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Jenis-Jenis Semut Arboreal (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Di Kawasan Kampus Universitas Tanjungpura Dengan Tiga Metode Koleksi

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Jenis-Jenis Semut Arboreal (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Di Kawasan Kampus Universitas Tanjungpura Dengan Tiga Metode Koleksi Protobiont (2020) Vol. 9 (1) : 95-101 JENIS-JENIS SEMUT ARBOREAL (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE) DI KAWASAN KAMPUS UNIVERSITAS TANJUNGPURA DENGAN TIGA METODE KOLEKSI Melvy Indrianasari1*, Kustiati1, Firman Saputra1 1Program Studi Biologi, Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam, Universitas Tanjungpura Jl. Prof. Dr. H. Hadari Nawawi, Pontianak, Kalimantan Barat *Email korespondensi: [email protected] Abstract Ants as insects occupy various habitats and ecological niches. Universitas Tanjungpura is an area with variable vegetation physiognomies that has the potential to have a lot of ant microhabitat. This study aims to determine the most effective method for collecting arboreal ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) found in the campus area of Universitas Tanjungpura. The study was conducted from August 2018 to February 2019 at ten locations based on their environmental condition. Ants were collected in three different methods: hand collecting, bait traps, and yellow pan traps. There were 39 species of Formicidae collected from all locations. These results were obtained by hand collecting (32 species), bait traps (32 species), and yellow pan traps (4 species). Hand collecting and bait traps are the most effective method for collecting arboreal ants in Universitas Tanjungpura. Keywords: arboreal ants, bait trap, hand collecting, Universitas Tanjungpura, yellow pan trap PENDAHULUAN Semut sebagai serangga anggota Famili Formici- Metode koleksi dapat dilakukan secara aktif dae menempati berbagai relung ekologi dan me- maupun pasif. Pengambilan aktif melibatkan manfaatkan banyak sumber makanan yang ber- pencarian serangga langsung pada lingkungan dan beda baik sebagai herbivora, predator, atau cenderung lebih spesifik terhadap serangga yang scavenger (pemakan bangkai) (Schultz, 2000). diinginkan. Pengumpulan pasif melibatkan Spesies semut memiliki habitat dan biologi ber- pemasangan perangkap, pancingan, dan jebakan beda antara satu dan lainnya. Perbedaan ini me- tergantung pada aktivitas serangga itu sendiri nyebabkan banyaknya metode dalam pengolek- (Gullan & Cranston, 2010). sian sampel semut di lapangan. Universitas Tanjungpura adalah daerah dengan Semut arboreal merupakan tipe semut yang memi- fisiognomi vegetasi yang bervariasi dan liki aktivitas sebagian besar di pohon. Beberapa berpotensi memiliki banyak mikrohabitat semut. faktor abiotik dan biotik mempengaruhi komuni- Aktivitas dan jenis semut arboreal di kawasan tas semut arboreal, misalnya distribusi tempat ber- kampus Universitas Tanjungpura perlu diketahui sarang dan sumber makanan seperti nektar ekstra- untuk menentukan lokasi digunakan. Perbedaan floral dan simbion serangga (Blüthgen & Fielder, prilaku antara spesies semut menyebabkan 2004). Pola yang diamati di antara hutan tropis perlunya dilakukan penelitian mengenai metode seringkali tidak sesuai, kemungkinan karena skala pengoleksian semut arboreal yang ditemukan. pengambilan sampel yang terbatas dan perbedaan metodologi antara studi (Basset et al. 2003). METODE PENELITIAN Teknik pengoleksian disesuaikan dengan tujuan Waktu dan Tempat Penelitian penelitian (Hashimoto & Rahman, 2003). Pengoleksian semut dengan pengambilan satu Penelitian ini berlangsung selama 6 bulan, mulai sarang utuh yang berisi semua kasta (larva, dari Agustus 2018 hingga Februari 2019. pekerja, prajurit, dan ratu serta pejantan) Pengambilan sampel dilakukan di Universitas dilakukan untuk studi taksonomi. Sedangkan Tanjungpura, Kalimantan Barat. Identifikasi dan untuk studi ekologi, faktor yang paling penting pengolahan data dilaksanakan di Laboraturium adalah mengumpulkan sampel yang dapat Biologi dan Zoologi, Jurusan Biologi, Fakultas diidentifikasi sebanyak mungkin dari berbagai Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam, spesies yang ada. Universitas Tanjungpura, Pontianak. 95 Protobiont (2020) Vol. 9 (1) : 95-101 Deskripsi Lokasi Penelitian larutan surfaktan, pepaya dan ikan gembung. Pepaya dipreparasi dengan cara diblender sampai Universitas Tanjungpura secara administratif halus sedangkan ikan gembung di potong-potong terletak di Jl. Prof. Dr. H. Hadari Nawawi, berbentuk dadu dengan ukuran 1 cm3. Kelurahan Bansir Laut, Kecamatan Pontianak Tenggara, Kalimantan Barat. Pemanfaatan lahan Prosedur Kerja di Universitas Tanjungpura digunakan sebagai Ruang Terbuka Hijau (RTH) Kampus dan Penentuan lokasi sampling Kawasan Administrasi dan Pembelajaran (KWAP) Kampus (Gambar 1). Penentuan lokasi sampling berdasarkan purposive random sampling. Purposive random sampling merupakan teknik pengambilan sampel dengan memperhatikan pertimbangan-pertimbangan yang dibuat oleh peneliti (Hadi, 2004). Lokasi sampling dibagi menjadi 10 stasiun berdasarkan perbedaan rona lingkungan. Lokasi pengambilan sampel antara lain: Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam, Taman Rektorat, Fakultas Teknik, Taman Fakultas Teknik, Taman Digulis, Kawasan Auditorium - Lapangan Bola, Fakultas Kehutanan I, Kawasan Gambut, Hutan Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan – Kedokteran, dan Arboretum - Fakultas Pertanian Pengukuran Parameter Lingkungan Gambar 1. Peta lokasi Universitas Tanjungpura Parameter lingkungan yang diamati adalah Luas wilayah Universitas Tanjungpura ± 216 Ha, kelembaban udara, suhu udara, keadaan cuaca, adapun batas-batas wilayah Untan berdasarkan dan vegetasi lokasi. Termohigrometer digunakan data Bagian Umum Universitas Tanjungpura untuk pengukuran kelembaban dan suhu udara. (2016) adalah sebagai berikut: Keadaan cuaca dan vegetasi dicatat sesuai pada a. Utara : berbatasan dengan Jalan Imam saat pengamatan. Bonjol Kelurahan Bangka Belitung; b. Selatan : berbatasan dengan Kelurahan Pengambilan Sampel Bansir Darat; Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan tiga c. Barat : berbatasan dengan Kelurahan metode yaitu hand collecting (Hashimoto & Benua Melayu Darat dan Kelurahan Parit Rahman, 2003), bait trap (Longino & Colwell, Tokaya Kecamatan Pontianak Selatan; 1997) dan yellow pan trap (Haneda et al., 2013). d. Timur : berbatasan dengan Kelurahan Setiap metode memiliki kekurangan dan Bangka Belitung Laut. kelebihan. Cara kerja pengambilan sampel adalah sebagai berikut. Keadaan iklim di Universitas Tanjungpura Kota Pontianak menurut data BMKG Provinsi a. Hand collecting Kalimantan Barat tahun 2000-2015 (BPS Provinsi Pengambilan sampel langsung menggunakan Kalbar, 2016) termasuk kedalam iklim tropis. tangan. Semut yang telah diperoleh dimasukan Curah hujan antara 2.547-3.666 mm/tahun dengan ke dalam plastik klip dan dipindahkan ke botol rata-rata curah hujan 3128 mm/tahun. Suhu udara vial berisi alkohol 70%. Waktu, lokasi, dan rata-rata 27,9o Celcius dan kelembaban udara rata- jenis pohon ditemukannya sampel juga dicatat. rata 80,8%. b. Bait trap Alat dan Bahan Bait trap yang digunakan yaitu menggunakan wadah plastik dengan umpan berupa ikan Alat-alat yang digunakan pada penelitian ini gembung dan pepaya (Gambar 2). Penggunaan adalah yellow pan, botol spesimen, kapur ajaib, ikan gembung betujuan untuk menangkap wadah plastic, termohigrometer, kamera, mikros- semut karnivora, sedangkan pepaya digunakan kop stereo Labomed, plastik bening, plastik klip, untuk menangkap semut herbivora. Kapur gabus, mikrometer, jarum pentul, selotip, gunting, ajaib digoreskan di dinding wadah plastik. tali dan alat tulis. Sedangkan bahan yang digu- Penggunaan kapur ajaib bertujuan untuk nakan pada penelitian ini ialah alkohol 70 %, membunuh semut yang terperangkap karena 96 Protobiont (2020) Vol. 9 (1) : 95-101 tidak memiliki aroma dan bersifat racun Identifikasi Semut kontak. Bait trap digantung pada batang pohon setinggi dada (±1,30 meter). Wadah dipasang Semut yang diperoleh diidentifikasi berdasarkan pada pukul 07.00 WIB dibiarkan di pohon perbedaa karakter morfologi. Identifikasi dilaku- selama 1x24 jam. Pengoleksian sampel kan di Laboratorium Biologi dan Zoologi, Jurusan dilakukan pada pukul 16.00 WIB dan keesokan Biologi, Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengeta- harinya pukul 07.00 WIB. Sampel yang telah huan Alam, Universitas Tanjungpura, Pontianak. diperoleh dimasukan ke dalam plastik klip Proses identifikasi dilakukan dengan mengguna- untuk sementara dan selanjutnya dipindahkan kan literatur dari Hashimoto & Rahman (2003), ke botol vial berisi alkohol 70%. Hosoishi & Ogata (2016), Hosoishi & Ogata (2009), Xu (2001), Cole & Jones (1948), Clouse (2007), Kohout (2005), Xu & Zhou (2015), Bolton (2007), Bharti & Kumar (2012), Ward (2001), Heterick (2003), LaPolla & Fisher (2014), dan Heterick & Shattuck (2011). Identifikasi Tumbuhan Identifikasi dilakukan dengan melihat karakteris- tik secara morfologi tumbuhan yang ditemukan. Bagian tumbuhan yang diamati meliputi daun, batang, bunga, dan buah. Literatur yang dijadikan sebagai rujukan identifikasi yaitu Soepadmo & Gambar 2. Bait trap Wong (1995). Keterangan: (a) Lubang masuk semut, (b) kapur ajaib, dan (c) umpan HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN c. Yellow pan trap Hasil Metode ini digunakan untuk menjebak semut pada permukaan tanah serta semut yang Semut yang berhasil diperoleh terdiri dari 39 tertarik dengan warna kuning. Yellow pan trap spesies (Tabel 1). Jumlah spesies yang diperoleh yang digunakan berupa piring mika bulat secara hand collecting 32 spesies, bait trap 32 berwarna kuning dengan diameter 18 cm. spesies, dan yellow pan trap sebanyak empat Yellow pan trap diletakkan di permukaan tanah spesies. Sebagian spesies semut yang sama dan di bawah pohon dan diisi dengan larutan ternyata ditemukan pada metode pengambilan surfaktan atau larutan sabun (Gambar 3). sampel yang lain. Selain itu, beberapa spesies Yellow pan trap dipasang dari
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