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CENSUSING OWLS in LARGE AREAS: a COMPARISON BETWJ5EN METHODS Iiiigo ZUBEROGOITIA*~& Luisa Fernanda CAMPOS*

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CENSUSING OWLS in LARGE AREAS: a COMPARISON BETWJ5EN METHODS Iiiigo ZUBEROGOITIA*~& Luisa Fernanda CAMPOS* CENSUSING OWLS IN LARGE AREAS: A COMPARISON BETWJ5EN METHODS Iiiigo ZUBEROGOITIA*~& Luisa Fernanda CAMPOS* SUMMARY.-Censusingowls in large areas; a comparisor~benveen t,nefl~ods.The aim of this study is to obtain an efficient technique for censusing owls in large areas. Up to now. most census work on this group have been cm-ed out by means of enquiries combined with nest sire or tenitory searches. This study added the playback method and tested the efficiency of the three methods. We canied out m intensive census of nocturnal raptors in Biscay (Northern Spain) during four years (1992-1996). During this time we used three different methods: 1- searching for suitable owl nest sites, 2- en- quiries to rival people and colleagues. 3- playback methods. We found that the playback method was most ef- ficient for censusing Tawny Owls (Srr-iraluco). Little Owls (Arhene rtocfua)and Barn Owls (Tyro alba). The response of Tawny and Little Owls to playbacks did not vary throughout the year and was not influenced by weather conditions. However. responses by Barn Owls varied significantly throughout the year, March. April, May and July being the best months for censusing this species with playback methods. Moreover, the territorial behaviour of this species was influenced by weather conditions. The two other methods allowed us to obtain some data that complemented the results obtained by play- back methods, and were necessary to find some secretive and scarce owls like Long-Eared Owls and Eagle Owls. On the basis of these results, the used playback methods as the main technique for censusing owls and for monitoring their populations is strongly advised. However, it must be complemented with the two other methods to obtain complete resul~sFor all owl species. Key words: Censusing methods, distribution. owls, playback methods, Strigiformes. bum.-Censo de rapoces nocrumas en grandes dreas: una comporacidn entre nrlodos. El objetivo de esle mbajo es el de obtener una tknica eficaz pmcensar rapaces nocturnas en grandes zonas. Hasta aho- ra la mayoria de 10s censos habian sido realizados mediante entrevistas combinados con la bBsqueda de nidos y temtorios. Nosotros aiiadimos el mttodo del reclamo y valoramos la cficacia de 10s tres rnktodos. Hemos realizado un censo intensivo de las rapaces noclurnas en Bizkaia (Norte de Esp~a)a lo largo de cua- tro aiios (1992-1996). Duranle este tiempo utilizamos tres mCtodos de censo: l- bdsqueda directa de nidos. 2- cuestionarios a las gentes de 10s pueblos y a ornit6logos. 3- reclarnos. Cornprobarnos que el reckamo es el me- todo m& eficaz para censar Chbos Comunes (Strix aluco). Mochuelos Comunes (Arhene nocruu) y Lechu- zas Cornunes (Tyto alba). La respuesta a1 reclamo de 10s Chabos y Mochuelos Comunes no vari6 a 10 largo del do, y no estuvo influenciada por las condiciones meteorol6gicas. Sin embargo, la respuesta de las Le- chuzas Conlunes si vari6 significativamente a 10 largo del 60, siendo rnano. abril, may0 y julio 10s meses en 10s que se dio una mejor respuesta territorial de la especie. Ademas, el comportarniento territorial de las Le- chutas Comunes escuvo influenciado por las condiciones atmosf6ricas. Los ob'os dos mAodos nos pennilieron cornpletar 10s resultados obtenidos con 10s reclarnos, y fueron ne- cesarios para localizar algunas de las especies mds escasas y dificiles de derectar como el BlEho Chico y el BJho Real. Con base en estos resultados, aconsejamos utiliw el reclamo como la principal tbcnica para censar ra- paces noclurnas y efectuar seguimientos de sus poblaciones. Sin embargo, para obtener resultados cornpletos de todas las especies. el reclamo debe ser apoyado con 10s otms dos metodos. Palabrar clave: Disuibuci6n. rnktdos dc censo, rapaces nocturnas. reclarnos, Strigiformes. INTRODUCT~ON 19915)~The ecology and elbology of different spe- cies is being increasingly studied (see Galbraith Owls are one of the most difficult groups of et al., 1992); however, little is known about their birds to study, since most of them are secretive population and conservation status on a large- and difficult to observe (Proudfoot and Beasom, scale basis (see Hagemeijer & Blair, 1997). * bib. Zoologia. Dpto. hlogia y DinPmica Celular Animal. Facultad dc Ciencias. Universidad del Pais Vasco. Ap. 644. E-48080 Bilbao. l E-mail: [email protected]. There are many countxies where the status of owl species is not yet known. This situation is clearly revealed in some books such as the The study area covered the whole territory of Atlas of Spanish breeding birds (Purroy, 1997) Biscay (2,384 km2), a province in the Western or tbe Atlas of European breeding buds (Hage- Basque Country (Northen Spain). Its territory is meijer & Blair, 1997). hilly md densely populated with extensive ur- One of the main reasons for the paucity of ban and industrialised areas. A description of information about these birds is the census its landscape and climate can be found in hidi methodology. Up to now, the greater part of (1987). census studies have been carried out by means The study was cartied out between Decem- of enquiries and a combination of nest site or ber 1992 and December 1996. We searched for temrory searching (see Pumy, 1997). The en- Tawny Owl Szrix aluco, Barn Owl Tyto alba, quiries method depends on the people being Little Owl Athene noctua, Scops Owl Otus interviewed, mainly on their experience or on scops, Long-eared Owl Asio ohs, Eagle Owl the time that they spnd in the field. Hence, it Bubo bubo, and Short-eared Owl Asio Jam- is very problematic to compare the results ob- meus) temtories continuously, two days per tained in different sites with this method. The week, every month, using three diferent met- second method is infiuenced by the difficulties hods: for detecting each species in the different ha- 1. Nesting sites search. We searched for bitats, as well as by each species' breeding owls in 325 churches, 834 houses and barns, 16 behaviour and the time available for the global derelicted buildings, 2 castles, 3 towers, all the census. Nevertheless, these methods can of- country quarries, cemeteries, schools, caves, fer good results whenever the protacted pe- walls, bridges, cliffs, tree holes, old stick nests riods of searching necessary to carry them out and 150 nest boxes that we set up in 1995. Fo- can be performed, but the cost-benefit rela- llowing Taylor (1992), these potential nest sites tionship for these methods increases notably were examined each year to determine the (see Exo, 1992; Percival, 1992; Bruijn, 1994; number available to owls of all species. the Saurola, 1995). number used for breeding, and other breeding There is a third method based on playback data. techniques. The efficience of this method= 2. Enquiries to rural people and colleagues. logy has been proven with some species Wre We used this method in all the villages, towns the Tawny Owl Srrix aluco (Hirons, 1976; and isolated houses of Biscay. We assesed the Hardy, 1977; Galeotti, 1990; Redpath, 1994), validity of each enquiry (n =713) by visiting the Tengmalm's Owl Aegolius funereus the different places in which the presence of (Holrngren, 19791, the Screech Owl an owl was indicated or suspected. This method Otus ask (Carpenter, 1987; Smith et al., was mainly used for Barn Owls, Little Owls 1987), the Spotted Owl Srrix occidentalis and Scops Owls. We did not use this method (RuLkevich & Gutitrrez, 1996). the Fermgi- for Tawny Owls because they were very com- nous Pygmy-Owl Glaucidiurn brasilianurn mon and their nest sites were difficult to find. cactonun (Proudfoot & Beasom, 1996) and Nevertheless, we noted all the information for the Long-Eared Owl Asio ohrs (Viada, 1994). comparison with the other two methods. Addi- The experience of these authors has proved tionally, we also used the enquiries for sear- that this is a good method for censusing secre ching the wintering species, Long-Eared Owl tive nocturnal birds and its cost-effectiveoess and Short-Eared Owl. seems to be the better than for the other two 3. Playback methods to provoke the tem- methods. tonal vocalization (see Sara 91 Zanca, 1989; In this paper we compare the results obtai- Galeotri, 1990; Redpath, 1994). We used this ned during four years of intensive censuses in method in 2056 different points for all species. Biscay with these three methods. Our main aim Each tape had male, female and owlet voice was to derive from these results a technique recorded in a continuous form. for censusing owls in large areas which combi- Scops Owls were only censused between nes the most efficient methods for each owl April and September, because they do not species. spend the winter in the study are.(Zuberogoitia CENSUSINO OWLS IN LAROE AREAS: A COMPARISON BETWEEN MmiODS 49 &Torres, 1997). On the other hand, the Short- Eared Owl is a wintering species in Biscay (Zuberogoitia & Torres, 1997), but we censu- A total of 1704 temtories of Tawny Owl, sed it throughout the whole year because it bre- 407 temtories of Bam Owl. 272 temtones of eds in neighbouring provincies (see Ombia& Little Owl. 26 temtories of Scops Owl, 6 tem- Fajardo, 1997). Moreover, we used the broad- tories of Long-Eared Owl and 3 temtories of casting methods in the forests of the highest Eagle Owl were found in the study area (Table mountains for seeking Tengmalm's Owl (Ae- 1). goliusfunereus). The success of each method was different Taped vocalizations were broadcasted ac- depending on each species (Table 1). AIl cording to the size of the owl, starting from the Tawny Owls were located using the playback smallest to the biggest. Thus we tried to avoid of temtorial cails. Some of them were located inducing predatory andlor competitive beha- by enquiries and searching for nest sites, alt- viours between species (see Mikkola, 1983).
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