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INTERNATIONAL SUMMER SCHOOL on Direct Application of Geothermal Energy

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INTERNATIONAL SUMMER SCHOOL on Direct Application of Geothermal Energy INTERNATIONAL SUMMER SCHOOL on Direct Application of Geothermal Energy Under the auspice of the Division of Earth Sciences DIRECT USE APPLICATIONS OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY IN NEW ZEALAND Trevor M. Hunt1 & John W. Lund2 1 Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences, Private Bag 2000, Taupo, New Zealand ([email protected]) 2 Geo-Heat Center, Oregon Institute of Technology, 3201 Campus Drive, Klamath Falls, Oregon 97601, USA. ([email protected]) ABSTRACT temperature geothermal resources in a triangular shaped area called the Taupo Direct use of geothermal energy in Volcanic Zone (Fig. 1). In some other New Zealand is relatively small (approx. parts of the North Island low enthalpy 7000 TJ/yr) because of cheap electricity, springs occur associated with deep circu- but is increasing. At present, the greatest lation of meteoric waters; these springs use is as industrial process heat in a generally emerge at active tectonic faults. timber mill at Kawerau where fluid from a In the South Island a narrow zone of low high-temperature geothermal re-servoir is enthalpy springs occur; these are also as- used directly to heat combustion air and sociated with major tectonic faults (Fig. 1). shatter sprays in chemical recovery boi- Because of the abundance of high-en- lers, heat black liquor, and to pre-heat thalpy geothermal resources, and the boiler water. Clean steam, obtained using wide-spread availability of cheap hydro- a heat exchanger, is used to dry paper, generated electricity (US3c/kWhr, heat boiler water, and generate electricity wholesale) and natural gas, little effort has for the mill. Other significant uses are in been made to explore and develop low- space heating, timber drying, fish farming enthalpy geothermal resources except for and orchid growing. bathing. In addition, most of New Zealand has a moderate winter climate in which INTRODUCTION temperatures at night rarely fall below –5 New Zealand lies astride the junction oC and during the day are about 10-15 oC. of the Pacific and Australian lithospheric Most other direct uses are associated with plates. Active volcanism associated with the wastewater from geothermal power subduction of the Pacific plate beneath the stations. North Island re-sults in abundant high- Table 1. Direct heat use in New Zealand, at end of 1999; taken from Thain and Dunstall (2000). Use Location Installed Capacity Annual Use (MWt) (TJ/yr) Process heat Kawerau 210 5500 Agricultural drying Kawerau, Reporoa 29.3 >253 Space heating Rotorua, Taupo 722 700 Fish farming Wairakei 18.6 363 Heating greenhouses Kawerau, Taupo Total: >307.9 >7081 This paper has been compiled and con- Foster (1998), Lund & Klein (1998), densed from Anderson (1998), Dunstall & McLachlan (1998), Scott & Lund (1998). - 80 - INDUSTRIAL PROCESS HEATING from a single heat ex-changer; the other three use geothermal fluid and have their A large timber pulp and paper mill is own, smaller heat exchanger. This is a situated on the Kawerau Geothermal relatively early example of a scheme that Field, and geothermal steam is used di- distributes secondary water rather than re- rectly for heating combustion air and shat- circulating geothermal fluid. The heat is ter sprays in chemical recovery boilers, used for space heating, domestic hot wa- heating black liquor, and to pre-heat boiler ter heating, and heating small swimming water. Clean steam, obtained using a pools. This system has been successful heat exchanger is used to dry paper, heat but there have been a number of design boiler water, and generate electri-city for weaknesses which have contributed to the mill. Engineering details of the piping corrosion, internal and external, and equipment are given by Hotson (1994). difficulty in getting adequate circulation to The use of geothermal steam and other some users. fuels in the mill are controlled to optimise costs using a sophisticated computerised Institutions system (Hotson & Everett, 2000). At the Queen Elizabeth Hospital in DOMESTIC AND COMMERCIAL Rotorua, geothermal fluid is used for spa- HEATING & BATHING (Anderson, 1998) ce heating, and for domestic hot water heating. In addition, some of the partially Beneath Rotorua City are several cooled geothermal water is collected, cool- shallow aquifers containing near-boiling ed further and de-gassed in a concrete water associ-ated with outflows from a vat, then piped to the Hydrotherapy De- deeper, high-tempe-rature geothermal partment for use in the treat-ment of skin system. These outflows ori-ginate from an ailments and arthritis. upflow region that manifests itself at the surface in the Whakarewarewa Thermal Hotels Area where there are many natural thermal features (Allis & Lumb, 1992). Many hotels and motels in Rotorua The earliest uses of the geothermal and Taupo use hot geothermal water for re-sources in Rotorua, and which pre-date space heating and for spa pools. For Euro-pean settlement (1830 A.D.), were example, the Millennium Hotel in Rotorua for bathing, washing and cooking in these uses geothermal water for space heating, thermal features by the native Maori domestic hot water heating, pool heating people. Today, geothermal is applied to a (a medium-sized swimming pool and a variety of domestic and com-mercial number of spa pools), all using fresh heating to provide “mineral” water for water. bathing. Increased usage since 1950 has cau-sed a decline in natural activity at Swimming Pools Whakare-warewa. To counteract this, the This is one of the major uses of geo- government implemented in the 1980s a thermal in Rotorua and Taupo, both public control program that included closure of all and private. Pools contain either town geothermal wells within 1.5 km of the water which is heated by geothermal, or centre of Whakarewarewa and payment geothermal water ("mineral" pools). for use of geothermal fluid (O’Shaugh- The Aquatic Centre in Rotorua is a nessy, 2000). These measures ap-pear to relatively large scale public swimming pool have been successful in stopping the facility. This complex has two indoor swim- decline and many thermal features have ming pools (Fig. 2) and a larger outdoor been rejuvenated (Scott & Cody, 2000). pool; all three are geothermally heated. In addition, geothermal energy is used for Domestic Group Heating Schemes space heating and for domestic hot water There is a housing development with a heating. All of the geothermal fluid is pas- geothermal group heating scheme. There sed through a single plate-type heat ex- are 13 units on this site, which share a changer, which heats the secondary wa- well with six other dwellings on adjoining ter, which is a circulating system of town properties. Six-teen of the total are sup- water. Because of the high capacity of the plied with a circulating supply of hot water geothermal heating system, the supply for showers and hand basins is heated on an - 81 - as-required basis, avoiding the cost of pool at Whakarewarewa is also used to installing a large storage calorifier. The cook food (potatoes, sweet corn) for sale cold mains water feed is passed through a to tourists. small heat exchanger fitted with an automatic temperature control. There is a GEOTHERMAL GREENHOUSES small buffer tank in the circuit, sized to (Dunstall & Foster, 1998) absorb the variations in temperature in the Waste geothermal steam available hot water that occur when there is a big from the Kawerau geothermal field is used change in the demand. to heat greenhouses in which capsicums To minimise chlorine odour, a once- (bell peppers) are grown for both local and through ventilation system with a relatively export markets. The total greenhouse high air flow rate has been installed. No area is 5250 m2, consisting of 3600 m2 in air is re-circulated. The incoming air is an early timber frame, fan-ventilated, heated to main-tain the building's internal single plastic-covered design built in 1982, temperature. A heat pipe, heat recovery and an area of 1650 m2 in a modern, fan- unit has been incorporated to significantly ventilated, twin skin steel and aluminium reduce the high heat losses that would framed greenhouse built in 1994. Heating otherwise occur. The hot, moist, chlorine- requirements are relatively large compa- laden air being extracted is passed red to other greenhouses in New Zealand, through a heat recovery unit, which uses it due to the high minimum night and day to preheat the incoming air. This unit temperatures needed for the crop and the recovers about 75% of the heat in the cool Kawerau climate at night. exhaust air. The heating of the fresh air is The capsicum crop grows in specially completed by a heating coil through which graded pumice, and is fertilised and wa- low-temperature hot water is circulated. tered using hydroponics. The climate is The Aquatic Centre has annual computer controlled, with humidity regula- maintenance costs for its geothermal tion and a CO2 enrichment system. The ir- system of about US$10,000. If natural gas rigation system is controlled by solar sen- were used to pro-vide the energy, the gas sors, dispensing nutrients at a rate depen- cost would be around $75,000. dent on the uptake rate in the plants. Ma- ture plants grow to a height of approxi- Balneology mately 3.5 m, at which point they are dis- The Polynesian Spa in Rotorua is one carded and the growing process is restar- of the best known examples of direct ted from new seedlings. A high quality mineral pools (Fig. 3). Some of the pools crop is grown, with a yield of 20-30 kg/m2 are built around natural springs with the annually. inflow coming up through the sandy Steam for the greenhouse is supplied bottom of the pools, while other pools use from a 2-phase fluid line fed by several piped-in mineral water.
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