E-339 VOL. 1 Public Disclosure Authorized

THIRD NATIONAL HIGHWAY WORLD BANK PROJECT Public Disclosure Authorized

CONSOLIDATED EIA REPORT

(CONSTRUCTION PACKAGES 11- V) Public Disclosure Authorized

NATIONAL HIGHWAYS AUTHORITY OF INDIA NEW (Ministry of Surface Transport)

March, 2000 Public Disclosure Authorized 4

4 =fmmm~E-339 VOL. 1 INDIA

THIRD NATIONAL HIGHWAY WORLD BANK PROJECT

CONSOLIDATED EIA REPORT

(CONSTRUCTION PACKAGES II - V)

NATIONAL HIGHWAYS AUTHORITY OF INDIA (Ministry of Surface Transport)

March, 2000 TABLE OF CONTENTS

THE REPORT

I The Project...... 1-1

1.1 The Project Description ...... ]-II 1.2 Overall Scope of Project Works ...... 1-3 1.3 Proposed Improvement of the Project Highway ...... 1-3 1.4 Scope of Environmental Impact Assessment ...... 1-6 1.5 Structure of The Consolidated EIA Report ...... 1-7

2 Policy, Legal And Administrative Framework ...... 2-1

2.1 Institutional Setting for the Project .. 2-1 2.1.1 The National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) 2-1 2.1.2 Project Implementation Units (PIU) ...... 2-1 2.1.3 State Public Works Departments (PWDs) .2-2

2.2 Institutional Setting in the Environmental Context ...... 2-2 2.2.1 Ministry of Environment and Forests (MOEF) ...... 2-2 2.2.2 MOEF Regional Offices...... 2-2 2.2.3 Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)...... 2-2 2.2.4 State Pollution Control Board (SPCB) 2-2 2.2.5 Department of Environment & Forest (DOEF) ...... 2-3

2.3 Environmental Clerance Requirements ...... 2-3 2.3.1 GOI Requirements .2-3 2.3.2 State Level Clearance Requirements .2-4 2.3.3 World Bank Requirements .2-4

2.4 The Legal Framework ...... 2-5 2.4.1 The Forest (Conservation )Act, 1980...... 2-5 2.4.2 The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 & The Environmental Impact Assessment Notification, 1994.2-5 2.4.3 The Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972...... 2-5 2.4.4 The Water and Air (Prevention and control of Pollution) Acts...... 2-5 2.4.5 The Motor Vehicle Act, 1988...... 2-6 2.4.6 The Ancient Monuments & Archaeological Sites and Remains Act. 1958 ... 2-6 2.4.7 State Level Legislation and other Acts ...... 2-7

2.5 Clearance Requirements for the project ...... 2-7 2.5.1 Clearance Requirements .2-7 2.5.2 Approach Adopted .2-7 2.5.3 The Status of Obtaining Environmental Clearances .2-7

3 Methodology 3-1

3.1 The 'Consolidated' Environmental Assessment 3-1 3.2 Environmental Impact Assessment 3-1 3.3 Reports 3-3 4. Existing Environmental Scenario 4-1 4.1 Climate 4-1 4.1.1 Temperature 4-1 4.1.2 Wind 4-1 4.1.3 Rainfall 4-2 4.1.4 Relative Humidity 4-2 4.2 Physical Setting 4-2 4.2.1 Physiography 4-2 4.2.2 Geology 4-3 4.2.3 Seismology 4-3 4.2.4 Soils and potential for Erosion 4-3 4.2.5 Quarries & Crushers 4-3 4.2.6 Borrow pits 4-4 4.3 Water Resources 4-5 4.3.1 Surface Water 4-5 4.3.2 Ground Water 4-6 4.3.3 Cross Drainage Structures 4-6 4.3.4 Water Quality 4-7 4.3.5 Inundation 4-7 4.4 Ambient Air Quality 4-7 4.4.1 National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) 4-7 4.4.2 Ambient Air Quality 4-8 4.5 Noise Levels 4-9 4.5.1 National Noise Standards 4-9 4.5.2 Traffic Noise Quality 4-9 4.6 Flora 4-10 4.6.1 Prossstected Forest / Reserved Forest Areas 4-10 4.6.2 The Gautam Buddha Wildlife Sanctury 4-10 4.6.3 Social Forestry 4-11 4.6.4 Roadside Trees Within the RoW 4-11 4.6.5 Green Tunnels and Giant Trees 4-11 4.7 Fauna 4-12 4.8 Cultural Environment / Properties 4-12 4.9 Other Amenities 4-13 4.10 Human Health 4-13 4.11 Road Safety 4-13 4.12 General Economic Environment 4-14 4.13 General Social Environment 4-14

5 Assessment of Environmental Impacts 5-1

5.1 Introduction 5-1 5.2 Assessment of Potential Impacts 5-2 5.2.1 Climate 5-1 5.2.2 Topography 5-2 5.2.3 Drainage 5-2 5.2.4 Soil 5-2 5.2.5 Quarry and Borrow Areas 5-4 5.2.6 Water Resources 5-5 5.2.7 Air 5-8 5.2.8 Noise 5-8 5.2.9 Flora 5-9 5.2.10 Fauna Reconnaissance 5-10 5.2.11 Cultural Properties 5-1 1 5.2.12 Human Health 5-11 5..2.13 Road Safety 5-12 6 Analysis of Alternatives 6-1

6.1 The no-Action Alternative 6-1 6.2 Criteria For Analysis Of alternative 6-2 6.3 Engineering Alternatives 6-3 6.3.1 Consideration of Alternatives in Engineering Design 6-3 6.4. Analysis of Corridor Alternatives 6-4 6.5 Alignment And Cross-Section Alternative Analysis 6-5 6.5.1 Package ll 6-5 6.5.2 Package lll 6-6 6.5.3 Package IV 6-6 6.5.4 Package V 6-6 6.6 Analysis of Bypass Altematives 6-7

7 Mitigation Measures 7-1

7.1 Approach to Mitigation Measures 7-1 7.2 Mitigation Measures 7-1 7.2.1 Soil 7-1 7.2.2 Water Resources 7-3 7.2.3 Air Quality 7-9 7.2.4 Noise Levels 7-9 7.2.5 Flora 7-10 7.2.6 Fauna 7-10 7.2.7 Cultural Properties 7-10 7.2.8 Human Health 7-11 7.2.9 Road Safety 7-11 7.3 Budget for Environmental Components 7-1 1

8 Community Consultation 8-1

8.1 Introduction 8-1 8.2 Objectives 8-1 8.3 Public Consultation Methodology 8-1 8.3.1 Public Consultation Sessions 8-2 8.3.2 District Level Public Hearings 8-2 8.3.3 Mechanism for Ongoing Public Consultation 8-3 8.4 Community Concems 8-3 8.4.1 Issues Raised by the Communities 8-3 8.4.2 Accommodation of the Issues Raised 8-5

9 Environmental Enhancements 9-1

9.1 Natural Environment 9-1 9.1 .1 Landscaping 9-1 9.1.2 Under Growth and Edges along Clear Zone 9-3 9.1.3 Enhancement of Water Bodies 9-3 9.2 Physical Environment 9-5 9.2.1 Enhancement of Existing Bus Stops 9-5 9.2.2 Design ofNew Bus Stops 9-5 9.2.3 Enhancement of Major Road Intersection arid Islands 9-6 9.2.4 Lay-Byes 9-6 9.2.5 Wayside Facility Complexes (Rest Area) 9-7 9.3 Package wise Description of Enhancement Measures 9-7 9.3.1 Package ll 9-8 9.3.2 Package Ill 9-9 9.3.3 Package IV 9-10 9.3.4 Package V 9-10 9.4 Cultural Environment 9-11 9.4.1 Enhancement of Cultural Properties 9-11 9.4.2 Provision of Pilgrimage Pathway 9-12

10 Capacity Building & Implementation Arrangements 10-1

10.1 Capacity Building at the Central Level 10-1 10.2 Project Level Environmental Capacity 10-2 10.2.1 Proposed Set-Up at Project Level 10-2 10.2.2 Need for Further Strengthening 10-3 10.2.3 Reporting Responsibilities 10-4 10.3 Internalizing Environmental Expertise in the NHAI 10-4 10.4 Operationalisation 10-4 10.4.1 Identification and Appointment of Staff 10-4 10.5 Training 10.5 10.5.1 Training Needs 10-5 10.5.2 Training Programme 10-5 10.5.3 Target Groups 10-5 10.5.4 Training Programme 10-5 10.5.5 Training Schedule 10-7 10.5.6 Imparting Training 10-8 10.5.7 Further Asessement of Training Needs 10-8 10.5.8 Training Budget 10-9 10.6 Environmental Management Plans 10-9 10.7 Environmental Monitoring Programme 10-10 10.8 Environmental Budget 10-10 THE REPORT

The World Bank (WB) funded Third National Highway Project in India aims at strengthening one of the identified1 high-densityroad corridors, namely National Highway2 (NH-2), needing urgent attention. The project preparation activities have been undertaken by engaging seven international consultantscovering National Highway2 (Five ConsultancyPackages) and National Highway45 (Two ConsultancyPackages). National Highway Authority of India (NHAI) is an autonomousbody under Ministry of SurfaceTransport (MOST),Government of India (GoI). NHAI is responsiblefor both the project preparationand project implementation. The proposedThird Nationalhighway Project includes eight construction packagesselected out of the five consultancypackages as per details below. The left over stretchesare proposedto be consideredunder subsequentWorld Bank NH Projects.

ConsultancyPackages

Packages Stretch Length Total No. of No. of Construction (km.) Construction packagesconsidered . ______packages.- involved under present project I - 193.34 3 II Sikandara- 190.0 3 2 III Khaga- 202.0 3 2 IV Varanasi-Aurangabad 193.0 4 2 V Aurangabad- 218.75 3* 2* * Two Packagesnamely V-A & V-C have been clubbed, subject to the availability of pre-qualifred bidders. In case of non-availabilityof pre-qualifed bidder, it may be spllt into 3. Only one EIA has been prepared for the PackageII to V, but EMP has been prepared for each constructionpackages separately.

Further,the NHAI has entrustedthe consultancyservices to internationalconsultants 2 for the design of each package. As part of projectpreparation, detailed EnvironmentalImpact Assessments(EIAs) have been carried out for the individual packages. The present consolidated EIA Report covers the consultancy packagesII to V along with EMP Reports for the eight construction packages as shown in the Table above. The remaining construction packages will be dealt under the subsequentWorld Bank NH Projects. SCOPEOF THE CONSOLIDATED REPORT

The scope of this Report focuses on consolidationof the EIA reports, as prepared by different consultants engaged, for the four packages (i.e. ConsultancyPackages II to V) for World Bank appraisal. The Report involves:-

* Preparationof the consolidatedreport, as per the information/data supplied by the various consultants; * Proposed institutional set-up recommended for implementation of the Environmental ManagementPlan (EMPs); * Proposedenvironmental, mitigation and enhancementmeasures; and * Proposedmonitoring mechanismsfor environmentalcomponents of the project.

Based on N.D Lea International(1995) Pre-feasibilitystudy on Medium-termConstruction Prionties for Expresswaysin India World Bankfunded study. 2 The Internationalconsultants entrusted with the projectpreparation of the various packagesare: PackageI LouisBerger International Inc (USA), ConsultingEngineering Services (India) Ltd., and Intercontinental Technocrats(Private) Ltd. Package1I: SverdrupCivil Inc (USA) PackageIlIl: SNC Lavalin IntemationalInc (Canada)in associationwith Engineersand ManagementAssociates PackageIV: COWI ConsultingEngineers and PlannersAS Denmarkin JV with SPAN ConsultantsPvt. Ltd. PackageV: DORSCHConsult mbH in associationwith Gherzi Eastem Limited This report has been structured Into three parts as under:

Part A ExecutiveSummary; Part B ConsolidatedEnvironmental Impact Assessment(EIA) Report; ahd Part C EnvironmentalManagement Plan (EMP) Report for Individual Contract Packages. 28I- B A S TI GORA DuDEORIA

(RURAL

JALAUN ~ STT OUDRYNwDeh 105

Package V-D PackaugeV-Ax Package V-C

|Map Title INDIA ~LEGEND:- Scale 0 25 50 PROPOSEDCORRIDOR IMPROVEMENT fi g _ ~~~~PROJECTCORRIDOR India PROJECTLOCATION National Highways Authority of <~~~~~ OTHER NATIONALHIGHWAYS Kioers1.1 Mahar aniBagh, T1, Eastern Avenue, __7_ OTHER ROADS BANK THIRD NATIONALHIGHWAY PROJECT NwDli-11C5 t ^ STATE gOUNDARY ~~~~~~~WORLD RAILWAYLINE L I`CONSOLIDATION OP EIA REPORTS- PROJECTPACKAGES Il-V ;: -:RNER/CANAL. Thirtd National Highways Project

1 THE PROJECT

The purposeof this Chapteris to presenta consolidatedview of the scopeof the overall project worksin generaland the EIA and EMPin particularwithin which the detailed studiesof the different packagesof the ProjectHighway have been carried out. It also attemptsto presentan over view of the projectdescription of the differentcontract packages under each main package. The chapterfinally discusses briefly the structureof this report.

1.1 THE PROJECT DESCRIPTION The NationalHighway-2 is oneof the oldesthigh-density corridors in India,connecting the two Metropolis, namely Delhi and Calcutta. The approximate 1400km long NH-2 is located in the UpperGangetic Plain in northemIndia andtraverses through the statesof Delhi,, Biharand WestBengal. The NH-2carries (1998) on an average12,000 to 20,000passenger car units(PCUs) daily. A substantialpart of the traffic is.goods traffic (48% to 86%). The traffic volumeon mostof the sectionsis expectedto grow up to 40,000PCUs between 2005-2010AD and it is expectedto be as high as 60,000to 88,000PCUs by 2028AD.To caterto suchhigh volumesof traffic, four-laningis requiredurgently. Delhi to AgraSection of the NH-2at the westemend and Dhanbadto CalcuttaSection at the easternend of the corridorare either alreadyfour-laned or are in the processof beingfour-laned. The remnainingabout 1000km long corridorfalling betweenAgra and Dhanbadis still two-laneand is beingconsidered for four- laning under the proposedWorld Bank NH Projects. The Third NationalHighway Project, presentlyunder consideration, aims at strengtheningand four-laningof 478 km. selected stretches betweenAgra-Dhanbad stretch of the NH-2as per the details given underTable 1.1.. The project corridorpasses through the Statesof Uttar Pradeshand : Eachof the proposedconstruction packages has been consideredfor IntemationalCompetitive Bidding (ICB). The selectionof the proposedconstruction packages have taken into accountthe appropriatelength, construction cost, the easeof handingover the site to the contractor,free of encumbrancesto attractlarge size international/domestic contractors. Table 1.1: Third NationalHighways Project- ContractPackages Padwages Contuc-Padcagesfor ICB Length Candidaefor IndusionIn l(lkli(n)_ __uthisProject j I ~~~~I-A(Agra - SNikohabad) 65.34 (Agra- Bognipur/I-B (- Sarai Ikdil km330) 65.0o skandra) IC (arai Ikdil-/Sikandra) 63.00 - n - DI~~~-A(Sikandra - Bhaunti 61.60Ye (Sikandra- (km.393-470) Khaga) 11-B (Bhaunti- FatepurBorder) 51.33 U-C (FatepurBorder - Khaga) (km.38-115) 77.00 Yes m In-A (Khaga- Kokhraj) 43.00 Yes (Khaga- (km.115-158) Varanasi) Ill-B (Kokhraj- PaharpurVillage) 87.00 III-C (PaharpurVillage - RajaTalab) (km.245-317) 72.00 Yes IV IV-A (VaranasiByepass - ) 78.00 (varanasi- IV-B (Mohania- SasramByepass) Aurangabad) (km.65to 110) 45.00 Yes IV-C (SasaramByepass - Sone River) 30.00 IV-D (SoneRiver - Aurangabad) (km.140to 180) 40.00 Yes V V-A (Aurangabad- Barachetti) 60.00 Yes* (Aurangabad- (km.180-240) Dhanbad) V-B (Barachetti- ) 80.00 V-C (Gorhar- BarwaAdda (Dhanbad) I (km.320-398.75) 78.75 Yes* PackagesV-A and V-C are beingtreated as part of onesingle large contract package.

1-1 Third National HighwaysProject

The Scope -'f this Consolidated EIA Report is restricted to the contract packages A & C of Package II, A & C of Package III, B & D of Package IV, and A & C of Package V. These contract packagesare candidatesbeing consideredfor implementationunder Third NH Project (PhaseI) (hereinafter referredto as the Project).The length of these contract-packages total to 477.35km.The remaining packageswill be taken up in the subsequentphases of the proposedWorld Bank Projectas mentionedbefore.

1-2 Third National Highways Project

1.2 OVERALL SCOPEOF PROJECTWORKS The objectiveof the Projectis to upgradethe existinghighway between Sikandra to Dhanbadto meet the traffic needsfor the next 20-30years-. It entaileddetailed analysis of the present traffic and their future projections,pavement and soil conditions,materials available, cross- drainagestructures, environmental and social/resettlement features etc. The scopeof the projectincludes widening of the Sikandrato Dhanbadportions of the project highwayto four-lanewithin the existingRoW, avoiding land acquisitionas far as possible, exceptfor locationswhere it is absolutelyessential from traffic, engineering,environmental and socialaspects and where a diversionfrom the existingalignment is absolutelynecessitated (for details,see Box 1).

i Box 1: Scopeof Workas stated in the ToR for FeasibilityStudies and Detailed Engineering ConsultancyServices

-... The project stretch is proposed to be widened to four lane within the existing ROW avoiding land acquisition as far possible, except for locations where provisions of short bypasses, service roads, alignment corrections, improvement of junctions including provision of grade separators, etc., are consideredpracticable and cost-effective. '...The scopewill consist mainlywidening of the existing two lane to four lane within the RoW, inter alia including fixationof alignment,alignments of the proposedwidening work, improvements,if any, required to the existing alignment, identificationand fixation of alignments of short bypasses, identification of locations of service roads,identification, location and design of toll plazasetc. Consultantsshall assess the condition of the pavementof the existing two lane with detailedsurveys and will identify the cause of the distress and shall propose cost effective remedial measures. Consultantshall suggest the type of pavement to be providedalong with detaileddesign of pavementbesides preparing detailed cost estimates and other ICBdocuments etc. .'The Consultantshall undertake a detailed environmental study in accordance with the standards prescribed by Gol and World Bank and will make suitable recommendationsand prepare appropriate, mitigation plan and resettlementaction plans. The Engineeringdesign of the project will absorb all acceptablerecommendations emerging out of the environmentalstudies. '.Scope of consultancyservices will include testing of locallyavailable materials like aggregates,sand, gravel, fly ash etc. to determinetheir suitabilityfor use in constructionof the proposedroad works. '...Consultants shall study possible suitable toll-plaza locations in the project stretch to intercept economically.as much non-localmotorized traffic as possible and shall showthem in the strip plan. They will also give typicaldesign for toll plazato facilitatetoll collections.' Source: NHAI. Gol.

1.3 PROPOSEDIMPROVEMENT OF THE PROJECTHIGHWAY The existingproject highway (between Sikandra and Dhanbad)has a two-lane(2 x 3.5m) bituminouscarriageway, with paved/unpavedshoulders. It is now proposedto widen this highwayby additionof a new2-lane carriageway with pavedshoulders and strengtheningthe existing carriageway by overlays/rehabilitation/reconstruction (induding, in places replacing the existing bituminous pavement by cement concrete rigid pavement) along with paved shoulders adjacent to the existing two-lane pavement. Existing cross-drainage structures on the highway have been thoroughly examined for their hydraulic and structural adequacy and wherever some structures are found to be inadequate, these have been duly proposed to be repaired/rehabilitated. New cross-drainage structures would be provided on the new 2-lane carriageway. Table 1.2 gives a summary of the proposed improvement.

1 The designlife of a rigid pavementis 30 years, for flexiblepavemert it is 20 years.

1-3 Table I 2 DETAiLSOF EXISTINGHIGHWAY AND PROPOSEDROAD

ConsultancyPackage 11 ConsultancyPackage III ConsultancyPackage IV Consultancy PackageV Total I Average PARTICULARS PackageIIA PackageIl-C PackageIll-A Packagell-C PackageIV-B PackageIV-D PackageV-A Package V-C (km393 - (km38 -km15 (km115- km158) (km245. (km8s- km110) (km140- km1eo) (km18o- (km320 - km470) . km317 km240) km398.75) Length(kmi) 477.35 61.6 77 43 72 45 40 60 78 75 AnnualAvaerage Daily Traffic(AADT) Tranric (PCU/Day)- 1998/99 . 19996 16791 10768 18622 13631 16195 14595 12130 AnnualAveaerage Daily TraMfc(AAOT) (PCU/Day)- 2015 . 88259 65508 52707 60118 49709 59827 TrafficGrowth Rates 6.10% e.10% 7.25 6.5 7.58% 7.56% 6.43% 8.97% Peak HourFactor 8% 8% 8% 8% 8% 8% 8% 8%

Percentof commercialtraffic 48% 68% 87% 59% 86% 85% 63% 65% ExistingRoad CarriagewayWidth (m) 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 Paved ShouderWdth (m) 1.5 1.5 1.5 0 0 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 EarthenShouder Wdth (m) I I 1 1.5 - 2.0 1.5 -2.0 0.5 0.5 1-2.5 1-2.5 EmbankmentHeight (m): Typical & Max 1.5 & 7.0 1.0 & 4.0 2.0 & 3.5 2.0 b 3.5 1.0 & 10.0 1.0 a 9.5 2. R 8.0 2 R8.0 AverageRoughness Values (mmikm) 5887 3200 4080 3020 7400 8000 8200 8200 Road Inventory No. of major inlersections 18 2 4 1 1 1 1 4 4

No. of minor intersections 760 95 156 24 99 78 86 92 132 No. of culverts 711 92 111 1 37 54 59 149 148 No. of major bridges 13 2 . 0 0 0 1 6 4 0

No. ot minor bndges 73 9 6 4 2 16 7 , 9 20 No. of Rail Overbridges 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 No. ot RaitwayLevel Crossing 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1

No. of villages 272 39 67 9 . 13 44 21 . 40 39 No.of Towns 10 2 1 2 2 2 0 1 0 No of Cities 2 0 i 0 0 0 1 0 0 No. of waterbodies 43 11 e 4 10 8 0 4 RoadsideForest Areas (ha) 5320 O 0 0 2100 3220

1-4 Table 1.2 DETAILSOF EXISTINGHIGHWAY AND PROPOSEDROAD(Contd) Total i Average ConsullancyPackage i1 ConsultancyPackage 1Il Consullan,y PackageIV Consultan PackageV PARTICULARS PackageIIA iPackageIl-C PackageIll-A Packagelll-C PackageIV-B PackageIV-D PackageV-A Package V-C (km393* (km38 -kmi 15 (km115 - kml58) (km245- (km65* kmrn10)(kml4O - kml8O) (km180- (km320 - .______km470) km317) km240) km398.75) Proposed Road No.ofLanes 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 CarriagewayWidth (m) 2 x 7.25 2 x 7.25 2 x 7.25 2 x 7.25 2 x 7.25 2 x 7.25 2 x 7.25 2 x 7.25 2 x 7.25 Paved ShoudlerVWcdth(m) 1.5 1.5 1 5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 EarthenShoudler Width (m) I 1 1 . 1 1 I I 1 1 Median Width (m) Max.& Min. 5.0/3.5 - 1.2/i 5 5.0 1 1.2 3.0 61.2 5.0 &1.2 5.0 & 1.2 5.0 & 1.2 5.0 & 1.2 3.5 & 1.5 3 5 &1 5 EmbankmentHeight (m): Typical& Max . 1.5617.0 1.0 6 7.0 2.0 e 3.5 2.0 b 3.5 1.5 & 10 0 1.5 a 10 0 2.0 & 8.0 2.0 & 8.0 Design Speed(krn/h) 100 100 10D 100 100 100 100 100 100 Proposed New CarriagewayType Rigid Rigid Rigid Rigid Rigid Rigid Rigid Flexible Rigid I Rigid I Flexible Rigid I Flexible Rigld I Flexible Flexible Oveiay Overiay Overlay Pavement ExistingCarriageway - Treatment to be . Overtay Rigid Rigid Rigid Flexible Design Lite assumed(years) 20 & 30 30 30 20 1 30 20 1 30 30 30 30 20

Enhancement No. ot new Rail Overbridges 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 No. o newlyovers 8 2 1 0 0 1 1 2 1 No. fo new bypasses 3 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 New bypasses+ realignments(km) 11.2 0.4 4.4 0 0 0 0 1 5.4 No. of new bus bayslstops 93 4 4 11 1 28 32 4 9 No. of new trucklay byes 10 2 2 1 1 3 1 No. of newtoll plazas 6 1 1 1. . I 0 I 1

New lined side drains (km) 93 2 NA NA 20 30 12.6 1 21 8.6

Environmenlt No. of trees to be cut 66534 16929 13048 3582 8943 11815 9321 1783 1133 Social No. oaProject AffectedPersons 26143 4835 6071 1455 9095 359 568 1188 2572 No. of Projecl DisplacedPersons 8935 3871 2277 335 728 180 465 355 724 LA (ha) for wideningof roads 57.855 18 93 26.48 0.82 0 2 02 1.065 4 5 4 06

LA (ha) for bypasses/ realignments 69 92 2.4 22.5r 0 0 0 0 3.46 41.5

1-5 Third National Hilghways Project

In addition to strengtheningthe existing carriageway, the project would improve the geometric &it:.5tncies including that at the various intersections. The proposed improvement aims at improving the riding quality, improvingjourney speed and reducingcongestion of traffic on the highway. It is proposedto add service-roads, proper drainage, grade-separation,road furniture, utilities and amenities whereverrequired. Due attention has been paid through out the design to minimise resettlementproblems, cutting of trees, shifting of cultural properties,etc. as far as possiblethrough engineeringdesign. The project highway passesthrough 2 cities, 10 towns and 384 village settlements.At most of the congested/built-upareas, the main four-lane carrieagewayhas been marginally raised and service roads along with drains have been provided on both sides in an attempt to segregate the through and local traffic, besides improving the drainage problems at such locations. Wherever major highways or district roads with substantial traffic are crossing the National Highway, an underpassalong with suitable ramps have been provided.All the junctions have been improved with proper junction design connections. All these measures are going to substantiallyimprove the environmentaland traffic safety aspects. The details of the bypasses, realignments,junctions, etc. are furnishedconstruction package-wisein Table 1.2 above. Table 1.2 substantiallycorroborates the engineeringefforts describedabove. -

1.4 SCOPE OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT The objectivesof EIA of this project indude the following (for details, see Box2): * Collectionof baselinedata on various componentsof the environment; e Determinationof the magnitude of environmental impactsso that due considerationbe given them during planning/design,construction and operationalphases of the project implementation; * Identification of areas and aspects that are environmentallyor socio-economically significant; * Preparationof environmentalenhancement plan and environmentalmanagement plans for enhancingand mitigating the negative impacts; . Development of the road alignment broadly ensuring that the environment and settlementsare affectedthe least; and * Conduction and documentationof community consultationon various aspectsof the project and the environment.

1.4.1 THEENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT PROCESS IN THISPROJECT- SeparateEnvironmental Impact Assessment(EIA) reports have been preparedfor each of the consultancy packages. Separate Environmental Management Plans (EMPs) have also been preparedfor individualcontract packages.These documentswere preparedbased on the MoEF and the WBguidelines. The environmental impact assessment in each of the consultancy packages employed a reiterative approach in which environmental issues have been identified in successivelevels of detail and specificity at each step in the process. Incorporation of feedback from the various stakeholders as well as "public hearings" and analyzing were essential features of this methodology.

1.4.2 THESTATUS OF OBTAINING ENVIRONMENTAL CLEARANCES FOR THE PROJECT The project would needthe following environmental clearances: 1. EnvironmentalClearance from the MoEF 2. ForestryClearance from the MoEFregional offices 3. No ObjectionCertificate (NOC) from the State PollutionControl Boards

1-6 Third National Highways Project

4. Clearancefrom the State Pollution Control Boardsunder the Air Act, the Water Act and the CessAct, if stipulated by the State PollutionControl Boards while giving the NOC.

The NHAI has already obtained NOCsfrom the State Pollution Control Boards.The forestry clearancesare in the advancedstages of clearancesand final clearancesfrom the concerned State Government are likely to be obtained soon. As the environmental assessment requirementsfor the Contract PackagesIIIB, IV-A, IV-C and V-B were also completed,the NOC from the SPCBsfor these packagesare also obtained alongwith adjoining packagesand the Forestry Clearancesfor them are also in the advanced stage of clearanceslike adjoining packages. Thus the clearancesare likely to be obtained for all other constructionpackages falling under consultancy package II to V, except construction package III-B ( bypass).

Prior to granting the NOCs,the PollutionControl Boards of Uttar Pradeshand Bihar organized "Public Hearings".Public Hearingswere organized at (Kanpur Nagardistrict), Kanpur () and Fatehpur () for PackageII, at Gopiganj (Sant RavidasNagar district) for PackageIII, at Moharlia() for PackageIV and at Barhi (Hazaribaghdistrict) for PackageV. The environmental clearance(from MoEF) procedure is in an advance stage and would be obtained shortly.

1.5 STRUCTURE OF THE CONSOLIDATED EIA REPORT This ConsolidatedEIA report, excludingthe first chapter, has beenstructured into the following chapters: Chapter 2 Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework presentsa review of the existing institutions and legislationrelevant to the project, at the Nationaland the Statelevels; Chapter 3 Environmental Assessment Methodology discussessequence of tasks carried out in preparingEIA; Chapter 4 Existing Environmental Scenario presentsa consolidatedpicture of the existing environmentalsetting of the project; Chapter 5 Assessmentof Potential Impacts identifies and quantifiesthe potential impacts on each of the environmentalcomponents due to the proposedproject development; Chapter 6 Analysis of Alternatives discusses the criteria for analysis of alternatives, description of the various alternativesand evaluation of the alternativeoptions for the various packages; Chapter 7 Mitigation Measures presents an elaborate listing of the nature of impacts on each of the environmentalcomponents and the avoidanceand mitigation measuressuggested thereof; Chapter 8 Public Consultation details the stages and types of publicconsultation carried out during the project preparation stage and people's perceptionsof the project benefitsand the potential impacts; Chapter 9 Environmental Enhancement describesthe typical design options suggestedto enhance natural environmentcomponents; and,

1-7 Third National Highways Project

Environmental Management Plans: Separate, stand-alone Environmental Management Plansfor each of the contract packageshave been preparedwith this report.

Box 2: Scope of Work of Environmental Analysis, Design and Management Action Plan as stated in the ToR for the IndividualConsultancy Packages The main objective of Environmental Analysis and Design is to improve decision making and to ensure that the highway improvement options under consideration are environmentally sound, sustainable and contribute to.the development of environmental assets. ... The scope of work comprises the following three main tasks: ...Environmental Analysis * Carry out a preliminary environmental screening of the highway to determine the magnitude of actual and potential impact and ensure that environmental considerations are given adequate weight in the selection and design of the proposed highway improvements; . Collecd information on existing environmental baseline conditions and undertake a preliminary evaluation of the highway selected for improvement in order to define the focus of the environmental assessment, design and management studies; . Identify positive and negative impacts of upgrading the highway and propose cost-effective measures to enhance positive impacts and to.avoid and/or mitigate negative impacts: . Complete the relevant Environmental Assessment documentation for the respective State-level, Gol and World Bank environmental reviews and clearances; and . Carry out public consultation with affected groups and NGOs.' '...Environmental Design . From EA. identify adverse impacts which can be prevented through judicous design changes, identify adverse impacts such as soil erosion, flooding, loss of tree cover, etc. which could be mitigated through appropriate mitigation measures such as ground cover planting, installation of proper drainage, etc. Prepare cost-effective proposals to implement appropriate mitigation and remedial measures to upgrade and enhance the environmental quality along with the highway in a sustainable manner; and . Select stretches'along with the highway, which provide opportunities for environmental enhancement and the development of cost-effective sustainable environmental assets.' Environmental Management Action Plan . Produce an implementation schedule and supervision program with associated costs and contracting procedures for the execution of environmental mitigation and design works. . Develop a program for monitoring environmental impacts during construction and operation; . Specify requirements for institutional strengthening and training: and . Recommend any further studies of environmental issues which should be undertaken during project implementation9

1-8 2 POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK

Thissection presents a reviewof theexisting institutions and legislationsrelevant to thisproject, at the Nationaland the Statelevels. Regulabons conceming procedures and requirementsthat maydirectiy concem the project,the capacityof the institutionsand agencies conceming the abilityto successfullyimplement the environmental management plan have been assessed.

2.1 INSTITUTIONALSETTING FOR THE PROJECT Two levels of institutionshold responsibilitydirectly in the planning and implementationof the National Highways:the Ministryof SurfaceTransport (MOST)or the NHAI at the Nationallevel; and the PublicWorks Departments(PWDs) at the State level. However, in case of selected * projects with the assistanceof the World Bank, such as this one, the MOST/NHAIholds the main responsibility. A brief discussionon the level of responsibilitiesin this project is presented in the following sections.

2.1.1 THE NATIONALHIGHWAYS AUTHORITY OF INDIA(NHAI) The present project has been initiated and is being carried out by the NHAI, establishedas an authority, as a part of the Ministry of SurfaceTransport (MOST),Govemment of India. The NHAI controls the planning, developmentand management of a portion of the national highways' entrusted to it by the GoI forming part of the GoldenQuadrilateral and the North- South, East-WestCorridors. The remainingnational highways are with the MOST. T he NHAI, in order to facilitate the preparationand implementationof this project has divided the project corridor into five packages.Separate NHAI units (named as project implementation units or PIUs) with a Project Director as its head has been established for each of these packages. International consultants have been appointed for the feasibility study and preparation of the Detailed Project Reports for four-laning of the project packages.For the implementationof the project, the NHAI will be undertakingthe project activitiesthemselves in co-operationwith the respectiveState Public Works Departmentsof Uttar Pradeshand Bihar, as and where required.

2.1.2 PROJECTIMPLEMENTATION UNITS These are separateNHAI units with a ProjectDirector as its head. These have beenestablished for each of the project consultancy packages. These PIUs would play a key role in implementation including the overall control of construction activities and implementationof contracts. Many of the environmentalimpact avoidance and mitigation measuresare readily achievedby the incorporationof appropriatebid document and constructioncontract provisions. The project preparation,the designs and the estimates have duly incorporated the relevant environmentalconcerns as reflected in this document as well as the individual EIA reportsand the EMPscarefully prepared for eachof the contract packages.It is reasonablyexpected, on the strength of these documentsthat these provisionswill be enforced and that the PIU and the Construction SupervisionConsultants working under the direction of NHAI will have the commitmentand the necessaryresources to do so.

Out of the totalnational highways network in India.the NHAIis entrus:edwith 12.500kmforming part of the (about 5,500km of national highways connecting the four major metropolitancities in India,viz.. Delhi, Calcutta, Mumbaiand Chennai) and the North-Southand the East-WestCorridors (about 7,000km) connecting Kashmir to Kanyakumariand Silcharto Saurashtra. Theremaining national highways are being improved by the MOSTthrough the statePWDs. 2-1 Third ha:,o,oal i,ghwaysProject

2.1.3 STATEPUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENTS (PWDs) These departments only play a supportive role in the implementation of this project, -as and where required.

2.2 INSTITUTIONALSETTING IN THE ENVIRONMENTALCONTEXT The environmentalregulations, legislation,policy guidelines and control that may impact this project, are the responsibilityof a variety of government agencies. In all, as discussedin the subsequentsections, five agencieswould play important roles in this project.

2.2.1 MINISTRYOF ENVIRONMENT AND FORESTS (MoEF) The primary responsibilityfor administrationand implementation of the Governmentof India's policy with respect to environmental management, conservation, ecologically sustainable developmentand pollution control rests with the Ministry of Environmentand Forests(MoEF). Establishedin 1985,the MoEFis the agencyprimarily responsiblefor the review and approval of 2 EIAs pursuant to Gol legislation . The MoEFhas a number of agencies and institutions to implementthe environmentalpolicies.

2.2.2 MoEFREGIONAL OFFICES The Ministryof Environmentand Forestshas set up regional offices, with each region having an office. The offices for the present project are located at and Bhubaneswar.These offices are responsiblefor collecting and furnishing information relating to EIA of projects, - pollution control measures, methodologyand status, legal and enforcement measures and environmental protection in special conservation areas such as wetlands, mangroves and biologicalreserves.

2.2.3 CENTRALPOLLUTION CONTROL BOARD (CPCB) A statutory authority attached to the MoEFand located in New Delhi. The main responsibilities of CPCBinclude inter a/ia the following: * Planand implementwater and air pollution programs; * Advisethe CentralGovernment on water and air pollution programs; * Set air and water standards;and * Co-ordinatethe State PollutionControl Boards.

The role of the CPCBwill only be in an advisory capacity while the project shall adhere to the norms and standardsset up by the State PollutionControl Boards.

2.2.4 STATEPOLLUTION CONTROL BOARDS (SPCB) The SPCBsplay the role of environmentalmanagement at the state level, with emphasison air and water qualities. They are responsiblefor: * Planningand executingstate-level air and water initiatives; * Advisingstate govemmentson air, water and industry issues;

2 Environmental(Protection) Act, 1986 Item No. 21 of Schedule-I specifies that any highway project needs environmentalclearance from the CentralGovernment in the form of anapproved EIA, followed by the amendmentin May, 1994 and in 1997. Underthese notificationscertain activities must obtain clearancefrom Central and State Govemmentsand obtain a No Objection Certificate (NOC) before commencement. EIA is a mandatoryrequirement in order to obtain clearance if a projectfalls under the 29 prescribedactivities in Schedule-I of the notification. For details on further amendmentsto 1994Notification, see Box 3. 2-2 Third National Hignways Project

* Establishingstandards basedon NationalMinimum Standards; * Enforcingand monitoring of all activities within the State under the Air Act, the Water act and the CessAct, etc.; * Conductingand organizing public hearings for projects as defined by the various Acts and as stipulated by the Amendment(April 1997) to the EIA Act; and, * Issuing No-objection Certificates(NOC) for industrial development, defined in such a way as to include road projects as the Third National Highway Project.

2.2.5 DEPARTMENTSOF ENVIRONMENTAND FORESTS (DOEF) They perform the functionssimilar to the MoEFat the state level.

2.3 ENVIRONMENTAL CLEARANCE REQUIREMENTS

.2.3.1 Gol REQUIREMENTS The primary responsibilityfor administrationand implementationof the GoI policy with respect to conservation,ecologically sustainable development and pollution control rests with the MOEF. The MOEF is responsible to enforce the regulations established pursuant to the National ConservationStrategy, National Forest Policy,the Policy for Abatementof Pollution (1992) and the Indian EnvironmentalProtection Act 1986, revised in 1994 and amended subsequentlyin 1997 (see Boxes3 and 4). The Environmental Impact Assessment Notification, 1994 identified highways (item 21 of Schedule-I) as one of the projects requiring prior clearance from the MOEF.Therefore, the environmentalimpact assessment(EIA) is a statutory requirement for obtaining clearance(a comprehensiveformat for EIA has beenprescribed in the notification)3.

Box3: Govemmentof IndiaAmendment on EIArequirements in 1997 In April 1997,a notificationwas issuedby MOEFamending Schedule-I of the EIANotification, 1994 which listsprojects requiring Environmental Clearance. The'1997 Notification states: -.. EnvironmentalClearance from the MoEFis not requiredfor Highwayproject relating to improvement work includingwidening and strengtheningof roadswith marginalland acquisitionalong the existing alignmentsprovided the highwaysdo not passthrough ecologically sensitive areas such as National Parks,Sanctuaries, Tiger Reserve, Reserve Forests etc.' Source: Gazette Notilication. Govemment of India. dated lc Apnl 1997

It is important to note that the present project is limited to improvement work including only widening and strengthening of roads along the existing alignment with marginal land acquisition4. Road sections included in this project also does not pass through any ecologically sensitivearea such as national parks, sanctuaries,tiger reservesor reserveforests, etc. All the eight construction packages presently under consideration do not involve a land acquisition exceeding 20m width (on both sides) and there is no bypass costing more than

3 TheGuidance for the preparationof ElAswithin the overallframework for environmentaldearance for new developmentproposals are detailedin Gol (1994)Handbook of EnvironmentalProcedures and Guidelines.Additional guidelines for road projectsare providedin MoST (1989) Environmental Guidelinesfor Rail/Road and HighwayProjects- 4 Marginalland acquisitionis definedby the MoEFas 'land acquisitionnot exceeding20m on either sideof the existingright-of-way". 2-3 Third National Highways Project

Rs.50 Cr. In view of the above, environmental clearancesare not required for these eight construction packages(vide Box 4). However,the environmental clearancesare being obtained as per the establishedprocedures and the same are likely to be obtained soon from the MoEF and the concernedState Govts. as per the establishedprocedures.

Box 4: Definitionof "MarginalLand Acquisition" .As per the provisionsof the EIA Notificationof 27' January94 and as amendedon 10't April, 97, environmentalclearance is requiredfor highwayprojects except projects relating to improvementwork | includingwidening and strengtheningof roadswith marginalland acquisitionalong the existingalignments providedthey do not passthrough ecologically sensitive areas such as nationalparks, sanctuaries, tiger I reserves,reserve forests. It is herebyclarified that marginalland acquisitionmeans land acquisitionnot exceedinga totalwidth of 20 metreson eitherside of the existingalignment put together.Further, it isalso clarifiedthat bypasseswould be treated as stand-aloneprojects and would requireenvironmental clearanceonly if the costof the projectsexceed Rs.50crores each." Source. MOEF Circular No 21012126-99-IA-Ill dated 15 October 1999.

2.3.2 STATELEVEL CLEARANCE REQUIREMENTS Besides,the GoI environmental clearance requirements, the projects also require clearance from someof the state level line agenciesas discussedbelow. In 1986,when the MoEFenacted the EnvironmentalProjection Act, linear stretchesof roadside plantation along many of the Highways (including in Uttar Pradesh,but not in Bihar) were declared as protectedforest. Due to the protected status, clearancefrom the MoEFis required to cut roadsidetrees. Applicability of the provisionsof Forest (Conservation)Act, 1980to the linear (roadside) plantationswas modified by a notification from the GoI, MoEFdated 18m Feb 1998. Now, in the case of the "notified, to be protected" roadside plantations,the clearance may be obtainedfrom concernedRegional Offices of MoEF,irrespective of the area of plantation lost. If the concernedRegional Office does not accordthe decision within 30 days of the receipt of fully completedapplication, the proponent agencymay proceedwith the widening/expansion under intimationto the State ForestDepartment and MoEF(see Box 4).

State PollutionControl Board (SPCB) Requirements Projects also require obtaining NOC from SPCBsin pursuant to the Water (Preventionand Control of Pollution)Act of 1974, the Cess Act of 1977 and the Air (preventionand Controlof Pollution)Act of 1981.

Public Hearings In order to obtain a No Objection Certificate (NOC) from the State PollutionControl Board,or environmental clearance from the MoEF, "public hearing" has been made mandatory.. The requirementwas introducedin the MoEFnotification, which came into effect on 10'hApril 1997. The NOCsof SPCBas well as the State Forest Departmentsare required before MoEFaction on the EIAcan be consideredcomplete.

2.3.3 WORLDBANK REQUIREMENTS The World Bank environmental assessment (EA) requirements are based on a three-part classificationsystem such as Category A, CategoryB and Category C as defined by the World Bank OP 4.01. A project designated as CategoryA, requires a full environmentalassessment (EA) Category B projects require a lesser level of environmental investigation. CategoryC projects requireno environmentalanalysis beyondthat determination. This project is a Category B project and therefore requires limited environmental analysis. However, emphasis of the World Bank is in integration of the mitigation measures into the 2-4 Thtrd National Highways Project

project design and mainstreamingenvironment in all stages of planning, implementationand operation.. The individual environmental assessmentswere initially prepared and processedas per the framework of OD 4.01. OD 4.01 has been recently replacedby OP 4.01. The environmental assessmentshave been completedas per OD 4.01, since this was the directive in vogueduring the environmentalsurvey and assessment,the same may accordingly be consideredfor this assessmenton practicalconsiderations.

2.4 THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK The Governmentof India has laid out variouspolicy guidelines;acts and regulationspertaining to the sustenanceof environmentand these havebeen explainedin the following sub-sections.

2.4.1 THE.FOREST(CONSERVATION) ACT, 1980 (Amendedin 1988. For details, see Box 5 and 6) The Forest(Conservation) Act, 1980 pertainsto the casesof diversionof forest area and felling of roadsideplantation. Dependingon the size of the tract to be cleared,clearance are applied for at the following levels of govemment: * If the area of forests to be cleared or diverted exceeds 20ha (or, 10ha in hilly area) then prior permissionof CentralGovemment is required; * If the areaof forest to be deared or diverted is between 5 to 20ha, the RegionalOffice of ChiefConservator of Forestsis empoweredto approve; * If the area of forest to be cleared or diverted is below or equal to Sha, the State Governmentcan give permission;and, * If the area to be clear-felled has a forest density of more than 40%, permissionto undertakeany work is neededfrom the Central Govemment,irrespective of the area to be cleared.

2A.2 THE ENVIRONMENT(PROTECTION) ACT, 1986 ANDTHE ENVIRONMENTALIMPACT ASSESSMENT NOTIFICATION,1994 The Environmental(Protection) Act, 1986 is the umbrellalegislation providingfor the protection of environmentin the country. This Act providedfor the Environment(Protection) Rules, which are formulated since. The Environmental Impact Assessment Notification, 1984 and the Amendmentthereto (April 1997) have beendiscussed in Section2.3.1 above.

2.4.3 THEWILDLIFE (PROTECTION) ACT, 1972 The Wildlife ProtectionAct has allowed the governmentto establisha number of NationalParks and Sanctuariesover the past 25 years, to protect and conserve the flora and fauna of the state.

2.4.4 THEWATER AND AIR (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION) ACTS The Water (Preventionand Control of Pollution)Act, 1974 resulted in the establishmentof the Central and State level Pollution ControlBoards whose responsibilitiesinclude managingwater quality and effluent standards, as well as monitoring water quality, prosecutingoffenders and issuing licensesfor construction and operation of certain facilities. The SPCBis empoweredto set air quality standards and monitor and prosecuteoffenders under The Air (Preventionand Control of Pollution)Act, 1981. Additionally,as per the Gazettenotification dated 10 April 1997, SPCBis also empoweredfor public hearingof all projectsincluding road projects(see Box 5).

2-5 Thtrd National Highways Project

2.4.5 THE MOTORVEHICLES ACT, 1988

In 1988, the Indian Motor Vehicles Act empowered the State Transport Authority to enforce standards for vehicular pollution and prevention control. The authority also checks emission standards of registered vehicles, collects road taxes, and issues licenses. In August 1997, the PollutionUnder ControlCertificate (PUC) programme was launchedin an attempt to crackdown on the vehicular emissions in the states.

Box 5: Applicability of the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 (Amended in 1998) RoadsideStrip Plantation In 1986, when MoEF enacted the EnvironmentProtection Act, the entire linear stretches of roadside plantationsalong the highways were declared as protectedforest in certain states. Although the land is under the control of the, highways department,due to its protected status, clearanceis requiredto cut roadside trees. Applicabilityof the provisionsof the Forest (Conservation)Act, 1980 to the linear (road or !canalside) plantations was modifiedby a notificationfrom the Gol, MoEF,dated 18 February1998. The new notificationrecognizes that the spirit behind the Forest (Conservation)Act was conservationof natural forests,and not strip plantations.In the case of the notifredto be protected roadside plantations, the dearance now may be given by the concerrhedRegional Offices of the MoEF,irrespective of the area of plantationlost. While issuing the approval,in place of normalprovision for compensatoryafforestation, the RegionalOffices will stipulatea conditionthat for every tree cut at leasttwo trees should be planted.If the concemedRegional Office does not accordthe decisionwithin 30 daysof the receipt of fully completed application,the proponentagency may proceed with the widening/expansionunder intimationto the State Forest Department,and MoEF. Forest Land Restrictionsand clearanceprocedure proposed in the Forest (Conservation)Act applies wholly to the natural forest areas. even in case the protected/designatedforest area does not have any vegetabon cover.

Box 6: State Pollution Control BoardRequirements

The project requires the submissionof a questionnaire/applicationto the State Pollution Control Board pursuant to the Water (Preventionand Control of Pollution)Act of 1974 the Cess Act of 1977 and Air (Preventionand Controlof Pollution) Act of 1981.The State PCB establishesa reviewpanel and circulates the application for public review and comment in each affected district. A state level hearing is also required, taking all commentsreceived from the districts into account. The State PollutionControl Board issues a No-objectionCertificate (NOC) after acceptingthe applicationfor the project.

2.4.6 THE ANCIENTMONUMENTS AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES AND REMAINS ACT, 1958 According to this Act, area within radii of 100m and 300m from the "protected property" are designated as "protected area" and'"controlled area" respectively. No development activity (including building, mining, excavating, blasting) is permitted in the "protected area" and development activities likely to damage the protected property are not permitted in the "controlled area" without prior permission of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) if the site/remains/ monuments are protected by ASI or the State Department of Archaeology if these are protected by the State.

2-6 Third National Highways Project

2.4.7 STATELEVEL LEGISLATION AND OTHER ACTS No specific state-level legislationrelevant to the environmentalclearance requirements,other than those mentionedabove are in force in the two states of Uttar Pradeshand Bihar. However,clearance will be required for setting up hot-mix plants, batching plants, etc., under the Air and the Water Acts. Clearancefrom the State Department of Mining is required for establishingquarries. Clearance from the Sate GroundWater Boards/Authoritiesis required for establishmentof new tube-wells/bore-holes,etc. In addition, with respectto hygieneand health, during the construction period, the provisions as laid down in the FactoriesAct, 1948 and the Building and Other Construction Workers (Regulationof Employmentand Conditionsof Service)Act, 1996 would apply. With limited possibility,the provisionsof the HazardousWastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989 and the ChemicalAccidents (Emergency Planning, Preparednessand Response) Rules,1996 would also apply during the constructionand the operationperiods.

2.5 CLEARANCE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE PROJECT

2.5.1 CLEARANCEREQUIREMENTS FOR THIS PROJECT The project wouldneed the following environmentaldearances: 1. EnvironmentalClearance from the MoEF 2. ForestryClearance from the MoEFregional offices 3. No ObjectionCertificate (NOC) from the StatePollution Control Boards (of Biharand Uttar Pradesh) 4. Oearancefrom the State Pollution Control Boards (of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh) under the Air Act, the Water Act and the Cess Act, if stipulated by the State PollutionControl Boards while giving the NOC.

2.5.2 APPROACHADOPTED FOR THIS PROJECT Separate clearancesare required from the MoEF for each of the Contract Packagesto be implemented.Again, as the ContractPackages are locatedin two different states (Uttar Pradesh and Bihar), separateclearances are requiredfrom the state-levelauthorities. Therefore, separateclearances are being obtained for each of the Contract Packages,i.e., Contract PackagesII-A, II-C, III-A, III-C, IV-B,IV-D, V-Aand V-C.

2,5.3 THE STATUSOF OBTAINING ENVIRONMENTAL CLEARANCES FOR THE PROJECT The NHAI has already obtained NOCsfrom the State Pollution Control Boards. The forestry clearancesare in the advancedstages of clearancesand final clearancesfrom the concerned State Government are likely to be obtained soon. As the environmental assessment requirementsfor the Contract PackagesIIIB, IV-A, IV-C and V-B were also completed, the NOC from the SPCBsfor these packagesare also obtained alongwith adjoining packages and the Forestry Clearancesfor them are also in the advanced stage of dearances like adjoining packages. Thus the clearancesare likely to be obtained for all other construction packages falling under consultancy package II to V, except construction package III-B (Allahabad bypass). Prior to granting the NOCs,the PollutionControl Boardsof Uttar Pradeshand Bihar organized "Public Hearings".Public Hearingswere organizedat Kanpur(), Kanpur (Kanpur Dehat district) and Fatehpur(Fatehpur district) for Package II, at Gopiganj (Sant 2-7 TmnrdNational Higtmays Project

RavidasNagar district) for PackageIII, at Mohania(Kaimur district) for PackaaeIV and at Barhi (Hazaribaghdistrict) for PackageV. The environmentalclearance (from MoEF) procedureis in an advance stage and would be obtainedshortly. The contractorswould need to obtain clearancesfrom the State PollutionControl Boards and from other regulatoryauthorities as per the conditionsstipulated in the NOCissued by SPCB, MoEF,forest authorities, etc. These mostly relate to activities like setting up hot-mix plants, batchingplants, etc. They would requireclearance from the State ForestryDepartments to use the forestland, if any, for purposessuch as setting up temporary construction camps, etc. Establishmentof new quarries, if any would require clearancefrom the State Departments of Mining. Similarly,establishment of new tube-wellslbore-holes,if any, would require clearance from the StateGround Water Boards. The contractorswould ensure that all such clearancesare obtained. They would also ensure that any conditionsimposed by the various authorities, while granting clearances,on NHAI will be adheredto as muchas these conditionsapply to them.

2-8 3 METHODOLOGY

Thischapter gives an outlinedescription of the methodsand work-plan followed in preparationof the EnvironmentalAssessment documents in this project.This also describes,as a natural corollary,the mainstreamingof the environmentalconsiderations in this project.

3.1 THE "CONSOLIDATED"ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT The consolidatedEnvironmental Assessment documents have been preparedbased on the following: 1. EnvironmentalImpact Assessment Reports of the IndividualPackages (Packages, II, III, IV and V)' 2. Interaction with the Consultants for the individual packages, and the information/dataobtained from the saidConsultants pursuant to suchinteractions 3. Discussionwith the NHAIand the World Bank. The consolidatedreports, in all places,abridge and extract data/information from the individual EIAreports in a sequentialmanner. The consolidatedreports are supportedwith the detailed EIAreports prepared for each of the four packages.For detailsand further darifications,the individualEIA documents may be referredto.

3.2 ENVIRONMENTALIMPACT ASSESSMENT FOR INDIVIDUAL PACKAGES The environmentalassessment in this project employeda reiterativeapproach in which potential environmentalissues have been examinedin successivelevels of detail and specificity at eachstep in the process.The incorporationof feedbackfrom the variousstakeholders and analyzingwas essentialfeatures of the methodologyand becameincreasingly useful as the reiterativeprocess proceeds. Major steps in the EIAprocess were as follows.

EnvironmentalPre-feasibility Study This EnvironmentalPre-Feasibility Study examined medium-term construction strategies for expresswaysin India and the developmentof the Third NationalHighway Project, highlighting potential issues for further examination in the proposed improvement actions. Report documentingthe examinationand its findingswas prepared in 1995.

Scoping Scopingis a processused to determinethe anticipatedrange of issuesto beaddressed by, and the depthof studyrequired for environmentalanalyses. In keepingwith the basicapproach to environmentalinvestigations, the scopingprocess was reiterative,i.e. the scopeand depthof the analysiswas refined and deepened as additional information came to light.

The International consuttants entrusted wtih the project preparation of the packages l-V were

Package li Sverdrup Civil Inc (USA)

Package III SNC Lavalin International Inc (Canada) in association with Engineers and Management Associates

Package IV. COWI Consulting Engineers and Planners AS (Denmark) in JV with SPAN Consultants Pvt. Ltd

Package V DORSCH Consult mDH in associaaon with Gherzt Eastem Lfmnec

3-1 Third Natonal H,gnways Project

ReconnaissanceSurveys These were undertakenby all membersof the study teams initiating with a joint reconnaissance with the membersof the NHAI, the World Bank and those responsiblefor the documentationof the environmentalinvestigations and issues.

Assemblyand Analysis of Data This includedboth publishedand other recorded environmentaldata. Literature searcheswere undertakenand relevant agencies(e.g., the Departmentsof Forest, the State PollutionControl Boards, the ArchaeologicalSurvey of India) were contacted and appraised of the proposed project.

Preparationof a PreliminaryEnvironmental Screening Studies (PESS) The purposeof the PESSwas "to determineany significant economic, social or environmental issues, which could require further analysis (including the analysis of short bypasses, improvementof junctions and others) to resolvesuch issues".The results of the analysiswere plotted on mapsand tabulated to identify conflictsand potential resolutions.

Documentationof BaselineConditions The potentially influenced area (PIA) was defined considering MoEF requirementsand other statutory requirements.Baseline conditions within the defined area were documented.As per MoEFguidelines for conducting EIA, the geographicalscope of the EIA study will be of 10km radius for new highway projects. However realistically speaking, as the project relates to widening of existing highway, the direct influenceof the project is restricted to Right of Way (ROW)only. Thereforethe baselinestatus has been documentedat the micro or ROWlevel.

Assessmentof PotentialImpacts Potential significantimpacts were identified on the basis of: analytical review of baselinedata; review of land uses and environmental factors; analytical review of the underlying socio- economicconditions with the PIA; and review of assessmentof potential impacts as identified by previoushighway projects.

Integration of EnvironmentalAssessments in the Design Process: "Mainstreamingthe EnvironmentalComponent" The design and decision-making process integrated environmental and resettlement and rehabilitationissues and prompted the early identification of appropriate actions. Suchactions included,for example, shifts in alignments based on awareness of the locations of cultural resources, and biological resources such as significant areas of roadside trees and "green tunnels" and the early identificationof short bypassesto reduce local impacts.

Assessmentof Alternatives Altematives were continuously assessedthroughout the process. A more formal assessment was also undertaken as a part of the environmental assessment process, including the assessmentof the "No Action" Altemative as is customarily included as a part of the formal assessmentmethodologies to ensurethat it has been given proper consideration.

IdentifiedMitigation & EnvironmentalEnhancement Measures Positiveactions to not only avoid adverseimpacts, but to capitalize on opportunitiesto correct environmentaldegradation or improveenvironmental conditions were determined.

CommunityConsultations Consultationswith concerned officials, agencies and potentially affected persons continued through the process and will continue as the project proceeds. The issues raised by the

3-2 Third National Hgghways Project

communities and the various stakeholders were incorporated in the design and construction/operation plan of te project highway. Public Hearings, as stipulated by the Environmental Impact Notification. 1994 (amended 1997) was conducted in 6 locations.The issues raisedin the Public Hearingswere incorporatedin the project design.

Preparationof the EnvironmentalManagement Plans (EMP) An EMP for each of the contract packageswas prepared to specify the steps necessaryto ensure that the necessarymeasures have been and will be taken. This includesthe monitoring plan and givesdetails of the resourcesbudgeted and the implementationarrangements.

3.3 REPORTS Apart from the pre-feasibility study report prepared in 1995 (N.D. Lea Intemational Ltd., Medium Term Priorities for Constructionof Expresswaysin India), the following reports were preparedin the courseof the environmentalassessments carried out for the project: 1. Environmental ScreeningReports for all .4 individual packages, at the Feasibility Study stage of the project. 2. Environmental Impact AssessmentReports for all 4 individual packages,at the Detailed Project Report(DPR) preparation stage of the project. 3. Environmental ManagementPlans for the 8 Contract Packages,at the Detailed Project Report(DPR) preparationstage of the project. The consolidatedreports consistof the following: 1. ExecutiveSummary 2. ConsolidatedEnvironmental Impact AssessmentReport 3. EnvironmentalManagement Plans for each of the Contract Packages.

3-3 Third National Highways Proect

4 EXISTING ENVIRONMENTAL SCENARIO

This chapterassesses the nature,type and dimensionsof the studyarea and describesthe relevantphysical and biologicalenvironmental components along the projectcomdor. The databaseon the environmentalcomponents relevantto dedsionsabout project location, design and operation have been assembled from vanoussecondary sources andprimary surveys conducted for the individualpackages. As perMoEF guidelines for conductingEIA, the geographical scopeof the EIAstudy will beof l0km radiusfor highwayprojects. However realistically speaking the directinfluence of highwayprojects is restrictedto the ROW.Therefore the baselinestatus has been documented at the microor ROW level.

4.1 CLIMATE All the stretchesof the Project Highway(the NH-2) to be coveredunder the present report are located in a sub-tropical region with marked monsooneffects. Due to large variations in temperature and rainfall, the climate has a characteristic seasonality. The climate is distinguishedby three distinct seasonsof * Hot Summer(from April to June), * Warm humid Rainyseason (from July to September),and * Cold Winter (from Novemberto February). October and March constitute the transitional months between rainy, winter and summer seasons respectively.Following sections describe the four key elements of the climate, viz., Temperature,Wind, Rainfalland RelativeHumidity.

4.1.1 TEMPERATURE The region enjoys fairly high temperature throughout the year, a distinct characteristicof the tropical climate. The summer seasonis usuallydry with high temperaturesranging between300 to 470C. During rainy seasonsthe temperaturesvary between240 to 36°C.Temperature during winter varies between 100to 260C. January is coldest month with temperaturesdipping to less than SC. Table 4.i recordsthe extremetemperatures recorded in different cities falling along the Project Highway.It can be inferred that the extremitiesof temperature gradually decrease eastward along the highway from Sikandratowards Dhanbad Table4.1: ExtremeTemperatures in DifferentCities along the ProjectHighway city MaximumTemperature MinimumTemperature Reported Month Temperature(°C) Month Temperature(C) PackageII Kanpur June 47.4 January 4.0 PackageIII Allahabad May 45.3 January 6.2 PackageIV Varanasi May 40.6 January 5.0 PackageV Dhanbad May 40.0 January 18

SOURCE: CONSULTANTS'SURVEYS ANDANALYSIS

4.1.2 WIND Wind direction, speedand seasonalvariation determinethe manner in which air pollutants from the vehicle emissionsare dispersed.High wind velocitiesmay causesoil erosion both during the wet and dry seasons. In all the stretches,the predominantwind direction is westerlyand north-westerlyfrom October to April and shifts to easterly or south-easterlyfrom June to September. Dust storms having wind velocity of more than 75km/h are the typical features of the summer weather, but in October winds are variable both in direction and speed.

4-1 1 ThirdNational HighwaysProject

wind velocity of more than 75km/h are the typical features of the summer weather, but in October winds are variable both in direction and speed.

4.1.3 RAINFALL The project area receives rnost of its rainfall from the Bay of Current of the southwestern Monsoon,which normaily bursts over the region towards the last week of June and continues till October.The rainfall is derived mainly from the Bay of Bengal,which in north gets deflected by the Himalayasand sweeps up the Gangeticplan falling along the project highway. During winter, occasionallight rains are receivedfrom retreating westem monsoon. The region enjoys a moderateannual rainfall of about 980mmof which over 90% occur during the four rainy months. The following Table4.2 recordsthe months of maximumand minimum rainfall in different cities falling along the project highway, along with the months. Overall, the annual rainfall varies between 800mmand 1100mmper annum.

Table 4.2: Maximum and Minimum Rainfall in Different Cities along the Project Highway City Maximum Rainfall (mm) Minimum Rainfall Reported (mm) Month Rainfall Month Rainfall PackageII Kanpur JLuly 264.7 April 4 Packagem Allahabad September 260.9 April Nil PackageIV Varanasi August 469.1 Aprii Nil PackageV Dhanbad July 533.2 April NA

SOURCE:CONSULTANTS' SURVEYS AND ANALSIs

4.1.4 RELATIVEHUMIDITY The region, on an average records a relative humidity of 64%. The air is very humid during rainy seasons when the relative humidity averagesreach up to 79%O.The highest relative humidity is observedduring August(90.48%), which together with high temperature makesthe weather sultry. FollowingTable 4.3 compares extremesof Humidity levels across four cities falling in differentpackages. Table 4.3: Humidity Levelsin Different aties along the Project Highway Location Maximum Humidity Minimum Humidity

Month Humidity Month Humidity PackageII Kanpur August 86 April 24 PackageIII Allahabad September 85 May 22.9 PackageIV Varanasi August 90.48 April 27.5 PackageV Dhanbad September 86 May 25

4.2 PHYSICAL SETTING

4.2.1 PHYSIOGRAPHY In the stretch of the highway betweenkm393-kmrl5 (PackageII), which passesbetween the plains of the RiverGanga and ,the land is generallyplain with gentle slope. The part of the highway betweenkm l5 and km203falls in the lower Ganga-YamunaDoab, while the part between km216-317 is located in the Trans-GangaRegion, both of which are also flat plains. The highwaytraverses further eastwardthrough the easternGangetic plain of the sub-continent 4-2 Third National Highways Project

for about 85km. This part (PackageIV) of the project highway is part of the flat flood plain of the Ganga and Sone rivers. The 1;1ghiwayin Package V-A (kml80-km233) falls in the Hazaribaghplateau, which is a gentle rolling terrain. The last stretch of the project highway (PackageV-C) beyondkm320 falls in the ChhotaNagpur Plateau. From km338 to km348 the terrain is observed to have some rolling characteristic while the same kind of terrain occur between km356 and km372. All in all, the entire stretch of the National Highway2 canbe said to have a predominantlyplain terrain.

4.2.2 GEOLOGY The region through which the project highway passesis structurallya part of the Ganga plain. This has been formed by the in-filling of the Indo-Gangatrough during the Pleistoceneperiod. It has an alluvial coverof 400-1500mmdeep. Geologistsdistinguish the Gangeticplain between older and the neweralluvium. The older is usuallycomposed of agrillaceousbeds where kanker, an impure carbonateof lime and pisliticferruginous concretions are disseminated.

4.2.3 SEISMOLOGY The entire stretch of the project highway traverses partly through seismiczone II and III as defined by IRC 6:1966, seismiczoning classification system, i.e., a zone of relative stability.The horizontal Seismiccoefficient for zone II is 0.02 and for zone III is 0.04 measuredon a scale from I to V zoneswhere zone I is most stable and zone V is consideredto be least stable.

4.2A SOILS AND POTENTIALFOR EROSION Soils in the stretch of the project highway through out are sility clay or sandy loam, except in- construction packageV-C, where soils in some stretches are residualsoils duly covered with vegetation growth of forestland. As the soils mostly are of alluvial nature with medium to low plasticity, as such, the soil erosionis not the problem in the entire project stretch. Soil between km180 and km233(in PackageV-A) is alluvium while the stretch between km261 and km283 passes over alluvium as well as bedrocksof Granite Gneissiccomplex. The stretch between km352 and km356 (in PackageV-C) suggeststhe typical character of old interfluves. Coarse and clear sands having high siliceousand feldspar minerals occur along riverbedsthroughout the route. Erosion is not consideredto be an issuein this project, as major portion of the road runs in the Indo-Gangticplain with practicallyno or very low grading. Embankmenterosion may exist on high embankmentin caseof inadequatecompaction/design. Under the proposedengineering design, all such high embankmentsare providedwith flat slopeswith reinforcedearth/retaining wall/turfing etc. to practicallyeliminate any chanceof damageto such high embankments. The so,l type and potential for erosion along various stretches at the NH2 has been given in Table 4.11.

4.2.5 QUARRIESAND CRUSHERS Identification and assessmentof suitabilityof materials (in the form of rocks for road metal and soil for road base)suitable for use in the road construction is a very essentialingredient of the highway design. The assessmentof the environmental concerns of these quarry areas, from which the materialsare to be procured,normally becomes critical due to the following concerns: . Transport of Raw Material: Transportation acts as a principal source of pollution depending upon the physicalform of the raw material. Substantial amount of dust and other air pollutants like CO are generated, if long haul distancesare involved over poor roads. * Overburden: A sizeableoverburden may lead to problemsin its disposalor storage during operation of the mine. * Drainage: Mining operation may alter the drainage pattern of the area. (This is not envisagedin this project). 4-3 ThirdNational Highways Project

Quarries, recommendedto be used, in this project have been selected on the basisof their operational status and compliance with environmental laws. All the selectedquarries are legal and in operation satisfying all the prescribedstatutory requirements. In case, any new quarries are selected,all-the legal and statutory aspectswill befulfill before quarrying from suchsources are resorted to. The lists of quarriesare furnished in Table4.12 to 4.14. It needs however, to be noted that list of quarries as furnished in Table 4.12 to 4.14 are recommendatory in nature to serve as a ready guideline to the prospectivebidders. The contractor can, however, procure materialfrom quarriesother than those listed, providedthat * The material obtained is of acceptablequality. * The selected quarriesare either already in operation and in case the new selected quarriesare not in operationthen the contractorwill ensurethat such quarry satisfy the statutory requirementsprescribed for such purposes.

4.2.6 BORROW PITS The soils to be used as sub-grade, select sub-gradeand shoulder materialsneed to be hauled from designatedborrow areas. Similar to the identification of suitable quarries, the individual consultants identifiedsuitable borrow areasfor supply of soil to the new road formation. Based on the total requirement and availability of each soil type, estimates of soil quantity to be obtained form each of the borrow areas were worked out in accordancewith the National Standards,recommended by the Indian RoadsCongress (IRC) 1. In the selectionof the borrow areas, care was taken to ensurethat: = Sufficientquantity of suitablesoil is availablefrom the borrow pit , The borrow areasare as closeto the project road as possible = The lossof productiveand fertile agriculturalsoil is minimum = There is minimumloss of vegetation - The borrow pits as per specificationfrom temporarily acquiredcultivated lands,the topsoil to a specifieddepth will be strippedand set aside with microbial preservationmethods. * Most of the area recommendedto be used for borrowing in this project is, however,infertile and therefore preservationof the topsoil will not be a major issue. Refer Tables4.33 to 4.35. The borrow areas details presentedin the Tables are, however, indicativein nature only. - In case, the contractorsprefer to borrow soil from other sourcesnot indicatedin Table4.33 to 4.35, then the contractor will adhereto protectthe topsoil as per IRC norms. A total of 20 borrows pits have been located along the vicinity of NH2 in PackageII with averagelead varying from 300m to 11km Gangaand Yamunasand is availablewithin 10kmof the construction sites in PackagesII-A and II-C. For the stretch the project highway between kmllS and km158 as well as km245 and km317 (PackagesIII-A and III-C), about 88 borrow pits have been identified for the proposed roadwork. Of these, 57 sites are privatelyowned barren lands with no tree cover. About 48 borrow pits have been identified for PackageIV (B&D) with leads varying from 200mto 2.5km.Additionally, hillocksat km172, and overburdens of the Karwandiahills can be used for borrowing.Borrow material canalso be obtainedfrom the banks of the river which is 7km south of Aurangabad.A total of 21 borrow pits for PackageV-A (kml80-km240), and 24 sites for PackageV-C (km320-km398.75)have beenidentified. Most of the borrow areas selectedare either barren land or mounds. Someof these are to be developedinto pondsas per the schemeof FisheryDeptt. of State Govt. Agriculturalparcels of land have not beengenerally includedin the list of borrow areas. However,in some cases,the landowners themselves have requestedto include their land in the list of borrow areas. The reasons for this are two. First, some of the farmers want to create ponds (mainly for pisciculture) in their land. Second,sometimes the agricultural parcel of land is located on an

IRC (1989). RecommendedPractice for Borrow Pits for Road Embankmentsconstructed by Manual Operation. 4-4 Third Nat,onal Highways Project

elevation above the immediate surrounding and lowering (by borrowing) would help such parcels of land become better irrigable. Moreover, some other areas have been identified for borrowing, where the State Fisheries Departments wants to develop ponds for fisheries. The details of the quantity of borrow material avaUablefrom these quarries along with details of size, land use, etc., have been listed in Tables 4.33 and 4.34. From the tables it may be observedthat not much borrowing is proposedto be done from fertile lands and as such impact on this account may not be consideredsignificant.

4.3 WATER RESOURCES Road Developmentprojects often significantly alter the hydrologicalsetting of an area and add to the siltation and pollution levels of the water resources, generally when new highway is developed in the region. As this project involves widening and strengthening of an existing highway, significant impact is not envisaged. All surface water resources (cross-drainage channels, stagnantwater bodiesetc) and ground water resourcesand their characteristicswere identified and criticallyexamined along the project corridor.

4.3.1 SURFACE WATER Along the project stretch, a number of water sources are found. These can be broadly classifiedin two categories: FFlowing water resourcesviz. rivers, streams, canals - Stagnantwater resourcesviz. ponds, lakes.

Flowing Water Res.ources The project highwayfalls largely in the region of alluvial plains and traverse across the major river basins of the Ganga, the Yamuna and the Sone. The major surface water bodies intersectingthe project highway include rivers the Sengur,the Rind, and canals at km4, km2l, km23, km28, km461, km66 and km87 (PackageII-A and II-C). The NH-2 in PackageIII-A and III-C, is interceptedby severalravines and drainage channelsincluding a tributary of the Sasuo Khaderi River at kml31 and Upardahak Tal Nullah (km252). In Package IV, all the rives intersectingthe NH-2are north-south flowing stream, the Gangaand the Sonebeing the largest rivers crossing at km136 at Varanasi-Ramnagar-MugalsaraiBypass in Uttar Pradesh and at -on-Sonein Bihar. The project highway intersects 40 streams and tributaries including 5 major rivers (the ,the Mohane,the Barakar, the Damodarand the Uilajan)in PackageV. In addition, the other significant rivers in the project area in PackageIV indude the (km9O), the Kudra (km95), the -(kml48), the Adri (km165), the Batane (km156), the Terar (km169), the Kesar (kml76) and the Jhari (km182). The Mohar (km210), the Buddha (km211), the Gulshakari (km224), the Gokhle (km229) in Package V-A and the Bhaglata (km327) in PackageV-C have protected forests on both sides.The other rivers in PackageV-C are the Khedo (km328), the Awara (km342), the Kulgo (km348), the Rehana(km358), the Rasna (359), the Sita (km363), the Banka (km372), the Madaldih (km379) and the Rajgaunj (km390). The surface water resourcesintersecting the NH-2 have been summarizedin Table 4.4 and the details of the various water resourcespackage wise are listed in Tables4.36 to Table 4.38. Table4.4: Water Resourcesalong the ProjectHighway Package Rivers/Streams Ponds* Canal NulIah II-A&C 2 11 15 - III-A&C 1 14 1 4 IV-B&D 6 22 1 -

V-A&C 29 18 2 - Total 38 65 19 4 4-5 Third Ajabonai Highways Project

*Note:The pondsindicated in Tableabove are not the naturalponds and do not haveperennial nature water source. M'iost of themare local depressionsof smallareas and retain water during the monsoonperiod only. Duringthe remaining8 to 9 months(summer and winter), most of themare dry. Thesenon-perennial water bodiesare, however, also includedand dassified as pondsin the Tableabove. These ditch type depressionsdo not haveany communityand wateruse values, except that duringrainy season, the collectedwater is usedfor animalbathing, washingof clothesetc. Allthese ponds (including the smallditches) which areactually impacted by roadproject improvement have, however, been treatedwith protectivemeasures. The number of actualponds, as such,is muchlower than the figuresshown above.

Stagnant Water Resources There are 65 stagnant water resourcesincluding ponds locatedalong the project stretch. The significantamong these are at Rasdhan(km33), Mungisapur(km24), 4 pondsat Marai (km2l), and 2 ponds at Akbarpur (km5 and km4) in PackageII-A. Water bodies in PackageII-C include those at (km4l), Kutto (km6O)and Sourgaon(km72). There are 14 ponds in Package III, all small and non-perennial.The Shivsagarpond at kmlO6 in PackageIV-B is likely to be partially affected by the project. This pond has some religioussignificance also. PackageIV has 21 other small (mostly non-perennial)ponds. Sevenponds (at kml80, 219, 221, and two each at km186 and 205) are in PackageV-A, of which the pondsat kml80 and km219 are likely to be affected by the project, due to the proximity to the existing pavement.There are 11 ponds in Package V-C. Of these, 5 ponds (at km338, 349, 382, 388 and 390) seem to need embankmentprotection by virtue of the proximity to the existingpavement.

4.3.2 GROUNDWATER Surveys were conducted at various locations along the NH2 to assessthe depth of water in wells and tubewellsduring summerand winter. The ground water level in PackageII varies from 4.Om to 19.7m in May and 4.2m to 20m in June. Ground water level in Package Ill-A was found to be lowest at only one location i.e Athsarai (kml33), the water depth being 23m in winter and 26m in summer. At other locations in package III depth of water table varies between 4.Omto 6.0m. Groundwater level at Raja Talab (km315) was observed to be 4.Om in winter and 5.5m in summer. The ground water levels in PackageIV (km. 65-110, km. 140-180) are mostly at depths of 6m to 8m except at ,where it is more than 20m deep. Ground water levels in PackageV-A were observed to be same as in PackageIV while levels in PackageV-C were around 15- 20m. With the high water table, wells and tube wells are sourceof potable and irrigation water. There are about 70 wells in the zone of immediate impact of the proposed project. It is likely that about 20 wells in PackageIII might need relocationdue to the project. Of the total hand-pumps in the stretch of project highway, 78 will need to be relocateddue to their close proximity to the existing road. Table4.39 gives details of ground water along the project highway.

4.3.3 CROSS DRAINAGE STRUCTURES Various rivers, streams and canals at different locationshave intersectedthe NH-2.The total no of Cross drainage structures along the NH-2 is 804. The following Table 4.5 summarizesthe occurrenceof crossdrainage structures on the project highway. Table4.5: Cross-DrainageStructures on the ProjectHighway Contract Major Bridges MinorBridges Culverts(no.) Total CD Package (no.) I (no.) Structures(no.) !I-A 2 9 92 103 II-C 0 6 111 117

4-6 Third National Highways Project

Contract Major Bridges Minor Bridges Culverts (no.) Total CD Package (no.) (no.) Structures (no.) 111-A 0 3 64 67 III-C 0 2 38 40 IV-B 1 16 54 71 IV-D 6 7 59 72 V-A 4 9 149 162 V-C 0 20 148 168 Total 13 72 715 800 Source:Consultants' surveys and analysis.

4.3.4 WATERQUALITY Most of the physico-chemicalcharacteristics of river water are found to be within the range of acceptablelimits of CPCB.Some of the rivers, however, showed higher BOD and total coliform count. The values observed for different characteristics of canal water were within the standardsset by CPCB.Among the ponds, physico-chemicalcharacteristics at Shivsagarpond are critical.The Shivsagarpond showedeutrophic condition with high BOD and colliform count and low DO.The water quality at various locationsalong the NH2 has been listed in Tables4.16 through 4.22. The Indian Standardsfor DrinkingWater (IS:10500-1991) are given as part of the EnvironmentalMonitoring Plan.

4.3.5 INUNDATION The project highway, which traversesthrough the flood plains of the Ganga and the Yamuna and other smaller rivers is prone to water-logging and local flooding in some stretches. However,the NH-2 is a very old highway and normally pass through the ridge line along all its alignment.The drainage problem, as such do not exist in terms of waterway requirements. Man-made drainage problems occur mosty at the built-up stretches due to raising of shoulders/kerbsby the local residents. Detailed hydraulic and hydroligical survey have been donethrough out the project stretch and all locations/stretcheshaving even marginally possible inundationhave been suitably raised and additional drainage structure have been provided, whereverrequired. No inundationproblem, therefore,is anticipated. Drainageproblems such as inundation have been identified along the stretch at Bara-Sikandra (km448), Rania Bazaar (km456-457) and several other urban areas in Package IIA while in PackageIIC, the problem is severe especiallyat ChaudagaraBazaar (km47) and the Malwa Bazaararea (km63). Water logging has also been observed at and Varanasi Sadar. Overtoppingoccurs on the project highwayat km245-246, km262-265,km282-282, km291-292, km312-313,km314-314 and km315-317in PackageIIIC. Drainage will be improved by raising the carriagewayin these stretchesof the project highway. In PackageVA, drainage issuesneed to be resolvedespecially in the stretch betweenkm219 to km220. Detaileddrainage surveys and hydrologicalinvestigations have been carried out in this project. Detailedengineering solutions have been provided in the design of the project. Servicelanes and roadsidedrains on either side of the project highway have been proposed. The roadside drainswill be cleanedby the NHAI periodicallyto ensure proper drainage during the operation stageof the project. With these provisions,the drainage problemwould becomeminimal.

4.4 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY

4.4.1 NATIONALAMBIENT AIR QUALITYSTANDARDS(NAAQS) The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)in India is responsible for setting air quality standards.The nationalambient air quality standards(NAAQS) for gases monitored on routine 4-7 Third National Highways Project

basis were notitied under the Air Act in 1985. In India, only annual mean and 24-hour average standards hat. ;,een described, except for carbon monoxide for which 8 hours and 1-hour standards have been notified. There are no Indian standards for hydrocarbonsand aldehydes. EuropeanUnion has regulated standard for airborne benzene at 10 Pg/m3. The permissibleair quality standardsfor particulateand gaseous pollutants are presentedin Table 4.6.

Table4.6: NationalAmbient Air QualityStandards (CPCB, 1997) Pollutant TimeWeighted Concentrationin Ambientair (pg/m3) Average Industrial Ruraland Residential Sensitive

SulphurDioxide (SO 2) AnnualAverage* 80 60 15 24hr** 120 80 30

Oxidesof Nitrogen(NO 2) AnnualAverage * 80 60 15 24hr** 120 80 30 Suspendedparticulate Matter AnnualAverage * 360 140 70 (SPM) 24hr** 500 200 100 Respirableparticuliate matter AnnualAverage * 120 60 50 (<10 micron)(RPM) 24 hr** 150 100 75 Lead AnnualAverage * 1.0 0.75 0.50 24hr** 1.5 1.00 0.75 Carbonmonoxide mg/M 3 8 hr 5.0 2.0 1.0 1 hr 10.0 4.0 2.0 .AnnualArithmetic mean of minimum104 measurement in a yeartaken for a week24 hourlyat uniforminterval. ** 24 hourly/8hourly values should meet 98 percentof the time in a year SourcesAnon (1996-97), Ambient Air qualityStatus and Trendsin Delhi (1989-1993)National Ambient Air Quality MonitoringSeries NAQMSIa/1996-97, Central Pollution Control Board, Delhi

4.4.2 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY Ambient Air Quality was monitored at various locations having different land uses such as residential,commercial, agricultural, industrial etc. Air Quality was measured with Respirable High VolumeSampler. Ambient Air quality monitoring data suggestthat SPM and RPMare major pollutants of concem throughout the road corridor. Even during rainy season,the SPM concentrationexceeded the national air quality standards of 200 pg/M3 for 24 hours at many stations. SPMlevels were in the range of 200pg/m3 at Barajod, Bhaunti, Munisapur, Rasdhanand Akbarpur (all in Package II-A) and at Sanwara,Malwan, Naubagh and Usraina (all in Package II-C). High SPMcount (exceeding 500ug/m3) at Rania Padeo and Lalpur Brick kiln is explained by the industrial nature of these locations.Similarly, SPMlevels were very high at Aung, Chaudagraand Bilinda. Chaudagratoo being an industrial area justifies the high pollution levels. Hourly averageSPM concentrationsvaried from 160 to 925pg/m3,in Package III while RPM varied between 3 3 35.3ug/m in PackageV to 535,Pg/min PackageIII. SO2 and NO2 concentrationswere within acceptablelimits. Carbonmonoxide concentrations crossed the NAAQstandards at many locations in rainy season and at most of the locations during winter. The values ranged between 0.4 and 1.69mg/m3, except at Sherghat(km 210, PackageV-A), where it is high (4.3 to 4.6mg/m3). Air-borne Pb concentrationsvaried between 0.01ug/m3 to 1.25pg/m3. The ambient air quality as monitored at variouslocation along the project highwayare as given in Tables4.24 through 4.29.

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The condition as above is a reality under the existing road. One of the key reason for them is the prese,'Lc.,^Jition of the existing road, which get accentuated due to congestion, poorly maintained flanks, higher roughness,pot holes, etc. , apart from the type, age of the vehicle and their maintenancelevel. As the proposed improvement provides a much improved-road surface along with hard shoulders,plantation of large number of trees etc., these indicators are likely to have much reducedlevels with the proposed improvementas comparedto the present scenario.

4.5 NOISE LEVELS An unwantedsound affects the health of a person, his activities and interferes with the mental ability of a person.The noise issuesfrom are addressed in two phasesi.e., the constructional phase and operationalphase. During construction phase, different activities produce different levels ranging between80-90 dBA. Road noise dependson factors such as traffic intensity, the type and conditionof the vehiclesplying on the road, acceleration/deceleration/gearchanges by the vehiclesdepending on the level of congestionand smoothnessof road surface (IRC: 104- 1988). Excessivelyhigh noise levels are a concern for sensitive receptors, i.e., hospitals, educationalinstitutions, wildlife, etc.

4.5.1 NATIONALNOISE STANDARDS Central Pollution Control Board, India has specified noise standards for different activities. Importance was given to the timing of exposure and areas designated as sensitive. The following Table4.7 givesthe noise standardsset. Table4.7: Nationalambient noise level standards AreaCode Category Limitsin Decibels(dBA) DayTime Nightrime A Industial 75 70 B Commercial 65 55 C Residential 55 45 D Silence 50 40 Note: (1) Daytime:6 AMto 9 P.M.,Night-time 9 PMto 6 AM; (2) Silencezone is an areaup to 100m aroundpremises as hospitals, educational institutions and courts.

4.5.2 TRAFFICNOISE QUALITY Noiselevels were recordedat two locationseach in contract packageII-A and II-C. In package III, noise levels were recordedat four locationsin contract package III-Aand five locations in contract packageIII-C. Locationssuch as congestedjunctions, industrial areas and sensitive placeswere selectedand the measurementswere made with Cygnet hand held sound pressure level meter kept 15m away from the edge of the highway at a height 1.2m. In package IV, noise levels were measured30m away from the middle of the road and site selection was done on the basis of habitation, congested roads, junctions, bridges and check posts. Sound levels during the daytime varied from a minimum between 45-66dB(A) to a maximum between65-94dB(A). During night, the sound levels were generallylower compared to the day time and varied between a minimum of 40-6OdB(A)and a maximumof 51-85dB(A), except for a few locationsin PackageV suchas at Barkhata(km310) and Dumri(km353). In package V, noise levels were measuredat 20 locations out of which six locationswere in residential areas2 and rest in commercialareas. In residential, the daytime average varied

2 The classificationof roadsideareas as residential,commercial or industrialis difficult.Most of the roadsidebuilt-up area, even if predominantlyresidential, has a commercialor mixed industrial 4-9 Tn,d National Highways Project

between 60.5 to 77.5dB(A),while the nighttime averagevaried from 59.4 to 76.6dB(A). On the other hand, in commercial areas, daytime varialJon was between 63.9 to 78.OdB(A)and nighttime was between63.3 to 83.3dB(A).Noise exceededstandards on all the monitoring sites and noise levelswere observedto be critically high at Barhi (km 283), km 182, kml90, rkm203, km227, km228 and at Bagodar (km333), Dumri (km353), Isri Bazar (km356), Topchanchi (km388), Rajaganj(km388) and Barwa Adda(km398).Noise mitigation measures are essential at these locations(especially when sensitive receptorssuch as schools or hospitals are located nearby) as with increasingtraffic, the noise levels may increasefurther. However, provision of noise barriers must be judicious as most of these stretches are heavily built up either side (including street side markets). Noise barriers may not be feasible as these may reduce accessibilityand induce severanceof communities. Provision of noise barriers may actually create intolerablenoise islandsalso. The noise levels recorded along various location on the project highwayare as given in Tables4.30 through 4.33.

4.6 FLORA Due to intenseagricultural activities in the region, natural forests have depleted except in some parts in falling in the state of Bihar. However, plantations of orchards and groves of Mango, Guava,and Bananaand Mahuahave been reported in some of the stretches.

4.6.1 PROTECTEDFORESTI RESERVED FOREST AREAS There is no reserveforest within 10 km from both the sides of the project highway in all the packages.There are three protected forest between km 180-240 and between km 320-398.75 in PackageVA and VC respectively,the details of which are given in the following Table4.8. There is no reserveforest within 10 km. on either side of project highway. However,there is a Wildlife Sanctuary(therefore, a reservedforest) east of the project highway stretch of Package V-A. (PackageV-A ends at km240and the Sanctuarystarts at km242 on NH-2,on PackageV-B, which is not part of this presentproject). The Sanctuary,its baselinecondition and the probable impact on the flora and fauna has beendescribed in detail in the following sub-Section4.6.2. Table4.8: Reserved/ProtectedForest Areas along the ProjectHighway Si. No. Chainageof Nameof Reserved/ ForestDivision Natureof Species Road Protected Forest 1 km237-249.5 KahudagP.F. Gaya MainlyTeak, Sal, Khair 2 km325-329 BarwadihP.F. on Northand Hazaribag(West) MainlySal, Mixed jungle KirtodihP.F. on South

4.6.2 THE GAUTAMBUDDHA WILDLIFE SANCTUARY The NH-2 (formerly the ) passes through the Gautam Buddha Wildlife Sanctuaryfor a distanceof about 18km from km242 (and lies on Package V-B, which is not part of this project). The sanctuarystarts 2km after the end of PackageV-A of the project highway (at km240). The GautamBuddha Wildlife Sanctuarycomprises of a total area of 258.4km2 and falls under three forest divisions,viz., the Gaya ForestDivision, the KodermaForest Divisionand the Chatra (North) ForestDivision. In the sanctuary both riparian and patch forested corridors are prominent. However due to illegal tree felling, the green cover of the area has declined alarmingly. Forest fires have also contributedto this situation.In addition there are, within the jurisdiction of the sanctuary(both

ambience All the existing (predominantly)residential areas shovwa potential for increasing commercialization,in absenceof strict land use regulations.Considering the potentialland use transformation.these areas mayall be consideredcommercial or mixedindustrial areas. 4-10 Third National Highways Project

central and oer!- -eral) about 55 villages (158.4km2 or 61.3% of the total sanctuary area is under suc' .:::. -. '.;nd). The high cattle population(more than 8500 bovine animals and 14000 sheep and goz-,) of these villages has led to scarcity of herbivoretracts. The habitat of the sanctuary has been severely degraded due to anthropogenicactivities of these villages, which include collectionof non-timber food products,overgrazing, deforestation and frequent hunting and poachingof the animals. As stated above, more than 60% of the sanctuaryarea has been taken over by these villages, etc., causingto be degradedstate. The widespreadexistence of weeds especiallylantana is one of the predominantreason for the deterioration of the quality of habitat within the sanctuary.The uncontrolledgrowth of this weed has led to loss of biodiversitydue to loss of food for herbivoresand nestingsites for avian fauna. In addition to the heavy vehicular traffic passing through the stretch, commercial activities (such as Dhabas,truck parking, etc.) had sprung up long since, along the NH-2 and had disturbedthe ambienceof the sanctuary. The highway passesthrough the buffer area of the sanctuary3. The road has been operational for last 400 years and has already become part of the landscape.No major impact of the project is envisagedon the sanctuary. Moreover,environmental impact assessmentand environmentalmanagement plan for Package V-B (which passesthrough this stretch of forest) have also been prepared.This PackageV-B would be taken up for implementation in near future. When such implementationis taken up, environmental preventive and mitigation measures as per the respective environmental management plan will also be implemented.Therefore, any impact of highway development even if it exists will be mitigated adequately.

4.6.3 SOCIAL FORESTRY State GovernmentForest Departmentshave planted a variety of trees under the social forestry and the plantationforestry projects from 1983/84 onwardsall along the road on both the sides. Socialforestry plantationsin Uttar Pradeshare mainly comprisedof Dalbergiasissoo (Shisham), Eucalyptushybrid (Safeda), Cassiasiamea (Kala sins) and Delonixregia (Gulmohar).Plantation in Bihar mainly comprise of Acacia arabica (Kateri Babul), Prosopisjuliflora (Vilayati Babul), Albizzia lebbeck(Siris), Cassiasiamea (Kalasiris),Dalbergia sissoo.(Shisham) Parkinsonia aculeta (Klkar), Tectonagrandls (Saguan)and Eucalyptushybrid (Safeda).

4.6.4 ROADSIDE TREES WITHINTHE RoW Roadsidetrees will have an important impact pertaining to this project.This negative implication needs to be taken into considerationby compensatingwith new plantationalong the proposed alignment, which in most parts will affect the (southern side of) road. The stretch of NH-2 between PackageII-A and II-C has multiple rows of various specieson either sides such as Eucalyptus, Sheesham,Jarmun, Neem, Peepal,Mango, Kandhi and Babul. PackageIII has in addition to the trees mentioned above, Barpad,Amaltas Gulmohar, Mahua, Tamarind, Guava,Ashoka, Pakarand Gular. Package IV and V have similar kind of trees as mentioned in PackageII. However,in parts of the PackageV, teak, Sal, Khairare also found. The total number of trees existing on the RoW(or within 30m on either side of the existing road centre line) is 181,851(77,143 in PackageII, 58,157 in PackageIII, 38,451 in PackageIV and 8100 in PackageV). Of these about 36% would needto be felled due to this project.

4.6.5 GREEN TUNNELSAND GIANT TREES Green Tunnelsalong the project stretch have been observedon km.469 (PackageII-A), while in Package II-C there is a 6 km long stretch of green tunnel from km38 to km44. Continuous

3 The area under the highway is not, and has never been considereda part of the forest area. Due to existenceof the road, areas on either side are treated as bufferareas 4-11 Third National Highways Project

stretches of trees also occur on km55-56, km7l-72, km93-94, km44-45,km55-'%. km71-72and km93-94. As the packageenters Bihar, green tunnel formation becomesrare. t-rom Dehri-on- Sone to Aurangabadand Aurangabadto Dhanbad,green tunnelsare practicallynon-existent. Giant trees were found between Mohania(km7O) and Kudra (km92) in PackageIV. Kudra has a high density of trees/green tunnels. Giant trees are sporadicallypresent in PackageV without forming closed canopy. These trees are mainly Neem, Peepaland Bargadwith girths varying from 2 to 4m.

4.7 FAUNA Domesticatedanimals constitute the major proportionof faunal density in the area surrounding the project highway. No endangeredspecies has been reported in the area. Aquatic birds are reiatively very less in the project area. Commonbird populationcomprises bater, sone cherae;a, crow, maina, woodpecker,etc. Six types of rare birds have been reported at Rajpur near SAIL Chowk (Kanpur district). However,no endangeredspecies of avian fauna has been recorded in the influencezone of the proposed.project.

4.8 CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT I PROPERTIES The project highway traverses through a number of settlementsand is often dotted with religious and cultural properties, which though not of archaeological significance are nevertheless,very significantto the community. Cultural propertiesalong the project highway were identified and documentedbased on site surveysand during strip mapping. The city of Varanasiitself is an important Hindu pilgrimagescenter servingvery intense tourist traffic in Package IV-A, however, the city of Varanasi has already been bypassed through a new alignment. Punpun River crossingthe highway at km148 is being used by local population for some ritually obligatory halting/bathing place for pilgrims going to Gaya. The Shukla Talav in PackageII-A (more than 100m away from the project highway) is about 5km from Bara and is the only important archaeologicalproperty in the vicinity to the project highway. Noneof these placesare likely to be impactedby the project. The proposed project is likely to moderately affect .a number of smaller cultural properties (small roadside temples). Most of these temples do not have much significant religious importance and can be easilyshifted to alternativelocations through persuation. As a matter of fact, necessaryconsultations have already been held with the concernedpeople and they have broadly agreed for the shifting. Necessaryprovisions for relocaiton of these temples has already been made in the EMP budget. In cases where any big temple etc. have been encountered, then at such locations alignments have been suitably modified to avoid any adverse effect on such temples. In fact, the alignment in PackageIII-C neededmodification to savethe VinayakTemple at Mirzamoradand the Shiv Templeat Madhosingh. Table 4.9 summarises cultural properties (mostly small temples/mazars)that have been identified along the project highway. Tables 4.40 through 4.43 gives details of the cultural properties identifiedalong the project highway(both within and outsidethe RoW).

4-12 Third National H:ghLvavs Project

Table4.9: Small Religiousstructures within Rightof Way Package Temples Mosque Mazar/Shrine Total II-A 25 0 3 28 II-C 16 0 1 17 III-A 6 4 13 23 III-C 18 4 3 25 IV-B 17 0 0 17 IV-D 9 0 0 9 V-A 2 2 12 16 V-C 36 4 0 40 TOTAL 129 14 32 175

SOURCE:CONSULTANTS' SURVEYS AND ANALYSIS

4.9 OTHER AMENITIES There are number of amenities and utility serviceslocated along the highway like schools, n1haba,hospitals, etc. Of these, schools and hospitalsare important community facilities and impact on them should be looked into. Someschools are located within close proximity of the highway. All theseamenities/utilities wherever encountered have beenduly mitigated.

4.10 HUMAN HEALTH The survey of human health problem along the roadssuggests that inhabitantsof urban areas mostly complainabout the increasein respiratoryillnesses in form of asthma,recurrence of cold and cough. Occurrenceof Water borne diseaseswas observedin localities using river water, especiallyduring rainy season.

4.11 ROAD SAFETY Human safety is an important issue along the road as road is used by pedestrians,cyclists, animals, herdsmenas well as bullock carts, scooters,cars, buses,vehicles carrying hazardous industrial goods and trucks. These combinationscreate hazardousconditions for all the road users. Poor pavementstructure and lack of warning/informatorysigns and incidental parking especiallyin urban stretchesseem to be the reasonsfor accidentson the road. The number of serious accidents is correlated with the total number of accidents involving heavy vehicles.It has been observedthat accidentsinvolving trucks and busesconstitute 88% of the total accidents. Road safety is an issue that needed to be resolved through realignments, geometric improvementsleading to improved visibility and greater (road) turning radii. For example, the stretch of the projecthighway between km157and km'58 has poor visibility. Road safety may be improvedin this stretch by providing better illumination,and by putting up signals between kml20 and kml30 in PackageIII-A. Safety measuresin PackageIII-C are neededat km245- 248, km288-295and km308-315.The busyrailway level crossingin PackageIV-D is an issueof concern and an over bridge might be required to reducethe risk of accidents.Dumri Isri Bazaar (km352-357) in packageV-C, which is a very busy area, needssome form of grade-separation to ensure safetyof pedestriansand vehiculartraffic.

4-13 Third National Highways Project

4.12 GENERAL ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT The project area represents a typical rural cum semi-urbanizedeconomy, mainly based on agricultural industrieswith its out-dated modesand methodsindicating lopsided development. UP is a key producer of food grains and oilseedsin the country and leads in the production of wheat, maize, barley, gram and sugarcane. The State produces more than 50% of the sugarcaneproduced in the country. Bihar is also an agro-basedeconomy though it leads in mineral production,which is basedon the mines located in the eastern and southern parts of the State. The major crops are sugarcane, oilseeds, potato and jute. The state accounts for nearly 40% of the mineral production in the country.

4.13 GENERAL SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT Majority of peopleliving in the project area belongto the lower middleclass with the exception of peoplein PackageII whereinmore than 50% of the populationare well off. Castehierarchy seemsto exist in the social strata. Literacylevels in the study area are below the nationallevels. Primary occupationof the people living along the corridor is agriculture or transport related activities. Activitiesalso include serviceslike small workshops,dhaba, etc. Peoplein PackageIII seem to be predominantlyinvolved in businessactivities. The socio-economicanalysis of people, structures and property likely to be impacted by the proposed project has been presented in the Resettlement Action Plan of the respective packages. FollowingTable 4.10 gives the breakup of the likely social impacts due to the proposedproject. Table4.10: LikelySocial Impacts of the ProposedProject S. No. Location l Package Projected Project ProjectAffected (km) Affected affected Structures IPeople a rea(ha) Residential Commercal 1 393-470 IIA 4835 68 965

2 i 39-115 IIC 6071 _ 244 934 3 115-158 IIIA 2340 2.0 97 238 4 245-317 IIC 9095 2.0 245 818 5 65-110 IVB 359 2.02 15 20 6 1 140-180 IVD 568 1.065 20 53 7 l 180-240 VA 1188 7.96 68 65 320-398.7 VC 2572 45.56 233 142 Total 27028 60.605 990 | 3235

Source: Consultants'SurveysAnduAnalysis Table4.11: SoilType And Potential For ErosionAlong Project Highway (Package III & IV) Location Typeof soil 1 Potentialfor Soil Erosion 115-158 Alluvialpale brown to whitish and deep 1 Low 245-317 Alluvialpale brown to whitish and deep Low 42-111 Mostlyclay of low plasticity Low 112-180 Clay of mediumto low plasticityand silty clayof Low mediumplasticity Source: Consultants'SurveysAnd Analysis

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Table 4.12: Quarries and Crushers identified along the Project Highway (Package III)

Si. ] Place Distance from Project Remarks No. _PlaceHighway I __Remarks___ I Kabri|233 Hard Stone;suitable both for bituminous and 1Kabrn 23 Iconcretework

2 Banda 1 193 jHard Stone;suitable both for bituminousand !concretework

3 | Shankaragarh i 45 ISoft stone; fit for sub-basework 4 ! 1 45 !Soft stone; fit for sub-basework 5 Birohi(Mirzapur) 110(30 from Aurai) !Stoneballast for sub-basework 6 Dalla 245 (125 from Varanasi) lHard stone; suitablefor concretingjobs 7 Sukrat 170(50 from Varanasi) Stonessuitable for sub-base

Source: Consultants'SurveysAnd Analysis

Table 4.13: Quarries and Crushersidentified, along the Project Highway (Package IV) Si. No. I Km. Place ! Distancefrom NH2 1 I 117 Tarachandi, 7 2 125 Karwandia 3 3 182 SandalHills 3 4 182 SalupraHills f)

5 I 176 Salaiha 12 6 17 Dalla 130 7 17 Mirzapur 130 8 222 Manpur j 35 9 222 Karjara OnGaya Navada Road

Source. Consultants'Surveys.

Table 4.14: Quarries and Crushers identified along the Project Highway (Package V) Si. No. Km Place I Remarks 1 124-50 | , KarbandiaStone 2 210-17 | L KalonaPahar 3 222-32 Gaya StoneQuarries 4 222-50 Bela StoneQuarries 5 222-65 Barwar Pahar StoneQuarries 6 283-27 Ambadah i StoneQuarry 7 283-33 Purnadi StoneQuarry 8 283-36 Navelsalvi& KatariatStone 9 283-49 I NawadihStone 10 362-3 Sita NallahStone Quarry Source:ConstLtants Surveys.

4-15 Third National Highways Project

Table 4.15: Ground water Quality along the Project Highway (Package II)*

- -- ~~~~~~~~~~~~I Total Si. Water pH Conductivity I I . Coliform Total No.S Resource micro TSS TDS DO BOD COD Chlonde Alkalinity Count Hard Icium mhos//cm g ~~~~~~~~MPN1100mi. RaniaKanpur 8.33 - 449 42.1 25.8 560 56

Sarsaul 7.7 275 35 42.7 .480 182 7.15 6~~27 356 42. 3 Fatehpur 7.15 6 48 3500 - ______I._ 88 Bilinda 7.97 6.x10 340 112 24.7 330 324 240.48 32 D Km87 9.13; 2.1x10io 88 48, 8 7.12 88 156 100.2 All valuesare in mg/I, except pH, conductivityand total coliform count. Source:Consultants' Surveys.

Table 4.16: Ground water Quality along the Project Highway (Package III)* Si. Conductivity f Alkalinit Total No. W R micro mhos//cm D D C y Hardness 1 Sujrahi(HP) 7.6 600 ! 300.0 13 19 460.0 315.0 2 Ma)irgaon(HP) 7.3 444 222.0 6 11 330.0 267.5 3 GulamipurTube-well 7.9 411 1 206.0 9 13 312.0 272.5 35-6.0 6 10 578.0 320 | 4 Handia(HP) 8.3 7.11 5325.0 5 Bhiti (HP) 7.0 127 64.0 18 24 96.0 112.5 6 JanglganjWell i 7.9 480 240.0 10 13 644.0 280.0 7 Babusarai well 8.1 132 660.0 1.8 10 390.0 495.0 All valuesare. in mg/I, except pH, conductivity and total coliform count. Source:Consu/tants'Surveys.

Table 4.17: Ground water Quality along the Project Highway (Package IV)* SI. Total Colifor PH DO BOD COD Chloride Alkalinity Count MPN/100 ml Total Hardness No. ______N_ _1 _ _r_ ount__ _ _ _ m___ _ _ 1 ' 7.70 7.0 1.9 31 100 I 339 48 169 7.90 7.3 1 1.7 14 121 410 155 2 39

3 7.50 7.6 1.2 19 141 245 40 141 All valuesare in mg/I,except pH, conductivity and total coliform count. Source: Consultants'Surveys.

4-16 Third National Highways Project

Table 4.18: Ground water Quality along the Prr: ect Highway (Package V)*

No. Waer Resource PH TSS TDS Chloride Alkalinity Lead Turbidity Total Calcium

1 Barwa Adda 7.00 1.0 146 17.04 110 <0.01 0.60 124 24 2 Bagodar 6.50 5.0 748 238.5 275 <0.01 2.00 608 152.6 3 Barhi 6.80 11.0 1106 423.2 305 <0.01 3.10 752 226 4 BhaluaR.F. 6.40. 9.0 296 56.8 155 <0.01 1.10 192 40 5 Madanpur 7.30 1.0 407 73.85 325 <0.01 0.20 244 49.7

* All valuesare in mg/l, exceptpH, conductivity and total coliform count. Source: Consultants'Surveys. Table 4.19: Water Qualityalong the Project Highway (Package II)* Si. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~TotalColiform Cacu No. Water Resource pH TSS DO BOD COD|Count MPN/100 mlCidum 1 SengurRiver 3 51 2000 240.48 2 Rind River Rania 7.84 675 5.5 4 28 2500 3 PanduRiver (SAIL 8.52 132 6.5 3.3 41 | 2800 Chowk-Bhaunti _ _

* All valuesare in mg/I,except pH, conductivity and total coliform count 5-ore: Ca'sultants'Survres.

Table 4.20: Water Quality along the Project Highway (Package m)* iSi. Km WtrRsuc H Conductivity Total t lKm |Water Resource |PH |jconmhtvly |TDS BOD COD AlkalinityHrde No. micromhos//cm '"" Hardness 1 133 Sasur KhaderiRiver 7.9 244 122 27 32 170 85.0 2 NaulakhaSingh 8.3 304 152 32 44 226 100.0 Talab 3 BheskiTalab 7.6 213 107 24 28 156 112.5 4 248.1 Basupur(Pond) 7.1 230 161 22 26 148 157.5 5 255.4 Bhiti (Pond) 7.8 522 .261 21 24 412 307.5 6 264.4 Junglganj (Pond) 7.4 | 116 58 8 12 86 92.5 7 | lunglganj Nullah 8.2 287 144 18 27 195 150.0 8 282.4 MadheoSingh Pond 8.5 849 424 9 12 428 550.0

* All valuesare in mg/I,except pH, conductivity and total coliform count. Source:Crsultant'Surveys.

Table 4.21: Water Quality along the Project Highway (Package IV)* Conductivity TotalColifonrn No. Km WaterResource pH| micro TSS TDS DO BOD CODChloride Alkalinity Lead Oil and Count No. ~~~~~~~~mhos//cm ______MPN/100 ml. 7.2 1450 100 500 6.0 2.4 8.0 16.02 95 Not |1148 gRiver Punpun detect 0.01 Notdetected ______~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ed_ _ 2 156 RiverBatane 8.0 1540 400 500 7.0 1.8 1.5 14.02 130 Not Not | d L21156 |River Batane | ll l l l l l l ||eetd eddet Noedetcte°dtce

Adri 1 7.4 1420 - . - 6.0 2.3 4.3 16.02 135 Not Not | d 3 165 Adri N W detected ______ed ~~~~~~~~~~detected L4 169 j Terar 7.7 1510 - - 6.0 2.1 4.8 14.02 - 35002

4-17 Third National Highways Project

L5! - Keshar | 7.1 1280 55 5.8 | 2.8 j140.0o8.5 27.00 69 |0.08| 0.04 400 All valuesare in mg/I,except pH, conductivity and total coliform count.

Source: Consultants'Sunveys.

Table 4.22: Water Quality along the Project Highway (Package V)*

SI. No. Km. Water Resource pH TDS DO Lead Oil and Grease 1 180 Pondat Madanpur 8 286 3.6 <0.01 0.68 2 210 Morhar River 8.1 208 8.4 <0.01 0.36 3 212 BudhRiver 7.05 248 8.2 <0.01 1.17 4 221 LilajanCanal 7.7 180 11.0 <0.01 1.07 5 242 Streamat Bhalua 8.05 206 6.8 <0.01 0.35 6 247 MohanaRiver 8.1 176 6.2 <0.01 0.36 7 311 LehariNadi 8.01 184 7.1 <0.01 0.35 8 312 Pondat Madanpur 7.03 246 8.4 <0.01 1.15 9 317 GorharRiver 8.3 280 3.6 <0.01 0.62 10 334 Pondat Madanpur 7.98 298 5.2 <0.01 0.74 11 367 KulgoNadi 7.04 196 9 <0.01 1.12 12 388 Pondat Madanpur 8.2 288 3.7 <0.01 0.66 13 388 Pondat Rajgaunj 8.04 284 4.1 <0.01 0.67 All valuesare in mg/I, exceptpH, conductivity and total coliform xount Source:Consultants'Surveys.

Table 4.23: Baseline Ambient Air Quality alongthe Project Highway (Package II) Si. 5PM No, O Pb 3 No. No Place pg/rn pg/rnNo, 3SPm pg/nilP 3 pg/rn1t/3 Remarkseak 1 Bhognirpurcrossing 265 19 * 8 0.5 The SPMlevels are high due RaniaPadav totraffic congestion, .2 (Industrial Area) 710 26 14 0.15 settlements,an _ . a~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~nthtroptogenicactivities 3 Lalpur Brick Kiln 394 15 8 0.21 4 (InChaudagra 648 28 12 0.21 (industrial_area) ______Source:Consultants'Surveys.

Table 4.24: BaselineAmbient Air Quality along the Project Highway (Package II) (Minimum)

NSo. Km. Place SPM RPg/M gM 1 SMO Cg/m3 Pg/M3 Remarks

1 254 Handia 598 365 39 32 920 0.25 The SPMlevels are high due 2 275 Gopigang 820 360 40 1 33 887 0.36 to traffic congestion, 3 l l l | settlements,an 3 286.5 Aurai 685 465 30 { 32 827 0.15 anthropogenicactivities 4 301 - Hospital 465 320 28 | 35 825| 0.15 5 305 School 585 355 26 J 35 819 0.15 Source:Consu/tants'Suvreys.

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Table 4.25: Baseline Ambient Air Qiaii'-M zong the Project Highway (Package m) (Maximurn)

SI. Km. RPM No S0 c PbReak No.3 Km. t0Place SgM3 jrRPM j 3 g/gM3 Prg/M3 P 3 Remarks

1 254 Handia 695 425 43 35 1140 1 The spm levels are high due 2 275 Gopigang 915 525 45 38 1130 1.5 to traffic congestion, I~ _ _settlements, an 3 286.5 Aurai 825 535 40 36 1075 0.75 anthropogenic activities 4 301 Hospital 925 410 40 42 1014 1 5 305 School 725 387 38 42 1025 1 Source: Consultants'Surveys.

Table 4.26: Baseline Air Quality along the Project Highway (Package IV) (Rainy Season)

Si.] SPM RPM No. So2 CO Pb No Km. Place g/rn 3 g/rM3 jig/r 3 Pg/rM3 mg/M 3 pg/M 3 Remarks

11 69 Mohania 180 121 28 21 1.05 0.67 2 93 Kudra 210 135 17 14 1.09 0.62 3 152 Preetampur 206 90 20 18 0.4 0.82 4 179 RaniGanj 160 62 17 16 0.5 0.64 5 162 Aurangabad 24 16 Source: Consultants'Surwys.

Table 4.27: Baseline Air Quality along the Project Highway (Package IV) (Winter Season)

Si. 5PM RPM No, SO, co HC Pb No. Km. Place jo/r 3 jg/r 3 jg/r 3 jg/rn2 mg gr jg/rn Remarks

1 69 Mohania 205 145 40 30 1.95 0.67 0.81 2 93 Kudra 24 160 35 33 1.65 0.62 0.85 6 152 Preetampur 265 110 35 29 0.65 0.82 1.25 7 179 Rani Ganj 180 78 23 17 0.7 0.64 0.87

"1-0 162 Aurangabad ______24 20

Source: Consultants'Surveys.

Table 4.28: Baseline Air Quality along the Project Highway (Package V)

SI.I | |SPM RPM No. S02 CO | HC Pb No.eS Km. Place j"!ig/njg/r3 3 ig/rnjig/rn3 3 ipg/rn3 ig/rn3 Iglmgrn Remarks

The CO levelsin certain 210-283 Locationi 322.3 170.5 145.2 <1.7 4332 326 0.01 stretches or higher than

1 (Sherghat)_____ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~CPCBlimitsand this are Location2 497.6 290.3 156.2 <1.7 3420 342 0.11 attributed totraffic and indUstrialactivities Location 3 220.5 120.6 101.3 <1.7 4560 342 <0.005 283-356 Location 1(Barhi) 689.8 365.6 37 <1.7 3306 646 0.09 2| : Location2| 189 102.8 61.6 <1.7 3306 582 0.11 Location 3 318.8 162.3 59.1 <1.7 3876 I 582 0.08

3i395875 BLocaioznar)I 159.8 85.4 105.1 <1.7 3306 706 0.07

4-19 Third National Highways Project

SPM RPM No. S02 CO HC I Si.Plc pgrMgrpgr grpgn I Pb Km. Place pg/m pg/m pg/mpg/nn UM/g/mmpg/m3 Remarks No. _ Lcain 37. 40. 32. 31. 239 <15 003______Location2 64.5 35.3 47.3 <1.7 2736 326 i <0.005 _ ~~~~~Location3 74.2 40.2 132.4 1<1.7 2394 <125; 0.07 Source: Consultants'Surveys.

Table 4.29: Baseline Noise levels along Project Highway (Package II)

Si. Km. Place Day Time (6am to 9pm) Night Time (9pm to 6am) No. Noise levels dB(A) Noise levels dB(A) =__ Maximum Minimum Maximum j Minimum 1 Bhognipur 77 77 71.0 45 2 RaniaPadao 80.4 55 87.5 45 3 RamaDevi 82.49 55 87.37 45 4 Naubasta 86.38 55 84.01 45 5 Chaudagara 75.87 55 79.58 45

6 Fatehpur | 81.3 55 79.1 45

Sou,re:Convtants'Suveys.

Table 4.30: Baseline Noise levels recorded along Project Highway (Package M)

1-I Night Time (9pm to 6am) No. Km. ace Noise levels dB(A)

.l Maximum 1 118.4 Kanwar 63 2 130 Ajuha 79 3 139 Saini 74 4 145 Gulamipur 78 5 254 Handia 75 6 275 Gopiganj 73 7 286.5 Aurai 81 8 301 Hospital 75 9 305 1 School 61 Seurce:Consultants'Surveys.

Table 4.31: Baseline Noise levels recorded along Project Highway (Package IV)

No. P Day Time (6am to 9pm) Night Time (9pm to 6am) No. Km. ace Noise levels dB(A) Noise levels dB(A)

= ______Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum 1 133-135 Dehri-on-Sone 86 50 74 48 2 |159-162 Aurangabad 80 52 | 65 43 l 3 J 178-180 Endof Project 78 50 | 55 40 Source: Consu/tants'Surveys.

4-20 Third National Highways Project

Table 4.32: BaselineNoise levels recorded along Project Highway (Package V) I Day Time (6 to 9am) Night Time (9pm to 6am) SI. No. Km Place Noise levels dB(A) Noise levels dB(A) Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum 1 187 Madanpur 99.5 57.2 91 69 2 210 92.2 58.5 89.3 61 3 216 Gopalpur 86 58.8. 69.9 55 4 222 Dobhi 104.4 53.2 97.5 54.2 5 234 Barachatti 85.5 50.7 81.3 55.5 6 1 240 Bhalua 95 57 92 57.5 7 1 247 NearMohana river 104.2 56.2 94.4 62.7 8 264 85.4 52.8 79.3 55.2 9 375 Topchanchi 93.8 64.3 92.3 72.3 10 1 278 Singhrawan 98 61 86.4 62 11 283 Barhi 101 65 86 60.4 12 310 78.9 58.5 92.3 65.3 13 317 NearGorhar Bridge 77.8 58.7 76.6 58.3 14 333 Bagodar 92.3 60.2 98.4 67 15 353 Dumri 85.7 64.5 94.3 65.4 16 355 Isri Bazar 94.3 .65.2 94.3 72.3 17 349 NearKulgi Nadi 85 55.9 78.9 57.7 18 | 385 AgricultureField 93.5 40.3 93.3 53.8 19 388 Rajganj 93.2 -65 94.5 75.6 20 398 Barwa4Adda 92.3 65. 93.8 68.5 Source:Consitalt'Surveys.

Table 4.33: Borrow Areas Identified along the Project lighway (Package II) Distance from NH-2 Si. No. Km. Place I 1.13-15Along the highwayor vici (in m) 1 13-15 Alongthe highwayor vicinity 20-30 57-9 Alongthe highwayor vicinity [ 20-30 3 5-8 Alongthe highwayor vicinity 20-30 4 1-3 Alongthe highway or vicinity 20-30 5 437-439 Bara Bhaunti 140

6 450-453 _ 2 7 57-59 Alongthe highwayor vicinity 30 8 61.2 Alongthe highwayor vicinity 50 9 66-68 Alongthe highwayor vicinity 30 10 74-80 Alongthe highwayor vicinity 30 11 83.6 Alongthe highway or vicinity 45 12 87.9 Alongthe highwayor vidnity 700 13 90.1 Alongthe highwayor vicinity 400 14 105.8 Alongthe highwayor vicinity 50 Source:Consultants'Surveys.

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Table 4.34: Borrow Areas Identified along the Project Highway (Package III)

SI. No. Km. Place Type of Road Distance from Size/Quantity Ownership Remarks ______N H -2 (k in)______PACKAGE-111

1____ 115.5- Sujrahi Kutcha 0.3 10000m3 Private 12 trees; Partly low lying and partly raised upland; owner __ 115.5- ______wants to developthe area into pond 2 115.8 Garaulipur Kutcha 0.9 15000m3 Private Low lying area; No trees; Owner wants to develop pond; ______~~~~~~~~~~Scantypaddy cultuvation 3 Garaulipur Kutcha 0.1 20000m3 Private Low lying area with Baboolshrubs; No trees 3 4 _ ___ 116.2- Sujrahi Pukka 0.5 6000m Private Flatland;Usar; No trees 5 118.6 Khuslaripur Pukka 1.1 12000m3 Private Raisedland;3 trees and shrubs 6 Katoghan Pukka 1.2 2500Dm3 Private Shrubsonly; Raisedland;Usar 7 Akodhia Pukka 0.1 1200Dm3 GramSabha Raisedand flat terrain; No trees 8 Katoghan Pukka 0.2 10000m3 Private Shrubsand grasses;No trees; Partly usar land 9- 121.8 - Porain Pukka 0.15 15000m3 Gram sabha A low lying area with small ditch; Seven trees 10 123 Porain Pukka 0.3 1500Dm3 GramSabha Raisedland; No vegetation

3 11 Chhimi Pukka 2.2 30000m| Private Flat, level land; No vegetation; Owner wants to develop it in __Chii_u_ ka.2 3Privat_ pond 12 Chhimi Pukka 2.7 80000m3 Private Raisedland with grassesonly 13 Porain No road . 02 20000m3 Private Infertile low land 14 123.1 Porain Kutcha 0.15 85000m3 Private Raisedland; No trees 15 125 Bagaha Kutcha 0.6 15000m3 GramSabha Uplandwithout vegetation 16 128.8- Bhoula Pukka 0.2 20000m3 Private No trees; Slightly raised land 17 B129.6houla Pukka 0.4 200Dm3 Private Unevenland with ditches and eight trees 18 Ken Pukka 0.6 3000Dm3 GramSabha Raisedland and grasses;Road passesthrough the village 19 Ken Pukka 1 3000Dm3 GramSabha Flat land; No vegetation; Road passesthrough the village 20 _Ken PUkka 1 13000Dm3 Private Raisedland; Infertile: Usar 21 Bhairon Pukka 2 9500Dr3 Gram Sabha Infertile land; the area is raised 4-22 Thtd National Highways Project

Si. No. Km. Place Type of Road Distance from Size/Quantity Ownership Remarks ______(k )______NH-2 3 22 Ken Pukka 1.2 80000m . Private Landmostly infertile; Roadopens in Ajuha market 23 Bahuan Pukka 1 3000Dm3 GramSabha Flatland covered with wild grassesonly Roadopens in Ajuha 24 131 Mariamarirasulpur Kutcha 0.5 18500M3 Private Slightlyraised land with cultivation of maize 25 133.5 Athsarai PUkka 0.4 8000m3 Private Raisdland surrounded by shrubs and under trees 26 134- Athsarai Pukka 0.2 8000m3 Private Elevatedland without vegetation 27 135.2 Sadho PUkka 0.8 25000m3 Private Barrenland; Five trees 28 Sadho Pukka 0.9 5000Dm3 Private Flat, barten land; NO vegetation 29 Doorma Kutcha 0.4 15000m3 Gram Sabha Pond + Shrubs,non fertile land two lanes 30 137.7 Melal medura Kutcha 0.7 1000m3 Private Cultivatatland, surface uneven 31 141.2 Peharpur Kutcha 0.9 900Dm3 Private Infertile level; No trees 32 143.8 Gulamipur No road 0.03 10000m3 Private Wastelandwith bushesonly 33 154.6 Kaslawest Kutcha 1.5 1200Dm3 GramSabha Raisedland, No trees 34 155.2 Kaslawest Pukka 1 15000m3 Private Thoughcultivable land, but the yield is poor 35 252.5 Upardhan Pukka 0.35 14000Dm3 Private. Heapof soil; Infertile; 1 Bnabu tree & 2 Neemtrees 36 252.5 Upardhan Pukka 0.2 130000m3 Private Heapof soil; 2 trees of Babul, 2 Mahua; Infertile 37 255.3 Barautn Pukka 0.15 3000Dm3 Private Heapof soil; Infertile; 1 Babul tree 38 255.4 Barautnmarket Pukka 0.05 40125m' Private Heapof soil; Infertile; 2 Babultrees 39 248.4 Basupur Pukka 0.3 93000m3 Private Heapof-soil; Infertile: No trees 40 249.8 Chakda Pukka 0.2 3800Dm3 Private Infertile land; No trees 41 257 Lasar Pukka 0.2 2700Dm3 Private Down land; Infertile; No trees 42 264.9 Sufi nagar Pukka 0.1 30600m3 Private Big heapof soil; Innfertile 43 269.5 Holopur Pukka 0.02 300Dm3 Private RaisedInfertile land; No trees

44 278.5 LalaNagar 44 278.5 Lala NagarPitch road 0.2 600Dm6000m33 Private ~~~~~~~fisheriesInfertile land; No trees; Can be converted in to pond for 45 265.6 Daurahl Pukka 0.2 6000Dm3 Private Cultivatedland; No trees 46 265.6 Daurahl Kutcha 0.3 3000Dm3 Private Cultivatedland; No trees 47 269.2 Holapur Pukka 1.2 7500pm3 Private Raisedland; Infertile; No trees

4-23 I had NallotnalHighways Project

Distance from Si. No. Km. Place Type of Road DHi-2 (km) Size/Quantity Ownership Remarks .. ., , ... .__ .___ _- .(kin ______.__ 48 269.3 Holapur Pulka/Kutcha 1.3 180000m3 Private Cultivatedarea;; No trees 49 280.3 Aurangabad Pukka 1.2 150000m3 Private Raisedland; Infertile; No trees 3 50 273.3 Chakri Renjanpur Kutcha 4.1 200000m Private Raisedelivated & Infertile, 1 Mango tree, 1 Babul 51 273.3 ChakriRenjanpur Kutcha 4 200000m3 Private Infertile land 52 283.8 Bagwanpur Kutcha 4 1000Gm3 Private Heapof soil; Infertile land 53 283.8 Jairampur Kutcha 1.6 40000m3 Private Raised;Infertile; No trees 54 285.4 Hamirpur Kutcha 1 34000m3 Private Raised;Infertile; 2 Mangotrees & 1 Mahuatree 55 291.4 Maharajgang Kutcha 0.7 21800Gm3 Private Cultivatedareas; No trees 56 291.4 Maharajgang Kutcha 0.8 24000m3 Private Cultivated;Slope; No trees 57 294.4 Bhitli Kutcha 1.5 30000mm3 Private Cultivated; Unevenland 58 291.4 Bhitli Kutcha 2.7 150000m3 Private Cultivatedraised land; No trees 59 294.2 KaraharTara Kutcha i 360000m3 Private Infertile; Raisedland; No trees 60 298.1 Guria Pukka 0.2 3800Gm3 Private Down land; Infertile; No trees 61 298.1 Guria Pukka 0.4 350000m' Private Barren, raised land 62 298.4 Dehru Kutcha 0.8 19200m3 Private Heapof soil; Infertile; No trees 63 302.8 Chitrasenpur Pukka 0.2 7200m3 Private Smallraised land, unfertile 64 306.5 Shiv Rampur Pukka 0.1 32000Gm3 Private Big areaof upward soil; Barren 65 308.4 Mirzamurad Kutcha 0.9 1800Gm3 Private Cuktivatedland; No trees 66 308.5 Kalishpur Kutcha 2 20000m3 Private Cultivatedarea 67 312.9 Badi Kauri Kutcha 37000m 3 Private Cultivatedarea Source:Consultants' Su,veys.

4-24 Third National Highways Project

Table 4.35: Borrow Areas Identified along the Project Highway...CONTINUED..(Package IV)

Distance Sie Si. No. Km. Place from NH-2 Ownerhip Remarks

Karwandahills (kin) QuantityOwespRmak 1 Karwandiahills 1.3 Hillocks 2 Banksof Domuhan 7 km. south of Aurangabadtown 71 1.5 20230m 3 Private High agriculturalland 4 73 0.2 10115 m3 Pnvate High agriculturalland 5 75 Kariaram 0.2 12500m 3 Private Highagricultural land 6 75 Kariaram 0.2 6069m 3 Barrenland 7 76 0.2 50000m 3 Barrenland 8 84.3-85 0.2 84000m 3 Private Highagricultural land 9 95.3-95.8 0.2 60000 m3 Barrenland i 10 97 1.0 50000m 3 Barrenland 11 97 0.5 62500m 3 Riverbed 12 96-97 0.5 60000m 3 Hilkcks 3 13 97-98 1.0 60000m Barrenland 14 98-99 0.S 150000m 3 Barrenland 3 15 101.4 ______1.5 48552m Barrenland 16 106 2.0 30345m 3 Barrenland 17 143 _Tendua 1.0 3641m 3 Barrenland 18 144. Sinduna I 0.2 9710m 3 Private High Mound 19 147 0.5 48000DM3 HighMound 20 147 0.5 13500M 3 High Mound 3 21 152 0.2 6000 m High Mound 22< 155 0.2 18000m3 High Mound 3 23 4 155 0.2 12000m High Mound 24 155.7 0.2 9000 m3 High Mound 25 155.7 0.5 24000m 3 River bed 26 159 Jasuya/Hannsoli 1.0 50575m 3 Private Highagriculture land 3 27 165 RawalBigha 1.5 80920m Private High agricultureland / Barrenland 28 167 MunshiVilla 0.2 12000m 3 Barrenland 1 29 167 MunshiVilla 0.2 12000m 3 Barrenland 30 167-168 MunshiVilla 1.0 24276m 3 Highagriculture land 3 31A 168-169 MunshiVilla 1.0 24276m Highagriculture land 32 170-171 Karhara 1 1.5 24276m 3 Highagriculture land 33 171 Kanbehri 1.0 24276m 3 Highagriculture land 34 171.8 Kanbehri 0.1 20000m 3 Private Shallowpond 3 1 35 172 Bheriya 0.2 38842m Barrenland 36 172 1Bheriya 1.5 24276m 3 Highagriculture land 37 172.5 0.2 15000m 3 Barrenland 38 174.5 Sherganj j 0.2 22500m 3 Barrenland 39 175.5 |Sherganj 0.2 6000 m3 |Barrenland

4-25 Third National Highways Prfoect

Distance Size/, Si. No. Km. Place from NH-2 Quantity Ownership Remarks (kin) ______(km)_Quantity 40 175.5 Sherganj 0.2 9000m 3 Barrenland 41 175.5 Teldiha 1.0 16184m 3 Private High agricultureland 42 175.5 Teldiha 1.5 12138m3 High agricultureland 43 176-177 Datpi 0.5 24276m 3 High agricultureland 44 178-179 Sherganj 0.2 30000m 3 Barrenland 45 178.5 1.0 I 24276m 3 Barrenland 46 179.5 RaniganjMor 0.2 iooo ml Barrenland 47 179 Mirzapur(Bao) | 0.2-2.5 121380m 3 High agricultureland 48 180 RaniganjMor 0.2 5000m 3 Private Barrenland Source:Consultants'Suwveys.

Table 4.35: Borrow AreasIdentified along the Project Highway ... CONTINUED ...(Package V)

SI. No. Km. Place Distance from Size/Quan Remarks

1 181 Kusaha 100 4.8 Pond 2 185 Patbyn | 1000 1.2 Pond 3 186 Madanpur 1000 2 Agriculture 4 187 Valuvan 500 16 Agriculture 5 197 Bnndawan l 2 1.6 BarrenLand 6 198 Shawkala 500 2.4 BarrenLand 7 202 Muraniya 500 12 BarrenLand 8 205 Hamjapur S00 2.4 BarrenLand 9 212 UddanBigha 1000 4 Agriculture 10 213 Gopalpur 200 1.2 Agriculture 11 214 Gopalpur 200 2.4 lBarren Land 12 214 Gopalpur 200 2.4 jBarren Land 13 221 Dobhi 1000 2.8 Agriculture 14 | 223 |Amarua 1000 4 !Agriculture 15 224 |Surajmandal 100 1.6 lAgriculture 16 224 Surajmandal 100 1.6 iAgriculture 17 228 Bachdeya 500 2.4 |Pond 18 236 Kahudag 100 3.6 lPond 19 237 Nayagardan 2000 1.6 lBarren Land f 20l 237 TKanudag 100 2 Agriculture 21 | 238 IKanudag 1000 9.6 BarrenLand 51 320 !Atka 100 5acre !Agriculture 52 { 322 lBanwari 1500 5acre |Agriculture 53 324 lBanwari 500 3acre lAgriculture 554 1 326 |Soneturpi 500 8acre lBarren Land 55 330 lSoneturpi 500 Sacre !BarrenLand 56 337 Hasla 1000 10acre l BarrenLand

57 338 Haisla I 100 l5acre BarrenLand

4-26 Third Nvational Highways Project

Si. No. Kmn Pit-e Distancefrom Size/Quan Remarks

______T1 gdce NH-2 (m) tity (ha) ______58 339 lHaisla 500 5acre BarrenLand 59 342 1000 10acre Agriculture 60 344 Ghanghari 1000 20acre Agriculture 61 348 Kulgu 105 5acre Agriculture 62 350 Kulgu 1000 ilacre Agriculture 63 352 Ghoutwali 200 7acre BarrenLand 64 354 Khakikala 500 7acre BarrenLand 65 360 Balutunda 2000 6acre Pond 66 363 Baltharia 2000 3acre BarrenLand 67 365 Vikhnidihi 1000 6acre Agriculture 68 367 galagi 1000 4acre Agriculture 69 368 Kalyanpur 1500- - 5acre Agriculture . - 70 370 Chalkaric 200 19acre Agriculture 71 371 Chalkaric 300 8acre Agriculture 72 375 Rangnitam 2000 10acre Agriculture 73 386 Bartanr 500 20acre Agriculture 74 395 Udaypur 500 Bacre Agriculture 75 397 Banglatanr 500 Sacre Agriculture Source: Consuatant&'Surveys. Table 4.36: Flowing Water Resourcesalong the Project Corridor (Package UI & I) - Krn. | WaterSources |

15.000 Sengur Rive 464.000 .Rind River

131.5 SasurKhaderi river 252.8 UpardahaTalNulah Souere:Cotnsuxatwns'utyeys.

Table 4.37: Flowing Water Resourcesalong the Project Corridor (Package IV)

Km. Water Sources Remarks

PACKAGE-I ______-- ___ ._ 93 Canal In Bihar 97 Kudra In Bihar 148 Punpun In Bihar 156 Batane In Bihar 165 Adari In Bihar 169 Terar In Bihar 176 Kesar In Bihar Source: Consultants'Surveys.

4-27 ______7_ ThirdNational Highways Project

Table 4.38: Flowing Water Resourcesalong ti.- Project Corridor (Package V)

Km. Water Sources Direction of Flow Remarks PACKAGE- - . . . . V ._._._. 182.642 Ihari Nadi South to North Leadingto Major River Lilajan 182.882 A Stream South to North Leadingto Major River Lilajan 193.128 Badi River South to North Leadingto Major River Lilajan 197.865 Brindavan South to North Leadingto Major River Lilajan 210.328 Mortar River Southto North Leadingto Major River Liiajan 211.647 Buddha River South to North Leadingto Major River Lilajan 2117.933 A Stream South to North Leadingto Major River Lilajan 222.750 A Stream South to North Leadingto Major River Lilajan 223.764 South to North Leadingto Major River Lilajan 229.108 GulshakriRiver South to North I-Leadingto Major River Lilajan 234.300 Gokhle River South to North !Leadingto Major River Lilajan A stream namedAtak nala, within the protected 325.070 forest area South to North Leadingto Major River Barakr

327.700 A stream named Baghiata,within the protected South to North Leadingto Major River Barakar forest area ______328.190 Two streams,names Manthitila and KheroNala Southto North Leadingto Major River Barakar within the.protectedforest area SuhtNrhLaitoMjrveBrb 328.580 Khedoriver South to North Leadingto Major River Barakar

342.200 A stream near Awara nala village JoiningSouthJamuria Nalaon Leadingto MajorRiver DamKodar 347.290 A stream joining GhanghriNadi Joining Kulgoon South Leadingto MajorRiver Damodar 348.660 Kulgo River Leadingto Major River Damodar 356.570 Two streams,Isir Nala and Canal. Joining Kulgoriver Leadingto Major River Damodar flowinigKo Na - Leadingto Major River Damodar 358.810 A stream named Rehna Joining KulgoNadi o Leadingto Major River Damodar

359.020 HillA stream, named Rasanaflowing from ParasnathsouthJoining KulgoNadi on Leadingto Major River Damodar

363.010 Sita river nmFlowing joiningKulgo north to south Leadingto Major River Damodar

363.950 A steam, named PraiyiaNala flowingfrom Joining KulgoNadi on Leadingto Major River Damodar ParasnathHill south

368.700 A stream, named Murlidharflowing iParasnath Hill from southJoining KulgoNadi on Leadingto Major River Damodar

372.690 Banka river flowing down from Topchanchi Joining KulgoNadi on Leadingto Major River Damoda reservoiron the north south Laigt ao ie aoa 3785.80 A stream flowing from small moundson the The joining Katr Nadi lLeadingto Major River Damodar 3880northi flowingon the south Laigt ao ie aoa

379.750 Madaldihriver Thejoining Katri Nadi Laigt ao ie aoa ______flowingon the south Laigt ao ie aoa Astreamflowingfrom NaraReserve Forest on JiigKtiNd 385.300 oud onn ar ai Leadingto MajorRiver Damodar

389.389 ATundi ReamnaedReserved Forest Nakati on flowing Mounds down from Joining Katri Nadi Leadingto Major River Damodar Source: Consultants'Surveys.

4-28 Third National Highways Project

Table 4.39: Underground Water Levels along the Project Highway

Water Level (m) Place Rainy (June)/ Average Summer (May) Winter

Jallapur 17.17 17.25(Rainy) Rashdhan 6.85 6.91 (Rainy) Khojaphool 7.02 7.06 (Rainy) Bhognipur 16.2 16.35(Rainy) Barra 4 4.15 (Rainy) Rania 8.4 8.3 (Rainy) Maharajpur 12.7 12.76 (Rainy) MachariaGaon . 8.47 8.7 (Rainy) Bhaunti 7.98 8.7 (Rainy) 8.8 8.92 (Rainy) Sachendi 5.51 5.73 (Rainy) Tharion 7.15 7.75 (Rainy) Bilinda 7.89 8.4 (Rainy) More 16.4 16.54 (Rainy) Aung 19.7 20.07 (Rainy)

Khaga 9.99 - 10.05(Rainy) Sujrahi .25 26.7 23.3 (Winter) Kanwar 20 22.6 20 (Winter) [Athsarai 23.3 26 23 (Winter) Handia 16.9 18 16.9 (Winter) Sufinagar 5 6.6 5 (Winter) Gopiganj 4.5 6.6 4.5 (Winter) |Babu Sarai 4.5 6 4.5 (Winter) RajaTalab 1 4 5.5 4 (Winter) Sourre:Consultants'Surveys. Table 4.40: Cultural / ReligiousProperties along the Project Highway (Package II)

S. No. Km. Type S. No. Km. Type 1 32-33 Temple 2 31-32 Temple 3 30-31 Temple 4 28-29 Temple 5 21-23 Temple/Mazar 6 19-20 Temple 7 17-18 2 Temples 8 14-15 Temple 9 13-14 Temple 10 7-8 Temple 1.1 4-5 Temple 12 0-1 Mazar 13 449 Temple 14 454-155 Temple/Temple 15 457-458 2 Temples/Temple 16 460-461 Temple 17 464-465 Temple 18 468-469 Temple& Mazhar 19 469-470 Temple 20 38-40 3 Temples 21 [ 45-46 2 Temples 22 46-47 12Temples

4-29 Thfrrl National Highways Project

S. No. Km. Type S. No. Km. |TYir. 1 32-33 Temple 2 31-32 Temple 3 30-31 Temple 4 28-29 Temple 5 21-23 Temple/Mazar 6 19-20 Temple 7 17-18 2 Temples 8 14-15 Temple 9 13-14 Temple 10 7-8 Temple 11 4-5 Temple 12 0-1 Mazar 23 52-53 Temple 24 58-59 Temple 25 60-61 Temple 26 70-71 Temple 27 74-75 Temple 28 86-87 Temple& Mazhar 29 109-110 Temple 30 114-115 Temple/Temple

Source:Consultants'Surveys.

Table4.41: Cultural/ ReligiousProperties along the ProjectHighway (Package III) S. No. Km. Place Type ISize Distancefrom Carriageway (m) 1 118-119 Katogan Temple Medium 7 2 128-129 Temple Small 30 3 129-130 Ajhuwa Temple/MosqueSmall/Big 7/5 4 130-131 Ajhuwa Temple Small 7 5 131-132 Athsarai Temple Small Onpavement 6 133-134 Athsarai Temple/MosqueSmall/Small 8 7 138-139 Sajni Temple Medium 8 8 141-142 Paharpur Temple Small 15 9 143-144 Gulamipur Mosque Medium 20 10 144-145 Gulamipur Mosque _ 25 11 145-146 Gulamipur|Temple Small 3 12 147-148 Mosque Medium 10 13 148-149 Mosque Small 30

14 151-152 _Mosque Small 15 153-154 Kakaroha Temple Small 8 16 154-155 Kasia jTemple Big 1.5;on pavement 17 155-156 Malaka Temple Big 7 18 156-157 Mosque Medium 10 19 245-246 Handia Temple/MosqueSmall/Big 20/25 20 248-249 Temple/MosqueMedium/Medium| 20/50 21 249-250 Temple Medium 20 22 | 255-256 iBaraut |Temple Big 30

23 255-256 _ ITemple Small 30 24 257-258 LBhiti ITemple Small 10 25 259-260! ITemple Small 10 26 260-261 | [Temple |Small 8 I- 4~i 27 | 262-263 [ Temple/MosqueMedium/Small 25/10 28 1 264-265 | Temple IBig 28

4-30 ______Third National Highways Project

S. No. Km. Place Type Size JDistance from Carriageway (m) 29 266-267 Jungiganj Mosque Small 2 30 267-268 Mosque Big 25 31 269-270 Mosque Small 20 32 270-271 Gopiganj Temple Small 10 33 270-271 Temple Small 10 34 271-272 Temple Medium 30 35 1 276-277 Temple Medium 10 36 281-282 Madhosingh Temple Small 10 37 282-283 Temple Big 11 38 284-285 Aurai Temple Small 10 39 292-299 Mirzapur Temple Medium 12 40 | 308-309 Mirzamurad Temple Medium 5 Source:Consultants'Surveys.

Table 4.42: Cultural / Religious Properties along the Project Highway (Package IV)

S. No. Km. Direction S. No. Km. Direction S. No. Km. Direction 1 68.1-68.2 North 2 69.7-69.8 North 3 70.6-70.7 South 4 B2.4-82.5 South 5 91.3-91.4 South 6 91.6-91.7 South 7 93.2-93.3 North | 8 93.3-93.4 South 9 94.1-94.2 North 10 97.2-97.3 South 11 97.3-97.4 North 12 100.2-100.3 North 13 101.4-101.5 North | 14 105.1-105.2 North 15 105.4-10.5.5 South 16 105.6-105.7 South 17 105.8-105.9 South 18 141.4141.5 South 19 144.6-144.7 South 20 147.4-147.5 South 21 147.8-147.9 South 22 151.3-151.4 North 23 152.8-152.9 South 24 171.4-171.5 North 25 176.2-176.3 North 1 26 176.3-176.4 North Sourre. Cdrtants'Surveys.

Table 4.43: Cultural ! Religious Properties along the Project Highway (Package V)

S. No. Km. Type Distance from Carriageway 1 207.850 Mosque 7 m away from the pavement 2 212.550 Temple 18 m away from the pavement edge 3 228.200 Mosque 8 m from the pavement 4 235.940 Temple 3 m from the proposed road 5 322.300 Temple edge of the shoulder 6 329.650 Temple 7m from the edge of the proposed shoulder 7 333.900 Mosque 5m away from the proposed NH alignment 8 333.975 Temple 9 334.350 Temple inside at the edge of the proposed shoulder 10 334.940 Temple l 11 337.580 Temple 8m from the proposed pavement 12 338.060 Mosque I 3m from the edge of the proposed shoulder 13 338.260 | Temple 5m from the pavement edge 14 342.420 ! Temple ! 15 j 342.470 I Temple 12m from the proposed pavement

4-31 Third National Highways Project

S. No. Km. Type Distance from Carriageway 16 347.760 Temple 10m from the shoulderof the proposed pavement 17 350.870 Temple 5m from the shoulderedge 18 352.930 Temple 3m away from the edge 19 353.300 Temple edge of the shoulder 20 355.200 Temple 14m awayfrom the edge of the proposedshoulder 21 . 358.500 22 360.150 Temple 6m away from te edge of proposedshoulder 23 361.800 24 364.350 Temple edgeof the proposedshoulder 25 366.150 Temple 8m awayfrom the edgeof the proposedshoulder 26 366.150 Temple 6m awayfrom the edgeof the proposedshoulder 27 368.400 Temple 16m awayfrom the edgeof the proposedshoulder 28 368.400 Temple 20m away from the edge of the proposedshoulder 29 374.800 Gurudwara 12m awayfrom the edge of the proposedshoulder 30 375.000 Temple 8m away from the edge of the proposedshoulder 31 376.700 Temple 32 376.850 Temple 24m awayfrom the edge of the proposedshoulder 33 383.400 Mosque 16maway from the edge of the proposedshoulder 34 385.950 Temple 16maway from the edge of the proposedshoulder 35 387.200 Temple 12m awayfrom the edge of the proposedshoulder 36 387.900 Temple 16 m awayfrom the edgeof the proposedshoulder 37 389.850 Mosque 8m awayfrom the edgeof the proposedshoulder 38 390.250 Temple 4m away from the edgeof the proposedshoulder 39 390.300 Temple 6m away from the edgeof the proposedshoulder 40 390.750 Temple 12 m awayfrom the edge of the proposedshoulder 41 390.750 Temple 12Omaway from-the edge of the proposedshoulder 42 391.750 Temple 20m awayfrom the edge of the proposedshoulder 43 394.300 Temple 25m away from the edge of the proposedshoulder 44 396.200 Temple 25m away from the edge of the proposedshoulder 45 180-240 SmallShrine 12 nos. within the RoWat various locations

Source: Consultants'SUIrveys.

4-32 5 ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

This chapterdiscusses the impactsdue to the proposedproject on the variousenvironmental components.The impacts have been identified based on secondaryand primary data and further analysiscarried out for the project.The description of the impactson the individualcomponents hasbeen structured as per the discussionin Chapter4: ExistingEnvironmental Scenario of this report.

5.1 INTRODUCTION This chapterfocuses on the impactsof the Third NationalHighway Project on natural environmentalcomponents. Since the project involves widening to four-lanes along the existing two-lanehighway, the impactsare expectedto be mostlydirect and confinedto the RoW.Only at criticallocations where the engineering,environmental and socialaspects have warranted, a shift from theexisting alignment, bypasses/realignments have been proposed. The impactson thevarious environmental components can occurat any of the followingstages of the projectplanning and implementation: * Planningand design stage; * Constructionstage; and, * Operationstage. The descrptionand magnitudeof impacts for the variousenvironmental components as visualisedfor differentpackages leads to the followingobservations.

5.2 ASSESSMENTOF POTENTIALIMPACTS

5.2.1 CLIMATE By and large,no changein the macro-climaticsetting (precipitation,temperature and wind) is envisaged.The microclimatemay also not be significantlyaffected because project is on a linear pattemand temporary nature negative impacts during construction stage like removalof topsoil and vegetationduring cleaning and earth borrowingoperations, possible decrease in surface water due to extra consumptionof water during construction,etc. are not going to be substantial.The negativeimpacts could at the worst be mainlyrestricted to the areasadjacent to the road. On a long-termbasis the impactsare going to be positivedue to the proposed improvementsto theexisting project road.

5.2.2 ToPOGRAPHY The proposedproject is not likely to have any significantimpact on the topographyof the project region.Throughout package II, III, IV the existingas well as the proposedroad is passingthrough a flat terrainand the gradingsare gentle meetingthe prescribedIRC norms. The embankmentis mostlygoing through fills and cuttings are practicallynon-existant. In packageV, the roadinitially passesthrough gently rollingterrain between km180 and km233; betweenkm233 and km243, i.e. V-A. In the followingstretches (V-C) road elevation between Chauparan(km263) to Barhi(km283) the terrain is gently rolling (gradient0.3%) and then betweenkm338 to km348,the existingelevation falls by 84m;and in the last 43kmstretch, the elevationdrops by 30m.Through out thesestretches, the embankmentis mostlyon fills and not muchcutting is proposed.As such,topography is leastaffected for-the entire projectstretch.

5-1 7_hirdNational Highways Project

The entire alignment is on a gentle gradient totally fulfilling the requirementsprescribed by IRC, which are broadly similar to different codes of practices followed internationally. The rocky terrain encountered in the last part of the stretch (V-C) belongsto Chhotanagpurplateau, which is geologicallystable and, as such, no impact on topography is anticipatedeven in this stretch.

5.2.3 DRAINAGE The proposed project is not expected to alter any natural drainage system.The surface water flow in the project area is pre-dominantlyfrom the north to the south.A few local depressions are observed between km245 to km317 in packageIII. These mostly relate to deficiencyin the vertical profile of the existing road. All such locations have been proposed for raising with adequate drainage structures,which will mitigatethe problem. The present project will not obstruct the existing courseof the surfacewater flow; rather it will help in mitigating the existing man-madeproblems 1. Detaileddrainage surveys and hydrological investigations were undertaken in the project. Suitable engineeringdesign of bridges and culverts has been proposed in this regard. All the existing cross-drainagestructures will be replicated and additionally, cross-drainagestructures will be providedat locations,where the flow is obstructed at present.In many places (e.g. over the river Punpunin packageIV) larger waterway would be provided. Locations where drainage problemsexists have been identified. These falls mosty along the built up areas near in the urban/semi-urbanstretches. Such locationsare occuring frequently through out the project stretch. An engineeringdesign solution has been provided by making provisionsfor raised main carriageway,service roads and roadsidedrains ensuring their efficient functioning by proper maintenanceduring operation stage. Given the above preventiveand mitigation designs incorporatedin the project, it is expected that the impact of the project will be beneficialonly.

5.2.4 SOIL Borrowings of soils have been identified from locations,which are mostly barren land/infertile land like high mounds, existing ponds, etc. These have been consciouslyplanned through consultation with the concerneddepartments like FisheryDeptt. and people/owner,who have themselves offered their high/infertile land -to be developedby propergrading etc. so that they can use this piece of land for some gainful purpose. With this action, the borrowing of the * earth is mostly confined to non-fertile area of otherwise a fertile terrain. Theoretically the following impacts might be likely to result on soil.

Loss of productivesoil The loss of productivesoil, especiallythe topsoil is a major direct and adverselong-term impact, since development of soil profile and its natural micro-flora/faunatakes millions of years to develop. Such loss would be further significant in the project area, located in the fertile Gangetic Plain.This loss of topsoil especiallyin the irrigated areas, can be a long-term residual impact. However, as very little acquisitionof fertile land has been proposed (for widening, realignment, borrowing, etc.), the significanceof the impacts wouldnot be high.

The existingdrainage problems, again, are not naturalbut are man-made,As describedin Chapter4, the projecthighway passes through the ridgeand minimisesdrainage problems. The projecthighway get inundatedin the built-upstretches, where the localresidents have raised the shoulders/kerbs. 5-2 Third National High ways Projec:

may temporarily interferewith spawningof fish, especiallyduring constructionof cross-drainage structures. As the road wideningwould be mostly confined to the existing RoW, except in the cases of bypassesand stretcheswhere the RoW is insufficient, no habitat loss is envisaged.Wherever the bypasses are proposed,the impacted land is either barren or intensely cultivated. Therefore,the bypassesalso do not affect any habitat.

5.2.11 CULTURALPROPERTIES There are a number of cultural properties located in the project area of the proposed project and few archaeologicalproperties beyond the RoW. The impacts can be either beneficial or adversedepending upon the interactionbetween the cultural property and the project corridor. The proposed project implementation is likely to adversely impact some of these cultural properties, either directly or indirectly. The nature and magnitude of impacts may vary depending upon its location such as displacement or loss of part there of, vibration, noise pollution, damagefrom air pollution,dust accumulation,vehicular collision etc. There are 175 cultural propertiesexisting in the influencearea of the project corridor. These properties includetemples, mosques, shrines and any other religiousstructures. In PackageII, a few of the culturalproperties would be impacted directly. 28 of the 45 cultural properties are saved by careful design of the roadway in Package II. In package III, most of the cultural properties have been saved except for 7 nos. of small temples, which are coming within the RoWand are unavoidable.In PackageIV, 16 out of 26 cultural propertiesare saved by careful design. Similarly,in PackageV, 22 of the 55 cultural propertieswere saved.None of the cultural properties proposedto be relocatedare significant from cultural, architecturalor community (worship) point of view. Exceptfor the two masonrytanks at Akbarpur in PackageII, no archaeologicalsites or remains are close to the highwayto be impacted.The two tanks of Akbarpurmay need some protection from indirect impacts.No direct impact is expected as the nearest of the tanks, the Shuka Talab, is at 100mdistance from the project highway.

5.2.12 HUMAN HEALTH The proposedactivities for developmentof existing two-lane highwayto four lanes would have both benefit and adverse impacts on the human health. The pollutants generated during construction period are likely to have adverse impact on the health of workers and nearby habitationarea. However,this is temporary in nature. Projectallied activitiessuch as unhygienic activities if any in constructioncamps may induce some new vector bome diseasesamong the local communities,which is not in the area at the moment. Howeverthese adverse impacts can be effectively mitigatedthrough enforcement of proper mitigation measure as outlined in the EnvironmentManagement Plan. It is envisagedthat the pollutionlevels with the project scenariowill be significantlyless than in the existing and without project scenariodue to better geometric design, improved pavement quality, increasedvehicle speed which will result in decreasedvehicle operating costs, reduced congestionand pollution loads.This will have a direct positive benefit on human health in the project area. Thus while constructionphase might have some temporary adverse impacts on human health, on a whole it can be said that human health will significantlyimprove due to the project.

5-11 Third National HighwaysProject

5.2.13 ROADSAFETY The Projecthas improvedthe road safety through design measuresidentified during the various road surveys. Additionally significant inputs were obtained through community consultation sessionsto identify local issuesof concernand resolve them accordingly.Road Safety will be enhanced in the project through engineering(design) enforcement(safety measures,signages etc) and Education.The following table highlightsdesign aspectsof the proposedroads, which will improve roadsafety in the various Packages.

Table5.3: PotentialImpacts - IncreasedRoad Safety through Design PackageII PackageIII PackageIV PackageV Theproposed project Theplanning and Theincrease in speedof vehiclesdue Theproposed implementationwould designingof the to roadwidening and strengthening developmentof the improvethe roadsafety proposedroad is in will poserisk to the non-motoristand roadwould solve for the highwayusers as accordancewith the otherslow speed vehicles. manyof related well localsliving by the safetymeasures. By Nevertheless,the projectwould benefit problemscausing sideof the road.The includingthings such the societyat largeat followingplaces: accident.Such hot followingmeasure are aswidening of Durgawati- due to proposedwidening spotsfrom accident includedin the projectfor carriageway, and underpass- 90% increase in pointof viewhave the roadsafety: strengtheningof safety beenidentified and Raisedcarriage way, pavement,improvng Kud k9)det rpsdimprovements have Median,By pass, Truck uponcurves and Kurda(km91) due to proposed beenmade laybyes,Intersection geometry,service underpass- 100% increase in safety accordingly.This improvement,Grade lanes,road crossing, Mohania(km7O) due to proposed wouldeventually separator,Underpasses, puttingsignals etc. serviceroad and junction modification benefitthe society Serviceroad and footpath, woulddecrease - 90%increase in safety at largeby Guardrail, Pedestrian accidentup to 80%, Aurangabadcrossing and by pass reducingmishaps. crossingwith blinkerlight, decreaseaccident at (kmA62-166) due to proposedflyover Kerbof 0.425mheight, curveup to 85% and and underpass- 100% increase in Pick- up busstop, Harcl nraeinvsblt safety shoulder,Signage & by 20%. Shivganj(krnm76.4) due to proposed striping,Antiglare screeni I underpass- 100% increase in safety The issue of road safety is one of the key issuesthat may surface in constructionand operation stages. Durincithe constructionstage, dismantlingof structure, cutting trees, haulagematerial obstructing vision, spillage of lubricants on road making slippery are generally cause road accidents.Similarly, in operation stage, increasein traffic and increasein speed would tend to increasein accidents. In spite of these, the social benefitsfrom the project are quite significant and it could be even more if mitigation measuresare implementedeach phaseof the project. It is likely that there will be some concern of safety for highway users during construction period, as haulageof material and other equipment would restrict movement of vehicles. In operation phase,increase in vehiclespeed may cause thereof to the safety of pedestriansand for cattle for crossingroad. Accident-proneareas were generallyfound near intersectionand are being improved.

5-12 6 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES

Thechapter tries to systematicaltycompare feasible altematives to the proposedproject site, technology,design, and operation,including the "withoutproject" situation-in terms of their potentialenvironmental impacts; the feasibilityof mitigatingthese impacts; their costs; and their suitabilityunder local conditions. This chapter refers to reasonableand potential alternativeswarranting documentation including those, which warrant brief descriptionof reasonsfor their elimination and those, which warrant more detailed investigationsand analysis. Considerationof environmental issue3 has been an integral part of the project and has been undertaken to ensure early identification and appropriatecorrective actions.

6.1 THE NO-ACTIONALTERNATIVE The existing environmental conditions along the project stretch due to traffic are mostly the contribution of the surface condition of the roads. The No-Action alternative is likely to aggravate the existing environmental scenario. The contribution of existing road condition could be better understoodthrough the parametersas mentioned in the following table. Table 6.1: ExistingRoad Conditionalong the Project Stretch S. Item Packages Effect

No. . Il-A Il-C Il1-A III-C 1V-B IV-D V-A v-C 1. Rcugrnress 8.2 4.5 5.71 4.27 10.6 10.8 11.S 11.5 Air/Noise pollution ,,IRI' I

2. Pot,oie c 0.1 0.003 - - 9.6 8:6 0.01 0 Air/Noise pollution 3. Cracks ' 17.8 20.4 23 27 39.6 35 27.7 23 4. Speed 45 45 45 45 30 30 27 27 Air kmph kmph S. Ribbon 22.15 17.20 15.1 3 7.35 14.98 congestion, air/nofse dev.Q %) ______!______6 Siow moving 28 30 8.2 17.8 11 1S congestion, air/noise ven.cies`'C,)i 7. No. of | Air/noise

juncLonn i (a) Mapor 2 4 1 1 1 ' 2 i I 4

(b) Mirorr 95 156 9 16 74 56 92 i 132 Source:Consultants'Surveys. From the perusalof the aboveTable, roughnessalong the project highway varies between 4.27 (PackageIII-C) and 11.5 (in Package V). Similarly, the crack and pothole area is highest in packageIV. These surface conditionsare major factors contributing to high level of SPMand RSPMprevailing in package IV and V. Ribbon development and slow moving vehicles are mostly located in PackageII and Package V. Noise levels in these areas are comparatively high. The no-actionalternative is, thus, neither a reasonablenor a prudent course of action in the project area, which will impede economicdevelopment. Further, the capacity of all the packages is insufficientfor the volume of traffic. These unsafeconditions and the adverse environmental consequenceswould continue to worsenin the absenceof the proposed improvements.

6-1 Third National Highways Project

Cross-sectionAlternative Purpose/Benefit rural areas thickgirth shade trees Alltrees on the oppositeside will be saved No needof trafficdiversions Provisionof retainingstructures on the To saveup to 3m in cross-section edge Delayingconstruction of drainsand tree Drainscan be built at a laterstage when land acquisition is plantationsin the first phase complete.

Reducedmedian width to 1.2mbut with Displacementof peoplecan be avoidedand directimpact anti-alarescreen canbe minimisedat restrictedROW I RaisedCW to 3m withwidening on one Segregationof localtraffic side ReducedAccidents and Air & Noisepollution Serviceroads and underpasses for slow Lessexpensive than viaduct or bypass movingtraffic as well as pedestrian and Nodisturbance to the socio-economicsof the area cattle Providinga bypasswith minimumlength Displacementof peopleand directimpact can be completely -______iavoided

6.5.2 PACKAGEIlIl Cross-sectionAlternative | Purose/ Benefit j Oneside wideninq g To savetrees Medianreduced to 1.2m To minimisedisplacement Centralwidening at marketplaces and To minimisedisplacement j congestedareas lI Carriagewayraised to 1.5m j' To segregatethrough traffic and safemovement of localtraffic Carriageway______raised_____ To preventinundation in low-lyingand submersible stretches Serviceroads To provideaccess to sensitiveareas like schoolsand hospitals Raised carriageway of 1-1.5m has been proposed between km.262.300- km.255.900, km.282.500- km.282.822, km.291.000- km.292.000, km.312.800- km.313.300, km.314.300- km.314.900and km.315.000-km.317.000.

6.5.3 PACKAGE IV Followingcross-sectional solutions have been analysed: * Wideningto full 4 lane standardswith 5m median in rural areas and 1.5m in urban areas; * Grade separation in urban areas and provision of underpasses for pedestrians, two/three wheelersand cars; * Serviceroads in denselypopulated urban areas; and

6.5.4 PACKAGEV Two alternativeshave beenexamined: Alternative 1: To remain strictly within existing South of way and to avoid any fresh acquisitionof land/whichmay be sensitivefrom naturalor social environmentalaspects; and Alternative 2. To retainthe existingalignment and avoid any sensitive environmentalfeature along the existing alignment. Choiceof direction(North of South) for wideningwas consideredas a set of two alternatives. It has been establishedthat south side has lesser impact as it only removes 36% of the total trees.

6-6 Third National Highways Project

6.6 ANALYSIS OF BYPASSALTERNATIVES Bypassalternatives have been analysedin PackageII. There is sufficientRoW available in PackageIII renderingunnecessary any kind of Bypassanalysis. In packageII, bypassesas an altemative.has beenanalysed at four placesviz. Kanpur,Rooma, Bilinda and Thariyaon. At Kanpur, three alternativeswere examinedof whichcompeting option of at-gradewidening with proposalof total 8 lane has beenconsidered. This, however,is not a part of the present groupof packagesunder consideration as it falls in the packageII-B. At other places,choice of bypasshas been compared with the optionof buildinga raisedcarriageway. Table6.5 providesthe comparativeadvantages and disadvantagesof alternativesfor building bypassesat Rooma,Bilinda and Thariyaon In PackageIII that there is sufficientROW available to accommodate4-lanes. Mostof the structuresto be relocatedare kuchcha/makeshift type. This has leadto the conclusionthat thereis no needfor any bypassesin any of the sub-Packages.

6-7 buaLJOUItjL t(L .ciIlti I\,Jll .P(JyseUQ S IL) C Third National Highways Project

Table 6.5: Justification foe bypassesat Rooma, Bilinda and Tharlyaon In Package II Bypass Length ROW Areato be Cost Competing Disadvantageof Cost of the acquired Alternative the Competing Competing

______._.___ Alternative Alternative RoomaBypass 2.032km AverageROW in 12.19Ha Rs 93 Million RaisedCarriage Necessitates Rs 100 Million km 16 = 48.1m Way demolitionand Average ROWin acquisitionof km 17 = 40.5m largenumber of Between15.600 structures and 16.100 = 14.0m BilindaBypass 2.2 km Corridor width = Rs 105 Million RaisedCarriage ROWin congested Rs 81.5 Million 30.3m Way areaof 200m in RCWwidth = length = 12.5m 17.8m Templeand Graveyardon RHS verge Necessitates acquisitionof urban land Residentswilling ______to have a bypass ThariyaonBypass 2.2 km ROWvaries Rs 105 Million RaisedCarriage Necessitates Rs 76.75 Million between30 to Way acquisitionof 35m urban land Availablewidth Residentswilling between building to have a bypass lines = 12m for a ______length of 400m ______

6-8 ThinrdNational Highways Prni-

7 MITIGATION MEASURES

Thechapter gives a briefdescription of the variousmitigation measures opted and designed for the project.This chapter has been structured as perthe impactsthose have been identified in Chapter5: Assessmentof EnvironmentalImpacts. The description here is an overviewof the specificmeasures provided in the individualEnvironmental Management Plans. The individual environmentalmanagement plans, which have been prepared as stand-alonereports, may be referredto for furtherdetails.

7.1 APPROACH TO MITIGATIONMEASURES The Third National Highway Project is envisagedto alter (both beneficiallyand adversely)the variousenvironmental components within its areaof influence.To minimizethe adverseimpacts of the project, avoidance and mitigation measures have been formulated and will be implemented during the project implementation.The mitigation measures would be directed towards the restoration of the dynamic balance of nature. The avoidanceand mitigation of negative impactsinvolve, reductionin magnitudeof the adverseimpacts during various stages of the project through: * Alterationsduring design, site clearance,construction and operation phasesof the road project to avoid adverseimpacts, and - Additional mitigation measuresfor unavoidablenegative impacts on the environmental components. These measures were incorporated into the various stages of the project. Based on their applicability,both generaland case specificmeasures were incorporatedas follows: * Standard: The 'Standard designs' of various road sections, were arrived at after detaileddeliberations between the HighwayDesign and the Environmentteams. * General measures: To avoid or mitigate impacts on environmental components, general mitigation measureswere identifiedbased on the characteristicfeatures. * Specific: At varioussensitive locations site-specific designs. Designing of the road corridors was seen as an iterative processbetween the design and the environment teams. Several site-specificdesigns and construction techniqueswere finalised after the preparationof draft designs.

7.2 MITIGATION MEASURES The mitigation measuresfor the various environmentalcomponents for the different project packagesare describedbelow. The Measureshave been proposedseparately for the different phases of the project. These measures have been fully and adequately incorporatedin the EnvironmentalManagement Plans prepared for each of the 8 contract packages(i.e., Contract PackagesII-A, II-C, III-A, III-C, IV-B,IV-D, V-Aand V-C).

7.2.1 SOIL

ConstructionStage

Soil Erosion The problem of soil erosionduring the constructionstage is likely to be more pronouncedalong bridge-endfills, over steep banksand embankmentslopes.

7-1 -______Third National Highways Project

The slope of the road embankment has been fixed at 1:2 to 1:3, which is fairly stable and reduces the possibilitiesof slope failures.To check soil erosion on critical road embankment slopesturfing with shrubsand grasseswill be carriedout, in accordancewith the recommended practicefor treatmentof embankmentslopes for erosioncontrol, IRC: 56-1974. Along Package III, the RoW being covered with a wide range of plants and grasses is susceptibleto highererosion once the vegetationis cleared. Cutting of trees will be carried out in phases to reducethe magnitude of erosion. On embankmentslopes with high cutting and filling, to checksoil erosion,stone pitching will be providedalong the project corridor in Package II C. To checkthe slope stabilisationof the borrow pits, the depthof the pit will be regulated that the sidesof the excavationwill have a slope not steeperthan 1:4, from the edge of the final section of bank. Soil erosionchecking measures as the formation of sedimentbasins, slope drains, etc., will be carried out at constructionsites. To avoid embankmentslippage and erosion, borrow pits shall not be dug continuously.

Lossof topsoil The alignmenthas been selectedto minimisethe acquisitionof productiveagricultural land, as the entire stretch falls in the fertile Gangetic plains. Agriculturalareas will be avoided for borrowing of materials. Wherever unavoidable,the topsoil from all areas of cutting and all areas to be permanently covered will be strippedto a specifieddepth and stored in stockpilesof specified height . The stored topsoil will be spreadback to maintain the physico-chemicaland biologicalactivity of the soil. Water will befrequently spread during constructionto stabilisethe topsoil.

Compactionof Soil To prevent the compactionof soil and the tramplingof the vegetationaround the construction sites and temporary accessroads, it will be ensured that the construction machinery and equipment will move,or be stationed in the designatedarea. If the equipmentand machinery are operating on temporarily hired land, it will be ensured that the topsoil for agriculture remains preservedand not destroyed by storage, material handlingor any other construction related activities.To minimisecompaction of soil, all the vehicleswill as far as possible, follow pre-designatedroutes.

Borrowingof Earth For the borrowing of earth for the project, severalborrow area locations have been identified and recommended.However, in caseof any new borrow area being selectedby the contractor, it will be ensuredthat no earth will be borrowedfrom within the RoW. If new borrow areasare selected,it will be ensuredby the contractor that, there will be no loss of productivesoil, and the requisiteenvironmental considerations are met with. To avoid any embankmentslippages, the borrow areas will not be dug continuously, and the size and shapeof borrowpits will be decidedby the SupervisionConsultant. The borrow pits will be redeveloped,wherever required, by creating ponds for fisheries, etc; or by leveling an elevated, raisedearth mound. Re-plantationof trees in borrow areaswill also be carried out as specfied. Precautionarymeasures as the covering of vehicles will be taken to avoid spillage during transport of borrow materials.To ensure that the spills likely to result from the transport of borrow and quarry materials do not impact the settlements, it will be ensured that the

7-2 Third National Highways Project

excavation and carryingof earth will be done during day time only. The unpavedsurfaces used for the haulageof borrow materialswill be maintainedproperly. Along Package III, suitable locations for borrow areas have been identified in close co- ordination with the Uttar PradeshDepartment of Fisheries.Locations with a potential for being developed as fisheries ponds or for pisciculture have been identified. As part of the environmentalmitigation, redevelopmentplans have beenworked out for the borrow areas and around the fisheriesponds. In Package V, the borrow areas have been selected based on community consultation, at locations where the villagerswere interestedin lowering the levels of the raised fields and at locations where they were interested in developingwater tanks, which could be used for domesticpurposes as well as providescope for developmentof fisheries.

Ouarries The quarry material will be obtained from licensed quarries, which operate with proper environmentalclearances, including clearances under the Air Act. A recommendedlist of such operationalised,licensed quarries have beenprovided. If the contractorsdecide to use quarries not in the recommendedlist, they would requfre to obtained materials from licensedquarries only.

Contaminationof soil from fuel and lubricants At the various constructionsites, the vehiclesand equipmentwill be maintainedand refueled in such a fashion that oil/diesel spillagedoes not contaminatethe soil. It will be ensuredthat the fuel storage and refuelling sites are kept away from drainage channelsand important water bodies.

Contaminationof soil from Constructionwastes and guar materal Cutting and filling will be minimized,balanced and would be carried out as per design. Earth, if required, will be dumpedin selectedarea approvedby the SupervisionConsultant. All spoilswill be disposed off as desired and the site will be fully cleaned before handing over. The constructionwastes will be dumpedin selectedpits, developedon infertile land. Non-bituminous wastes from constructionactivities will be dumped in borrow pits and covered with a layer of the conservedtopsoil. Bituminouswastes will be disposedoff in an identified dumping site approved by the SupervisionConsultant.

7.2.2 WATER RESOURCES

Design Stage

Surfacewater bodiesand other water resources The impacts on pondsand other surface water bodies have been avoided by suitable design modifications.At locationswhere the encroachmentonto the ponds and surface water bodies was necessitateddue to other engineeringand social concerns,the loss due to the project has been compensatedfor. Site-specificenhancement designs have been contemplatedfor various pond locationsthat offer scopefor environmentalenhancements.

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Based on community consultationwith the local residents,the relocationof water sourceslike wells and hand pumpshave beenworked out.

Drainage Raisingthe road level has been proposedto avoid future inundation in the inundatedstretches along the corridor. Along the settlements,as part of the engineeringdesign, provision has been made for drainage along the sides of road. To ensure efficient cross-drainageand to prevent water logging along the sides, adequate size and number of cross-drainagestructures have been provided.

ConstructionStage

Drainageand run-off At cross drainagestructures, the earth, stoneor any other constructionmaterial will be properly disposedoff so as not to block the flow of water. All necessaryprecautions will be taken to constructtemporary or permanentdevices to prevent inundationor ponding.

Contamination of water from constructionwaste To avoid contaminationof the various surface water bodies and drainage channelsin the vicinity of the constructionsite, constructionwork closeto the streams or other water bodies will be avoided, especiallyduring monsoonperiod. All necessaryprecautions will be taken to construct temporaryor permanentdevices to prevent water pollution due to increasedsiltation and turbidity. All wastesarising from the project will be disposedoff, as per SPCBnorms, so as not to blockthe flow of water in the channels. The wasteswill be collected,stored and taken to approved disposalsites.

Contaminationof water from fuel and lubricants To avoid contaminationof the water bodiesand drainagechannels from fuel and lubricants,the vehicles and equipmentswill be properlymaintained and refueled. The slopes of embankment leading to water bodieswill be modifiedand re-channelisedso that contaminantsdo not enter the water body. Oil and grease traps will be provided at fuelling locations, to prevent contaminationof water.

Sanitationand wastedisposal in construction The sewagesystem for constructioncamps will be properlydesigned and built so that no water pollution takes place to any water body or watercourse.The workplacewill have proper medical approval by local medical,health or municipalauthorities.

Use of water for construction The contractor will make arrangementsfor water required for construction in such a way that the water availability and supply to nearby communitiesremain unaffected. Due to the non- availability of water required for construction,if a new tube-well is to be bored, prior sanction and approval by the GroundWater Departmentwill be obtained.Wastage of water during the constructionwill be minimized.

7-8 ______Third NationalHighways Project

7.2.3 AIR QUALITY

Design Stage Removalof bottlenecksand relievingcongestion in built-up stretcheswere incorporatedthrough improved designand improving road geometry and widening of road to smoothen traffic flow. Tree plantationscheme has been proposedfor attenuatingair pollution.

ConstructionStage The asphalt plants, crushers and the batching plants will be sited at least 500m in the downwind directionfrom the nearest human settlement.All precautionsto reduce the level of dust emissionsfrom the hot mix plants, crushersand batchingplants will be taken up. The hot mix plant will be fitted with dust extraction units. 'All vehicles, equipment and machinery used for constructionwill be regularly maintained to ensure that the pollution emission levels conform to the SPCBnorms. Regular monitoring of SuspendedParticulate Matter at crushersites, during the construction,will be conducted. Water will be sprayed in the lime/cement and earth mixing sites, asphalt mixing site and temporary serviceand accessroads. After compactingthe earthwork, water will be sprayed on regularlyto preventdust. To avoid dust emissionslikely to result from the spills of construction materials and borrow materials,the vehiclesdelivering material will be covered.

Operation Stage During the operationstage of the project, vehicularemissions of critical pollutants (SPM,RSPM, CO, S02, No, and Pb) will be monitored. Roadsidetree plantationwill be maintained.

7.2.4 NOISELEVELS

Design Stage Removalof bottlenecksand relieving congestionin built-up stretchesthrough improved design, as has been prepared, will help in reducing the noise level. Noise absorbing tree plantation scheme have been proposed as noise barriers at locations where sufficient land width is available for the planting of tree barriers. At critical locations, especially along sensitive receptors and land uses,such as schoolsand hospitals,noise barrier walls have been proposed.

ConstructionStage The plants and equipmentused for construction will strictly conform to CPCBnoise standards. Vehiclesand equipmentsused will be fitted with silencer.To protect construction workers from severe noise impacts, noise standards of industrial enterpriseswill be strictly enforced, and workers shall be providedwith protectivedevices suchas earplugs.In constructionsites within 150m of human settlements,noisy constructionwill be stoppedbetween 10.00 p.m. and 6.00 a.m. except in case of laying of cement concrete pavement for which lower working temperature is a requirement. Blastingwill be carried out as per the Indian ExplosivesAct. Prior intimation of the operational hours of the blastingwill be given to the people living nearsuch blasting sites. Blastingwill not be undertakenin night hours. Blasting is, however, not expectedin the project stretch other than those requiredin quarriesfor which only licensedquarries are recommended.

7-9 Third National Highways Project

Constructionof noise barriers in form of walIs and vegetationat locationswith high noise levels exceedingCPCB norms will be done subject to the resultsof noise level monitoring (as proposed in the environmentalmonitoring plans for the individualcontract packages).

7.2.5 FLORA

DesignStage A large number (as much as 64%) of trees was saved by widening the road on one side in uninhabited stretches and other design modifications. Trees earmarked for felling will be removedas per design,with prior approvalof the District ForestOfficer.

ConstructionStage

The tree plantation cleared will be replaced and compensated for according- to the CompensatoryAfforestation Policy under the Forest ConservationAct-1980. Apart from trees earmarkedfor felling, no additionaltree clearingwithin the RoWwill be carried out. Plantationof shrubsand under trees in the median shall be undertakento prevent the glare of the vehiclescoming in the opposite direction. Constructionvehicles, machineryand equipment will moveor be stationedin the designated area only (RoW or Col, as applicable), to prevent compactionof vegetation. While operating on temporarily acquired land for traffic detours, storage, material handling or any other construction related or incidental activities, it will be ensuredthat the tramplingof soil will be avoided.

7.2.6 FAUNA Sincethe projectdoes not passthrough any sensitivewildlife / protected areas, nor is likely to have a significantimpact on the faunal species, no specific mitigation measure has been proposedto avoid/minimiseimpacts on fauna. However,general measuressuch as prevention of hunting havebeen recommended.

7.2.7 CULTURAL PROPERTnES

DesignStage Alignmentshave been worked out to minimise impactson cultural/religiousproperties along the corridor. At locations unavoidable, and where the community was willing to relocate the religiousproperty, relocation has been proposed. Detaileddiscussions with the community and various stakeholderswill be further conducted before relocation or shifting of cultural properties.

ConstructionStage All necessaryand adequatecare will be taken to minimizeimpacts on cultural properties.During constructionstage also, necessarysteps may be taken to avoid relocationof cultural properties. If any valuable or invaluable articles such as fabrics, coins, artifacts, structures, or other archaeologicalrelics are discovered, the excavation will be stopped and Archaeology Departmentof Uttar Pradeshor Bihar, as the case may be. will be intimated. At these chance find locations,Archaeologists will supervisethe excavationto avoid any damageto the relics.

7-10 Third National Highways Project

7.2.8 HUMANHEALTH

ConstructionStage At every workplace, good, and sufficient water supply will be maintained to avoid waterborne/water-relatedand water-baseddiseases and to securethe health of workers. Adequate drainage, sanitation and waste disposalwill be provided at workplaces. Preventive medicalcare will be providedto workers.

7.2.9 ROADSAFETY

DesignStage DesignImprovements at curves,segregating slow movingtraffic in the market placesby service lanes, provisionof wider median in rural stretchesand plantationof shrubs under trees to avoid the glare of vehiclesmoving in oppositedirections during night are some of the designsolutions provided.Provision of propersignage, proper lighting arrangementswill be made.

ConstructionStage Traffic managementplan will be developed, especiallyin congestedlocations. Traffic control measuresincluding speed limits will be enforced strictly. Further growth of encroachmentand squattingwithin the ROWwill be discouraged.

7.3 BUDGEET FOR ENVIRONMENTAL COMPONENTS The environmentalbudget for the various environmentalmanagement measures proposed in the environmentalmanagement plans, the environmental monitoring plans and the training programmeis given in Table 10.3(chapter10). Furtherdetails with respectto the location,units of measurement,and ratesapplicable are given in the respectiveEMP documents. Of the total environmental budget of Rs.155.2million, Rs.106.6million towards the cost of compensatoryafforestation.

7-11 8 COMMUNITY CONSULTATION

Thischapter presents the communityconsultations carried out in the projectstretch (all constructionpackages under the consultancypackages 11, 111, IV & V) andthe incorporationof variousissues in the project.

8.1 INTRODUCTION Public participation and communityconsultation has been taken up as an integral part of social and environmental assessmentprocess in the various project packagesof the Third National Highway Project. Carried out at various stages of the project preparation, the public participation has been viewed as a continuoustwo way process,involving promoting of public understanding of the processesand mechanismsthrough which developmentalproblems and needsare investigatedand solved.

8.2 OBJECTIVES The community consultationprocess was taken up in the various project packageswith the following objectives: * To educate the potentiallyimpacted communities/individuals about the proposedcourse of action and the projectaltematives. • To solicit the views of affected communities/individualson environmentalcomponents and the significanceof impacts. * To allow the affected communities/individualsto provide input into crucial decisionsas project designand the selectionof mitigation, compensationand monitoring strategies before any irrevocabledecisions are taken. * To stimulatecommunity self evaluationand analysis * To serve as an important tool for collecting information about both the natural and the human environments, much of which would never be accessible through more traditional approachesof data collection and * To ensure lesseningof public resistanceto change by providingthem a platform in the decisionmaking process.

8.3 PUBLIC CONSULTATION METHODOLOGY The consultation processestablished for the project has employed a range of formal and informal consultative tools including in depth interviews with key informants, Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), Meetings and Workshops. The enactment of the participation and consultationswith the stakeholders,was done at three levelsthroughout the project preparation stage.

Local/Villagelevel Consultations These consultationswere held in rural, suburban and urban areas along the corridor of impact of the project road to inform peopleabout the purpose and preliminary designof the project in order to get peoplesopinion and issuesof concern. Village/locallevel consultationswere held at locationshaving substantialno of likely project affected people.

8-1 Third National Highways Project

District Level Consultations The second phaseof public consultationswas conducted at the district level whereinconcerned Govt. authorized leaders, NGOsand PAPswere involved. These consultationswere organizedby the District Magistrateof the concerneddistrict.

State Level Consultations State level consultations were conducted as the lost level of consultation, involving the concernedstate organizationssuch as State PollutionControl Boards,Public Works Departments etc. The consultation sessions are proposed to be continued during the implementationand monitoring stages of the project.

8.3.1 PUBLIC CONSULTATIONSESSIONS The Public Consultationhas been carried out at various stages of project preparation,including at the environmental screening stage, Feasibility stage and the EnvironmentalAssessment Preparation stage. Table 8.5 lists the locationswhere PublicConsultation was conductedalong the various project packages.Following Table 8.1 gives a summaryof the public consultation processin this project.

Table8.1: PublicConsultation Sessions in the Project

Doorto Focus Group Expert Stakeholders' District Total Door Discussions Consultation Consultation Level Personal (district) (district) (district) Public Interview Hearing _____i (disbrict) II 2 2 2 2 3 11 III . 5 5 - 1 1 12 IV 5 5 4 1 15 V 4 2 1 4 11 Total 16 14 2 a [ 9 49

The processof PublicConsultation started with familiarizationof peoplewith the basicconcept of the project and the proposedwidening. The processof data collection was not restrictedto simple question and answer sessionsbut an effort was madeto addressthe apprehensionsand queries of the peopleliving alongthe project highway and therefore likely to be impactedby the project. Further, Focus group Discussionswere held at locations where a specific type of community was likely to be affected. The extent or the likely level of adverse impacts was one of the major criteria in deciding locationsfor public consultationsessions.

8.3.2 DISTRICTLEVEL PUBLIC HEARINGS Realisingthat the PublicHearings serve as an excellent meansof consultationand participative process,the EnvironmentalClearance procedures of the Governmentof India has madea Public Hearing at the District level, to be conductedby the State Pollution Control Board, mandatory for developmentprojects of such magnitude.

8-2 Thfrd National Highways Project

Public hearings were conductedat various districts under the chairmanshipof the respective District Magistrates.The details of the public hearingshave been listed in the following Table 8.2.

Table 8.2: Locationsof Public Hearing Meetings S. No. Package District Location Date 1. Fatehpur Fatehpur 26July, 1999 2. II KanpurDehat KAnpur 30July 1999 3. |______Kanpur Nagar Kanpur 19August 1999 : T III SantRavidas Nagar Gopiganj 5 July, 1999 6. VN Kaimur Mohania 19August 1999

| _7. | v Hazaribag Barhi | 21, August,1999 Source:Individual EIA Reports.

8.3.3 MECHANISM FOR ONGOINGPUBLIC CONSULTATION In all the four project packagesof the project, it has been fully realisedthat, to redressthe environmental issues likely to surface during construction and operationalphases, a constant communicationneeds to be establishedwith the affected communitiesand the road users.This has been ensured by regular progressmonitoring of the constructionand inviting suggestions/ complaintsthrough grievanceredressal cells under the PIUs and with cooperationof the NGOs. Meetings will be organizedwith the project affected and the variousstakeholders at regular intervalsat the potential hotspot/sensitivelocations before and during the constructionperiod.

8.4 COMMUNITY CONCERNS Consultation with the communities resulted in arriving at design solutions,appropriate and conducive to the felt needs of the people. Comprehensivedocumentation about ecosystem components,hotspots and communitynetworks enabled minimising the possibleimpacts. Some of the concernsand issuesraised by the peoplewere applicablefor the whole project whereas some were specific to certain-locations. The issuesmore pertinent to the natural environment only are being discussedin this section, although there were other significant social issues particularlyon impactsto individualproperties, displacement of peopleetc.

8.4.1 ISSUES RAISED BYTHE COMMUNITIES The concerns and issues surfaced during the community consultation process have been broadly summedin the following sub-sections.For further details, see Table8.3.

Air and Noise Pollution Residentsof RaniaPadao, Rama Devi, Chaudagara,Bagodar (km333), Singhrawan,Chauparan, Bara Chatti, Sherghati, Barhiand Isri Bazaarwere very much concernedregarding the dust and air pollutants from vehicle emissions.It was a generalopinion that in the congestedareas, the noise level are higher. The participantsfelt that the widening of the highway or provisionof a bypass or a flyover could reduce the noise level. Road condition and traffic delay along with dust, air and noise pollutiondue to bad road conditionand overloadingof trucks were the major issuespeople felt needto be resolvedimmediately.

8-3 Third National Highways Project

Traffic Congestion Another issue found critical was congestionand associatedtraffic delays. Suggestionsin this regard were four laning of highway, bypasses for congested areas, improvement of intersections, etc. Truck Drivers, residents and almost all road users at Thariyon, Bhaunti, Muredpur,Usraina, Rania, RamaDevi, Fatehpurand Bilinndawanted the projectto address(on priority basis) the problem of traffic congestion and bottlenecks created due to inadequate width of the highway. They noted that this issuewas severeat bridges, road intersectionsand market areasalong the roadand underpassesat busy locationwould solve their problems.

RoadsideTrees Regardirigthe removalof roadsidetrees, local peoplewere concerned.At severallocations, the local peoplewere willing to trade the temporarydamage of losing the communitytrees against the future 4-lane and well-paved road. In some areas, people showed their interest in getting the roadside eucalyptustrees removed as they were proving to be a menace. Instead, peoplesuggested the plantation of fruit bearing trees and flowering trees to improve the aestheticsand visual quality of the road. The choiceof the trees to be replantedshould be carefully made, must be local and traditional in nature and not exotic speciesas has been planted under social forestry plan. Almost all the participantsof the meetings conducted in Bara. Sikandra,Rania, RamaDevi Fatehpur,Bilinda showed their concernabout cutting of trees. The general view was that fruit bearingand shadetrees should be planted along the project road. Forestofficials of Allahabadand KaushambiDistrict were concernedabout the number of trees being cut due to the proposedproject and necessarynorms and regulationsconcerning afforestation. The Panchayatand SocialWelfare Departmentof Kaushambiand DFO of Gaya and Hazaribaghwere especially concernedabout local and traditional speciesof trees being selectedfor afforestation.

Water bodies Peoplewere concernedregarding the quality of the surfacewater bodiesand streamsalong the project -corridor. These water bodies are mainly used for irrigation and for various domestic purposesas bathing, washing clothes and washing cattle or vehicles and religiousfunctions. Participantswere concernedabout their communityresources especially the pondslikely to be affected by the project. Villagersof Madanpur(kml86) and Bagodar (km333) reiteratedthat water quality of pondsand water resourcesalong the project road should not deterioratedue to road constructionand allied activities.People of Mohaniafelt that the project could contributeto increasingthe depth of pondsin their locality.

Accidentsand Safety Roadsafety was a major concernin settlementstretches along the road and at varioussensitive landuses as schools, hospitals etc. Such areas, prone to accidents, would become more vulnerablein terms of road safety, particularlyin the operationphase, when the vehiclespeeds would increase.There were suggestionsfor safe passagesand underpassesin such areas. In caseof raisedembankments also peoplewere concemedfor proper road crossingsand access roads. It was observed that all the participants living close to the NH-2 were primarily concemedabout safety. Truckersas well as other road usersshared this view. They suggested provision of service lanes, especiallyin congestedareas such as Ajuha Market (kml29-130). The unanimousview was that the vehiculartraffic shouldbe segregatedfrom pedestriantraffic by provisionof footpaths, proper road signsand signals,especially near schools residentialand market places.Participants at Mohaniasuggested crossings at locations of high embankments while peopleat Aurangabadsuggested design of flyover at the Barun RailwayCrossing.

8-4 Third Nationai h,gnkways Project

RoadsideDrainage Problem of water logging was reported in settlement areas. In some areas people showed concern for provision of better roadside drainage. Drainage issues figured prominently and varied from place to place during the public consultationmeetings. The residents living around industrialtownship of Ranniafalling under the district of Kanpur Dehat complainedabout the untreated effluents of the nearby industries being flowned along the national highway. It was suggestedby them that the effluents should be treated and then taken along a channelto the outlet point. People broadly objected for out-letting these untreated effluents in any river /channel sinceit may endangertheir health.It may be noted that the treatment of the industrial effluents is an activity to be undertakenby the Departmentof industries. The project may only take up the people'sgrievance to the concerneddepartment for putting up an industrialeffluent treatment plant at Rannia,A drainagechannel is, however, been proposed to be constructedby the project. Participantsof Mohaniafelt that the roadsidedrains should be connectedto the existing drainagesystem. All in all, water loggingand poor road side drainage were the issues that the residentsfelt should be resolvedby the project.

RoadsideAmenities Suggestionswere given for roadsidetoilets, particularly in urban areas. Service lanes were requestedin market places.Rest areas and better bus stands were also talked about. Parking lots near urban and market areas were suggested.Some of the participantsat Mohaniaand Aurangabad wanted highway amenities such as public conveniences, dhaba, restaurants, telephone booths, to be put up at convenientlocations along the highway. Truck drivers who attended the meetings at Chaudagaraand Bhognipur suggested truck parking lay byes be provided especiallyat Gulamipurand proper lighting and signages be put up along the road. Residentsof Rani, Rama Devi, Fatehpurand Bilindasuggested that rest areas be planned at their localitiesalong the highway.

CulturaUReligiousStructures Local communities were anxious about the impact on their religious structures. They also provided suggestionsfor protection, relocationand enhancementof these structures. Impacts on religiousstructures were viewed with concern in all the project consultations.Residents of Shivsagarstrongly felt that these should be no impact on the Shivsagartemple and the sacred pon. Participantsfelt that religionsstructures should be protected from all adverseimpacts.

8.4.2 ACCOMMODATIONOFTHE ISSUES RAISED IN THEPROJECT The issues identified during the community consultationexercise formed valuable inputs into the design processand subsequentlyformed the basis for design of mitigation measuresfor specificlocations. The communityconsultation exercise not only helpedto identify and prioritise the issuesof concembut also providedsolutions for the same through this interactive process. Various mitigation measures suggested by the people themselves have been listed in the following Tables 8.3 and 8.4. The measures have been weighed for their suitability and accordinglyincorporated, in the details of which can be referred to in chapter 7 on mitigation measuresand in the EnvironmentalManagement Plans prepared separatelyfor each of the 8 ContractPackages.

8-5 Thi,rdNational highways Project

Table 8.3: Issue wise mitigation measures

S. E Issue Mitigationmeasures suggested - No.| Dustand Air Pollution . Trees& shrubsknown to be naturalsink for air wouldbe plantedalong the highway& median R*oad widening, provision of laybyesto avoidcongestion . Turfingon earthenslopes l Roadsidetree plantation to berestored and maintained , Newsites (for grampanchayat land, etc) nearthe roadto be identifiedfor afforestation. Increasednoise levels . Noiseattenuating wall will be provided * Nohorns sings will be postednear schools, colleges and hospitals * Treeplantation and development of greenbelts along the projectcorridor abuttingthe settlement to attenuate the noise due to traffic Congestionand traffic . Improvement of intersections jam i Provisionof Flyover ! Provisionof bypass Roadwidening to removetraffic jams * Erectingthe servicelanes r It . ~~~~~~Developingunderpasses at markets

Lossof trees . Tree deanng within RoW will be avoided beyondwhat is directly requiredfor constructionactivities and or to reduceaccidents . Giant neighbourhoodtrees recognizedlocally as important will be preservedand engineeringdesigns modified to accommodate them. . Fruit bearingtrees and shade trees should be planted l Trees dearing with!n RoWshould be avoidedbeyond what is requiredfor constructionactivities

Impact on cultural . Identified sites of cultural heritage are to be preserved properties * At locationwhere unavoidable,the religiousstructures within RoWshould be shifted only after consultationwith local community. Properrelocation of such structure will be done.

Roadside amenities * Facilitieslike dhaba,restaurants, repair and spare parts shops, toilets, resting places,parking lots, PCOsetc. should be provided at the rate of one or two per 100km. | RestAreas to be providedalong the highway I . Truck stoppagesite (lay bye) to be provided I Dividersto be providedto segregatetraffic | Properlighting shouldbe done at accident prone locations

Roadsafety . Servicelane to be providedto separatelocal traffic from through traffic

8-6 Third National Highwp-' Project

S. Issue Mitigationmeasures suggested No. * Provisionof service roads . Vehicularand pedestriantraffic to be-segregated by providing footpaths . Properhighway signalsto be provided . Wideningof bridgesto avoidaccidents . Contingencyplans for accidents.Location of trafficcontrol room at regularintervals of 100km. . Trafficmanagement plan to bedeveloped, especially in congestedlocations * Trafficcontrol measures including speed limits to beenforced strictly . Gradelevel pedestrian crossing Drainage . At locationswhere flood waters (12 to 15years return period) riseup to the roadlevel or overtopof the road,the sectionsare to be raisedsuitably along with the cross-drainagestructures. * Thelength of someof the bridgeshas been increased to include floodflows of highintensity.

Lossof waterbodies * Communityponds will be avoidedas far aspossible . In caseof filling requiredequal replacement would be done.

Table8.4: Specificissues Raised and measurestaken - ProjectPackages II throughV Brief Description RelevantRoad w Individualor MeasuresTaken. of issues/ Section/Area a Organisation Suggestions Raisingit

Air Thedust and other Settlementareas II Local . Trees& shrubsknown to be naturalsink for air Pollutantsfrom Residentsof air wouldbe planted along the highway& the emissionof the RaniaPadao, median. !vehicles, which RamaDevi & . Provisionof raisedcarriageway i causesthe | Chaudagra deteriorationin the . Improvementof intersections air quality. . Roadwidening, provision of laybyesto avoid congestion !|*. Turfingon earthenslopes, turfing of earthen shoulders I Checkingof vehicularemissions of SPM,RPM, SO2, NO%,CO, Pb, HC.

8-7 Third National Highways Project

Brief Description Relevant Road v Individual or MeasuresTaken. of issues/ Section /Area m Organisation Suggestions Raising it

Settlementareas IV Local . Roadsidetree plantationto be restoredand Residents maintained . New sites (for gram panchayatland, etc.) nearthe road to be identifiedfor afforestation. -Monitoringof air quality for various pollutant parametersthrice a year shouldbe conducted to record the levelsand judge the successof ______.mitigation measures Bagodar V Local Air monitoring during costructionand (km333), Residents. operationstages- Singhrawan, Chauparan,Bara Chatti, Sherghati,Barhi, Isri Bazar Noise The noise level is In congested II | Local | . Noiseattenuating wall will be provided higher becauseof areas and Residentsof No homs signswill be postednear schools, heavyvehicular intersections Rania, collegesand hospitals traffic and honking Jainpur, of horns RamaDevi, Provisionof raisedcarriageway; Improvement Chaudagra& of intersections Aung . Tree plantationand developmentof green belts alongthe projectcorridor abutting the settlement Near hospitals, IV Local . Tree plantationwill help reducingnoise schoolsand residents, spread to near by areas courts, teachers. * No hom signsfor sensitive/silencezones settlementareas (Hospitals/Schools/cpurts)would be erected.

Bagodar, V LocalPeople . Noisemonitoring would be conducted Singharawan . of Bagodar and Singharawan.

Traffic congestion i Congestionand All alongthe 11 Truckers in . Provisionof raisedcarriageway traffic jams due to highway FGDsand . Improvementof intersections 1 inadequatewidth of particularlyin Peopleliving highway and jcongestedareas near the e Roadwidening, provision of laybyesto avoid accidentsduring bridgesand Highway in congestion overtaking intersections. Thariyon, . Provisionof bypassat Bilindaand Thariyaon Bhaunti, Mureedpur, Usraina, Rania,Rama Devi, Fatehpur, & Bilinda

8-8 Third IVational highwaysProject

Brief Description Relevant Road w Individual or Measures Taken. of issues/ Section /Area a Organisation Suggestions X Raising it 'L

Marketareas III Roadusers . Roadwidening to removetraffic jams. . Erectingthe servicelanes . Developingunderpasses at markets Barhi, Isri, V Truck . 5.5 km long existing portion of the highwayat GorharBridge Drivers/ Local Barhihas beenprovided with bye-passon the Residents northem side,about 1 km away from the existing alignment. . 5.35 km diversionroad as a bye-passhas been providedto avoid the most critically - . -congested area at Dumri-Isri Bazar.

Flora Save trees as much Throughoutthe II Local . Tree clearingwithin ROWwill be avoided 1 as possible highway Residentsof beyond what is directly requiredfor Rania,Rama constructionactivities and or to reduce Devi, accidents. Fatehpur& . Giant neighbourhoodtrees recognisedlocally Bilinda as important will be preservedand i ______. ______.______engineeringdesigns modified to Eucalyptustrees Bara-Sikandra II Publicin Bara- accommodatethem should be removed Area -Sikandra as they cause area | damageto the cultivationand fruit Bearingtrees and shade trees should be planted instead New plants should be planted before older trees are cut

Tree cutting and Roadside III Forest . Treeswill be removedas per Design,with Afforestation officersof prior approvalof DFO Alahabadand . Areasof tree plantationcleared will be Kaushambi replacedaccording to compensatory District AfforestationPolicy under ForestConservation Act-1980. (Two trees plantedto one removed) . Treesclearing within ROWshould be avoided beyondwhat is requiredfor construction activities. . Plantinggrasses and herbalcover at the embankmentof new carriageway.

Roadside IV Local . Compensatoryafforestation at the ratio of 1:2 Residents as per forest conservationact. * Minimisingtree cutting through shifting of 8-9- 89 alignmcnt. . Gianttrees will be savedtill they do not prove dangerousto the traffic Third National Highways Project

Brief Description Relevant Road j Individual or Measures Taken. of issues/ Section /Area m Organisation Suggestions Raising it

* I Mohania IV Participants, district level meetingat i | ______M ohania V Local Residents Speciesof trees to Villagesof III Panchayat * Plantationscheme would contain keystone be planted Kaushambi and Social speciesto maintainbiodiversity. Welfare . Improvementof density of vegetation by Department plantng suchspecies. officersof !Kaushambi. . Selectionof speciesas per DFOssuggestion Localand Roadside V DFO Gaya Traditionalspecies and to be planted

Plantationin areas Ruralarea of III Panchayat . Plantationof trees and shrubs throughoutthe. where there is no Khaga and NGOsof highwayand medians. vegetabonpresentiy Khaga

Bypasses Bypassto avoid Bhognipur, II Residentsof Flyoverat Bhognipur settlement Rajpur,Bilinda, the respectve . Bypassesat Bilindaand Tharnyaon Malwa, settlement in Thariyon, FGDs. . Shifting of alignmentto south at Aung, Malma Sanwara . Shifting of alignment to northat Khagaand Usraina. Aung II Gram Pradhanof Aung in District level workshop

South side Aung II Participants alignment to avoid of FGDat Temple Aung

Bypassto save Saidraja IV Participants, . Bypass large scale district level dismantding,Big meetingat Mosque,Shnine, Chandauli Temple

Culturalproperties

8-10 Third National Highways Project

*Brief Description Relevant Road w Individual or MeasuresTaken. of issues/ Section /Area m Organisation Suggestions u Raising it

Protectionof Shiv Shiv Sagar IV Local . Avoidanceby shifting the allignment sagartemple and Residents . Identified sites of cultural heritageare to be sacredPond preserved . At locationwhere unavoidable,the religious Reestablishmentof Mohania IV Participants, structureswithin ROW should be shiftedonly religious structures district level after consultationwith localcommunity. I coming within CoI. meetingat Properrelocation of such structurewill be They requestedto Mohania done think over the Hanumantemple situated at the chandani chowk

! Road side amenities Highway side UrbanAreas IV Raja Talab, . Providedas far as applicableand possible. amenitiesto be Mohaniaand provided eg., Sulab Aurangabad Toilet Yatri sheds Variouslocations IV Mohania ______alonghighway RestAreas to be Rania,Rama II -Peopleliving providedalong the Devi, Fatehpur& nearthe highway | Bilinda Highway Facilitieslike l II Truckers, * Shoppingcomplex of 20-25 shopscovering Dhabas, bypass, Chaudagra the repairshops, medicineshops, restaurants restaurants, repair Machcha, and and recreation.Planting omamentaland and spare parts *Nabipur, Bhognipur shadetrees to improvethe complex shops, toilets, Bhaunti, aesthetically. resting places, Barajode, parking lots, PCOs Chaudagraand should.beprovided Bhognipur at the rate of one or two per 100 km. Truck stoppagesite Gulamipur III Local people . Provisionof a Lay-by l and Petrol- ______lpump owners Dividerst must be [ Throughoutthe II Truckers in . Segregationof through traffic and localtraffic provided to Corndor FGDs will be carried out in congestedareas through segregatetraffic in servicelanesto avoid accidents. the opposite . Providingmedian to prevent head-oncollision direction

Proper Lighting Bridgesand II Truckersin should be done at CongestedAreas FGDs accident prone | I locations

Road safety ServiceLane should CongestedAreas II Truckersin | Provided. 1beprovided to_I_I 8-11 Third National Highways Project

Brief Description RelevantRoad w Individualor MeasuresTaken. cm of issues/ Section/Area X Organisation .Suggestions u Raisingit A.M'U separatelocal traffic FGDs Provisionof service Ajuhamarket III Peopleliving . Erectionof servicelanes road km129-130 nearthe Highway Urbanisedareas IV Participants, . Servicelane provided at majorurban areas. onAurangabad districtlevel bypass meetingat (Existing). Aurangabad. Madanpur, V Truckdrivers . 500mservice road on sideshas been lSherghab, andlocal providedat Madanpur Dobhi, . Residents . 830m serviceroads on both sideshave been Chauparan l providedwith a underpassat Sherghati * 600m serviceroad on both sideswith grade separation;with provisionof 16mwide underpassto segregateGaya - Chatratraffic. This intersectiondesign will segregatethe crosstraffic movementfrom the highway movementat Dobhi Vehiculartraffic and Urban areasand II Truckersin . Providingmedian to prevent head-oncollision Padestriantraffic Congestedareas FGDs . Providingantiglare screen where median should be width <5 m/RCW lsegregated by l segrevidingafootedb ths Signagesat curvesand junctions, schools, providing footpathscieges and hospitals Properhighway II Truckersin colesian ospils signals l FGDs . Provisionof guard rails where embankment/RCWheight >2.5 m. ROBsand WideningDf Bridges II Truckersih bridges to avoidacdidents FGDs . Segregabonof through traffic and local traffic Contingencyplans II Truckersin will be carriedout in congestedareas through for accidents. FGDs service lanesto avoid acddents. Locationof traffic control room at . Providingadequate sight distanceat curves on highwaysby removalof all existing regular intervalsof obstructions.

RoadSafety near RajaTalab III Teachersand . Traffic managementplan to be developed, school local MLAs especiallyin congestedlocations . Traffic control measuresinduding speed limits to be enforcedstrictly. . Furthergrowth of encroachmentand squattingon ROWto be discouraged. RoadSafety IV Participants, * Through realignmentand propersignage Startof VRM Idistrictlevel bypass, Raja | meetingat Talab | RajaTalab

lanka Chitaipur IV Partiapants, I l ~~~~Lanka Chitaipur ditrc leve...... l crossing,Kml2 distrct level VRM ~~~~~meetingat I Raja Talab

1l1 { 1 8-12 Th,rd National Highways Project

r~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ . Brief Description Relevant Road j Individual or Measures Taken. of issues/ Section /Area i I Organisation Suggestions I Raising it

Sherghati V Local * Serviceroads n settlementareas (210km), Isri, Residents/ * Underpasses Gorhar, Barhi, Truck Drivers Singhrawan,Mad and Police * Safe accessto schools anpur. * Gradelevel pedestrian crossing

l ______Improvedintersection design | Propercrossing at. Mohaniaurban IV Participants, a Underpassesprovided with serviceroads high embankments area districtlevel meetingat Mohania Flyover BarunRailway IV Participants, * ROBproposed at Barunrailway crossingat crossing district level km. 143 meetingat |__ __ Aurangabad Drainage Rania II DM, Kanpur . Water qualitymonitoring in Raniaindustrial Dehatat area !Industrialeffluent Distict Level . Matterwill betaken up with the concemed treatment plant P. departmentsfor setting up of the industrial I t ; effluent treatmentplant. Projectplans to ! constructdrainage channel for the treated effluents. Problemof water Chaudagra II FGD logging Industrial Area RoadsideDrainage Chandauli IV Participants, . At locatons whereflood waters (12 to 15 market district level yearsreturn period)raises upto the road level meetingat or over top of the road, the sectionsare to be Chandauli raised suitablyalong with the cross-drainage Outlet of roadside- Mohania IV Participants, structures drainage should be district level * The length of someof the bridges hasbeen i in the drain situated meetingat increasedto indudeflood flows of high at the crossing of Mohania, intensity. station road, which | RajeshKumar * The existingcourse of the river and canalsor is presently Singh(CO streamsmaintained at all locations. connectedto Mohania) Durgawati river. Water logging and Isri Bazar, V Local . Properdrainage provided poor roadside Chauparan, Residents Drainage Sherghati, during FGDs Barachatti, Bagodar Water bodies Increasingthe | Mohania(69 km) JIV Participants, . All the ponds have beensaved except the depth of Ponds district level shivsagartank whichwill be partly meetingat affected.Forthe requiredfilling, equal Mohania replacementwould be done

Protectionof Madanpur V Villagersfrom . Communityponds will be avoidedas far as Community Ponds (186)and Madanpur possible Bagodar(3343 and Bagodar . In caseof filling requiredequal replacement 8-13 would be done. . in sectionsalong the river, earth and stones should be propertydisposed of so as not to Third National Highways Project

Brief Description Relevant Road ii Individual or MeasuresTaken. of issues/ Section /Area E Organisation Suggestions I.X Raisingit .~~~~~~ Raiin it 'U

Water quality of Madanpurand V Villagersfrom streams Bagodar Madanpur ! ______- ______and Bagodar

Table 8.5: PublicConsultation at Different Stages of Project Date Level Type Location District Key Participants Package-II

July/Aug. Individual Doorto Door Entire Project Kanpur Peopleliving along the Project 1998 Personal Stretch,Ramia District Highway Contacts Padao,Jainnpur July & Individual Doorto Door EntireProject Fatehpur Peopleliving along the Project August Personal Stretchand Highway 1998 Contact . 12 feb. 98 Village Focusgroup Bhima,Ramia Kanpur Women,agricutturists, weaker -to Feb. 99 discussions secion, truckers

I 20,22 and Village Focusgroup Bilinda,Malwan Women,agriculturists, weaker . 23 Feb.99 discussions an Thariyaon section,truckers I (FGDs)_r _ = __ .26 July District District Level I Shabhagar,DM Fatehpur Stakeholders,Gram Pradhans,rep 1999 Public OfficeFatehpur of Govt. Deptt, Publicreps, Opinion Hearing leaders& DM 20.3.99 District District level CGrcuithouse, Kanpur Stakeholders,Gram Pradhans,rep stakeholder Kanpur of Govt. Deptt, Publicreps, Opinion consultation ieaders& DM workshop 16 apr. 99 District District level Shabhagar,DM Fatehpur Stakeholders,Gram Pradhans,rep stakeholder OfficeFatehpur of Govt.Deptt, Publicreps, Opinion consultation leaders& DM ______workshop .__ _i July 1992 State& Consultation Kanpur,Lucknow - Director MoEFModel Officer, DFO to May Centre with Experts and New Delhi & RangersUP Forest,RO, Member 1999 Govt. sEcy,CEU PPCB, VC, KDA,CE, * t ______KDA,DM and CDO KanpurDehat JULY1998 State & Consultation Kanpur,Fatehpur, DirectorsMoEF, Model Officer, DFO TO May Centre with experts Lucknow& New & RangersForest Deptt UP, 1999 Govt. j Delhi MemberSecy, CE, RO, UPPCB, i CoommissionerKanpur,. CE, VC, Package KDADM & CDO FatehpurDistrict Package-III|

August98 Individual Door to Door Ajuha Fatehpur Intellectualsand shop keepers Personal I Contacts I

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Date Level Type Location District Key Participants

August98 Individual Door to Door I Saini Kaushambi Businessmen-andlocal public Personal Contacts August98 Individual Doorto Door Handia Allahabad Teachersand students Personal Contacts August98 Individual Doorto Door Gopiganj Sant Peopleon ROW Personal Ravidar Contacts Nagar August98 Individual Doorto Door RajaTalab Varanasi Squatters Personal Contacts December Village Focusgroup Khaga Fatehpur Literateand illiteratevillagers 98 discussions (FGDs) December Village Focusgroup Gulamipur Kaushambi Havingearning on ROW& private 98 discussions owners of shops, petrol pumps, (FGDs) Dhabas etc. December Village Focusgroup Handia Allahabad Forestofficers, Tahsildars, people 98 discussions from utility departmentsetc. (FGDs) December Village Focusgroup Jangiganj& Sant Policeofficers,owners and usersof 98 discussions Madhosingh Ravidas religiousstructures, officers of (FGDs) Nagar Municipality etc. December Village Focusgroup RajaTalab Varanasi Ownersand workers of carpet 98 discussions industry,brick kin makersand ______(FGDs) common people 17 July 99 District District level Saini Kaushambi Pressreporters of both Englishand stakeholder newspapers,K.S. Mishra consultation District Socialwelfare officer, workshop Kaushambi,NGOs, Forest officers, Projecteconomist, Consultants Bridgeexperts, Sarpanch,BDO, CDO etc. 5 July99 District District level Gopiganj Saint District MaistrateSant Ravidas Public Ravidas nagar,Pradhansof villagers,Local Hearing Nagar NGOs,MLA, Social workers, CDO, BDO,K.K.Srinivastav - Pollution Department,DFO, Executive, Engineer- electricity Department, Director- Jal NigamDirector - ______- ______Fisheries etc. Package-IV

0.5.10.98 | Individual Door to Door km318.12_VRM Varanasi Personal Contacts 14.5.98 Individual Door to Door km32.41 Chandauli Personal Contacts 18.598 Individual Door to Door km58, 69, 93 Kaimur Personal Contacts

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Date Level Type Location District ;-Key Participants 21.5.98 Individual Doorto Door kmlnB, 134 Rothas | Personal Contacts 24.5.98 Individual Doorto Door km159,175 Aurangabad Personal i ______Contacts 22.9.98 Village FGD km318 Varanasi

23.9.98 Village FGD km28, 31, 40, 45 Chandauli _ 24.9.98 Village FGD km59, 70, 92 Kaimur l 25.9.98 Village FGD kmlO6,120, 133 Rothas

26.9.98 Village FGD km148,153, 159, Aurangabad l ~~~~~~~175 09.9.99 Distrct Districtlevel RajaTalab Varanasi Addl.D.M., Varanasi; P.D., NHAI, stakeholder Alilahabad;Manager,NHAI, consultation Varanasi;Manager NHAI, workshop Allahabad;Lokpal, Other officers & public

06.3.99 District Districtlevel Chandauli Chandauli P.D.,NHAI, Varanasi, DFO, stakeholder Manager,NHAI; E.E.PWD; E.E. consultation Jalnigum;SDO, Sakaldiha; SDO, workshop Chandauli;P.D, D.R.D.A.;B.D.O, Thanapur;BDO, Niamatabad; BDO, Barhani;BDO, Sadar; Tahasildar, Otherofficer & public

06.04.99 District Districtlevel Mohania Kaimur, P.D.,NHAI, Varanasi; Manager, stakeholder NHAI,Varanasi; S.D.O, Mohania; consultation C.I., Durgawati; C.I.,Durgawati; workshop D.C.L.R.,Mohania ; CO., Mohannia;E.E., N.H.Marg, Mohania;A.E., N.H. Marg, Mohania;P.D., NHAI, Varanasi; S.E.(Electrical), Sasaram; Manager,NHAI , Varanasi; Addl. D.M.,,Sasaram; M.L.A., Sasaram; D.P.O.,Ssaram; Chairman Municipality;AddI. D.M. (Retd.) Sasaram;Advocate/Reporters; Socialworkers; ADM, Sasaram; D.D.O.,Sasaram; Reporter; Other Officers& Public District Districtlevel Aurangabad Aurangabad P.D.,NHAI, Varanasi; ADM, | stakelolder Aurangabad;D. MiningOfficer, consultation Aurangabad;Asst. Engg. workshop (Electrical),Aurangabad ; C.O., Aurangabad; Manager,NHAI, Varanasi; S.D.O,Aurangabad; ______l______l______lCOtherofficer & Public 19.8.99 | State& Districtlevel Mohania Bihar ChairmanPCB, Bihar; Suara Centre Public village; D.F.O.Sasaram; C.O. Govt. Hearing Mohania;SDO Mohania; Senior ______- ______l ______L______| Citizens; ADM Sasaram ; D.F.O. 8-16 ThirdNational Highways Project

Date LLcvel Type Location District KeyParticipants Sasaram;Deputy Advisor; PCB ;Journalist Sasaram; MLA Representative,Durgawati; MLA Represenntative,;Mohania; VDO Representative,Mohania; A.E. NH, Durgawati,CO Mohania;Zonal OfficerPCB, Patna ; Manager NHAI, Varanasi; Scientist SPCB; Biihar;PD NHAI, Varanasi - Manager,NHAI, Varanasi; Ex- Chairman,Nagar palica; Sasaram Package-V

June 1998 Individual Doorto Door Dobhi Gaya/Hazari Forest,Department Personal bag// Contacts Dhanbad June 1998 Individual Doorto Door Madanpur Gaya/Hazari Localresidents Personal bag/Giridih/ Contacts Dhanbad . June 1998 Individual Doorto Door Sherghati Gaya/Hazari Truckdrivers Personal bag/Giridih/ Contacts Dhanbad June 1998 T Individual Doorto Door Bhalua Gaya/Hazari Dhabaowners Personal bag/Giridih/ I=______._Contacts Dhanbad June1998 Individual Doorto Door Bagodar Gaya/Hazari Shopowners Personal bag/Giridih/ Contacts Dhanbad . June1998 Individual Doorto Door Isri Bazar Gaya/Hazari Residential Personal bag/Giridih/ Contacts Dhanbad June1998 Individual Doorto Door Rajgaunj Gaya/Hazari NGOs Personal bag/Giridih/ Contacts Dhanbad Sept.98 Village Focusgroup Chauparan Gaya& NariJagaran kendra I discussions Hazaribag Sept.98 Village Focusgroup Barachatti Gaya& JanaJagaran kendra discussions Hazaribag Sept.98 Village Focusgroup Bhalua Gaya& Forestwildlife division discussions Hazaribag DFO'sof Gaya/Hazaribag May-Aug. District Districtlevel StatePollution Control Board 99 stakeholder consultation workshop _ __!

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9 ENVIRONMENTAL ENHANCEMENTS

For last 300 years, the Grand Trunk Road, re-christened later as National Highway No. 2, has been a conduit for transportation of goods and people. It has been one of the important landmark features of Indo-GangeticPlain by socially as well as economicallylinking its different parts. Many historicaltexts have referenceto this road as one of finest and grandest facilitiesin its class. The Third National Highway Project gives us a rare opportunity to retain some of its lost glory and ensure that a journey on any of its part is an enjoyableexperience. This chapter refers to the additional measures to be taken during the execution of the project for the benefit of the road users and the surroundingcommunities of the GrandTrunk Road. This does not include several other enhancementsthat occur inherently becauseof the nature. of the project such as improved drainage, pedestrian facilities, illumination in urban stretches, preventionof existing erosion, overtoppingand flooding etc. as these improvements are in-built in the Highwaydesign. Followingare the objectivesof environmentalenhancement measuresbeing describedin the chapter. * To enhancethe appealand environmentalquality of the project corridor to its users, * To enhancevisual quality along the highway, and * To generate goodwill among the local community towards the project, by the enhancementof commonproperty resources.

The variousenhancement measures proposed for the different contract packagesinclude: . Enhancementof road-sidefacilities (bus stops); * Improvement of aestheticqualities of the project corridors (landscaping,selective tree plantation); , Managementof existing problems(dust pollution from crushing units, lack of shadeto the slow movingtraffic); * Landscapingalong the projectcorridor, a improvement of the natural resourcesfor the local population(provision of fodder,fuel wood, etc. by carefulselection of speciesto be plantedwithin the RoW)and, EEnhancement of cultural propertiesalong the road. In Section 9.1 and 9.2, enhancementmeasures of general nature applicable to all contract package II to V have been discussedwhile Section 9.3 covers details of enhancementas proposed under each packageindividually.

9.1 NATURAL ENVIRONMENT

9.1.1 LANDSCAPING The stretch of NH-2 (Packages-II,III, IV and V) is proposedto be strengthenedand reinforced using various techniquesof soft landscapes,principally through planting of various types. The plant materials proposedcan be categorizedinto trees, shrubs,and groundcovers.

Tree plantationschemes Somebasic norms to be followed in tree plantationscheme are: 1) Pure avenuesplantation with single species(only to be) planted for a number of kilometers (or, the stretch between two market places) provide harmoniousand pleasinglook, and a regular and wavelikeskyline. This row of trees forms the first and innermostline. 2) There is a remarkable coordination between the topography, shape of tree and sky. Accordingly,the umbrella-likeacacias and gulmohars and semi-umbrellalike neem, mahua, banyan, mango, and pipal of the alluvial plains of North India are admirably suited to the flat nature of the country.

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3) Selection of tree species in outer rows (where multiple rows are to be grown' were considered from economicpoint of view. Therefore, trees that provide fuel and fruit as well as small timber for agricultural implements have been suggested.Some fuel and small timber producing trees include babul, bakain and mesquite (all of them are fast-growing trees); the fruit producingtrees are varietiesof mango, kathal, guavaand mahua. 4) Bambooscan easily be planted near ponds and have many uses in the farm and cottage industry. 5) The plantation of trees accordingto different densities may be: * Sparse plantation: one linear row of trees plantation. * Medium density plantation: Two rows of tree plantation with this flowering shrub plantation * Dense plantation: Morethan two rowsof tree plantationwith denseshrubs.

Criteria for selectionof tree species The planting type was decidedbased on their requirementand feasibilityat varioussites along the project corridors. Physicalgrowth characteristicsof trees, like form and shape,foliage and rooting characteristics,growth rate, canopytype and branchingpattern were the major criteria in the selectionof plantationtype and density. From climatologicalpoint of view, eliminationof solar glare during low elevationsof the sun was consideredin the designdecisions. Water table depths helped in the choice of plant material from the point of their survival rate after plantation. In a tropical country like India, where the temperature during summermonths may rise up to a maximum of 46°C or more, the shade' is of greatest value to the travellers. Followingare criteria for selectionof speciesto be plantedalong the roadat different locations. - In stretcheswhere the soil is largely alkaline, some salt-resistantvarieties like Shisham, babul, Neem, Casuannaand Sins have beenselected. * In stretcheswhere water loggingoccurs, on both sidesof the road, the selectionof tree species should be from amongstthe moisture loving trees, for example,Lagerestnoema flos - reginae, ariuna (Terminalia arjuna), species of Cassialike C marginata. C nodosa, C, siamea,and a variety of jamun, Syzygiumoperculala (the fruits are small and not edible), Eucalyptus,Tanarix, Salix, etc. a The tree speciesto be grown near the ponds and other water bodiesindude Kadamba (AnthocephalusCadamba), Sita Ashok (Saraca Indica), different varieties of Kachnar (Bauhinia Purpurea. B. Varnegata. B. Racemosa), LagerestroemiaFlos-Reginae, PeltophorumFerrugineum Temple Tree (PumariaAlba and P Acutitolia)etc. i Some of the trees like Neem-Chameli(Milingtoni Hortensis),Gular (FicusGlomerata), Jamun (SyzygiumJambolana) have very week wood and breakeasily in a wind storm. As a result, after the storm, roads become blocked and traffic is stoppedfor a long time. Such trees are unsuitablefor roadside avenues and should only be planted in outer rows. . Near market places and congestedareas, the trees known for behavingas 'pollution sink' have been proposed.Though, trees in general absorb the pollutants, filter the air from pollutants, and act as noise barrier, but some trees like Neem (Azadirachta Indica), Mango (MangiferaIndica), Ashok (PolyalthiaLongifolhi), Putranjiva Roxburghil. Moulshree(Mimusops Elengf),Ficus Retura, Pakur (FicusInfectoria), Shisham(Dalbergia Sisso), Imli (LamarindusIndica), Mahua(Bassia Latifolia) can do it in a better way. Near sensitive areas like schoolsand hospitals,tall trees with thick canopiescan create a wind screenthrough which the air can be filtered and the noise levelsbe considerably reduced. Some such trees are Ashok (Polyalthia Longifolia), PutranjivaRoxburgh,i and Alstonia Scholaris. Thorny trees like AcaciaArabica and Ber (ZizyphusjjuIuba)should be avoidedsince their thorns are a nuisancefor the pneumatictyres- of motor vehicles. Along curves, especiallyin accident- prone areas, soft trunk trees shall be planted to reduce the impactof vehicle. In order to prevent glare from the headlights of incomingvehicles, various kinds of shrubs and low-height trees are proposed in the median. The objective is to prevent

9-2 Third NationalHighways Project

glare withes' blocking vision. Some recommendedspecies are: Casuanna(Casunina equisetioliia), Chandani (Tabernemontana),Kachnar (Bauhinia purpurea), Plumefia Rubra, P/umeriaalba, Hamelia patens,Thespesia populnea, JackarandaMimosaefolia, Kaner (Thevetianerifolia), etc. . On basis of the above criteria, the tree speciesrecommended for landscapingof the Highway have been describedin Table 9.1. Table9.1: Treesrecommended for Plantationalong Project Highway Speciesof Plants/ Bushes/ Herbs r MinimumNo. of Rows Distancefrom the BotanicalName LocalName edgeof Cw (i) Mangiferaindica Mango 3 (Dependsupon the 3 to 4 I availabilityof space) AzadirachtaIndica ! Neem 2 3 to 4 EucalyptusAtriodora Eucalyptus Onlywhere stagnant water 3 to 4 Globulus| exists BouhuniaPupuria Kanchan 3 3 to 4 Acaciaarabica Imli 2 3 to 4

| Ficusbengalensis Bargad - 2 5 to 6 Delonixregia Gulmohar j 2 | 3to 6 Dalbergiasisso Shisham 2 3 to 6 Ficusreligiosa Pipal 3 3 to 6 Acaciaarabica Babul 3 3 to 6 Nyctanthes Harsingar 1 2 3 to 6 Bauhiniavariegata Kachnar l 2 3 to 6

9.1.2 UNDER GROWTHAND EDGESALONG CLEAR ZONE The clear zone along various corridors is of varied nature depending upon the different embankment heights. Some areas have steep gradients that need intensive stone pitching treatment. In order to increasethe structuralstability of this type of treatments,plant materials such as shrubs and ground covers have been introduced in the interstices. They have been used with emphasison their rooting characteristicsso that they help in binding the stone pitching treatments. In areas of high water table or water logging, specialemphasis has been given on the selectionof plant materialsthat can survive in moist conditions. Developingherbal cover and turfing with grassesreduces the degreeof soil erosion.The most important grassesrecommended at the outmost boundaryof the RoW include Khas, kansand sarpat. The khas has an added advantage since its roots produce the scented oil used in perfumaries. Small cottage industries of perfumerycan be developedin certain areas if such planting is carefullyimplemented.

9.1.3 ENHANCEMENTOF WATER BODIES There are several water-bodies,drainage channelsand canals along and across the project corridor. Dependingupon their location and nature, they are used by differentgroups. In order to make these water bodies more accessibleand to enhance the water-front, landscape proposalshave been prepared basedon the type of water body. Classificationof water bodies and their typical landscapedesign treatment are describedin the following sub-sections.

Enhancementof Ponds The ponds are used for various purposesincluding bathing, washing, fishing, growing water- fruits, livestock drinking and often irrigating the agricultural fields. The landscapetreatment includes

9-3 Third National Highways Project

* Provisionof stepped accessto the edge of water * *roviding flat bouldersfor washing * Stone pitchingfor slope stabilizationtowards roadside * Plantationof trees and shrubsfor stabilisationof pond edge * Provisionof steps, washing ghats, sitting spaceetc on pond/lake periphery

Fig. 9.1: Provisionof Stepped Access Fig. 9.2: Plantation of trees and shrubs

The water bodies proposed for enhancementin the various project packages have been presentedin Table 9.2.

Table9.2: Enhancementof Ponds Package Location Distancefrom CL Side IIIA km 156-km 157 10 m North 11C km 248-km249 17 m South IIIC km 255-km256 30 m South IIIC km 264-km 265 20 m North In C km 282-km283 10 m South V km 186.900 27.5 m South V km 334.000 30m. South V km 338.240 15m North V km 348.900 N.A. North V km 381.800 N.A. South V km 387.750 N.A. North V km 389.500 N.A. | South

Enhancement of Naturalcross-drainage channels The branch of SasurKhaderi river crossingthe Highwayat km 131.5 in PackageIII-A requires landscapetreatment. The treatment involvedare: * Steppedaccess to the waterfront * Stonepitching on the bank * Plantationof trees and shrubs

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9.2 PHYSICALENVIRONMENT

9.2.1 ENHANCEMENTOF EXISTING Bus STOPS A visual surveyof rural bus stops in the entire stretch revealedthe inefficiency of the existing bus stop structures.The existing design is not suitedto the local climate and thus only finds use during the rainy season.Further, utility of these facilitiesvaries according to the traffic volume, intensityof user groups, visibility of the movingtraffic from the bus stop and comfort conditions within the bus stop. In places where bus stops alreadyexist, changes should be incorporatedto increasethe utility of these structures. Figure 10.3 shows generic enhancement measuresfor BusStops identified in Table 9.3. Table9.3: Location of Bus-Stopsalong NH-2 Package} Location [ Chainage II Rasdhan 32.400- 32.550 Akbarpur RHS3.750 - 3.900, LHS3.900 to 4.050 Aung 41.9-42.050 Malwan 62.950-63.100 Bara 448.950 - 449.100 IV In everyvillage and semi- urbantown along the corridor

Soft landscapetreatments like planting of shade trees and shrubs based on the solar path to create comfortablespaces for waiting passengersand other allied activities shall be done. Hard landscapetreatments like the provision of the proper frontage for the bus bay for smooth circulationof vehiclesis also proposed.

9.2.2 DESIGNOF NEw Bus STOPS New Bus Stops would be provided with shade, benches and railings. Interpretative signage would be displayedin Hindi and Englishthat could deliver information about the bus numbers, origin & destinationand routes of buses. These areas would be paved slightly away from the proposed highway so as to reduce the effect of congestionas well as air pollution.

*j4 owJ!Qah- Of.OV IRE!

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~S;,PAI

Figure9.3: Genericsketch showing enhancement of bus stop

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These will be provided with toilet facilities and designed as per IRS: 80-1981. The oroposed bcations are on both the sides of places given in Table 9.3.

9.2.3 ENHANCEMENTOFMAJOR ROAD INTERSECTION AND ISLANDS Road intersectionsare main nodal spacesalong any corridor in terms of road aesthetics. Proper landscapingof the traffic islandsand the surroundingareas shall integrate these features with the surrounding landscape.A sense of place can be established by landscapingthese areas, basedon a theme that is characteristicof that locality. The lay out of traffic intersections shall be fixed by the traffic needs of the junction. The landscapedesign has considered the basic standards of height limitations, appropriate sight lines and other geometric design elements that are applicable to each type of traffic intersection.

9.2.4 LAY-BYES The lay-byes have been proposed where congestion of heavy commercial vehicles was observed.The proposedlocations of lay-byes have been given in Table 9.4. The enhancement facilitiessupporting the functioningof the lay-byesshall be as follows- . An additional 12 m wide and 500 m long pavement on both sides (but alternating with each other) shall be developed so that the flow of traffic in carriageway is not obstructed. = Each location shall have 20-25 shops covering the repair shops, medicine shops, restaurantsand recreation. * The locationof petrol pumps shall be closeto such complexes. * Ormamentaltrees, shadetrees and shrubsshall be planted in order to developthe area aesthetically Table9.4: ProposedLay-byes along NH-2 Package Place Chainage Remarks 47.400-47.900 On LHS 49.400 - 49.900 OnRHS nI 109.700-110.000 OnRHS

km 455.600 to 456.200 - On both sides km 469.150 to Km 469.650 On RHSof road Gulamipur -

III Jangiganj - jAural - 65-66,68-69,69-70,70-71,74-75,75-76,78-79,79- 80,96-97,97-98,100-101,101-102,105-106,107- IV ~~~~~108,108-109,109-110,141-142,143-144,144-145,148-BuBaspoie IV 149,149-150,150-151,153-154,154-155,155-156,158- BusBays provided 159,160-161,162-163,165-166,170-171,172-173,175- 176 km 235.150-231.1 v BarachaKi km288.7-289.00 ParkingPlaces km 343.225-343.595

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9.2.5 WAYSIDEFACILITY COMPLEXES (REST AREA) Wayside facilities are planned to enhance the travelers' experience as well as the roadside environment. The provision of a wayside facility has been proposed at Bara at km 450 in PackageII-A.

9.3 PACKAGE WISE DESCRIPTION OF ENHANCEMENT MEASURES The various enhancementmeasures proposed under the different packages- II to V have been presentedin the Table 9.5 and Table 9.6.

Table 9.5: ENHANCEMENTAREAS/ZONES - PACKAGEII TO V

Details I A II C III A III C IV B IV D VA VC No. of major intersections 2 4 1 1 2 2. 4 6 No. of water bodies (lakes,rivers, ponds, canals) 7 3 4 12 8 N.A: 42 No. of new fly-overs 2 1 I I l N,A, 2 1 No. of new bus-bays/ bus-stops 4 2 1 6 45 N.A. 7 9 No. of new truck lay byes 2 2 1 6 1 N.A. 2 1

Table 9.6 summarisesall the individual sub-heads discussedin the text above that would be covered under the enhancementplan. Table9.6: Enhancementmeasures proposedunder different packages

Package Objectives | Features provisionof comfortto travellers improvementof ecologicalconditons road-sideplantations aestheticsand landscapeimprovement provisionof lay-byes stabilisationof roadsideslopes & provisionof wayside facility complexes embankments provisionof bus-stops maximizationof benefitsfor the local provisionof underpasses,service roads and footpaths population . l1* Enhancementof road side facilitiessuch as bus stops,rest areasetc. to increasethe acceptabilityof the project Improvementof aestheticqualities along the project road to improvethe over-all environmental Improvementof natural resourcesfor local population III quality of the surroundingareas Provisionof pilgrimagepathway to generate goodwill amongstthe community Enhancementof cultural propertiesand their access Plantationof ornamentaland shadeproviding trees in different densities. Restareas Specific plantationschemes different types of cross sections Lay-byes ServiceRoads

Provisionof better safety provisions RaisedCarriage way V Provisionof better roadsideamenities Bypass Bus stops and parking placesat every 70 km alongthe Improvementof naturalenvironment hiwa eating joints and repair & servicestation

L______tprotecting the embankment of the pond with brick lining

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Package Objectives Features improvementor wildlifehabitat areas

SOMESALIENT FEATURES PROPOSED UNDER EACH OF THESEPACKAGES ARE DISCUSSED IN THE FOLLOW1NG SUB-SECTIONS.

9.3.1 PACKAGEII Under the enhancement plan prepared for Package II Enhancementmeasures have been suggestedwith the following objectives: * provisionof comfort to travellers * improvementof ecologicalconditions * aestheticsand landscapeimprovement. * stabilisationof roadsideslopes and embankments a maximizationof benefitsfor the local population * road-sideplantations . provisionof lay-byes • provisionof waysidefacility complexes * provisionof bus-stops * provisionof underpasses,service roadsand footpaths

Extensiveroadside plantationand avenue plantation, especiallyaround urban areas, have been envisaged.In order to improveaesthetics, planting of ornamentaltrees in pure formationsor in conjunction with other trees has been proposed.In the former case, a group of flowering trees shall be planted at specific distancesto break the monotony of a continuousgreen canopy of avenue trees. Planting of omamental trees shall be done for about one and a half kilometer before & within the city limits. The spacing between the trees in the first row of shady or ornamental trees shall be wider than that between-the trees in the remaining rows.Thecrown spread of the species to be planted shall determine this spacing.The criteria for selection of suitable specieshas been governedby the following considerations- - Adaptabilityto local dimate and soil * Goodsurvival. and growth in improverishedsites i Ability to combat specifictypes of air pollutants i Minimum maintenanceand assistancerequirement for growth * Quick establishrmentwith a reasonablegrowth rate. • Eucalyptustrees are proposedto be felled in Bara- Sikandrastretch and replacedby trees of other species * Act as a windbreakerby the height of the crown and moderateeven a minimal pollution effect.

The species recommended for plantation at different locations along the National Highway within Contract PackageII have been presentedin Table 9.7. Table9.7: RecommendedSpecies Location BotanicalName LocalName On bothsides of Project Mangiperaindica Mango Highway Agaclirachtaindica Neem Bauchuniapupuria Kanchan FicusBengha lensis Bargad NearSchool/colleges PolyalthiaLongifolia Ashok Cassiafistula Amaltas DelonixRegia Gulmohar NearHospitals/Dispensary PolyathiaLongifolia Ashok Thevetianerifolia i Kaner

9-8 Third Nation- -- Sys Project

Location I BotanicalName 1 Loca .4n Ervatamiadivericala Chanowo DurantaPlumerii Duranta Onthe Median Thavetianerifolia Kaner ErvatamiaDivericala Chandini JuominumGrandiflorum Chameli HibiscusRosa sinensis Gurhal

Lay-byes have been proposedwhere heavy congestionof trucks/temposis expected. These have been proposedat the following sections- * km 455.600to 456.200(both sides) * km 469.450to km 469.650(RHS) * km 47.400to km 47.900(LHS) * km. 49.400 to km 49.900(RHS) * km 109.700 to km 110.000 (RHS}

Waysidefacilities would be developednear Bara(km 450) to enhancecomfort of travellers.This would also serve a large number of devoteesvisiting the templeat this location.The facilitiesto be provided herewould include-

* Toilets * Restaurant * Drinking Water . Petrolpump Fountain * Repair/spare . Dormitoriesfor trui dnvers part stiop * Transit . Trafficpolice, traffic contro" and first aid accommodabon * Parkingareas . Kiosks/shopsof general nature.

Bus stops would be providedwith shade,benches and railing.They wouldhave signage& bus- route details displayedin Hindiand Englishalong with toilet facility. The designwould be as per IRS: 80-1981. Serviceroads would be provided in urban, rural and other areas of concernto segregate the local & highwaytraffic. Also, in order to provide safe and easycrossing of loal traffic, underpasseswould be providedat Akbarpur, Rannia,Aung, Chaudagara and Malwan.

9.3.2 PACKAGE111 Enhancementmeasures for this contract package include improvementof roadside natural, physical and aesthetic environment. The objectives for including such measureswithin the project are - * to increasethe acceptabilityof the project * to improvethe over-all environmentalquality of the surroundingareas * to generategoodwill amongst the community To achieve these objectivesmentioned above, the following measureshave been suggested under the enhancementplan - * Enhancementof road sidefacilities such as bus stops, rest areasetc. * Improvementof aestheticqualities along the project road * Improvementof naturalresources for local population * Provisionof a pilgrimagepathway to KaraTemple * Enhancementof cultural propertiesand their access * Plantationof ornamentaland shade providingtrees in differentdensities.

9-9 Th.rd NationalHighways Project

9.3.3 PACKAGE IV The enhancement nmeasureshave been detailed out under the aesthetic and landscape managementplan for this contract package.It covers extensive roadsideplantations aimed to provide shade and shelterto the road users along with improvementin over-all ecology of the area. Unbalancedcontinuous lineardesign would be adopted for road plantationsThis pattern will emerge since different species would be planted at alternate avenues interspersed with ornamentaltrees. The choice of species is based on climate, site condition and objective of planting and occurance of damaging agents. Following are the criteria for selection of species in this package: * The speciesshould be either truly evergreenor nearlyevergreen * The speciesshould be able to grow in open and on soil subject to modificationsduring road construction. * Speciesshould be fairly hardy, long leaved,quick growing and resistant to insect pests and diseases. . The speciesshould be capableof developinga straight and clean trunk up to a height of 2 to 3 m to ensurebetter visibility. * The speciesselected should afford a collectivebeauty. * The speciesif possibleshould be of high economicvalue. Specificplantation schemeshave been formulated for the following different types of cross sections- * Urbanareas * Rural areas * High Embankments * Bypass e Areas devoidof any plantation - Specificcross sectionsuch as underpass,flyover, toll. station, rest area, bus bays, etc. Rest areas have been proposedat the following locations along the National Highway ,Mohania and Barun.

9.3.4 PACKAGE V The enhancementof quality of physicalenvironment has been ircorporated in this package in the following ways -

Better safety provisions Lay-byesin most of the semi-urbanareas along the Highwayhave been provided. Provisionof service roads to segregatethe local and Highwaytraffic has also been incorporatedto enhance safety for all road users.These service lanes could also be used by non-motorizedtraffic, which ensures safety from the fast moving traffic of the Highway. Table 9.8 summarises the enhancementmeasures in this package.

Table9.8: Enhancement Measures Incorporated in Highway Design Location Name ProvisionIncorporated in the HighwayDesign km 185- km 187 Madanpur 500m serviceroads on oneside have been provided Km 210- km211 Sherghati 700m serviceroads on bothsides have been provided with a l ______l ______underpass | km 221- km 224 Dobhi 600m serviceroad on bothsides with gradeseparation and provisionof 16m wideunderpass to segregatethe Gaya-Chatra traffic. km 281- km 284 Barhi By-pass km 332 - km 333 Bagodar 1.2 km serviceroad on both sideswith raised NH-2. Pedestrian crossing at grade level has been provided. km352 - km 357 | Dumri-lsri 5.35km diversion with bye-passroad 9-10 Third National Highways Project

Location Name ProvisionIncorporate& in the HighwayDesign km375 - km 376 Topchanchi 1100 m serviceroad provided at gradelevel km235 - km 231 Barachatti Parkingplace with all necessaryamenities for usersof the km 288 - km 289 highway. km 343-km 343

* Provisionof better roadsideamenities, important for road-usersand local communities * Bus stops and parking placesat every 70 km along the highway including, rest area, eating joints and repair & service station has been provided under road-side enhancement. * Improvementof natural environment * Somecommunity ponds along the Highwaywill be provided with protection measures and would be enhancedby protecting the embankment of the pond with brick lining along with plantationof trees.Also, a bathing ghat along with a shaded changingplace is being provided. * In a case where a highway passesthrough a protected area, improvement of wildlife habitat areas, particularlyalong the animal migration route close to a river would be ensured through plantation of thick vegetative growth including trees, plants and shrubs.Some designed water holes would also be provided as additional enhancement measuresto ensure the availabilityof water to wild animals and to keep them away from human interferenceas muchas possible.

9.4 CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT

9.A.1 ENHANCEMENTOF CULTURALPROPERTIES The ultimate aim of enhancementof cultural propertiesis to promote qualitative development and infuse greater meaning in the road environment.The cultural properties lying along road corridors are not to be viewed as hindrancesbut are to be viewed as assets contributing towards meaningful and pleasurable travelling experience.The landscape and design improvementsinclude the folowing - * Providingand improvingacoess to cultural properties * The precinctsof suchproperties should be defined or redefined * Provisionof parking shouldbe madeto avoid haphazardparking activities * Seatingspace and rest areasaround the cultural propertiesto be developed. * Plantationof trees and shrubsfor shadeand aesthetics The major cultural properties located in different areas under each of the contract packages have been presentedin Table 9.9.

Table9.9: Locationof CulturalProperties PackageNo. Location Description II A km21 - km 22 Templeand Mazar km 22- km 23 Two temples km 457 - km 458 Two temples km468- km469 Templeand Mazar km 469 - km 470 Temple

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PackageNo. Location Description II C km 45 - km46 Two Temples km 46 - km 47 Two temples km 86 - km 87 Templeand Mazar km 114-km 115 Two temples III A Km 118- km 119 Temp!e I(M 138- KM 139 Temple Km 154- km 155 Temple Km 155- km 156 Temple III C KM248 - KM249 Temple KM 249- KM 250 Temple KM262 - KM263 Temple KM264 - KM265 Temple KM 271- KM272 Temple KM 276 - KM 277 Temple KM282 - KM283 Temple Iv-c km 117 Punpunriver Pilgrimagespot

Of all these cultural properties, the following places/centreshold special religious or cultural significance - * Templenear Sengur river (PackageII A) i ShuklaTalab near Akbarpur (PackageII A ) i VaranasiCity a Samath,situated 20 km away from the National Highway * Tomb of SherShah Suri at Sasaram(km 117) (PackageIV-C) * The Punpunriver crossing(km 148)

9.4.2 PROVISIONOF PILGRIMAGE PATHWAY Enhancementof the route taken by pilgrimsshall be done on basisof the following measures. * Strengtheningof the access * Providingdrinking water and shadefacilities on the side road for every 100 m * Plantationof trees and shrubsfor aesthetics

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Table.9.10:Proposed pilgrimage pathways in NH-2

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Package Location Temple foc Remarks which pathwd j has beer proposed l _ -_- Package Banksof The Karatemple The Karatemple of GodessShitla Devi locatedat the III River of GodessShitla bank of the holy river Ganga, is a great religious Ganga Devi pilgrimagesite. The temple is located8 km north of the NH-2 from Sainiintersection in PackageA. Becauseof this templethe pressureon the Highway increases,especially during the festive months of Navratri falling in Octoberand March. PackageIV j River ReligiousSite There is only one pilgrimagesite along the highwayat Punpun River Punpun.This site is very Cimportantfor as it is usedfor the first pind dan before proceeding to Gaya.Suitable crossings under the new proposed bridge or a pedestriansub-way will be provided

9-13 rE n,In-nceimnt nf i4inhwvasid Pond! Parkanp v - Tvnical Plan and Section (Not to Scale)

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_rr-rC it FMwJJKMEI r Lt\v-IV, E ri. e9 15 10' CAPACITY BUILDING & IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS

This chaptergives a brief of the environmentalcapacity building initiatives being undertakenfor NHAI as part of this project.This describesthe implementationarrangements for environmental componentsof the project, compliance monitoringand reporting mechanisms,the training assessmentand budget.These requirements, some of whichare mediumand longterm, are also defined by the environmentalmanagement plans prepared for eachof the contractpackages, and the borrower'sproject implementation plan (BPIP).

Environmental capacity building is important for the NHAI, not only for successful implementation of the present project, but also to ensure mainstreaming environmental components in all the upcoming projects. The NHAI has a plan to develop trunk highways network in the country on a priority basis in the next 10 years. The NHAI is geared up to build capacity in every sphere of its activities, including the environmental components of highways projects.

10.1 CAPACITY BUILDING AT THE CENTRAL LEVEL As a first step towards establishing mechanisms to address the environmental issues in the highways projects, it is proposed that an Environmental Manager (HQ) will be appointed at the NHAI. The Environmental Manager (HQ) will co-ordinate environmental activities for all project implementation units. The intention is to facilitate incorporation of the environmental issues in all the stages of design, implementation and operation of this and other upcoming highway projects. A ToR has already been prepared for the Environmental Manager (HQ) to be appointed to the NHAI (see Box 7 for details). This post will be created through internal transfer within NHAI. Box.: Termsof Referencefor theEnvironmental Manager (HQ) Qualifications and Experience Bachelorsdegree in Civil Engineering. Preferablya Mastersdegree in transportationengineering. Over 5 years of working experience related to the design, constructionand operation of highway projects. Experiencein project management,construction management and operational maintenance will be an asset. * Ability and interestin acquiring and assimilatinginformation, and implementingthe relevant state-of- the-art practicesin the engineering-environmentinterface. * Interest in gathering experience to develop an integrated perspectivetowards the management of road projects whichincludes the incorporationof GOI and WB environmentalsafeguards. * Good verbal and written communicationskills in Englishand Hindi Principal Duties * Ensure that the project design and specification adequately reflect the Environmental Management Plan (EMP). * Ensure that the ConstructionContractors develop and implementEnvironmental Implementation Plans which are in line with the EMP. * Liaise with the Contractors. Supervision Consultants and the Project Directors of the different packages on the implementationaspects pertainingto the environmentalmanters. • Liaise with the relevant Gol agencies such as Forest Departments,SPCBs and MoEFs on environmentaland other regulatorymatters. * Establishan ongoingdialogue with the NGOs and CommunityGroups impacted due to the projectand ensure that their legitimateconcerns and suggestionsare incorporatedin the project.

10-1 Third National Highways Project

. Re.--4 environmentalperformance of the projectthrough an asessment of periodicenvironmental monitoringreports (air, water, soil, tree plantation/survival, enhancement measures, etc.) submitted by the SupervisionConsultants; provide a summaryof ongoing environmentalissues to the Chief r,pnprnl Mnnanpr anci initiatp nprpqqqrvfnllnw-, in i.tinnc . Providesupport and assistanceto the GovernmentAgencies and the WorldBank to supervisethe implementationof the EnvironmentalManagement Plan during the cogstructionand operational phasesof the project. * Collate and prepare good practice/guidancenotes on integrating environmentalissues into engineeringdesign and on implementingenvironmental measures in the road constructionand maintenanceprograms. Disseminate the sameto otherNHAI staff, PWD/consultants and contractors. . Assist the PIU staff and SupervisingConsultants with environmentalissues assoaated with the project. * Coordinatewith the Manager(Social) on anongoing basis. | Reportto the ChiefGeneral Manager of the NHAI projectson environmentalengineering matters pertainingto the WorldBank-funded proposed Third National'Highway project. Source:The World Bank.

The environmentalexpert at the NHAI will be responsiblefor co-ordination and reporting of the present project also. S/he would advise and co-ordinate the project level environmental agencies/body.

10.2 PROJECT LEVEL ENVIRONMENTAL CAPACFTY The NHAI is the implementing agency for the proposed project. To facilitate the effective supervision and monitoring of the work, the NHAI has set up Project Implementation Units (PIUs)for each of the packages.The PIU has the overall responsibilityfor the executionof the project, induding planning, budgeting,accounting, procurement, implementation,co-ordination, management,monitoring and for the all-round implementation. During preparation of this project, the Project Directors and the Managers in the PIUs have gained valuableinsights into the environmentalaspects of highway developmentprojects. The PIU staff worked in dose coordination with the consultants and developed many of the environmental mitigation and managementdesigns proposed for the project. It would be worthwhileto sustain this initiativeof the NHAI.

10.2.1 PROPOSEDSET-UP AT PROJECTLEVEL The Project Directorfunctions as the headof the Project Implementation Unit and is assistedby two managers on technical and administrative functions of the PIU and supported by consultant'sstaff. * Manager(Technical) * Manager(Technical & i/c R&R) * EnvironmentalOfficers (Consultant'sstaff) In addition to the PIU, the works will be directly supervised by construction supervision consultants, selected through International Competitive Bidding (ICB). The construction supervision consultants are expected to supervise implementation of the environmental componentsof the project also. Implicitly, the construction supervisionconsultants will need to have specialistsfor such implementation'. The contractors for this project, who would also be selectedthrough ICB and are, expectedto havesubstantial environmental capacity with respect to the process, equipment, methods and quality of construction. The contractor and the

This has beenprovided for in the Termsof Referencefor the ConstructionSupervision Consultants to be procured under internationallycompetitive bidding. The team of constructionsupervision consultantswould include an EnvironmentalSpecialist, with suitablequalification and experiencein implementinghighways projects. 10-2 Third National Highways Project

construction supervision consultants are the primarily responsible agencies -:; ring the implementationperiod. The Environmentofficer has, however, the supervisory(see Box 8 for details).

Box 8: DraftTerms of Referencefor SupervisionConsultants (Environmental Officer) ThirdNational Highway Project The Third NationalHighway Project, financed by the WorldBank, integrates environmental and social issues in the design of the Highway.An EnvironmentalManagement Plan (EMP)has been preparedand is integrated in the technical specification and contract documents. The prime duty of the Supervision Consultant(Environment) is to supervisethe implementationof the EMP by the Contractorsand to ensure that the day-to-day constructionactivities are carried out in an environmentallysound and sustainable basis. The scope includes development of environmentalprocedures and good construction practices, developmentand deliveryof trainingprogrammes, etc. Qualifications and Experience | A civil engineerpreferably with post graduatespecialization in environmentalengineering. * 5 years of working experiencerelated to the integrationof environmentaland social issues in the design, constnuctionand operationof transportprojects. Experience in constructionmanagement and operationalmaintenance of highwaysis preferred. Principal Duties . Hold regular consultationmeetings with the Managersof the Environmentand Social units in the NHAI. . Review the Contractors' Environmental Implementation Plans to ensure compliance with the EnvironmentalManagement Plan (EMP). . Supervisethe implementationof the EMP by the Contractors. . Organise periodicenvironmental training programmesand workshopsfor the staffof the Contractors, ConstructionSupervision Consultants and the ProjectImplementabon Units (PlUs). . Developgood practicesconstruction guidelines to assistthe contractorsin implementingthe EMP. . Monitor tree plantationprogrammes and the periodicenvironmental monitoring (air, noise, water, etc.) programmes to ensurecompliance with the State requirementsand the EMP. j Prepareand submit regularenvironmental monitoring and implementationprogress reports.

10.2.2 NEEDFOR FURTHER STRENGTHENING To ensure the effective implementation of the mitigation and enhancement measures envisaged in the Environmental Management Plans, is required continuous monitoring and supervision by adequately trained staff within the NHAI, although a large part of such responsibility may be delegated to the construction supervision consultants. The key elements involved for the monitoring of the environmental activities would include: * To demonstrate technical competence in natural environmental issues and management of impacts * To implement and manage mitigation measures as defined in the EMP * To undertake compliance monitoring of contractors and evaluation of mitigation measures. The now proposed set-up, is an important step towards environmental capacity building. During implementation of the project, the efficacy of this would be evaluated by the NHAI. Based on the evaluation further capacity building would bee attempted. The stress would preferably lie in intemal capacity building rather than outsourcing. However, in the absence of any formal background/training on the environmental aspects of highway planning and development, enhancement of the technical competence of the Managers [all the Manager(HQ) and the Environment officers)] in tackling environmental issues assumes great importance in the project context. Also, as the provisions for engaging the construction

10-3 Third National Highways Project

supervision consultantsand contractors, with respect to enviro,,i.renitalcompetence are not explicit, there is a need to include their personnelwithin the ambit of environmental training programmealso.

10.2.3 REPORTINGRESPONSIBILITIES There are two important aspects of reporting i.e reporting on progress and on environmental compliancemonitoring. The compliancemonitoring and the progress reports on environmental componentsmay be clubbedtogether and submitted to the NHAI (through the PIU) quarterly during the implementationperiod. The operation stage monitoring reports may be annual or biannual,provided the Project EnvironmentalCompletion Report shows that the implementation was satisfactory.Otherwise, the operation stage monitoringreports will have to be preparedas per specifiedin the said Project EnvironmentalCompletion Report. During the implementationperiod, a compliancereport may include descriptionof the items of EMP,which were not compliedwith by any of the responsibleagencies. It would also report the managementand field actions taken to enforce compliance.It may however, be noted that certain items of the EMP might not be possiblycomplied with in the field due to a variety of reasons.The intent of the compliancereport is not to suppressthese issuesbut to bring out the circumstancesand reasonsfor which compliancewas not possible(such asjurisdictional issues). This would help in rationalizingthe implementationof the EMPduring the remaining duration of implementation.Solutions for further effective implementationshould also come out as a result of the compliancemonitoring reports.

10.3 INTERNALI0NG ENVIRONMENTAL EXPERTISE IN THE NHAI The benefits of the project need to be sustained in the NHAI and possibly needs to be disseminatedto the other highway agenciesin the country. Environmentalcapacity is one such benefit. The institutional capacity with regard to environmental management that is created during the courseof the project should not degeneratewhen the projectsare completed. Moreover,as a long chain of projects is envisagedover the next decade or so in the highways sector in India, the acquired capacity needs to be fully internalized. Two things becDme important in this respect One, here should be substantialenvironmental capacity beyondthe staff directly responsiblefor implementingthe EMPin different projects. This may be achieved through training and disseminationof information.Two, there should be a distinct career path for the Managers(Environment) once the projectsare completed. The training aspectof the intermediateterm capacity building and intemalisation is described below. The career path or incentives to the Environmental Manager and the Managers (i/c Environment)is a long-term issueand is not within the scopeof this assignment. However,it is expectedthat steps in this direction will be taken.

10.4 OPERATIONALISATION Operationalisationof the environmental setup for this project would involve two distinct elements.These are: * Identificationand appointmentof Staff

. Training Eachof theseare describedbelow.

10.4.1 IDENInFICATIoNAND APPOINTMENTOF STAFF At the project level, the PIU has already been fully functional. All two managers are in place. One Manager)has already been involved in the designof the project and preparation of EMPas an associate.. 10-4 Th,ir N3tMi.olI Highways Proect

10.5 TRAINING

10.5.1 TRAINING NEEDS The EnvironmentalManager (HQ), the Managers(Technical), the personnelof the Construction SupervisionConsultant and the Contractor,who would be responsiblefor the implementationof the EMP,need to be trained on environmentalissues of road developmentproject. To ensure the successof the implementationsetup proposed,there is a high requirement of training and skill upgradation.

10.5.2 TRAINING PROGRAMME The proposedtraining programme incorporatesthe project needs as well as the intermediate- term capacity building needs of the NHAI. The programmeconsists of a number of training moduiesspecific to target groups.

10.5.3 TARGET GROUPS All members of the PIUs/NHAI, staff of the contractors, supervision consultants, the collaborating govemment agencies represented by the officials identified to be directly responsible for delivery of collaborating services with their field staff will all be imparted training. They are divided into the following target groups. As the needsof these groups are different from each other, training deliverableswould also be distinct. This would be attained by specifyinga combinationof training modules for each target group.

Group I The group that potentially needs training in EMP implementation;environmental design, re- design and environmentalconflict resolution.Includes the Managers(Technical) of the PIUsand the-representativestaff of the ConstructionSupervision Consultants.

Group 11 The group that potentiallyneeds training in environmentallyacceptable processes, methods and equipment of road construction. Indudes the full PIU, representativestaff of the Construction SupervisionConsultants and the Contractors.

Group Ill The group that would require an understandingof the environmentalpolicies and programmes. Includesthe full PIU and the SeniorNHAI staff.

Group IV The group that needs to be included into the environmentalawareness programmes.Includes staff of the collaboratinggovernment agencies and all staff of the NHAI.

10.5.4 TRAINING PROGRAMME The training would cover the basic principles and postulates of environmental assessment, mitigation plans and programmes (particularly the World Bank Operational Guidelinesand National PolicyPerspectives), implementation techniques, monitoring and mranagementmethods and tools. Lookinginto the potential requirementsof each of the target groups, several training modules are suggestedbelow.

10-5 Third National Highways Project

Module l: Environme?t3l Overview * Generalenvironmental issues * Environmentalissues associated with highwaysdevelopment * Principlesand policiesfor (natural) environmentalmitigation in developmentprojects

Module Il: EnvironmentalRegulations and Acts * Air PollutionAct * Water pollutionAct * HazardousMaterials (Transportation and Handling)Rules * Forest(Conservation) Act * Other environmentalacts, rules and regulationsrelevant in highwaysdevelopment * Roleof environmental planning,conservation and enforcementauthorities

Module Ill: Pollution * Pollutionand Wastes * Highwaysand pollution * Generationof wastes in highwaysprogrammes * Possibilitiesof abetting pollution and waste-generation

Module IV: EnvironmentalImpact Assessment * Why EIA is required * Direct, indirect, cumulative and cross-environmentalimpacts * How to assessenvironmental impacts (EIA methodology) * Importanceof EIA in decision-making a Environmentalfeasibility studies * Proceduralrequirements of conductingEIA * EIA in construction and operation stagesof a project

Module V: Environmentalmanagement Plan * Basicfeatures of an EMP * Planningand designing the environmentalmitigation measures * Incorporation of environmental components in design, construction and operation stages * Environmentalmonitoring, evaluationand review techniques

Module VI: HighwayProjects and EnvironmentalIssues * Naturalresource managementand bio-diversity * Green tunnels and roadsidevegetation * Naturalvegetation- selectionof species * Wildlife protection * Protectionof water bodies and water resources * Protectionand replacementof trees * Wastewaterdisposal * Soil conservation

Module VIl: Environmental Issues in the Project * Legal and institutional aspects; project mandates including the WB operational guidelines 10-6 Third National Highways Project

Introductionto the designsand implementationscneoule for the Third NH Project Probablenatural environmental impacts and lossesin highwaywidening projects * Basicfeatures of the EMP

Module Vill: The EnvironmentalManagement Plan for HighwayProjects * Constructionstage environmental concerns and mitigation. * Environmentaldesign and implementationplans in highwayprojects

Module IX: Environmentally Sound Construction Management * Laws and other statutes associatedwith the highway project such as the Labour laws, various pollution control acts, Environmental (Protection) Act, Mining Act, Forest (Conservation)Act, LandAcquisition Act, FactoriesAct * Cleanhighway construction technology * New and altemativetechnology and materials * New equipment,machines and their environmental/pollutionperformance * Effluentcontrol systems for constructionprocesses and equipment * Wasteminimization and managementin construction * Efficientconstruction activity monitoring; compliancemonitoring * Environmentalclauses in contractdocuments and their implications * Goodpractices for road construction

Module X: Planning for Environmentally Sustainable Operation of Highways * Controllingpollution in highway operation * Cross-agencyresponsibilities and co-ordination * Monitoringrequirements; monitoring techniques * Environmentalevaluation techniques * Performanceindicators * Reportingrequirements and mechanismsfor the Project

Module Xl: Long Term EnvironmentalIssues in HighwayManagement * Environmentalsurveys including ambient air, noise,biological and water quality surveys * Data storage,analysis and retrieval * Contractdocuments and incorporationof environmentalclauses * Communityconsultation and participatorytechnology generation methods • Riskassessment and management * Contingencyplanning and management.

10.5.5 TRAININGSCHEDULE The training modulesare combinedinto different training components.There are overlaps in the compositionof the target groupsand the constitutionof the training components.However, each training modulewould need to be developedkeeping in view the compositionand responsibilitiesof the target group members.The training schedulefor the various target groupswould be as given in Table 10.1 below.

10-7 ThirdNational HighwaysProject

T le 10.1: TrainingSchedule for DifferentTarget Groups Target Groups T?-get GroupI TargetGroup nX Target Groupnlr TargetGroup XV Participants- Managers PIU,staff of the PIUand the Senior Collaborating (Environment),staff Construction NHAIstaff Govemment of the Construction Supervision agenciesand all Supervision Consultants,the staffof the NHAI Consultant Contractors Forumsof LectureSessions, Seminars, Short-term Audio-Visual Training Workshops, Workshops, TrainingCourses, Communication, GroupDiscussions, LectureSessions Visitsto Case InformalTraining Studies, Short-termTraining Seminars Courses Training Dependingon the Components2A to To start beforethe Continuing Schedule startof the Project becompleted commencementof training Implementation; beforethe startof project programme Trainingon - - implementation. implementation, duringthe project Components1A and Trainingin other maycontinue implementation 1Cmust be Componentsmay throughoutthe period. completedbefore the beimparted during implementation startof the initial6 period. implementation; monthsof project OtherComponents implementation, maybe heldin the preferablyon site. initial2-3 monthsof project implementation. Contentsof ComponentIA Component2A Component3A Component4A Training (ModulesI, IIand (Modules1,1 and (Modules1, II and (ModulesI, II and III) III) III) m) Component1B Component23 Component38 (ModulesIV andV) (ModulesIV and (ModuleVI) Component1C V) Component3C (ModuleVI) Component2C (ModuleVIII) ComponentID (ModuleVI) and (ModulesIX andX) ComponentZD and - (ModuleVII) Component1E (Module XI)

10.5.6 IMPARTINGTRAINING It is proposedthat the training be imparted by a combinationof training/academicinstitutions and individual experts. It would further be important to bring in trainers experienced in implementingEMPs in developingcountries and who are experts in the environmentallysound road constructiontechniques and processes.

10.5.7 FURTHERASSESSMENT OFTRAINING NEEDS The training needs assessmentherein has been part of an all-encompassingassignment. It is recommendedthat a full-fledged training need assessment(with respect to environmental capacity building of the NHAI) is carriedout. Lookingat the potential work programmeof NHAI in the next few years, this exerciseis of paramountimportance.

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10.5.8 TRAININGBUDGET The total budget requ!-ed for implementingthe training programmeis RslO.1million. The detailsof the trainingbudget are providedin Table10.2. Table10.2: Budget for Implementation of EnvironmentalTraining Programme No.of TrainingComponents Total Forum UnitCost Target Target Target Target Budget (Rs/sessi GroupI GroupII GroupIII GroupIV (Rs) on) InformalTraining 5000 2 10,000 Sessions Audio-Visual 25,000 1 25,000 Communications Case Studies 35,000 3 105,000

Lecture Sessions 45,000 5 - 4 405,000 Workshops 20,000 5 4 180,000 GroupDiscussions 10,000 5 50,000 Short-TermTraining 50,000 5 3 400,000 Courses Seminars 100,000 4 3 700,000 GrandTotal 1,875,000

10.6 ENVIRONMENTALMANAGEMENT PLANS SeparateEnvironmental Management Plans (induding Environmental Monitoring Plans) have been prepared separatelyfor each of the eight Contract Packages.The Environmental ManagementPlan (EMP) consists of the set of mitigation,monitoring and institutional measures to be taken during the design,construction and operationstages of the projectto eliminate adverseenvironmental impacts, to offset them, or to reducethem to acceptablelevels. The objectivesof the EMPsin differentstages of the projectare the following:

DesignStage • To haveminimum impact on roadsidetrees, forestation and ground cover * To keepland acquisition and buildingdemolition at a minimum * To providemaximum safety to the highwayusers and roadsidecommunities as well as segregationof localand slowmoving traffic in the congestedareas * To developa designthat incorporatesenvironmental safeguards and * To providemitigation measures to all expectedenvironmental degradation. ConstructionStage . To prevent and reduce the negative environmentalimpacts of the project by implementablemitigation measures, to be carriedout by the Contractor. * To ensurethat the provisionsof the EMPare strictly followedand implementedby strengtheningimplementation arrangements. OperationStage * To preventdeterioration of naturalenvironment components of air, water, soil, noise etc. * To improvethe safetyof the highwayusers and roadsidecommunities. The Individual EMP documentsfor each of the ContractPackages may be referred for further details.

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o0.7 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMME To ensure the effective implementationof the EMP,it is essentialthat an effective monitoring programmebe designedand carried out. The broad objectivesare * To evaluatethe performanceof mitigation measuresproposed in the EMP * To evaluatethe adequacyof EnvironmentalImpact Assessment * To suggestimprovements in managementplan, if required * To enhanceenvironmental quality * To satisfythe legal and communityobligations.

PerformanceIndicators The physical,biological and socialcomponents identified as of particularsignificance in affecting the environmentat critical locations have been suggestedas PerformanceIndicators and are listed below. Air quality (SPM,RSPM and CO) Waterquality (DO, BODand Coliformcount) *Noiselevels around sensitivelocations Replantationsuccess / survival rate Sedimentationrate in the downstreamwhere bridges,culverts, etc., are built * Vital statisticson health * Accidentfrequency. These indicatorshave been further detailed in the respectiveEMP documents for each of the ContractPackages.

MonitoringPlans The monitoring plans during constructionand operation stages have again been described in detail in the respectiveEMP documents for each of the Contract Packages.For each of the environmentalcomponents, the monitoring plan specifies the parameters to be monitored; location of monitoring sites; frequency and duration of monitoring.-The monitoring plan also specifiesthe applicablestandards, implementation and supervisingresponsibilities. 10.8 EnvironmentalBudget Budget for Environmentalcomponents of the ProjectTheenvironmental budget for the various environmentalmanagement measures proposed in the environmentalmanagement plans, the environmental monitoring plans and the training programme is given below (Table 10.3). Further details with respect to the location, units of measurement,and rates applicable are given in the respectiveEMP documents.

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TABLE 10.3 ENVIRONMENTAL BUDGET IN THE PROJECT (RUPEES IN MILLION)

CONTRACTPACKAGES ______Item _ II-A II-C III-A III-C IV-B IV-D V-A V-C TOTAL Construction Stage I Clearingof Roadsideplantation 0.123 0.154 0.086 0.144 0.090 0.080 0.120 0.158 0 955 Compensatoryafforestabon 22.854 17.615 4.841 12.060 15.95 12.583 2.407 1.530 89.84 Landscaping/ Plantationon Median 0.610 0.627 0.516 0.864 0.540 0.480 0.720 0.945 E.302 Additionalplantation on availability 0.675 0.675 0 0 0.675 0.675 6.750 6.750 16.200

Redevelopment of borrow areas Covered in Engineering cost Relocationof hand pumps 0.740 0.200 1.000 0.500 2.000 0.740 1.320 0.980 7.480 Provisionof noise bamers: Trees 0.347 0.051 0 0 0.068 0.068 0 0 0.534* Provisionof noise bamers: Walls 1.080 1.310 0.609 0.600 0 0 0.300 0.500 4.390 Relocationof cultural properties Coveredin R&Rcost Protectionof cultural propertes 1.600 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.600 Ambient air quality management 0.036 0.036 0.036 0.036 0.036 0.036 0.072 0.072 0.360 Noiselevel management 0.090 0.09 0.090 0.090 0.036 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.666 Water quality management 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.036, 0.009 0.045 0.036 0.036 0.297 Enhancementof ponds 0.700 0.300 0.100 0.400 0.100 0 0.100 0.600 2.300 Enhancementof cultural properties 0.700 0.420 0.700 0.4901 0.630 0.490 0.210 0.980 4.620 HighwayFadlities (Toilets/dnnking 0.500 0.6001 °0 0 0.500 0.5001 0 0 2.100 water) ____ _ !. Prwision of pond protecton Work 0 0 0.210 0.80 | 0 0.280 0.560 1.330 Others(pathways/drainage,etc.) 5.000 0 1.184 0 0 0 0 0 6.184 EEnvironmental Monitoring Plan | Air quality monitonng 0.012 0.012 0.024 0.024 0.012 0.012 0.036 0.048 0.180 Noisequality monitonng 0.030 0.03 0.012 0.012 0.006 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.180 Waterquality monitonng 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.006 0.009 0.069 Vegetabonmonitonng 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.020 0.650 Soil monitoting 0.002 0.002 0.030 0.030, 0.001 0.002 0.002|- 0.030 0.099 Environmental Training

Environmentltraining _ Centralised Training | 1.875 |Moilisation for monitoring 0.100 0.100 0 0 0-100 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.600 I Sub-TOTAL 35.349 22.372 9.579 15.659 20.846 16.024 12.669 13.438 147.811 ContingencyC @5% | 1.767 1.119 0.479 0.783. 1.042 0.801 0.633 0.672 7.391 Grand Total 37.116 23.491 10.058 16.442 21.888 16.825 13.302 14.110 155.202 * Item includedin EngineeringEstimate ( BOQ) Of the total environmentalbudget of Rs.147.811million(Rs. 155.202 million including5% contngency),Ps.106.574 million is budgetedtowards the costof afforestation.

10-11 Third Vat,onal Highways Project

The cost for for following items are coveredin engineeringcost! R&Rcost ITEM COST Turfing of Embankment Redevelopmentof borrow areas Dust control sewage& other waste disposal Accidentrisk mitigation --Sevice road, underpasses,Busstops Coveredin EngineeringCost. & lay-byes Way side amenities.,- Signages Water spraying health issues relocationof cultural properties protection of of cultural properties Coveredin R&RCost.

The budget for enhancementof cultural propertieshas, however,been covered in the EMPs.

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