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Home , Geronimo, Kansas, Manifest destiny, South Dakota

8.8

Alamo Forty-niners Little Big Horn Spoils System Bear Flag Republic Republic Stephen F Austin Boomtowns General Lopez de Santa Ana Manifest Destiny Tariff of Abominations Mudslinging Declaration of Independence Buffalo Soldiers Homestead Act National Bank The Bidwells Missions Nueces River The Whigs James K Polk Nullification Treaty of 1846

Election of 1824 John Sutter Trail Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Election of 1828 Land Law of 1851 Sam Houston Secession Vigilantes Wounded Knee Territory

Across 12. Due to his contempt for rich private bankers, Jackson ignored another Supreme Court decision and removed all federal funds from this, which led to the Panic of 1837 and an economic depression of dropping land values, investments and bank failures. 20. From this California settler couple, John first made a large fortune after befriending John Sutter and later turned to large endeavors like Bermuda grass and the casaba melon. Annie pursued the education of Native living around their mansion, as well as women’s suffrage in California after meeting Susan B. Anthony. 22. After claiming dictatorship of , this former general and president personally led the fight against Texan Independence, killing every man at the Alamo and angering Americans into all out war. 24. Receiving a Spanish land grant for recruiting 300 American families to settle in Texas, this empresario later became a proponent and leader for Texas independence from the new nation of Mexico. 25. This became the starting point for Texas Independence, as Texas settlers pushed Mexican troops out of . General Lopez de Santa Ana personally led the fight against the rebels, killing all in the Alamo including Davy Crockett. 26. In the late 1870’s, these who migrated from the South to named themselves after the biblical stories of the Exodus, which describes the Jews’ escape from slavery in Egypt. 27. This political party, made up of former National Republicans (Federalists), formed in opposition to Jackson Democrats, finally winning a presidential election with military hero William Henry Harrison and running mate , “Tippecanoe and Tyler too!” Harrison died of pneumonia four weeks after inauguration, and Tyler served only one term, failing to annex Texas. 28. This nickname given to William Cody, hired by the Kansas Pacific Railroad to slaughter as many buffalo as possible to feed railroad workers, prevent herds from destroying railroad tracks, and deprive natives of their traditional food source. 30. Known as the “Corrupt Bargain,” this election was stolen by a deal between candidate and Speaker of the House, , who worked out a tie-breaking vote from Congress in favor of Adams instead of . Jackson had a plurality of electoral votes and the popular vote, but not enough for a majority under the 12th Amendment. 31. In 1848, James found gold in the South Fork of the American River in California, while building a new sawmill for this land owner. The secret soon got out, and by the end of 1848 they had taken $6 million out of the river. 32. These African American soldiers, who served in the West after the Civil War monitoring and controlling Native American uprisings for the military, found opportunities such as the Homestead Act to own and settle property. 33. Nominated commander in chief of the Texas forces, this previous of captures General Lopez de Santa Ana in the , forcing Santa Ana to sign the Treaty of 1836 giving Texas independence. 36. Due to the frenzy of land claims in California, this law set up a group of officials to review land ownership rights, requiring Californios to prove their claims to land with official documents. Those with no proof lost their land to prospectors. 39. Newly elected Democratic President James K. Polk ran on the slogan “Fifty-four Forty or Fight,” which was a call for making a United States Oregon border at the 54.40 parallel. Britain permanently settled for a border at the 49th parallel in this treaty. 40. This author of the Little House series wrote from her real life experiences as a child growing up on the plains of in what was then . One account says how she did not enjoy being a teacher, her first at 16yrs. old. 41. During the siege on the Alamo, this was declared by Texan leaders, American settlers and tejanos, as they drew-up a new constitution at -on-the-Brazos to establish the . 42. Andrew Jackson won this election by a landslide for many reasons: one, the corrupt nature of the previous election; two, Adam’s vice president switched parties to run with Jackson; three, new campaigning styles, using slogans, rallies, buttons and mudslinging; four, average citizens connected more with Jackson as a self-made man. Down 1. As reservation policy was being established by the 1867 Indian Peace Commission, the and resisted long enough at this famous location in , killing an overconfident Colonel George Custer and all of his command of 250 soldiers. The Native uprising was soon crushed and the survivors were moved to a reservation in South Dakota. 2. This territory led the nation in giving women the right to vote, first in 1869 as a territory and then as a state in 1890. 3. In 1853, the United States finished its mainland territorial expansion with this $10 million purchase to build the Southern Pacific Railroad. The deal with Santa Ana almost included Baja California plus a few more Mexican states for $38 million, but he wanted to sell the least land for the most money in order to pay for more defenses against the U.S. 4. This is the term the south used for the tariff that Congress placed on imported manufactured goods from England in 1828, in order to make American made goods cheaper and more desirable in the States. This angered the South because they did not manufacture goods; it only resulted in fewer choices for southern purchasers. 5. Ignoring a Supreme Court decision that protected Native American claims to the South, President Andrew Jackson used his military command to do this, winning the popularity of whites who wanted native gold deposits and farm land. 6. This Southern Democrat won the 1844 presidential election on the wave of growing support for Manifest Destiny and the call to annex Texas and the . He began by signing the 1845 annexation bill that officially made Texas a state. 7. Because boomtowns and the countryside were generally lawless with no police, prisons, or courts, these concerned citizens formed committees, taking the law into their own hands to exercise the power of police, judge, jury, and sometimes executioner. 8. This term was used for newly built communities in California during the . One miner reported on the Yuba River where two houses previously stood that he returned after a year to find a town of 1,000 people “with a large number of hotels, stores, groceries, bakeries, and…gambling houses.” 9. In 1862 Congress passed this , giving 160 free acres of land to any settler who paid a filing fee, built a house, and farmed the land for five years. Immigrants and women used this law to acquire land, which had previously been almost impossible. 10. This idea came up every time a state felt its rights or interests were being challenged by a federal law. It was an especially prevalent threat from southern states when laws were made about taxes, tariffs, and anti-slavery, which did not benefit the South. 11. Originally used as a Spanish plan to colonize California, the Mexican government abolished this system in 1833, giving some lands to Native Americans and selling the rest as huge properties to Mexican settlers, called rancheros. 13. “To the victor belong the spoils!” This practice of replacing government employees with the winning candidate’s supporters began with Jackson, as he said that a new set of federal employees would be good for democracy. 14. These Mexican cattle wranglers taught early settlers how to raise and manage large herds of cattle from horseback. The open ranges of Texas provided grazing land and wild cattle, requiring ranchers to use branding and establishing the cattle drive. 15. This 2,000-mile journey, traversed by 5,000 American settlers in schooners (covered wagons) from the River Valley to the Willamette Valley south of the , forced the question of ownership of this territory as the British population remained at 700. 16. This leader from the and region became the last Native American to formally surrender to the United States after using the Mexican border to evade troops and stage raids against settlers in the 1880’s. 17. This campaign strategy became widely used during the Election of 1828, as candidates tried to ruin each other’s reputation by spreading rumors and lies about the other, such as insulting cartoons of Jackson attacking civilians and rumors of Adam’s selling a girl to the ruler of Russia. 18. Texas became known as this, after Houston is elected president of Texas and U.S. President Andrew Jackson refuses his request to be annexed into the United States. Jackson did not want to upset the balance of slave and free states. 19. After taking Santa Fe without of shot, General Stephen Watts Kearny continued across the deserts to this coastal Mexican state, nicknamed this, after the bear on the flag of the Americans who captured Sonoma, north of . Kearny arrived just in time to quell the last uprising of Californios in in 1847. 21. After General defeated Mexican forces and took Mexico City, this treaty gave up all claims to Texas at the Rio Grande and ceded California and New Mexico to the United States. The U.S. paid $15 million. 23. Tennessee representative to Congress for three terms, this famous hunter/story teller was lured to Texas by the opportunity for and aided the Texans in San Antonio, as they attempted to claim independence at the Alamo. 29. This term was given to the nearly 100,000 gold-hungry people who came to California in 1848-1849 from all over America, Mexico, South America, , Australia, and . 34. This idea was defined best by newspaper editor, John O’Sullivan, as he declared that the United States was clearly destined [by God] to extend its boundaries all the way to the Pacific Ocean. 35. This disputed border river became the tool of a determined President Polk to conquer the California and New Mexico Territories, guaranteeing clear passage for Americans to the Pacific. Due to Mexico’s refusal to honor Santa Ana’s surrender and forfeit of Texas, a fight was easily provoked by Polk to get Congress to declare war on Mexico. 37. This term has been used by states, when they feel a federal law is against state interests, and they individually vote to cancel, or nullify, the law. Vice President John C. Calhoun and other southerners used the threat of secession, or breaking away from the union, as they passed their own Nullification Act to defeat the “Tariff of Abominations.” 38. This bloody battle marked the end of armed conflict between whites and Native Americans, as military officials attempted to arrest for allegedly being the leader of the movement to regain their former greatness. When peacefully gathered at this creek, a shot was fired ending in the death of 200 Sioux and 25 soldiers.