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Assessing Heavy Metal Pollution in Surface Sediments of China's

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Assessing Heavy Metal Pollution in Surface Sediments of China's Pol. J. Environ. Stud. Vol. 28, No. 6 (2019), 4495-4502 DOI: 10.15244/pjoes/94992 ONLINE PUBLICATION DATE: 2019-07-30 Original Research Assessing Heavy Metal Pollution in Surface Sediments of China’s Shaying River Kaisheng Zhou* Geographical Science School of Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China Center of Environment Science Experiment, Bengbu University, Bengbu, China Received: 24 June 2018 Accepted: 8 September 2018 Abstract To comprehend the contamination levels of heavy metals in surface sediments of Shaying River (Anhui Section, China), samples of sediments were collected using grab samplers in 14 sampling sites in the river. Chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and lead (Pb) in sediments were monitored via flame atomic absorption spectroscopy, and arsenic (As) via atomic fluorescence spectroscopy. The geo-accumulation index (Igeo), pollution load index (PLI), and potential ecological risk index (RI) were applied to evaluate the sediment pollution of the five heavy metals. The results indicate that the mean concentration levels (range) of Cr, Cd, Cu, Pb, and As in sediments were 58.38 (29.89-116.66), 5.41 (3.14-10.93), 38.51 (23.77-60.83), 35.10 (19.28-82.21), and 0.44 (0.13-1.46) mg/kg, respectively. The mean Igeo values of Cr, Cd, Cu, Pb, and As were -0.69, 5.41, 0.36, -0.13, and -4.84, respectively. i The average potential ecological coefficients E( r ) of Cr, Cd, Cu, Pb, and As were 1.95, 324.70, 6.42, 7.02, and 0.29, respectively. The RI values of the five heavy metals ranged from 197.65 to 687.24, and the mean was 340.38. Among the studied heavy metals, Cd was the highest contaminating element, whereas As was the lowest. Especially Cd was the main contributor to RI in all the sampling sites. Moreover, Cr, Cd, Pb, and As might have similar sources of contamination based on the Pearson correlation matrix of analysis. Keywords: heavy metals; heavy metal pollution; potential ecological risk; Shaying River; surface sediments Introduction to have direct toxic effects when released into the aquatic environment, and sediments function as a sink for these Heavy metal pollution is one of the most serious pollutants [4]. Heavy metal contaminants from urban, threats to aquatic environmental quality and human industrial, and agricultural sources that are poured health due to the toxicity [1], persistence [2], non- into rivers will eventually combine with sediments degradability [2], and bioaccumulation [3] of heavy via physical precipitation, chemical absorption, and metals in surroundings. Heavy metals have been known biological absorption, and then deposited into surface sediments [5-7]. Heavy metals can accumulate and migrate in surface sediments because of cumulative effects and long-term interactions. Surface sediments *e-mail: [email protected] serve as the main reservoir of heavy metals in a river 4496 Zhou K. and are frequently used to reflect heavy metal pollution County, Anhui Province, China. The climate in its in rivers [8]. Sediments act as carriers and possible catchment area belongs to a warm temperate semi-humid sources of contamination because heavy metals are not monsoon climate with an average annual precipitation perennially adsorbed onto them and may be released of 750 mm. With the rapid growth of the population and back to the water with changes in environmental the development of industry and agriculture, Shaying conditions [9], i.e., heavy metals deposited into River is becoming one of the most polluted tributaries sediments will be released, reenter the water body, of the Huai River due to water quality deterioration and cause secondary pollution in the river [10]. The [15-16]. The pollution load of Shaying River accounts for accumulation of heavy metals in surface sediments approximately 1/3 of the total pollution load of the Huai negatively affects the ecological environmental safety River basin [17]. For example, the large-scale pollution of a catchment area and threatens animals and plants accidents that occurred in the Huai River in 1994, 2001, [11]. The heavy metals chromium (Cr), cadmium 2002, and 2004 were related to sewage discharge from (Cd), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and arsenic (As) exhibit the Shaying River [16-17]. Therefore, the contamination considerable environmental toxicity; Cd, Pb, and As of heavy metals in the surface sediments of the Shaying are also environmental hormones [12]. Humans and (Anhui Section, China) should be studied and evaluated. other organisms in nature may be directly or indirectly The current study aims to provide a scientific basis affected by exposure to these contaminants [4]. The for controlling aquatic environmental pollution in the concentrations of heavy metals in surface sediments Shaying. and their potential ecological hazards differ according to geological conditions and human activities in various catchment areas. The contents of heavy metals Materials and Methods vary considerably in surface sediments from disparate sections of the same river. At present, the environmental Collection of Sediment Samples ecological hazard caused by heavy metal pollution remains a controversial topic [13-14]. Surface sediments (approximately the top 10 cm) Shaying River is the largest tributary of the Huai were collected using grab samplers in December 2011. River, with a total length of approximately 620 km and Fig. 1 shows the locations of the sampling sites from a catchment area of approximately 40 000 km2. The river Jieshou to the estuary of the Shaying River. A total of originates from Funiu Mountains in Henan Province, 14 sample sites were selected, and 3 to 5 samples were China. Shaying River flows through the cities of collected from each sampling site. For each sample, Zhoukou and Fuyang plus nearly 40 counties and towns plastic spoons were used to remove the surface layer before finally flowing into the Huai River in Yingshang (0-2 cm), and the remaining soil was used as a test Fig. 1. Map of sampling sites Notes: 1 - Bridge of Shaying River in Jieshou 1 (JS1); 2 - Bridge of Shaying River in Jieshou 2 (JS2); 3 - Tianying 1 (TY1); 4 - Tianying 2 (TY2); 5 - Old bridge of Shaying River in Taihe County 1 (TH1); 6 - Old bridge of Shaying River in Taihe County 2 (TH2); 7 - Estuary of Ci Huai New River 1 (CH1); 8 - Estuary of Ci Huai New River 2 (CH2); 9 - Fourth bridge of Shaying River 1 (YH1); 10 - Fourth bridge of Shaying River 2 (YH2); 11 - Funan County 1 (FN1); 12 - Funan County 2 (FN2); 13 - Estuary of Shaying River 1 (YK1); 14 - Estuary of Shaying River 2 (YK2) Assessing Heavy Metal Pollution in Surface... 4497 i i sample and placed in a self-sealing plastic bag. Table 1. Reference values (Cn ) and toxic coefficient T( r ) of After mixing, sealing, and numbering, the samples heavy metals. were brought back to the laboratory and stored in Heavy metal elements Cr Cd Cu Pb As a refrigerator at 0-4ºC. i Cn /(mg/kg) 60 0.5 30 25 15 i Analysis of Samples Tr 2 30 5 5 10 The sediment samples were air-dried at room temperature for approximately 2 weeks, ground to powder using an agate mortar and pestle, and then passed through a 100-mesh nylon screen. Undersized materials were gathered and kept in sample containers. i …where Cm is the concentration of an element in the A precise weight of each sample (0.200 g) obtained using i analyzed sample, and Cn corresponds to the background an electronic balance (Mettler AE200, Switzerland) value [20]. In the present study, the soil background was used to prepare the solution for the digestion values of Anhui Province [21] were selected as i reaction. A mixture of concentrated HCl (10 mL), HNO3 references. The contamination factor (Cf ) accounts (5 mL), HClO4 (5 mL), and HF (5 mL) was used for for the pollution of a single element. The following the digestion reaction. Heavy metal (Cr, Cd, Cu, and terminology can be used in this method to describe Pb) concentrations were determined using a graphite i i CF: Cf <1, low pollution; 1≤Cf <3, moderate pollution; furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometer (TAS-990, i i 3≤Cf <6, considerable pollution; and Cf ≥6, very high Beijing General Instrument Co., Ltd., China). Another pollution [20, 22]. precise weight of each sample (0.200 g), obtained using PLI is calculated using the equation [23]: an electronic balance (Mettler AE200, Switzerland), was placed in a conical flask with a volume of 150 mL. A mixture of H2SO4 solution (7 mL, the volume ratio of H SO to water is 1:1), concentrated HNO (10 mL), 2 4 3 …which provides a simple and comparative means and HClO4 (2 mL) was used for the digestion reaction to monitor the heavy metal As. The concentration of As to evaluate the polymetallic pollution of sediments. in each sample was determined using a double-channel A PLI value of 0 is perfect; a value of 1 denotes atomic fluorescence photometer (AFS-920, Beijing baseline levels of contaminants; values less than Beifen-Ruli Analytical Instrument Group Co., Ltd., 1 indicate no pollution; and values above 1 signify the China). progressive deterioration of polymetallic pollution [24-26]. Assessment Method for Sediment Pollution Potential Ecological Risk Index (RI) Geo-Accumulation Index (Igeo) RI, which was developed by Hakanson [20], was used to assess the ecological hazard of each investigated Igeo is an effective method for assessing the pollution level of heavy metals in sediments. It is defined by the metal in the aquatic environment. This index is following equation [18]: calculated using the equation: i i i Er = Tr × C f …where C i and T i refer to the contamination factor ...where Cn is the concentration of the heavy metal n, f r and stands for the geo-chemical background level (mg/ and toxic-response factor of a given substance, kg).
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