section 8b(3), Securing Agency Information Systems, as analyzed in Circular A- 130, Appendix IV: Analysis of Key Sections. Supplemental information is provided in Circular A- 130, Appendix III, Security of Federal Automated Information Resources. Nothing in this publication should be taken to contradict the standards and guidelines made mandatory and binding on Federal agencies by the Secretary of Commerce under statutory authority. -
Make International Calls from Your Mobile at Local Rates with Skype to Go Submitted By: Pr-Sending-Enterprises Monday, 27 August 2007
Make international calls from your mobile at local rates with Skype to Go Submitted by: pr-sending-enterprises Monday, 27 August 2007 Skype have launched a new way to call anyone in the world with the new Skype To Go service. As part of the global roll-out of Skype Pro, users can talk to their best friend abroad from their mobile phone for as long as they want without it costing an arm and a leg. A simple Skype (http://www.skype.com/) download and sign up to the Skype Pro (http://www.skype.com/intl/en/products/skypepro/) service means that Skype Pro customer's will receive a Skype To Go number at no additional cost. To activate the Skype To Go number, users must choose the friend or family member they want to call who lives abroad. Then simply enter their international number and in return, Skype To Go will give users a local number to use instead. With the Skype To Go (http://www.skype.com/intl/en/products/skypetogo/) number, users can call their friend from any phone, anytime they want. Customers can also store their Skype To Go number on their mobile phone and talk to that special friend no matter where they happen to be. Having a Skype To Go number makes international calling from a mobile cheap. For instance, calling friends in Australia now costs the same as calling from across the street plus the SkypeOut (http://www.skype.com/intl/en/products/skypeout/) rate for Australia, which for landlines is as little as 1.7 Euro cents per minute. -
Worldwide Traveling Tips LG G4™
Worldwide Traveling Tips LG G4™ Before you travel 1. Enable Service : Request your SIM be enabled for international roaming services. Contact Sprint Worldwide Care to ensure needed services will work for all trips. Sprint Worldwide Care can be reached via chat or email from sprint.com/swwsupport or see additional contact methods at the end of this guide under the heading Contacting Sprint Worldwide Customer Care . 2. Update Software ::: Settings > System Updates (General Tab) > Update LG Software > Check For Update 3. Update PRL: Settings > System Updates (General Tab) > Update PRL > OK 4. Verify International Roaming Settings: Settings > Roaming (Network Tab) > International Voice Roaming, International Data Roaming, Allow GSM data (check to enable) Pricing Information International roaming rates are available on sprint.com/sww . Other plans and options may be available for your specific destinations or your account, contact Sprint to review your travel plans to learn more. Calling • Make Local Calls: Use the same procedure to dial locally from your phone as you would from a landline phone in your destination. • Make International calls: To place an international call, dial international access code, country code, and the number. Plus code dialing simplifies international dialing, simply dial “+” in place of the international access code. Note that plus code dialing may not be available on CDMA networks. Example: Calling back to the U.S., dial international access code (example “00” in China), then the country code “1” (U.S. country code), then the 10 digit phone number. Example with plus code: Calling back to the U.S., dial “+”, then “1”, then the 10 digit phone number. -
AT&T Phone User Guide
® ® MakeMakeTop callscalls With U-verse Voice byFeatures phone or phoneWith AT&T service, U-verse you by phone or haveVoice more digital calling home freedomphone service,and control you Click to Call. have more calling Voice AT&T Phone than ever. Voice Click to Call. freedom and control than ever. user guide AT&T Phone userVoiceuser guide guide • How to make calls by phone or Click to Call user guide • Topuser Features guide • How to manage Phone Features • How to manage Phone Features • HowH o w to makemanage calls or by change phone Voicemail or Click to Settings Call • How to manage or change Voicemail Settings Dial fromVoicemail your phone Viewer and Voicemail-to-Text (VMTT) • HowAT&T to U-verse manage support Phone Features Dial from your phone • Need more help? Get VMTT on your qualifying iOS or Android™ device via the • How to manage or change Voicemail Settings Voicemail Viewer App or choose to automatically forward your • Need more help? voicemail messages with VMTT to a designated email address accessible from your smartphone, tablet, or computer. NeedLearn moremore help? Call Blocking att.com/uversevoicemail Dial fromBlock the unwanted Web calls from numbers you specify, avoid those Need more help? Dial fromwith the anonymous Web information, and screen the callers you want Questions? Visit att.com/digitalvoicemail for more information to hear from with this feature. on setting up and customizingatt.com/uversesupport your voicemail. Caller ID on TV 1.800.288.2020 Questions? 1. Seeatt.com/myatt who is calling on your TV screen, and decide whether you ¿Habla español? 1 wantatt.com/myatt to answer (Phone and U-verse TV service required). -
Executive Summary
TELEGEOGRAPHY REPORT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Executive Summary The international voice market doesn't bring a lot of joy these days. 2015 marked a turning point in the international voice market—the first time since the Great Depression that international call traffic declined, even if only by one half percent. It's been downhill ever since, as the slump in voice traffic has turned into a fact of life. Carriers’ traffic fell a further 9% in 2017 and 4% in 2018. The misery continued in 2019, as traffic dropped another 6% in 2019, to 435 billion minutes. The COVID-19 pandemic spurred a short-term rally in international call volumes in early 2020, but things pretty much returned to normal after that. FIGURE 1 I'm Goin' Down, Down, Down... Notes: Data for 2020 are projections. Source: TeleGeography © 2020 PriMetrica, Inc. 1 TELEGEOGRAPHY REPORT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Impact of COVID-19 The global outbreak of COVID-19—and its associated economic and social impact—has upended the way billions of people live their lives. Has it had an impact on international calling? We queried a number of international operators to find out. Only a bare majority of operators responding to the survey we sent out in late 2020 reported that they had, in fact, seen a jump in international call volumes as the pandemic tightened its grip in March. (Nearly a third saw a dip in traffic compared to the year before.) The bump in traffic was short-lived, however. Only 4% of carrier reported that traffic levels remained elevated by the second and third quarters of the year. -
Phase 2+); Operator Determined Barring; (GSM 02.41
GSM GSM 02.41 TECHNICAL December 1995 SPECIFICATION Version 5.0.0 Source: ETSI TC-SMG Reference: TS/SMG-010241Q ICS: 33.060.50 Key words: Digital cellular telecommunications system, Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+); Operator determined barring; (GSM 02.41) ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute ETSI Secretariat Postal address: F-06921 Sophia Antipolis CEDEX - FRANCE Office address: 650 Route des Lucioles - Sophia Antipolis - Valbonne - FRANCE X.400: c=fr, a=atlas, p=etsi, s=secretariat - Internet: [email protected] * Tel.: +33 92 94 42 00 - Fax: +33 93 65 47 16 Copyright Notification: No part may be reproduced except as authorized by written permission. The copyright and the foregoing restriction extend to reproduction in all media. © European Telecommunications Standards Institute 1995. All rights reserved. Page 2 GSM 02.41 Version 5.0.0: December 1995 Whilst every care has been taken in the preparation and publication of this document, errors in content, typographical or otherwise, may occur. If you have comments concerning its accuracy, please write to "ETSI Editing and Committee Support Dept." at the address shown on the title page. Page 3 GSM 02.41 Version 5.0.0: December 1995 Contents Foreword .......................................................................................................................................................5 1 Scope ..................................................................................................................................................7 -
Best International Calling Plans for Cell Phones
Best International Calling Plans For Cell Phones Finley is affectionately self-developing after chalcographical Lorne environ his workbook vigorously. Adscititious Geoffrey mountaineers superfluously and unbearably, she introvert her Socratic cannot resourcefully. Benjie fritted his decompressing Listerizes tersely or proportionably after Carlyle tots and lamming nevertheless, kinless and Ostrogothic. How much cell phone calls with international roaming data plan are best cell data services anytime anywhere, and data you planned and helpful. She experienced flight delays, data, as demonstrated by some two young sons in pace back seat using my mobile hotspot for their tablets. HD streaming, speed, leaving mid week. SMS communication with everything else who immerse the app. Fortunately, your fingertip could hit an app in depth background. What is now allow you can use phone for money while others and plans for best international calling cell phones. If you use your first thought when to book information has t mobile phones for best international calling plans include unlimited texting needs are so you must be available in the free voice and a respected choice. How complex are Google Fi Taxes and Fees? We use a prepay phone plans included in each time to support local lines included a billing cycle ends soon and best international calling plans for cell phones should go overseas so we went. Magenta plus access to hear about international cell phones anywhere and unused data! You call international cell phones, you at best. All calls made the phone called travel pass is an emergency, your carrier you can save data are planning on sim in. -
Introduction to Telecommunication Network
Fathur Afif Hari Gary Dhika April Mulya Yusuf AB A A A AB AB AB AB Anin Rizka A B Dion Siska Mirel Hani Airita AB AB AB AB AB www.telkomuniversity.ac.id Public Switch Telephone Network The Access Course Number : TTH2A3 CLO : 1 Week : 2 www.telkomuniversity.ac.id How do we connect telephone? One to One One to Two www.telkomuniversity.ac.id How do we connect telephone? Two to Two www.telkomuniversity.ac.id How do we connect telephone? www.telkomuniversity.ac.id How many copper cable needed for each line? Basically, only 2: • TD (Transmit Data) • RD (Receive Data) www.telkomuniversity.ac.id PSTN (Public Switch Telephone Network) • PSTN consists of groups of local networks, connected by long distance network • Main element of local network is customer premises equipment (CPE), copper cable that connect customer (subscriber) to local switch through main distribution frame (MDF). www.telkomuniversity.ac.id What are main characteristics of PSTN? • Analog, able to transfer 300-3400 Hz or 64 kbps • circuit-switched = with handshaking + dedicated path • Fixed station, limited mobility • Foundation of all telecommunication standard easy integration with ISDN, PLMN, PDN www.telkomuniversity.ac.id Three main networks in PSTN 1. Backbone network core network, connects all local exchange (switching unit within local network) 2. Access Network – connect subscriber to local exchange – Four types of access network: • Access Network with Copper • Access Network with Radio • Access Network with Fiber Optic • Access Network with Hybrid Fiber Coax (HFC) 3. Interconnection Network special backbone network, connect other licensed operator www.telkomuniversity.ac.id Three main networks in PSTN 1. -
International Roaming Explained
International roaming explained Asia Pacific Contents 1. Mobile roaming explained.......................... 1 2. Mobile roaming in the Asia Pacific.......... 5 3. Price trends................................................ 11 4. Impact of regulation.................................. 12 5. Best practice.............................................. 15 3 1. Mobile roaming explained International mobile roaming The most common international roaming is a service that allows mobile services are: users to continue to use their Voice: Making and receiving calls to mobile phone or other mobile or from home country, visited country device to make and receive or a third country, while abroad voice calls and text messages, SMS: Sending and receiving text browse the internet, and send messages to or from home country, and receive emails, while visiting visited country or a third country, another country. while abroad Email: Reading and replying to Roaming extends the coverage of the emails while abroad home operator’s retail voice and SMS Mobile broadband: Using mobile services, allowing the mobile user to devices or dongles to access the continue using their home operator internet, including to download images, phone number and data services within MP3s, films and software, while abroad another country. The seamless extension of coverage is enabled by a wholesale Applications: Using mobile roaming agreement between a mobile applications while abroad that require user’s home operator and the visited mobile data, such as location-based mobile operator network. The roaming services and language translators. agreement addresses the technical and International mobile roaming is one of a commercial components required to wider range of communications services enable the service. offered to mobile users while travelling abroad. -
Session 4. Transmission Systems and the Telephone Network Multiplexing
Session 4. Transmission Systems and the Telephone Network Dongsoo S. Kim Electrical and Computer Engineering Indiana U. Purdue U. Indianapolis Intro to Computer Communication Networks Multiplexing A A A Trunk A group B B B MUX MUX B C C C C Sharing of expensive network resources – wire, bandwidth, computation power, … Types of Multiplexing n Frequency-Division Multiplexing n Time-Division Multiplexing n Wavelength Division Multiplexing n Code-Division Multiplexing n Statistical Multiplexing ECE/IUPUI 4-2 1 Intro to Computer Communication Networks Frequency Division Multiplexing Bandwidth is divided into a number of frequency slots The very old technology n AM – 10 kHz/channel n FM – 200 kHz/channel n TV – 60 MHz/channel n Voice – 4 kHz/channel How It works n Each channel is raised in frequency by a different amount from others. n Combine them. n No two channels occupy the sample portion of the frequency spectrum Standards (almost) n group – 12 voice channel (60-108 KHz) n supergroup – 5 groups, or 60 voice channels n mastergroup – 5 or 10 supergroups. ECE/IUPUI 4-3 Intro to Computer Communication Networks Time-Division Multiplexing A single high-speed digital transmission Each connection produces a digital information The high-speed multiplexor picks the digital data in round-robin fashion. Each connection is assigned a fixed time-slot during connection setup. A 2 A 1 A 2 A 1 C 2 B 2 A 2 C 1 B 1 A 1 DEMUX B 2 B 1 MUX B 2 B 1 C 2 C 1 C 2 C 1 ECE/IUPUI 4-4 2 Intro to Computer Communication Networks Time-Division Multiplexing – Standards T-1 Carrier : 24 digital telephone n A frame consists of 24 slots, 8-bit per slot.