DOCSLIB.ORG

Frizzled3 and Frizzled6 Cooperate with Vangl2 to Direct Cochlear Innervation by Type II Spiral Ganglion Neurons

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Frizzled3 and Frizzled6 Cooperate with Vangl2 to Direct Cochlear Innervation by Type II Spiral Ganglion Neurons Research Articles: Development/Plasticity/Repair Frizzled3 and Frizzled6 Cooperate with Vangl2 to Direct Cochlear Innervation by type II Spiral Ganglion Neurons https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1740-19.2019 Cite as: J. Neurosci 2019; 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1740-19.2019 Received: 20 July 2019 Revised: 20 August 2019 Accepted: 23 August 2019 This Early Release article has been peer-reviewed and accepted, but has not been through the composition and copyediting processes. The final version may differ slightly in style or formatting and will contain links to any extended data. Alerts: Sign up at www.jneurosci.org/alerts to receive customized email alerts when the fully formatted version of this article is published. Copyright © 2019 the authors 1 Frizzled3 and Frizzled6 Cooperate with Vangl2 to Direct Cochlear Innervation by type II Spiral 2 Ganglion Neurons 3 4 Abbreviated title: Frizzled proteins guide cochlear innervation 5 6 Satish R. Ghimire1 and Michael R. Deans1,2 # 7 8 1 Department of Neurobiology & Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 9 84132, USA 10 2 Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake 11 City, UT, 84112, USA 12 13 # Correspondence should be addressed to MRD at [email protected] 14 15 16 33 pages 17 9 figures 18 250 word abstract 19 109 word significance statement 20 648 word introduction 21 1482 word discussion 22 23 Conflict of Interest Statement: 24 The authors declare no competing financial interests. 25 26 Acknowledgements: 27 We thank Shinichi Aizawa, Andrew Groves, Charles Murtaugh, Rejji Kuruvilla and Jeremy Nathans for 28 providing mouse lines used in this study, and Orvelin Roman Jr. and Sarah Siddoway for assistance in 29 animal colony management and genotyping. This research was sponsored by the National Institute on 30 Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD) grant R21DC015635 and a University of Utah 31 Research Incentive Seed Grant. 1 32 ABSTRACT 33 34 Type II spiral ganglion neurons provide afferent innervation to outer hair cells of the cochlea and are 35 proposed to have nociceptive functions important for auditory function and homeostasis. These 36 neurons are anatomically distinct from other classes of spiral ganglion neurons because they extend a 37 peripheral axon beyond the inner hair cells that subsequently makes a distinct 90 degree turn towards 38 the cochlear base. As a result, patterns of outer hair cell innervation are coordinated with the tonotopic 39 organization of the cochlea. Previously it was shown that peripheral axon turning is directed by a non- 40 autonomous function of the core PCP protein VANGL2. We demonstrate using mice of either sex that 41 Fzd3 and Fzd6 similarly regulate axon turning, are functionally redundant with each other, and that 42 Fzd3 genetically interacts with Vangl2 to guide this process. FZD3 and FZD6 proteins are 43 asymmetrically distributed along the basolateral wall of cochlear supporting cells, and are required to 44 promote or maintain the asymmetric distribution of VANGL2 and CELSR1. These data indicate that 45 intact PCP complexes formed between cochlear supporting cells are required for the non-autonomous 46 regulation of axon pathfinding. Consistent with this, in the absence of PCP signaling peripheral axons 47 turn randomly and often project towards the cochlear apex. Additional analyses of Porcn mutants in 48 which WNT secretion is reduced suggest that non-canonical WNT signaling establishes or maintains 49 PCP signaling in this context. A deeper understanding of these mechanisms is necessary for repairing 50 auditory circuits following acoustic trauma or promoting cochlear re-innervation during regeneration- 51 based deafness therapies. 52 53 SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT 54 Planar Cell Polarity (PCP) signaling has emerged as a complementary mechanism to classical axon 55 guidance in regulating axon track formation, axon outgrowth and neuronal polarization. The core PCP 56 proteins are also required for auditory circuit assembly, and coordinate hair cell innervation with the 57 tonotopic organization of the cochlea. This is a non-cell autonomous mechanism that requires the 2 58 formation of PCP protein complexes between cochlear supporting cells located along the trajectory of 59 growth cone navigation. These findings are significant because they demonstrate how the fidelity of 60 auditory circuit formation is ensured during development, and provide a mechanism by which PCP 61 proteins may regulate axon outgrowth and guidance in the CNS. 62 63 INTRODUCTION 64 Intercellular signals relayed by Planar Cell Polarity (PCP) proteins contribute to an array of 65 developmental events including axon outgrowth and guidance, and the establishment of planar polarity 66 (Zou, 2004; Wang and Nathans, 2007; Goodrich and Strutt, 2011; Tissir and Goffinet, 2013). In the 67 murine cochlea, planar polarity is guided by an intercellular signaling complex composed of the PCP 68 proteins Frizzled (FZD3/6) (Wang et al., 2006), Van Gogh-like (VANGL1/2) (Montcouquiol et al., 2003; 69 Torban et al., 2008), and CELSR1 (Curtin et al., 2003). Complex formation requires FZD3/6 and 70 VANGL1/2 localization at opposite sides of individual cells so that their extracellular domains appose 71 each other at junctions between neighbors, and this complex is maintained by homophilic CELSR1 72 binding across intercellular space. In Drosophila, the analogous complex relays polarity information 73 through Fzd to Van Gogh signaling (Wu and Mlodzik, 2008) or homophilic signaling by the CELSR1 74 ortholog Flamingo/Starry Night (Struhl et al., 2012). Vertebrate PCP proteins similarly relay polarity 75 information within epithelia (Mitchell et al., 2009; Sienknecht et al., 2011; Stoller et al., 2018). While 76 mechanisms initiating PCP may vary, an emerging consensus for vertebrates is that non-canonical 77 WNT signaling promotes initial protein asymmetries that are relayed between neighbors by the PCP 78 complex (Yang, 2012; Yang and Mlodzik, 2015). 79 80 PCP signaling is not restricted to epithelia, and PCP proteins contribute to axon outgrowth 81 (Fenstermaker et al., 2010; Morello et al., 2015), pathfinding (Lyuksyutova et al., 2003; Shafer et al., 82 2011; Hua et al., 2013; Onishi et al., 2013), and neuronal migration (Qu et al., 2010; Glasco et al., 83 2012; Sittaramane et al., 2013; Davey et al., 2016). Phenotypic analyses suggest that different 3 84 molecular mechanisms are employed for these processes in different developmental contexts. For 85 example, commissural neurons extend an axon across the ventral midline that turns anteriorly in 86 response to a WNT gradient (Zou, 2004; Onishi and Zou, 2017). In the absence of Vangl2 (Shafer et 87 al., 2011), Frizzled3 (Lyuksyutova et al., 2003) or Celsr3 (Onishi et al., 2013) commissural axons cross 88 the midline but turn incorrectly. FZD and VANGL2 regulation of filopodial dynamics in the growth cone 89 (Onishi et al., 2013) indicate that this is a cell autonomous mechanism. In contrast, VANGL2 acts non- 90 cell autonomously to guide the peripheral axon of type II Spiral Ganglion Neurons (SGN) in the cochlea 91 (Ghimire et al., 2018). FZD3 and CELSR also act non-cell autonomously to promote the formation of 92 long axon tracks (Morello et al., 2015; Feng et al., 2016) however, this does not require VANGL1/2 (Qu 93 et al., 2014) and suggests that an intact intercellular PCP complex is not required for all axon guidance 94 events. These analyses demonstrate that PCP proteins contribute to multiple guidance events, but 95 suggest they act through mechanisms that differ from PCP signaling in epithelia. 96 97 In the developing cochlea, VANGL2 ensures that the peripheral axons of type II SGNs complete a 90° 98 turn towards the cochlear base before innervating the outer hair cells (OHC) (Ghimire et al., 2018). 99 SGNs are bipolar relay neurons that convey auditory information and consist of two major sub-types. 100 Type I SGNs innervate inner hair cells (IHC), comprise 90-95% of the SGN population, and transmit the 101 salient features of sound. Type II SGNs comprise the remainder and are thought to be neuroprotective 102 rather than sensory because they resemble nociceptive c-fibers (Flores et al., 2015; Liu et al., 2015; 103 Maison et al., 2016). Peripheral axon turning is dependent upon VANGL2 and CELSR1 and many 104 fibers turn incorrectly towards the cochlear apex in these mutants. Here we demonstrate and that Fzd3 105 and Vangl2 act in a common pathway to guide axon turning and that Fzd3 and Fzd6 are functionally 106 redundant. Reducing WNT signaling also disrupts turning, likely as a result of mislocalized core PCP 107 protein distribution. Based upon these results, we propose that a PCP signaling axis established in the 108 cochlear epithelia directs the peripheral axons of type II SGNs to turn towards the cochlear base. 109 4 110 MATERIALS AND METHODS 111 Mouse strains and husbandry: All mice were housed at the University of Utah under IACUC approved 112 guidelines, and individual lines were maintained by backcross to B6129SF1/J hybrid females and 113 genotyped using allele specific PCR reactions (available upon request). For timed breeding and tissue 114 staging, noon on the day in which vaginal plug was seen was considered embryonic day 0.5 (E0.5) and 115 the day litters were born was considered postnatal day 0 (P0). Mice from both sexes were used for 116 experimentation with the exception of analyses of Porcn mutants because the Porcn gene is located on 117 the X-chromosome. Fzd3 -/-; Fzd6 -/- double mutants and littermate controls were generated by 118 intercrossing Fzd3 +/-; Fzd6 +/- males and females derived from the Fzd3 and Fzd6 knockout lines. 119 Emx2-Cre; Fzd3 CKOs and Cre-positive littermate controls were generated on a Fzd6 KO background 120 by crossing Emx2-Cre; Fzd3 +/-; Fzd6 +/- males with Fzd3 floxed; Fzd6 -/- females. Pax2-Cre+; Vangl2 121 CKOs and Cre-positive littermate controls were generated on a Fzd3 KO background by crossing Pax2- 122 Cre; Vangl2 +/-; Fzd3 +/- male mice with Vangl2 floxed; Fzd3 +/- females.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Computational Approach for Defining a Signature of Β-Cell Golgi Stress in Diabetes Mellitus
    Page 1 of 781 Diabetes A Computational Approach for Defining a Signature of β-Cell Golgi Stress in Diabetes Mellitus Robert N. Bone1,6,7, Olufunmilola Oyebamiji2, Sayali Talware2, Sharmila Selvaraj2, Preethi Krishnan3,6, Farooq Syed1,6,7, Huanmei Wu2, Carmella Evans-Molina 1,3,4,5,6,7,8* Departments of 1Pediatrics, 3Medicine, 4Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, 5Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, the 6Center for Diabetes & Metabolic Diseases, and the 7Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202; 2Department of BioHealth Informatics, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46202; 8Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202. *Corresponding Author(s): Carmella Evans-Molina, MD, PhD ([email protected]) Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, MS 2031A, Indianapolis, IN 46202, Telephone: (317) 274-4145, Fax (317) 274-4107 Running Title: Golgi Stress Response in Diabetes Word Count: 4358 Number of Figures: 6 Keywords: Golgi apparatus stress, Islets, β cell, Type 1 diabetes, Type 2 diabetes 1 Diabetes Publish Ahead of Print, published online August 20, 2020 Diabetes Page 2 of 781 ABSTRACT The Golgi apparatus (GA) is an important site of insulin processing and granule maturation, but whether GA organelle dysfunction and GA stress are present in the diabetic β-cell has not been tested. We utilized an informatics-based approach to develop a transcriptional signature of β-cell GA stress using existing RNA sequencing and microarray datasets generated using human islets from donors with diabetes and islets where type 1(T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) had been modeled ex vivo. To narrow our results to GA-specific genes, we applied a filter set of 1,030 genes accepted as GA associated.
    [Show full text]
  • Supplementary Table S5. Differentially Expressed Gene Lists of PD-1High CD39+ CD8 Tils According to 4-1BB Expression Compared to PD-1+ CD39- CD8 Tils
    BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any reliance Supplemental material placed on this supplemental material which has been supplied by the author(s) J Immunother Cancer Supplementary Table S5. Differentially expressed gene lists of PD-1high CD39+ CD8 TILs according to 4-1BB expression compared to PD-1+ CD39- CD8 TILs Up- or down- regulated genes in Up- or down- regulated genes Up- or down- regulated genes only PD-1high CD39+ CD8 TILs only in 4-1BBneg PD-1high CD39+ in 4-1BBpos PD-1high CD39+ CD8 compared to PD-1+ CD39- CD8 CD8 TILs compared to PD-1+ TILs compared to PD-1+ CD39- TILs CD39- CD8 TILs CD8 TILs IL7R KLRG1 TNFSF4 ENTPD1 DHRS3 LEF1 ITGA5 MKI67 PZP KLF3 RYR2 SIK1B ANK3 LYST PPP1R3B ETV1 ADAM28 H2AC13 CCR7 GFOD1 RASGRP2 ITGAX MAST4 RAD51AP1 MYO1E CLCF1 NEBL S1PR5 VCL MPP7 MS4A6A PHLDB1 GFPT2 TNF RPL3 SPRY4 VCAM1 B4GALT5 TIPARP TNS3 PDCD1 POLQ AKAP5 IL6ST LY9 PLXND1 PLEKHA1 NEU1 DGKH SPRY2 PLEKHG3 IKZF4 MTX3 PARK7 ATP8B4 SYT11 PTGER4 SORL1 RAB11FIP5 BRCA1 MAP4K3 NCR1 CCR4 S1PR1 PDE8A IFIT2 EPHA4 ARHGEF12 PAICS PELI2 LAT2 GPRASP1 TTN RPLP0 IL4I1 AUTS2 RPS3 CDCA3 NHS LONRF2 CDC42EP3 SLCO3A1 RRM2 ADAMTSL4 INPP5F ARHGAP31 ESCO2 ADRB2 CSF1 WDHD1 GOLIM4 CDK5RAP1 CD69 GLUL HJURP SHC4 GNLY TTC9 HELLS DPP4 IL23A PITPNC1 TOX ARHGEF9 EXO1 SLC4A4 CKAP4 CARMIL3 NHSL2 DZIP3 GINS1 FUT8 UBASH3B CDCA5 PDE7B SOGA1 CDC45 NR3C2 TRIB1 KIF14 TRAF5 LIMS1 PPP1R2C TNFRSF9 KLRC2 POLA1 CD80 ATP10D CDCA8 SETD7 IER2 PATL2 CCDC141 CD84 HSPA6 CYB561 MPHOSPH9 CLSPN KLRC1 PTMS SCML4 ZBTB10 CCL3 CA5B PIP5K1B WNT9A CCNH GEM IL18RAP GGH SARDH B3GNT7 C13orf46 SBF2 IKZF3 ZMAT1 TCF7 NECTIN1 H3C7 FOS PAG1 HECA SLC4A10 SLC35G2 PER1 P2RY1 NFKBIA WDR76 PLAUR KDM1A H1-5 TSHZ2 FAM102B HMMR GPR132 CCRL2 PARP8 A2M ST8SIA1 NUF2 IL5RA RBPMS UBE2T USP53 EEF1A1 PLAC8 LGR6 TMEM123 NEK2 SNAP47 PTGIS SH2B3 P2RY8 S100PBP PLEKHA7 CLNK CRIM1 MGAT5 YBX3 TP53INP1 DTL CFH FEZ1 MYB FRMD4B TSPAN5 STIL ITGA2 GOLGA6L10 MYBL2 AHI1 CAND2 GZMB RBPJ PELI1 HSPA1B KCNK5 GOLGA6L9 TICRR TPRG1 UBE2C AURKA Leem G, et al.
    [Show full text]
  • The Function of Lgr5+ Cells in the Gastric Antrum Does Not Require Fzd7 Or Myc in Vivo
    biomedicines Communication The Function of Lgr5+ Cells in the Gastric Antrum Does Not Require Fzd7 or Myc In Vivo 1, 2,3 4 1,5, Dustin Flanagan y, Nick Barker , Matthias Ernst , Elizabeth Vincan * and Toby Phesse 1,6,* 1 University of Melbourne & Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, Melbourne VIC 3000, Australia 2 Institute of Medical Biology, Singapore 138648, Singapore 3 MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, UK 4 Cancer and Inflammation Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg VIC 3084, Australia 5 School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth WA 6845, Australia 6 European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK * Correspondence: [email protected] (E.V.); phesset@cardiff.ac.uk (T.P.); Tel.: +61-3-9342-9348 (E.V.); +44-29-2068-8495 (T.P.) Current address: Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK. y Received: 7 June 2019; Accepted: 5 July 2019; Published: 8 July 2019 Abstract: The extreme chemical and mechanical forces endured by the gastrointestinal tract drive a constant renewal of the epithelial lining. Stem cells of the intestine and stomach, marked by the cell surface receptor Lgr5, preserve the cellular status-quo of their respective tissues through receipt and integration of multiple cues from the surrounding niche. Wnt signalling is a critical niche component for gastrointestinal stem cells and we have previously shown that the Wnt receptor, Frizzled-7 (Fzd7), is required for gastric homeostasis and the function of Lgr5+ intestinal stem cells.
    [Show full text]
  • G Protein-Coupled Receptors
    S.P.H. Alexander et al. The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2015/16: G protein-coupled receptors. British Journal of Pharmacology (2015) 172, 5744–5869 THE CONCISE GUIDE TO PHARMACOLOGY 2015/16: G protein-coupled receptors Stephen PH Alexander1, Anthony P Davenport2, Eamonn Kelly3, Neil Marrion3, John A Peters4, Helen E Benson5, Elena Faccenda5, Adam J Pawson5, Joanna L Sharman5, Christopher Southan5, Jamie A Davies5 and CGTP Collaborators 1School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK, 2Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK, 3School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK, 4Neuroscience Division, Medical Education Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK, 5Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK Abstract The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2015/16 provides concise overviews of the key properties of over 1750 human drug targets with their pharmacology, plus links to an open access knowledgebase of drug targets and their ligands (www.guidetopharmacology.org), which provides more detailed views of target and ligand properties. The full contents can be found at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ 10.1111/bph.13348/full. G protein-coupled receptors are one of the eight major pharmacological targets into which the Guide is divided, with the others being: ligand-gated ion channels, voltage-gated ion channels, other ion channels, nuclear hormone receptors, catalytic receptors, enzymes and transporters. These are presented with nomenclature guidance and summary information on the best available pharmacological tools, alongside key references and suggestions for further reading.
    [Show full text]
  • Multi-Functionality of Proteins Involved in GPCR and G Protein Signaling: Making Sense of Structure–Function Continuum with In
    Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences (2019) 76:4461–4492 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-019-03276-1 Cellular andMolecular Life Sciences REVIEW Multi‑functionality of proteins involved in GPCR and G protein signaling: making sense of structure–function continuum with intrinsic disorder‑based proteoforms Alexander V. Fonin1 · April L. Darling2 · Irina M. Kuznetsova1 · Konstantin K. Turoverov1,3 · Vladimir N. Uversky2,4 Received: 5 August 2019 / Revised: 5 August 2019 / Accepted: 12 August 2019 / Published online: 19 August 2019 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 Abstract GPCR–G protein signaling system recognizes a multitude of extracellular ligands and triggers a variety of intracellular signal- ing cascades in response. In humans, this system includes more than 800 various GPCRs and a large set of heterotrimeric G proteins. Complexity of this system goes far beyond a multitude of pair-wise ligand–GPCR and GPCR–G protein interactions. In fact, one GPCR can recognize more than one extracellular signal and interact with more than one G protein. Furthermore, one ligand can activate more than one GPCR, and multiple GPCRs can couple to the same G protein. This defnes an intricate multifunctionality of this important signaling system. Here, we show that the multifunctionality of GPCR–G protein system represents an illustrative example of the protein structure–function continuum, where structures of the involved proteins represent a complex mosaic of diferently folded regions (foldons, non-foldons, unfoldons, semi-foldons, and inducible foldons). The functionality of resulting highly dynamic conformational ensembles is fne-tuned by various post-translational modifcations and alternative splicing, and such ensembles can undergo dramatic changes at interaction with their specifc partners.
    [Show full text]
  • G Protein‐Coupled Receptors
    S.P.H. Alexander et al. The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2019/20: G protein-coupled receptors. British Journal of Pharmacology (2019) 176, S21–S141 THE CONCISE GUIDE TO PHARMACOLOGY 2019/20: G protein-coupled receptors Stephen PH Alexander1 , Arthur Christopoulos2 , Anthony P Davenport3 , Eamonn Kelly4, Alistair Mathie5 , John A Peters6 , Emma L Veale5 ,JaneFArmstrong7 , Elena Faccenda7 ,SimonDHarding7 ,AdamJPawson7 , Joanna L Sharman7 , Christopher Southan7 , Jamie A Davies7 and CGTP Collaborators 1School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK 2Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia 3Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK 4School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK 5Medway School of Pharmacy, The Universities of Greenwich and Kent at Medway, Anson Building, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Chatham, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK 6Neuroscience Division, Medical Education Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK 7Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK Abstract The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2019/20 is the fourth in this series of biennial publications. The Concise Guide provides concise overviews of the key properties of nearly 1800 human drug targets with an emphasis on selective pharmacology (where available), plus links to the open access knowledgebase source of drug targets and their ligands (www.guidetopharmacology.org), which provides more detailed views of target and ligand properties. Although the Concise Guide represents approximately 400 pages, the material presented is substantially reduced compared to information and links presented on the website.
    [Show full text]
  • Wnt/Rspondin/Β-Catenin Signals Control Axonal Sorting and Lineage Progression in Schwann Cell Development
    Wnt/Rspondin/β-catenin signals control axonal sorting and lineage progression in Schwann cell development Tamara Grigoryana, Simone Steina, Jingjing Qia, Hagen Wendeb, Alistair N. Garrattc, Klaus-Armin Naved, Carmen Birchmeierb, and Walter Birchmeiera,1 aCancer Research Program and bNeuroscience Program, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany; cCenter for Anatomy, Charité University Hospital, 10117 Berlin, Germany; and dDepartment of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany Edited by Thomas C. Südhof, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, and approved September 26, 2013 (received for review June 2, 2013) During late Schwann cell development, immature Schwann cells organs (24–27). A role of Rspondins and Lgr4–6 receptors in SC segregate large axons from bundles, a process called “axonal ra- development has not been studied. dial sorting.” Here we demonstrate that canonical Wnt signals play Here we define a temporal window of Wnt/β-catenin activity a critical role in radial sorting and assign a role to Wnt and Rspon- and its role in SC lineage progression using mouse genetics and din ligands in this process. Mice carrying β-catenin loss-of-function cell culture techniques. Conditional loss-of-function (LOF) and mutations show a delay in axonal sorting; conversely, gain-of-function gain-of-function (GOF) mutations of β-catenin in mouse SCs mutations result in accelerated sorting. Sorting deficits are accom- produce converse phenotypes: a delay and an acceleration of panied by abnormal process extension, differentiation, and aber- axonal sorting, respectively. Using cultured primary SCs and rant cell cycle exit of the Schwann cells.
    [Show full text]
  • Wnt/Rspondin/Β-Catenin Signals Control Axonal Sorting and Lineage Progression in Schwann Cell Development
    Wnt/Rspondin/β-catenin signals control axonal sorting and lineage progression in Schwann cell development Tamara Grigoryana, Simone Steina, Jingjing Qia, Hagen Wendeb, Alistair N. Garrattc, Klaus-Armin Naved, Carmen Birchmeierb, and Walter Birchmeiera,1 aCancer Research Program and bNeuroscience Program, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany; cCenter for Anatomy, Charité University Hospital, 10117 Berlin, Germany; and dDepartment of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany Edited by Thomas C. Südhof, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, and approved September 26, 2013 (received for review June 2, 2013) During late Schwann cell development, immature Schwann cells organs (24–27). A role of Rspondins and Lgr4–6 receptors in SC segregate large axons from bundles, a process called “axonal ra- development has not been studied. dial sorting.” Here we demonstrate that canonical Wnt signals play Here we define a temporal window of Wnt/β-catenin activity a critical role in radial sorting and assign a role to Wnt and Rspon- and its role in SC lineage progression using mouse genetics and din ligands in this process. Mice carrying β-catenin loss-of-function cell culture techniques. Conditional loss-of-function (LOF) and mutations show a delay in axonal sorting; conversely, gain-of-function gain-of-function (GOF) mutations of β-catenin in mouse SCs mutations result in accelerated sorting. Sorting deficits are accom- produce converse phenotypes: a delay and an acceleration of panied by abnormal process extension, differentiation, and aber- axonal sorting, respectively. Using cultured primary SCs and rant cell cycle exit of the Schwann cells.
    [Show full text]
  • Targeting LGR5 in Colorectal Cancer: Therapeutic Gold Or Too Plastic?
    www.nature.com/bjc REVIEW ARTICLE Targeting LGR5 in Colorectal Cancer: therapeutic gold or too plastic? RG Morgan 1,2, E Mortensson 1 and AC Williams1 Leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein coupled receptor (LGR5 or GPR49) potentiates canonical Wnt/β-catenin signalling and is a marker of normal stem cells in several tissues, including the intestine. Consistent with stem cell potential, single isolated LGR5+ cells from the gut generate self-organising crypt/villus structures in vitro termed organoids or ‘mini-guts’, which accurately model the parent tissue. The well characterised deregulation of Wnt/β-catenin signalling that occurs during the adenoma-carcinoma sequence in colorectal cancer (CRC) renders LGR5 an interesting therapeutic target. Furthermore, recent studies demonstrating that CRC tumours contain LGR5+ subsets and retain a degree of normal tissue architecture has heightened translational interest. Such reports fuel hope that specific subpopulations or molecules within a tumour may be therapeutically targeted to prevent relapse and induce long-term remissions. Despite these observations, many studies within this field have produced conflicting and confusing results with no clear consensus on the therapeutic value of LGR5. This review will recap the various oncogenic and tumour suppressive roles that have been described for the LGR5 molecule in CRC. It will further highlight recent studies indicating the plasticity or redundancy of LGR5+ cells in intestinal cancer progression and assess the overall merit of therapeutically targeting
    [Show full text]
  • Unravelling the D1R-D2R Heteromer Margaret M
    Eastern Michigan University DigitalCommons@EMU Master's Theses, and Doctoral Dissertations, and Master's Theses and Doctoral Dissertations Graduate Capstone Projects 2019 Unravelling the D1R-D2R heteromer Margaret M. Champion Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.emich.edu/theses Part of the Biochemistry Commons Recommended Citation Champion, Margaret M., "Unravelling the D1R-D2R heteromer" (2019). Master's Theses and Doctoral Dissertations. 988. https://commons.emich.edu/theses/988 This Open Access Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Master's Theses, and Doctoral Dissertations, and Graduate Capstone Projects at DigitalCommons@EMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses and Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@EMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Unravelling the D1R-D2R Heteromer by Margaret M. Champion Thesis Submitted to the Department of Chemistry Eastern Michigan University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in Chemistry Thesis Committee: Hedeel Evans, PhD, Chair Deborah Heyl-Clegg, PhD, Co-advisor Jeffery Guthrie, PhD, Co-Advisor July 9th 2019 Ypsilanti, Michigan Acknowledgements I wish to thank my thesis chair, Dr. Hedeel Evans, for her mentorship and support as this project progressed from an undergraduate side project to a full work. Her assistance in interpreting experimental results, analyzing data, and preparing manuscripts has been instrumental to the success of the present work. I am equally indebted to my thesis co-chair, Dr. Deborah Heyl-Clegg, for sharing her expertise in peptide synthesis. She has also spent hours editing manuscripts and funding proposals that were essential to the continued success of the present work, and for this I owe her a debt of gratitude.
    [Show full text]
  • G Protein-Coupled Receptors
    Alexander, S. P. H., Christopoulos, A., Davenport, A. P., Kelly, E., Marrion, N. V., Peters, J. A., Faccenda, E., Harding, S. D., Pawson, A. J., Sharman, J. L., Southan, C., Davies, J. A. (2017). THE CONCISE GUIDE TO PHARMACOLOGY 2017/18: G protein-coupled receptors. British Journal of Pharmacology, 174, S17-S129. https://doi.org/10.1111/bph.13878 Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record License (if available): CC BY Link to published version (if available): 10.1111/bph.13878 Link to publication record in Explore Bristol Research PDF-document This is the final published version of the article (version of record). It first appeared online via Wiley at https://doi.org/10.1111/bph.13878 . Please refer to any applicable terms of use of the publisher. University of Bristol - Explore Bristol Research General rights This document is made available in accordance with publisher policies. Please cite only the published version using the reference above. Full terms of use are available: http://www.bristol.ac.uk/red/research-policy/pure/user-guides/ebr-terms/ S.P.H. Alexander et al. The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2017/18: G protein-coupled receptors. British Journal of Pharmacology (2017) 174, S17–S129 THE CONCISE GUIDE TO PHARMACOLOGY 2017/18: G protein-coupled receptors Stephen PH Alexander1, Arthur Christopoulos2, Anthony P Davenport3, Eamonn Kelly4, Neil V Marrion4, John A Peters5, Elena Faccenda6, Simon D Harding6,AdamJPawson6, Joanna L Sharman6, Christopher Southan6, Jamie A Davies6 and CGTP Collaborators 1 School of Life Sciences,
    [Show full text]
  • Gene-Gene Interaction Between VANGL1, FZD3, and FZD6 Correlated with Neural Tube Defects in Han Population of Northern China
    Gene-gene interaction between VANGL1, FZD3, and FZD6 correlated with neural tube defects in Han population of Northern China R.P. Zhang1*, Y.L. Fang2*, B. Wu1*, M.N. Chemban1, N. Laakhey1, C.Q. Cai3 and O.Y. Shi4 1Graduate College of Tianjin Medical University, Heping District, Tianjin, China 2Institute of Pediatric, Tianjin Children’s Hospital, Beichen District, Tianjin, China 3Department of Surgery, Tianjin Children’s Hospital, Beichen District, Tianjin, China 4School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Heping District, Tianjin, China *These authors contributed equally to this study. Corresponding authors: C.Q. Cai / O.Y. Shi E-mail: [email protected] / [email protected] Genet. Mol. Res. 15 (3): gmr.15039010 Received July 21, 2016 Accepted August 1, 2016 Published August 18, 2016 DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.4238/gmr.15039010 Copyright © 2016 The Authors. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike (CC BY-SA) 4.0 License. ABSTRACT. We evaluated the influence of gene-gene interactions between VANGL1, FZD3, and FZD6 on the risk of neural tube defects (NTDs) in Han population in the north of China. Two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs4839469 and rs34059106) within VANGL1, two SNPs (rs2241802 and rs28639533) within FZD3, and three SNPs (rs827528, rs3808553, and rs12549394) within FZD6 were genotyped in 135 NTD patients and 135 controls. The gene-gene Genetics and Molecular Research 15 (3): gmr.15039010 R.P. Zhang et al. 2 interactions between VANGL1, FZD3, and FZD6 were analyzed using multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) software. The distribution of genotypes of rs4 839 469 within VANGL1 and rs3 808 553 within FZD6 differed significantly difference between patients and controls (P < 0.05).
    [Show full text]